Manuel Noriega - Knowledge

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charged Díaz Herrera with treason, and cracked down hard on the protesters. The U.S. Senate passed a resolution asking Noriega to step down until Díaz Herrera could be tried; in response Noriega sent government workers to protest outside the U.S. embassy, a protest which quickly turned into a riot. As a result, the U.S. suspended all military assistance to Panama, and the CIA stopped paying Noriega a salary. The Senate resolution had the effect of identifying the U.S. with the effort to remove Noriega; Noriega exploited the rising anti-American sentiment to strengthen his own position. Without the support of the U.S., Panama defaulted on its international debt, and that year the country's economy shrank by 20%. Though the U.S. considered not recognizing Delvalle as president, the state department decided against it, as it would have amounted to breaking relations with Noriega.

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included the testimony of an arrested boat courier, and of a drug smuggler arrested in New York. Though Torrijos frequently promised the U.S. cooperation in dealing with drug smuggling, Noriega would have headed any effort at enforcement, and the U.S. began to see Noriega as an obstacle to combatting drug smuggling. Dinges writes that the U.S. government considered several options to move Noriega out of the drug trafficking business, including assassinating him, and linking him to a fictional plot against Torrijos. Though no assassination attempt was made, the other ploys may have been tried in the early 1970s, according to Dinges. Dinges wrote that beginning in 1972 the U.S. relaxed its efforts at trapping individuals involved with smuggling within the Panama government, possibly as a result of an agreement between Torrijos and U.S. President

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transaction in the country may have been cultivated by Noriega himself. Among opposition leaders in Panama, he was seen variously as a sexual pervert, a sadist, and a rapist. Within U.S. government circles, contradictory images abounded; Noriega was seen as a CIA spy, a drug trafficker, a nationalist supporting Torrijos, an ally of Cuba, and an ally of Oliver North and the Contras. He was perceived as a trusted collaborator in the war against drugs, even as the DEA was investigating him for involvement in smuggling. By the time of his removal, he had come to be hated in the U.S., and the invasion was portrayed as an attempt to remove an evil man. Dinges writes that these contradictory images played a large role in shaping the U.S. government's self-contradictory policy towards Noriega.

1490:. Negotiations collapsed after several months of lengthy and inconclusive talks; according to Dinges, Noriega had no intentions of ever resigning. On December 15, 1989, the PRD-dominated legislature spoke of "a state of war" between the United States and Panama. It also declared Noriega "chief executive officer" of the government, formalizing a state of affairs that had existed for six years. The U.S. government stated that Noriega's forces were harassing U.S. troops and civilians. Three incidents in particular occurred very near the time of the invasion, and were mentioned by Bush as a reason for the invasion. In a December 16 incident, four U.S. personnel were stopped at a roadblock outside PDF headquarters in the El Chorrillo neighborhood of Panama City. The 896: 1332:

returning to Panama from Guatemala in 1981. Spadafora amassed evidence of corruption within the government by using his position as an ally of Torrijos to question Noriega's allies, including Rodriguez and Carlton. This included a lengthy conversation with Carlton in mid-1985 after his drug operations had collapsed due to conflicts over a missing shipment, and he had received negative publicity in the Panamanian press. In September 1985 he accused Noriega of having connections to drug trafficking and announced his intent to expose him. The drug trafficking charges threatened Noriega's support among his own constituency of middle class individuals who had benefited under his and Torrijos's government.

1721:, a judge traveled to the U.S. to question him in December 1993. Noriega and Sucre both received a 20-year sentence, the maximum penalty sought by the prosecutor. Finally, Noriega received a third 20-year sentence in 1996 for his role in the death of nine military officers supporting Giroldi; the group had been executed in a hangar at the Albrook air base after the coup attempt, in an incident that came to be known as the massacre of Albrook. Noriega was also prosecuted over the 1968 disappearances of Luis Antonio Quirós and Everett Clayton Kimble Guerra in Chiriquí, and the 1971 death of Heliodoro Portugal. These cases had not reached a conclusion at the time of his death in 2017. 1349:. Barletta was highly regarded in the Reagan administration, and his removal brought a downturn in the relations between the U.S. and Noriega. After Spadafora's murder the U.S. began to view Noriega as a liability rather than an asset, despite his ongoing support for U.S. interventions elsewhere. The U.S. response included reducing economic assistance and pressuring Panama to reform its banking secrecy laws, crack down on narcotics trafficking, investigate the murder of Spadafora, and reduce the PDF's role in the government. The response to Spadafora's murder created divisions within the PRD, and further damaged the credibility of the government-controlled news media. 792:, which ordered Torrijos to harass Arias's party members and weaken his election bid. Torrijos passed this task on to Noriega, whose men arrested a number of people. Several prisoners said that they had been tortured; others stated they had been raped in prison. The mistreatment of Arias' supporters sparked public outrage, and led to Noriega being suspended for ten days, an item of information that was picked up by the U.S. intelligence services. In 1966, Noriega was again involved in a violent incident, allegedly raping a 13-year-old girl and beating her brother. After this, Torrijos transferred Noriega to a remote posting. 2010: 1657:

held that information about the operations in which Noriega had played a part supposedly in return for payment from the U.S. was not relevant to his defense. It ruled that "the tendency of such evidence to confuse the issues before the jury substantially outweighed any probative value it might have had." One of the witnesses in the trial was Carlton, who had previously flown shipments of drugs for Noriega. Information about Noriega's connections to the CIA, including his alleged contact with Bush, were kept out of the trial. After the trial, Noriega appealed this exclusionary ruling by the judge to the

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economic lot of the average Panamanian", but his individual talent had a relatively small role to play in preserving his government. When Noriega created the PDF in 1983, he brought into its control Panama's customs and immigration apparatus, as well as the country's whole transportation network. This expansion of the military's role occurred simultaneously with a large growth in the cocaine trade, as well as in markets for weapons in various military conflicts in Central America. The profits the military reaped from these activities gave Noriega's military regime considerable financial clout.

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the continued existence of the military government. The government used its access to foreign capital to borrow extensively, fueling a rapid expansion of the state bureaucracy that contributed to the military regime's stability. Panama's borrowing peaked in 1978 when the Panama Canal treaty was being negotiated, a time at which the Carter government was particularly supportive of the Torrijos regime. The Carter administration's interest in signing a new treaty led it to largely overlook the increasing militarization of the Panamanian government, and its involvement in drug-trafficking.

2058: 1571: 796: 1779:, at which he was held, was unfit for a man of his age and rank; the French government refused to grant him prisoner of war status, which he had maintained in the United States. On July 7, 2010, Noriega was convicted by the 11th chamber of the Tribunal Correctionnel de Paris and sentenced to seven years in jail. The prosecutor in the case had sought a ten-year prison term. In addition, the court ordered the seizure of €2.3 million (approximately U.S. $ 3.6 million) that had long been frozen in Noriega's French bank accounts. 1356:

had made a deal with his deputy, to the effect that he would step down as military leader in 1987 and allow Díaz Herrera to succeed him. In 1987, however, Noriega went back on this agreement, announced he would be heading the military for the next five years, and assigned Díaz Herrera to a diplomatic post. Díaz Herrera retaliated by making public statements accusing Noriega of rigging the 1984 election, murdering Spadafora, and of trafficking in drugs, as well as of assassinating Torrijos with a bomb on his plane.

2034: 682:. His date of birth is generally given as February 11, 1934, but is a matter of uncertainty. It has been variously recorded as that date in 1934, 1936, and 1938. Noriega himself provided differing dates of birth. He was born in the neighborhood of El Terraplen de San Felipe. Noriega's mother, who was not married to his father, has been described as a cook and a laundress, while his father, Ricaurte Noriega, was an accountant. His mother, whose family name was Moreno, died of 690: 1877:, stating that while Castro had been the nemesis of the U.S., and Pinochet had been its ally, Noriega had managed to be both. It called Noriega the archetype of U.S. intervention in Latin America: "The lawless, vicious leader whom the U.S. cultivated and propped up despite clear and serious flaws." The author stated that although Panama was a freer democracy after Noriega's removal, it was still plagued by corruption and drug trafficking, while 706:'s youth wing. Luis Noriega would later direct Panama's electoral tribunal. During his time in the socialist youth group, Noriega took part in protests and authored articles criticizing the U.S. presence in Panama. He is reported to have begun his association with the U.S. intelligence services at this time, providing information about the activities of his comrades. A $ 10.70 payment in 1955 was the first he received from the U.S. 1159: 1082:(PDF), and with the financial assistance of the U.S., expanded and modernized it. The quick promotions they received earned him the officer corps' loyalty. Among the steps he took to consolidate his control was to bring the various factions of the army together into the PDF. On August 12, 1983, in keeping with Noriega's earlier deal with Paredes, Paredes handed over his position to Noriega, newly appointed a 2000: 1040:. Noriega and Torrijos later used their knowledge of the U.S. wiretapping operations to tilt the Panama Canal negotiations in their favor. Noriega's drug-related activities came to the U.S. government's attention once again during the ratification process for the Panama Canal treaties, but were once again downplayed by the U.S. intelligence services in order to get the treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate. 1434:, as vice-presidential candidates. Anticipating fraud, the opposition tracked ballot counts at local precincts on the day of the election (local ballot counts were done in public). As an exit poll made it clear that the opposition slate was winning by a wide margin, reports of missing tally sheets and seizures of ballot boxes by the PDF soon emerged. In the afternoon of the day after the election, the 6751: 7140: 7116: 7091: 1969: 376: 70: 1892:, or "pineapple face" in Spanish, as a result of pockmarked features left by an illness in his youth. He detested the name, and it would later be the subject of a lawsuit. When finally arrested and taken to detention by the Americans, the ‘pineapple’ moniker resurfaced in the form of an oft heard chant “the Pineapple’s in the can”. He lived a lavish lifestyle during his time as the 1057:

rebels had in Nicaragua, and so abandoned the title of "Maximum Leader" he had taken in 1972, promising that elections would be held in 1984. Noriega also arranged for weapons purchased in the U.S. to be shipped to the Sandinista forces, a deal on which he made a profit. The U.S. discovered Noriega's role in supplying weapons, and though the episode proved embarrassing to the

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Torrijos promoted him to the position of lieutenant colonel and appointed him chief of military intelligence. According to Dinges, by this point Noriega had left his undisciplined past behind him. When Arias's supporters launched a guerrilla uprising in his home province, Noriega as the head of intelligence played an important role in putting it down within a year.

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authoritarian government that it dominated. However, the military's control over wealth from illicit trade alienated the Panamanian business elite that had previously also benefited from such trade. Under Noriega, these profits were shared within the military less evenly than under Torrijos, eventually creating friction in the military leadership.

1110:(Democratic Revolutionary Party, PRD), which had been established by Torrijos and had strong support among military families, was used by Noriega as a political front for the PDF. This party drew considerable support from low-income employees brought into the government bureaucracy by its expansion under Torrijos and Noriega. Noriega compelled the 1450:. Noriega had initially planned to declare Duque the winner regardless of the actual result. Duque knew he had been badly defeated and refused to go along. The next day, Endara, Arias Calderón, and Ford rolled through the old part of the capital in a triumphant motorcade, only to be intercepted by a detachment of Noriega's paramilitary 976:(CIA) placed him on its payroll in 1971, while he held his position as head of Panamanian intelligence; he had previously been paid by U.S. intelligence services on a case-by-case basis. Regular payments to him were stopped under the Carter administration, before being resumed and later stopped again under the administration of 961:, a priest whose work at an agricultural cooperative was seen as a threat by the government. Gallego's body is reported to have been thrown from a helicopter into the sea. He also made an effort during this period to portray Panama as a hub of enforcement against drug smuggling, possibly as a result of pressure from Torrijos. 7128: 1792:

France had run its course. On September 23, 2011, a French court ordered a conditional release for Noriega to be extradited to Panama on October 1, 2011. Noriega was extradited to Panama on December 11, 2011, and incarcerated at El Renacer prison to serve the sentences, totalling 60 years, that he had accumulated

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Barletta had won by a slim margin of 1,713 votes. Independent estimates suggested that Arias would have won by as many as 50,000 votes had the election been conducted fairly. More than 60,000 votes were not included in the final count. Noriega's rule became increasingly repressive, even as the U.S. government of

511: 1086:, with the understanding that Noriega would allow him to stand for president. However, Paredes never received the political support he expected, and after assuming his new position Noriega reneged on the deal, telling Paredes he could not contest the election. Noriega, now head of the PDF, thus became the 1331:

was a physician and political activist who had first clashed with Noriega when they were both members of Torrijos's government. Though an ally of Torrijos, he and Noriega had been personal enemies for a long time. Despite not being a member of the opposition, he became a vocal critic of Noriega after

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Prior to and during Noriega's trial, Noriega's lead attorney Frank A. Rubino claimed that Noriega had received $ 11 million in payments from the CIA. In January 1991, federal prosecutors filed a financial report indicating that Noriega had received a total of $ 322,000 from the United States Army and

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Between 1981 and 1987, the relationship between Noriega and the U.S. grew considerably. It was driven both by the U.S.'s pursuit of its security interests, and Noriega using these as an effective means of gaining favor. The emergence of internal conflicts in Nicaragua and El Salvador between 1979 and

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stepped back from negotiations about the Panama Canal. The bombings highlighted to the U.S. government the difficulty of holding on to the Panama Canal Zone in the face of hostility within Panama. Kempe stated that the U.S. knew of Noriega's involvement in the bombings but decided to turn a blind eye

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Noriega proved to be a very capable head of intelligence. During his tenure, he exiled 1,300 Panamanians whom he viewed as threats to the government. He also kept files on several officials within the military, the government, and the judiciary, allowing him to blackmail them later. Noriega also held

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rights, and bonus pay, made Torrijos popular in Panama despite the absence of democratic elections. Torrijos's relationship with Noriega was symbiotic; Torrijos provided the political acumen, while Noriega enforced his unpopular decisions with force, when necessary. Noriega would provide intelligence

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and found guilty of murder in Panama in 1995. After Noriega was imprisoned in France, Panama asked the French government to extradite Noriega so he could face trial for human rights violations in Panama. The French government had previously stated that extradition would not happen before the case in

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Hersh reported unnamed U.S. officials as saying that Noriega had amassed a personal fortune in European banks as a result of his illegal activities, as well as owning two homes in Panama and one in France. The wealth generated for the Panamanian military from drug-smuggling also helped stabilize the

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reported that the United States gave Noriega or his intelligence services annual payments in the range of $ 110,000 in 1976 increasing to $ 185,000 to $ 200,000 when he came to power during the Reagan administration. Dinges said that he could find no one willing to confirm persistent reports that he

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Upon seizing power in 1968, Torrijos's government had passed legislation favorable to foreign corporations, including banks in the U.S. The following years saw a large expansion in international business activity and the influx of foreign capital, thereby giving participating corporations a stake in

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leader of Panama, Noriega maintained a close relationship with the School of the Americas, partly due to the school's presence in Panama. Officials from the Panamanian military were frequently given courses at the school free of charge. Noriega was proud of his relationship with the school, and wore

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in the National Guard. Torrijos became a patron and mentor to Noriega. In a 1962 incident Torrijos helped Noriega avoid legal trouble after a prostitute accused Noriega of beating and raping her. Soon after, Noriega's drinking and violence obliged Torrijos to confine him to his quarters for a month.

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ruler of Panama, described in an obituary as a "libertine life off drug-trade riches, complete with luxurious mansions, cocaine-fueled parties and voluminous collections of antique guns". His bravado during public speeches was remarked upon by commentators; for instance, after his indictment in the

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in Panama City because of high blood pressure and a brain hemorrhage. He remained in the hospital for four days before being returned to prison. It was announced on March 21, 2012, that Noriega had been diagnosed with a brain tumor, which was later revealed to have been benign. On January 23, 2017,

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In August 2007, a U.S. federal judge approved the French government's request to extradite Noriega to France after his release. Noriega appealed his extradition because he claimed France would not honor his legal status as a prisoner of war. Though Noriega had been scheduled to be released in 2007,

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in Panama for crimes committed during his rule. In October 1993 Noriega and two others were convicted of the murder of Spadafora by the court of the Third Judicial District, and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Panama's Supreme Court confirmed the sentence on December 20, 1995. In 1994, Noriega and

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Spadafora's murder badly damaged Noriega's image, both within and outside Panama, and created a crisis for the Panamanian regime. Barletta, who was in New York City when Spadafora was murdered in September 1985, announced his intention to appoint an independent commission to investigate the murder.

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to be the PRD's candidate, with the intention of keeping him under close control. When the initial results showed Arias, who had the support of much of the opposition, on his way to a landslide victory, Noriega halted the count. After brazenly manipulating the results, the government announced that

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in August 1978, Torrijos and Noriega initially supported the rebels, providing them with surplus National Guard equipment and allowing Panama to be used as a cover for arms shipments from Cuba to Nicaragua. Torrijos sought for himself the same aura of "democratic respectability" that the Sandinista

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against him, ousting him after an eleven-day presidency. The coup was set in motion by Martínez, as the leader of the garrison at Chiriquí, and received the support of most military officers. A power struggle followed between the various forces involved in the coup, and chiefly between Torrijos and

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Noriega took great care to shape perceptions of him. He permitted and encouraged rumors that as Panama's chief of intelligence, he was in possession of negative information about everybody in the country. Dinges suggests that the impression among some officials that Noriega made money off of every

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at the airport. Though this was part of a contingency plan for the invasion, del Cid quickly decided that the Panamanian military was not in a position to fight a guerrilla war against the U.S., and negotiated a surrender. Twenty-three U.S. soldiers were killed in the operation, including two that

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Díaz Herrera's statements provoked huge protests against Noriega, with 100,000 people, approximately 25% of the population of Panama City, marching in protest on June 26, 1987. As with Spadafora's murder, these incidents strengthened and brought together the internal opposition to Noriega. Noriega

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considered using the uproar around Spadafora to seize power during a brief period that Noriega was traveling outside the country, but despite mobilizing some troops, eventually decided against following through with the coup, realizing he could not count on sufficient support. Furthermore, Noriega

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mail bag showing signs of brutal torture. Noriega was widely believed to be responsible for the murder, and according to Koster and Sánchez, the U.S. had intelligence implicating Noriega. On the day of Spadafora's arrest, the U.S. National Security Agency monitored a telephone conversation between

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by 1985. Noriega offered to assassinate or sabotage Sandinista leaders in return for North helping Noriega improve his image with the U.S. government. In June 1985 North met with Noriega in Panama and Noriega agreed to train Contra soldiers in Panama for an invasion of Nicaragua in 1986. In return

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In pre-trial proceedings, the government stated that Noriega had received $ 322,000 from the U.S. Army and the CIA. Noriega insisted that he had in fact been paid close to $ 10,000,000, and that he should be allowed to testify about the work he had done for the U.S. government. The district court

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on the ten charges which the Miami grand jury had returned two years earlier. The trial was delayed until September 1991 over whether Noriega could be tried after his detention as a prisoner of war, the admissibility of evidence and witnesses, and how to pay for Noriega's legal defense. The trial

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erected a perimeter around the Nunciature. Attempts to dislodge Noriega from within included gunning vehicle engines, turning a nearby field into a landing pad for helicopters, and playing rock music at loud volumes (a Van Halen cassette tape was provided by Special Forces Sergeant John Bishop).

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against him in October 1989. A number of Noriega's junior officers rose up against him, led by Lieutenant Colonel Moisés Giroldi Vera, but the rebellion was easily crushed by the members of the PDF loyal to Noriega. After this attempt, he declared himself the "maximum leader" of the country. The

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Noriega's relationship with the U.S. deteriorated further during the late 1980s, particularly after the U.S. began to suspect that Noriega was supporting other intelligence services. Hersh wrote in 1986 that U.S. intelligence officials suspected that Noriega was selling intelligence to the Cuban

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Despite Noriega's alliance with the U.S., he also maintained close relationships with bitter enemies of the U.S., including Cuba, Libya, and Nicaragua. A 1990 book discussing Noriega's administration stated that he had sold thousands of Panamanian passports to the Cuban government for use by its

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used bases in Panama in their operations against the Nicaraguan government, and much of the intelligence gathered by these ships was processed in the U.S. bases in Panama. Noriega permitted these activities despite the Panama Canal treaties restricting the use of the U.S. bases to protecting the

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Noriega was educated first at the Escuela República de México, and later at the Instituto Nacional, a well-regarded high school in Panama City that had produced a number of nationalist political leaders. He was described as an "oddly serious child," a bookish student always neatly dressed by his

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Beginning in 1984, Noriega appeared to reduce the scale of his operations, and even ordered a raid against a cocaine factory in the interior of Panama, a raid which he then emphasized as evidence of his cooperation with the U.S. in their fight against drugs. He also ordered a crackdown on money

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By the early 1970s, American law enforcement officials had reports of Noriega's possible involvement with narcotics trafficking. No formal criminal investigations were begun, and no indictment was brought: according to Dinges, this was due to the potential diplomatic consequences. This evidence

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At the end of 1969, Torrijos went to Mexico on holiday. A coup was launched in his absence, in which Noriega's loyalty allowed Torrijos to hang on to power, greatly enhancing Torrijos's image. Noriega was promoted to captain a month after the coup attempt: just 18 months later, in August 1970,

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to maintain his support, and did not espouse a specific social or economic ideology. Noriega was known for his complicated relationship with the U.S., and was described as being its ally and nemesis simultaneously. He has been called one of the best-known dictators of his time, and compared to

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The military government of Torrijos had maintained its power in large part by extracting resources from Panama's expanding service sector, particularly its illicit portions. According to political scientist Steve Ropp, Torrijos was a "gifted politician with a genuine concern for improving the

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in the U.S., no charges were brought against Noriega because the U.S. did not wish to anger a friendly government, and the issue was rendered moot by the Sandinista victory in 1979. After Somoza's overthrow, Noriega continued to smuggle weapons, selling them to leftist guerrillas fighting the

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Noriega received several warnings about the invasion from individuals within his government; though he initially disbelieved them, they grew more frequent as the invasion drew near, eventually convincing Noriega to go on the run. Noriega used a number of subterfuges, including lookalikes and

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on charges of drug-trafficking. The indictment accused him of "turning Panama into a shipping platform for South American cocaine that was destined for the U.S., and allowing drug proceeds to be hidden in Panamanian banks". Soon afterward an army colonel and a few soldiers made an attempt to

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in October 1992, while still in prison. Noriega's prison sentence was reduced from 30 years to 17 years for good behavior: his US sentence thus ended on September 9, 2007, though his incarceration ended up being extended while extradition requests by other countries were being adjudicated.

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the CIA over a 31-year period from 1955 to 1986. They stated that the release of information was to rebut allegations from defense attorneys that Noriega had been paid "millions of dollars" from the CIA. These payments included a total of $ 76,039 as "gifts and incentives" from the CIA.

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to prepare for surgery that would remove the tumor. On March 7, 2017, he suffered a brain hemorrhage during surgery which left him in critical condition in the intensive care unit of Hospital Santo Tomás. Noriega died on May 29, 2017, at the age of 83. Panamanian President

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the positions of head of the political police and head of immigration. His tenure was marked by intimidation and harassment of opposition parties and their leaders. He was described as doing much of Torrijos's "dirty work". For instance, Noriega ordered the death of

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The U.S. launched its invasion of Panama on December 20, 1989. Although the killing of the Marine was the ostensible reason for the invasion, the operation had been planned for months before his death. The move was the largest military action by the U.S. since the

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to pass Law 20 of 1983, which was supposedly aimed at protecting the Panama Canal from communists, and allowed a huge influx of U.S. weapons to the Panamanian military. The law also tripled the size of the military forces. Noriega's period in power saw significant

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The CIA was aware that Noriega was selling intelligence on the U.S. to Cuba while he was working for it. Noriega also undertook a number of activities while nominally working for the CIA that served his own ends at the expense of the U.S. government. Journalist

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Rather than publish the results, Noriega voided the election, claiming that "foreign interference" had tainted the results. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, present in Panama as an observer, denounced Noriega, saying the election had been "stolen", as did

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also began a large scale business selling drugs, laundering money and selling hardware to the Panamanian military for considerable profits with Noriega's assistance. Dinges writes that at the time of the 1984 election, Kalish was preparing to ship a load of

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According to writers R. M. Koster and Guillermo Sánchez, on an occasion when Spadafora was traveling by bus from Costa Rica to Panama, witnesses saw him being detained by the PDF after crossing the border. His decapitated body was later found wrapped in a

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to France in 2010, where he was convicted and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for money laundering. In 2011 France extradited him to Panama, where he was incarcerated for crimes committed during his rule, for which he had been tried and convicted

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in December 1971. Noriega was given access to CIA contingency funds, which he was supposed to use to improve his intelligence programs, but which he could spend with little accountability. The contingency funds were as high as US$ 100,000 in some years.

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was a fervent anti-communist, and enforced strict discipline on Noriega. Reports have suggested that he continued to pass intelligence to the U.S. during this period, about the plantation workers' activities. In 1967 the administration of U.S. President

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was also seeking allies. Noriega became intimately involved with their drug trafficking and money-laundering operations, and received considerable sums as protection money, bribes, or shares of profits. In June 1986, investigative journalist

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Despite Noriega's problems, Torrijos maintained their relationship, ensuring they were always in the same command; he also brought Díaz Herrera into the same unit. Díaz Herrera and Noriega became both friends and rivals for Torrijos's favor.

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Noriega and Luis Córdoba, the military commander in Chiriquí province where Spadafora was arrested. During the conversation Córdoba told Noriega, "We have the rabid dog." Noriega responded, "And what does one do with a dog that has rabies?"

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poll, 92% of Panamanian adults supported the U.S. incursion, and 76% wished that U.S. forces had invaded in October during the coup. Activist Barbara Trent disputed this finding, saying in a 1992 Academy Award-winning documentary

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U.S.-backed authoritarian government in El Salvador. After one of these shipments was captured, Torrijos, who had friends in the Salvadoran military government, reprimanded Noriega, though the shipments did not stop altogether.

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said that the servicemen were traveling unarmed in a private vehicle, and that they attempted to flee the scene only after their vehicle was surrounded by a crowd of civilians and PDF troops. First Lieutenant Robert Paz of the

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stated that Noriega "was an opportunist who used his close relationship with the United States to boost his own power in Panama and to cover up the illegal activities for which he was eventually convicted". A 2010 article in

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for Panama's support for U.S. and Israeli efforts to supply the Contras with arms, the U.S. ignored Noriega's use of weapons-shipment networks to smuggle drugs into the U.S. Noriega was reported to have played a role in the

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Noriega took control of most major newspapers by either buying a controlling stake in them or forcing them to shut down. The government also harassed, intimidated, or exiled individual journalists and editors. The newspaper

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Torrijos died in a plane crash on July 31, 1981. A later investigation by the aircraft manufacturer stated it was an accident; Noriega's authority over the government investigation led to speculation about his involvement.

1320:, with the Soviets using various intermediaries to distance themselves from the deal. Noriega was apparently one of these intermediaries but backed out on the deal as the ship and weapons were seized at a Panamanian port. 1032:". Although some intelligence officials wanted Bush to prosecute the soldiers involved, he declined because doing so would have exposed Noriega's role in the matter. The CIA did not report this incident to either the 640:

Noriega's dictatorship was marked by repression of the media, an expansion of the military, and the persecution of political opponents, effectively controlling the outcomes of any elections. He relied upon military

549:

from 1983 to 1989. He never actually served as president of Panama, instead ruling as an unelected military dictator through puppet presidents. Amassing a personal fortune through drug trafficking operations by the

2177: 1587:

playbacks of his recorded voice, to confuse U.S. surveillance as to his whereabouts. During his flight, Noriega reportedly took shelter with several supportive politicians, including Balbina Herrera, the mayor of

5838: 1389:

soon afterward, going into even greater detail about Noriega's intelligence connections. Woodward and Hersh's reputations made certain that the stories were taken seriously. Spadafora had also informed the U.S.

1101:

Noriega preferred to remain behind the scenes, rather than become president, and to avoid the public scrutiny that came with the post. He did not have a particular social or economic ideology, and used military

1607:'s embassy in Panama. Having threatened to flee to the countryside and lead guerrilla warfare if not given refuge, he instead turned over the majority of his weapons, and requested sanctuary from Archbishop 1438:

bishops conference announced that a quick count of public tallies at polling centers showed the opposition slate winning 3–1. Official tallies the day after that, however, had Duque winning by a 2–1 margin.

6739: 1769: 3695: 7230: 608:. Eventually, his relationship with intelligence agencies in other countries came to light, and his involvement in drug trafficking was investigated further. In 1988, Noriega was indicted by federal 1305:, for a conference on the role of the military in Central America's wars, a speech which received a lot of attention in Panama's pro-government press. In 1986, a convoluted operation involving the 736:

heritage, was reported to have been unhappy with the marriage. Noriega was repeatedly unfaithful to his wife, who at one point expressed a desire for a divorce, though she changed her mind later.

1028:

Panamanian officials. Noriega discovered this operation in early 1976, and instead of making it public, bribed the U.S. agents and bought the tapes himself; the incident came to be known as the "

1772:

in Miami lifted the stay that was blocking Noriega's extradition. Later that month Noriega's attorney stated that he would travel to France and try to arrange a deal with the French government.

1881:, whom the U.S. tried to fight with Noriega's help, remained firmly in power in Nicaragua, and argued that this demonstrated the failure of the U.S.'s approach to Latin American interventions. 5164: 2090:

The year of Noriega's birth is generally given as 1934, but is a matter of uncertainty. It has been variously recorded as 1934, 1936, and 1938. Noriega himself provided varying dates of birth.

916:

Martínez. Noriega was an important supporter of Torrijos during this conflict. In February 1969, Torrijos's men seized Martínez and exiled him to Miami giving Torrijos control of the country.

823:

has suggested that Torrijos sent Noriega to the school to help him "shape up" and live up to Torrijos's expectations. Despite performing poorly in his classes, he was promoted to the rank of

5252: 1133:, which remained independent and was frequently critical of Noriega, had its staff intimidated and its offices damaged; eventually, it too was forced to close. In May 1984, Noriega allowed 7175: 1848:". Dinges writes that though Noriega's regime saw a number of murders and crimes, they were similar in scale to those that occurred at the same time under the authoritarian governments of 1813:

announced Noriega's death shortly before midnight, writing, "The death of Manuel A. Noriega closes a chapter in our history; his daughters and his relatives deserve to bury him in peace."

4333: 7215: 702:

activist and also a student at the school: Manuel had not previously met his siblings. Manuel began living with Luis, who introduced him to politics, including recruiting him into the

1658: 686:

when he was a child, and Noriega was brought up by a godmother in a one-room apartment in the slum area of Terraplén. Both of his parents were dead by the time he was five years old.

1952:, claimed he was portrayed as "a kidnapper, murderer and enemy of the state". On October 28, 2014, the case against Activision was dismissed in California by Judge William H. Fahey. 1901:, and declaimed "Not one step back!" The attitude of machismo that Noriega adopted has been described as a reaction to the persecution which his half-brother Luis faced as an openly 7220: 831:

officer in the "North Zone" of the National Guard. Shortly afterward, he returned to the School of the Americas for more training. At the school, Noriega participated in courses on

5730: 1224:, while it provided Panama with weapons and military advisers. Libya, as well as some U.S. allies, provided Noriega with funds when the U.S. was seeking to remove him from power. 7295: 6732: 804: 574: 257: 3726: 1280:. Large sums from drug revenues were brought in from Miami and elsewhere to Panama for laundering, and Noriega received protection payments in these instances as well. American 728:

Noriega married Felicidad Sieiro in the late 1960s, and the couple had three daughters: Lorena; Sandra; and Thays. Sieiro had been a school teacher, and Noriega a member of the

721:, with the help of Luis, who had by then received a position in the Panamanian embassy in Peru. Noriega began studying in Lima in 1958. While there, he made the acquaintance of 1913:

which was taken of him after his capture, and the photo became a symbol of his fall from power. He was described as a deeply superstitious man, who placed trust in a number of

1717:

Heráclides Sucre, an agent of his secret police, were convicted by a jury of the murder of Giroldi, who had led the 1989 coup attempt against Noriega. Though Noriega was tried

7280: 5444: 5360: 1536:; 324 soldiers were injured. Casualties among the Panamanian forces were much higher; between 300 and 845. The U.S. government reported between 202 and 250 civilian deaths; 597:'s most valued intelligence sources. He also served as a conduit for illicit weapons, military equipment, and cash destined for U.S.-backed forces throughout Latin America. 4549: 1650: 617: 3128: 7260: 4744: 1289:

worth U.S. $ 1.4 million through Panama, for which Noriega had agreed to provide false Panamanian customs stamps; Noriega was to be paid $ 1 million for this exercise.

6725: 4998:"United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Manuel Antonio NORIEGA, Defendant-Appellant. Nos. 92–4687, 96–4471" 5472: 5233: 3990: 1394:(DEA) of some of his findings about Noriega's involvement in drug smuggling. Multiple U.S. agencies continued to investigate Noriega despite opposition from the 7200: 1150:

government. The U.S. accepted Barletta's election, and signalled a willingness to cooperate with him, despite being aware of the flaws in the election process.

6860: 5661: 5279: 4599: 1119:

from Panama; according to Kempe, this was at least in part because wealthy individuals worried that their wealth would be seized by Noriega's administration.

7240: 6985: 5631: 2014: 1558:

that the Panamanian surveys were completed in wealthy, English-speaking neighborhoods in Panama City, among Panamanians most likely to support U.S. actions.

1459: 1180: 133: 6717: 1172: 6619: 6237: 4949: 7255: 7235: 6129: 895: 1619: 1463: 744:

Noriega graduated from Chorrillos in 1962 with a specialization in engineering. He returned to Panama and joined the Panama National Guard. Posted to

5172: 5774: 1005: 589:. Noriega became chief of military intelligence in Torrijos's government and, after Torrijos's death in 1981, consolidated power to become Panama's 1486:

In March 1988, the U.S. government entered into negotiations with Noriega seeking his resignation. Panama was represented at these negotiations by

7245: 7195: 5536: 1684: 1669: 337: 1444: 4681:"'Friendly Fire' Killed 2 GIs in Panama : Invasion: The Pentagon sharply increases its estimate of U.S. casualties inflicted by own forces" 4522: 7270: 5062: 6654: 6608: 6585: 6555: 6478: 6457: 6436: 6370: 6349: 6303: 6086: 5141: 4773: 3966: 2671: 2635: 2608: 2348: 5036: 2411: 7275: 7265: 7205: 1147: 981: 6970: 5722: 1458:

shirt covered in blood were broadcast around the world. When the 1984–1989 presidential term expired, Noriega named a longtime associate,

1232:

Panama's and Noriega's involvement in drug-trafficking grew considerably over the early 1980s, peaking in 1984. Intensifying conflicts in

1138: 118: 5489: 5460: 7180: 6875: 6845: 4811: 4495: 1491: 1037: 6945: 2730: 1454:. Arias Calderón was protected by a couple of troops, but Endara and Ford were badly beaten. Images of Ford running to safety with his 5603: 3696:"Manuel Antonio Noriega 'asset' Under Six Presidents; Noriega Kept CIA Happy Three Decades; He Was 'almost' Indicted For Drugs In '71" 1761: 1221: 944:

and carry out covert operations that were critical to Torrijos successfully negotiating the release of the Panama Canal from the U.S.

1608: 958: 7250: 6326: 5792: 1661:. The court ruled in the government's favor, saying that the "potential probative value of this material was relatively marginal". 1399: 637:

in the 1990s. Diagnosed with a brain tumor in March 2017, Noriega suffered complications during surgery, and died two months later.

517: 6930: 6895: 5419: 2009: 1078:

and the National Guard's chief of staff, effectively the second-highest rank in the country. He reformed the National Guard as the

890: 785: 586: 5370: 1665: 7190: 6910: 6755: 6698: 6181: 5965: 3909: 3076: 1476: 1369: 1134: 1018: 777: 625: 555: 546: 435: 84: 5506: 1978: 624:. The U.S. launched an invasion of Panama following failed negotiations seeking his resignation, and Noriega's annulment of the 7290: 7285: 7185: 7170: 4167: 2285: 1983: 1680: 1579: 1544: 1391: 789: 408: 50: 6381: 1499:

was shot and killed in the incident. An American couple who witnessed the incident was also arrested and harassed by the PDF.

980:. The CIA valued him as an asset because he was willing to provide information about the Cuban government and later about the 6509:

Ropp, Steve C. (January 1992). "Explaining the Long-Term Maintenance of a Military Regime: Panama Before the U.S. Invasion".

4706: 1107: 6800: 2151: 1462:, acting president. The U.S. recognized Endara as the new president. Noriega's decision to void the election results led to 1298: 4373: 1519:. Several slums in the middle of the city were destroyed as a result. The day after the invasion, Noriega's deputy Colonel 6775: 1487: 5938: 1547:

voted, 75–20 with 40 abstentions, to condemn the invasion as a "flagrant violation of international law". According to a

1515:

The invasion began with a bombing campaign that targeted Noriega's private vehicles, and the PDF headquarters located in

1248:

had led to the creation of covert transportation networks that Noriega used to transport drugs to the U.S., particularly

1171:

1981 led the Reagan administration to look for allies in the region, including in Panama. Noriega acted as a conduit for

924: 7210: 6855: 6835: 6642: 1337: 671: 2057: 5393: 5119: 1395: 1207:

There are varying reports about how much Noriega was paid by United States sources. In early 1990, Noriega biographer

973: 871:

concluded that Noriega would be a valuable asset, as he was a "rising star" in the Panamanian military. Later, as the

594: 6995: 2515: 1301:. Noriega's new image as an opponent of drug trafficking was symbolized by his being invited as a speaker in 1985 to 1294: 1570: 795: 7106: 6920: 5639: 5287: 1940: 1934: 1673: 1496: 1467:

rebels were captured and taken to a military base outside Panama City, where they were tortured and then executed.

1111: 1058: 714: 605: 570: 252: 4725: 698:

godmother. During his time in the Instituto Nacional he met his older half-brother Luis Carlos Noriega Hurtado, a

6885: 6880: 6825: 6815: 6795: 5335: 5093: 1427: 431: 7068: 6691: 1071: 148: 7063: 7041: 6625: 2062: 1692: 1067: 1053: 1033: 729: 703: 6915: 6263: 3670: 1029: 2699: 2241: 1948:

for depicting him and using his name without his permission. Noriega, who filed the suit while in prison for

1787:

In 1999, the Panamanian government had sought the extradition of Noriega from the U.S., as he had been tried

593:

ruler in 1983. Beginning in the 1950s, Noriega worked with U.S. intelligence agencies, and became one of the

6960: 6905: 6890: 1800: 1688: 1352: 1129: 1024:

During negotiations for the Panama Canal treaties, the U.S. government ordered its military intelligence to

985: 984:

government in Nicaragua. Noriega also served as the U.S. emissary to Cuba during negotiations following the

722: 689: 281: 108: 4498:[Manuel Antonio Noriega accumulated 60 years in convictions for homicide and illicit association]. 2448: 1265:

official as saying that reducing Noriega's activities could greatly reduce international drug trafficking.

1201: 6820: 6780: 6770: 5744: 5687: 5653: 4600:"Fighting in Panama: The President; A Transcript of Bush's Address on the Decision to Use Force in Panama" 1588: 1345:

Upon his return to Panama, however, he was forced to resign by the PDF and was replaced by Vice President

1317: 1179:

in Panama, and also helped the U.S.-backed Salvadoran government against the leftist Salvadoran insurgent

749: 7025: 6155: 6925: 6850: 6840: 6022: 4618: 3940: 2994: 1696: 1435: 1245: 1079: 1049: 972:

During the early 1970s, Noriega's relationship with the U.S. intelligence services was regularized. The

940: 844: 828: 389: 6980: 6810: 4680: 1000:

wrote in 1990 that Noriega had been linked to a series of bombings targeting the U.S. territory in the

128: 1644:

Following his capture Noriega was transferred to a cell in the Miami federal courthouse, where he was

542:; February 11, 1934 – May 29, 2017) was a Panamanian politician and military officer who was the 7165: 7160: 6975: 6935: 1826: 1600: 1554: 1346: 1277: 1241: 1237: 859: 781: 769: 710: 123: 2033: 1592: 7144: 6865: 6676:

1989 Report on the situation of human rights in Panama by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

5528: 5257: 5067: 5063:"Rothstein's dive from Bahia Drive: Miami detention center humbles lifestyle of disgraced attorney" 4550:"Elliott Abrams sugiere a EE.UU. ofrecerle una amnistía a Maduro para que acepte su derrota el 28J" 4338: 2182: 1768:

in January 2010, and in March declined a petition for a rehearing. Two days after the refusal, the

1385: 1281: 1273: 1220:

intelligence services. Cuba also obtained hardware imports from Panama that were restricted by the

836: 551: 5149: 4950:"The Noriega Verdict; U.S. Jury Convicts Noriega of Drug-Trafficking Role as the Leader of Panama" 1520: 1191:

Bush, now U.S. vice president, met again with Noriega in December 1983 to discuss support for the

1175:, including funds and weapons, to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. He allowed the CIA to establish 1070:

had inherited Torrijos's position, but true power lay with the trio of Noriega, Díaz Herrera, and

907:

campaign. Soon after taking office he launched a purge of the National Guard, sending much of its

7020: 7015: 7010: 6534: 6526: 6401: 4527: 3984: 3133: 2735: 2453: 1810: 1649:

ended in April 1992, when Noriega was convicted on eight of the ten charges of drug trafficking,

1559: 1451: 1302: 1233: 808: 7005: 4745:"After Noriega: United Nations; Deal Is Reached at U.N. on Panama Seat as Invasion Is Condemned" 1776: 1524: 1253: 343: 1699:, was reported to have undergone a conversion to evangelical Christianity in May 1990, and was 7053: 6950: 6805: 6650: 6604: 6581: 6551: 6474: 6453: 6432: 6366: 6345: 6322: 6299: 6082: 6072: 5701: 4957: 4769: 4175: 3972: 3962: 3935: 3752: 3722: 3002: 2667: 2631: 2604: 2344: 1738: 1562:

described the reaction of the civilian population to the invasion as "generally sympathetic".

1447: 1014: 1001: 899:

U.S. President Jimmy Carter shaking hands with Torrijos after signing the Panama Canal Treaty.

868: 863: 816: 753: 713:'s medical school. After graduating from the Instituto Nacional, Noriega won a scholarship to 5576: 4808: 2663: 1888:

Noriega used the moniker "El Man" to refer to himself, but he was also derogatorily known as

7132: 6990: 6708: 6518: 6497: 6393: 5697: 5692: 2038: 1874: 1753: 1423: 911:

into "diplomatic exile" or retirement. In response, Torrijos and a few other officers led a

908: 858:

Noriega's job required him to penetrate and disrupt the trade unions that had formed in the

824: 745: 679: 675: 651: 621: 538: 453: 286: 160: 5312: 4997: 3910:"The Chinese and Soviets had a bigger role in supporting apartheid than we previously knew" 923:

Torrijos retained power as a military ruler until 1981: during this time he negotiated the

577:. He became an officer in the Panamanian army, and rose through the ranks in alliance with 6790: 6078: 5797: 5427: 5423: 5280:"Extradition fight halts former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega's release from US prison" 4815: 1930: 1864:; these governments never saw the level of condemnation from the U.S. that Noriega's did. 1845: 1628: 1286: 1208: 1176: 1083: 997: 647: 413: 6675: 6488:

Metz, Allan (1991). "Manuel Noriega and the 'Panama Crisis': An Annotated Bibliography".

4496:"Manuel Antonio Noriega acumulaba 60 años en condenas por homicidio y asociación ilícita" 1733:

after he was convicted of money laundering in 1999. It stated that Noriega had laundered

5912: 5820: 5416: 5195: 2813: 1158: 935:

would pass to Panama in 1999. These treaties, as well as a new labor code that included

600:

Noriega's relationship with the U.S. deteriorated in the late 1980s after the murder of

69: 7000: 6955: 6830: 6211: 5608: 5431: 4790: 1653:, and money laundering. On July 10, 1992, Noriega was sentenced to 40 years in prison. 1575: 1537: 1431: 1328: 1116: 936: 852: 840: 601: 6382:"The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era" 5253:"For two evangelical Christians, Manuel Noriega became the ultimate jailhouse convert" 2490: 1021:, Noriega flatly denied involvement, instead suggesting that the CIA was responsible. 799:

The School of the Americas (photographed in 2006), where Noriega took several courses.

7154: 7120: 7095: 7058: 6965: 6940: 6900: 6870: 6785: 6538: 6468: 6338: 6315: 6293: 5410: 2656: 1902: 1878: 1540:

estimated 300 civilian deaths; and the United Nations estimated 500 civilian deaths.

1533: 1258: 1143: 977: 966: 773: 757: 582: 578: 113: 2658:

The School of the Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas

1414:(Coalition for National Liberation), a pro-military coalition led by the PRD, named 1869: 1840:

referred to him as the best known dictator of his time, and as "Panama's answer to

1836: 1822: 1805: 1415: 1380: 1376: 1196: 932: 928: 761: 683: 31: 6409: 2340:

Bribes, Bullets, and Intimidation: Drug Trafficking and the Law in Central America

1775:

Noriega was extradited to France on April 26, 2010. Noriega's lawyers claimed the

6597: 6575: 6447: 6426: 6360: 6295:

The Case Against the General: Manuel Noriega and the Politics of American Justice

5550: 4765:

Exiting the Whirlpool: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean

4763: 3956: 2625: 2598: 2338: 6362:

Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers

6103: 5839:"Gen. Manuel Noriega, the former Panamanian dictator, has died at the age of 83" 1926: 1861: 1730: 1645: 1623: 1516: 1509: 1426:, a member of Arias' Panameñista Party, and two other prominent oppositionists, 1306: 1262: 1103: 1009: 820: 812: 803:

As a second lieutenant in 1966, Noriega spent many months taking courses at the

663: 642: 629: 562: 6599:

Shooting the Moon: The True Story of an American Manhunt Unlike Any Other, Ever

4381: 1195:. Noriega had a working relationship with U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel 725:, then studying at the Peruvian Police academy, who later became a close ally. 554:, Noriega had longstanding ties with American intelligence agencies before the 4619:"Some Blame Rogue Band of Marines for Picking Fight, Spurring Panama Invasion" 3976: 1945: 1765: 1422:(Democratic Alliance of Civic Opposition), an opposition coalition, nominated 1166:

in Nicaragua, who received support from the U.S. via Noriega's administration.

848: 780:. Arias was a member of the National Revolutionary Party that represented the 609: 272: 244: 17: 6660: 4961: 4179: 3006: 1627:

After ten days, Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990. He was detained as a

1316:

ultimately aimed to sell Soviet arms and military vehicles to South Africa's

1272:

Many of the operations Noriega benefited from were run by associates such as

709:

Noriega intended to become a doctor, but was unable to secure a place in the

7139: 6186: 2993:

Frantz, Douglas; Ostrow, Ronald J.; Jackson, Robert L. (February 25, 1990).

1857: 1849: 1679:

Before receiving his permanent prison assignment, Noriega was placed in the

1596: 1528: 1455: 699: 5606:[Former dictator Noriega may be extradited from France to Panama]. 5123: 2178:"Manuel Noriega, Panamanian strongman toppled in U.S. invasion, dies at 83" 5365: 1914: 1910: 1604: 1407:

overthrow Noriega; their poorly planned effort was crushed within a day.

1184: 904: 862:'s workforce, and he proved adept at this work. His new superior officer 832: 2624:

Leonard, Thomas; Buchenau, Jurgen; Longley, Kyle; Mount, Graeme (2012).

1410:

The presidential election of May 1989 was marred by fraud and violence.

1052:

was launched by the Sandinistas against U.S.-backed authoritarian ruler

6530: 6405: 6182:"Ex-dictator's lawsuit against Call of Duty maker Activision dismissed" 5690:[US gives France the go-ahead to extradite Noriega to Panama]. 4729: 1898: 1737:

in drug proceeds by purchasing luxury apartments in Paris. Noriega was

1700: 1249: 1192: 1163: 1075: 1025: 733: 35: 5336:"Manuel Noriega, former ruler of Panama, sent to jail by French judge" 4122: 4120: 1664: 6759: 6750: 6501: 5688:"EEUU da el visto bueno a Francia para extraditar a Noriega a Panamá" 5165:"Legal fight looms over Noriega as dictator prepares to leave prison" 1949: 1612: 291: 6522: 6397: 6238:"Noriega fue distinguido por Francia en 1987 con la Legión de Honor" 4433: 4431: 4429: 1760:

he remained incarcerated while his appeal was pending in court. The

1146:

began relying on him in its covert efforts to undermine Nicaragua's

2412:"The Death of Manuel Noriega—and U.S Intervention in Latin America" 1512:, and included more than 27,000 soldiers, as well as 300 aircraft. 5122:. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 3129:"Panama Strongman Said to Trade in Drugs, Arms, and Illegal Money" 1853: 1841: 1695:

ministers, Clift Brannon and Rudy Hernandez. Noriega, nominally a

1663: 1591:. The last two days of his flight were spent partly with his ally 1569: 1403: 1309: 1157: 894: 794: 688: 667: 613: 566: 5793:"Lawyer: Panama to allow ex-dictator Manuel Noriega house arrest" 5234:"Awaiting Trial on Drug Charges, Noriega Says He Has Found Jesus" 5120:"Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" 4743:

Lewis, Paul; Times, Special To the New York (December 30, 1989).

1909:. This image of strength contrasted sharply with the impact of a 1906: 912: 718: 7226:

Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

7038: 6721: 5604:"Ex dictador Noriega puede ser extraditado de Francia a Panamá" 5415:, 559 U.S. ____ (2010), No. 09–35 (decided January 25, 2010) – 5037:"Manuel Noriega: feared dictator was the man who knew too much" 4705:

Rohter, Larry; Times, Special To the New York (April 1, 1990).

4416: 4414: 2152:"Manuel Noriega, Dictator Ousted by U.S. in Panama, Dies at 83" 1821:

Noriega's authoritarian rule of Panama has been described as a

1748:

sentence was apprehended. France had previously made Noriega a

772:, where Torrijos and Díaz Herrera were stationed. At the time, 5683: 1830: 1744:, but French law required a new trial after the subject of an 1548: 1418:, a former business partner of Noriega, as its candidate. The 876:

its crest on his military uniform for the rest of his career.

6449:

Divorcing the Dictator: America's Bungled Affair with Noriega

5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5394:"Manuel Noriega in Legal Limbo – Grant Him House Arrest" 4523:"Romulo Escobar Is Dead at 68; Helped Panama to Regain Canal" 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4198: 4196: 459: 74:

Noriega's mug shot after his surrender to U.S. forces in 1990

6130:"Former dictator Manuel Noriega suing 'Call of Duty' makers" 5313:"Ex-Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega extradited to France" 3795: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3497: 3495: 3359: 3357: 3308: 3306: 3281: 3279: 3242: 3240: 1944:. In July 2014, he filed a lawsuit against the game company 485: 5775:"Lawyer: Panama Ex-Dictator Noriega Critical After Surgery" 4724:

International Development Research Centre (December 2001).

1929:

portrayed Manuel Noriega in the biographical 2000 American

500: 494: 488: 471: 3470: 3468: 3055: 3053: 3040: 3038: 3025: 3023: 2961: 2959: 2907: 2905: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 776:, a native of that province, was preparing to contest the 5745:"Noriega in Panama hospital, lawyer says has brain tumor" 5363:[When Noriega was awarded the Legion of Honour]. 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4149: 4147: 3613: 3611: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2946: 2944: 2286:"Ousted Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega is dead at 83" 2217: 2215: 1622:

from invading the Holy See's embassy, U.S. soldiers from

497: 4334:"Indictments Depict Noriega as Drug-Trafficking Kingpin" 3640: 3638: 2868: 2866: 2202: 2200: 6548:

The Noriega Years: U.S.-Panamanian Relations, 1981–1990

6156:"Judge Dismisses Manuel Noriega's Call of Duty Lawsuit" 6104:"This Former Dictator Is Suing the Call of Duty Makers" 2267: 2265: 2263: 756:

in September 1962. His commanding officer in Colón was

5654:"French court clears Panama's Noriega for extradition" 2729:

Engelberg, Stephen; Gerth, Jeff (September 28, 1988).

1523:

retreated with some soldiers to the mountains outside

7231:

Prisoners and detainees of the United States military

7104: 5286:. Associated Press. September 9, 2007. Archived from 5196:"Panama to jail ex-leader Noriega if he returns home" 2995:"Rivalry, Snitches, Murder Helped Shape Noriega Case" 2600:

Political Culture in Panama: Democracy after Invasion

518: 482: 479: 468: 462: 5723:"Noriega leaves hospital in Panama, returns to jail" 5638:. Agence France Presse. July 7, 2010. Archived from 2244:[Noriega, the rise and fall of a dictator]. 1212:

received a $ 200,000 per year stipend from the CIA.

474: 5445:"Supreme Court Refuses Noriega's Rehearing Request" 5361:"Quand Noriega était décoré de la Légion d'honneur" 1825:, while Noriega himself has been referred to as a " 1770:

District Court for the Southern District of Florida

768:In 1964 Noriega had been posted to the province of 491: 465: 456: 427: 419: 403: 395: 385: 369: 364: 330: 320: 300: 270: 243: 235: 209: 195: 176: 171: 154: 142: 101: 83: 60: 6596: 6337: 6314: 5577:"Panama seeks Noriega's extradition over killings" 5529:"Noriega Sentenced to 7 Years in Prison in France" 5061:McMahon, Paula; Alanez, Tonya (December 8, 2009). 4168:"Panama Military: Too Deep in Political Trenches?" 2655: 2332: 2330: 1897:U.S., he made a public speech while brandishing a 5966:"Why Manuel Noriega became America's most wanted" 5913:"Manuel Noriega, Panama ex-strongman, dies at 83" 5473:"Judge Lifts Stay Blocking Noriega's Extradition" 3936:"Danish Ship Caught Carrying Soviet-Made Weapons" 2337:Bunck, Julie Marie; Fowler, Michael Ross (2012). 7176:Converts to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism 5632:"French court orders more jail time for Noriega" 4707:"Panama and U.S. Strive To Settle on Death Toll" 3958:Apartheid guns and money : a tale of profit 3727:"Prosecutors List Cia, Army Payments to Noriega" 903:Arias was elected president in 1968 following a 7216:Panamanian people convicted of money laundering 5507:"French court hands Noriega 7-year prison term" 5135: 5133: 2627:Encyclopedia of U.S. – Latin American Relations 42: and the second or maternal family name is 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 1729:The French government had requested Noriega's 7221:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 6733: 6470:In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968–1990 5899: 5768: 5766: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4437: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4063: 3702:. Greensboro, North Carolina. January 6, 1990 3513: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3070: 3068: 2731:"Bush and Noriega: Examination of Their Ties" 2485: 2483: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 1804:he was released from prison and placed under 1137:in 16 years. Noriega and Díaz Herrera picked 1013:toward them. In a December 1976 meeting with 27:Military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989 8: 7296:Panamanian people who died in prison custody 6264:"Noriega, rambo del espionaje internacional" 5522: 5520: 5369:(in French). August 29, 2007. Archived from 3753:"Defense: Noriega Was 'CIA's Man in Panama'" 2724: 2722: 2720: 2242:"Noriega, el ascenso y caída de un dictador" 1379:; his report received widespread attention. 827:in 1966, and Torrijos found him a job as an 97:August 12, 1983 – December 20, 1989 6577:Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics 6206: 6204: 5939:"Obituary: Manuel Noriega died on May 29th" 5602:Ospina-Valencia, José (November 23, 2011). 5501: 5499: 5497: 4789:Trent, Barbara (Director) (July 31, 1992). 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 1008:after the administration of U.S. President 7281:Prisoners who died in Panamanian detention 7035: 6740: 6726: 6718: 6680: 4992: 4990: 4606:. Federal News Service. December 21, 1989. 3989:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1799:On February 5, 2012, Noriega was moved to 68: 57: 6467:Koster, R.M.; Sánchez, Guillermo (1990). 6074:Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors 5821:"Panama ex-strongman Manuel Noriega dies" 5801:. Tribune News Services. January 23, 2017 5194:Moreno, Elida; Loney (January 24, 2007). 2988: 2986: 2603:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 26–30. 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2015:Order of the Liberator General San Martín 1938:. Noriega was depicted in the video game 1181:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 693:Noriega in an Instituto Nacional yearbook 7261:People extradited from the United States 5539:from the original on September 30, 2017. 4420: 4405: 4259: 4202: 4138: 3799: 3782: 3590: 3573: 3105: 2935: 2808: 2700:"Manuel Noriega – from US friend to foe" 2474: 1631:, and later taken to the United States. 604:and the forced resignation of President 581:. In 1968, Torrijos overthrew President 7111: 6359:Galván, Javier A. (December 21, 2012). 5733:from the original on February 11, 2012. 5664:from the original on September 26, 2011 5307: 5305: 4899: 4586: 3669:Rowley, Storer H. (February 25, 1990). 3617: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2649: 2647: 2101: 2080: 1685:Federal Correctional Institution, Miami 1670:Federal Correctional Institution, Miami 1420:Alianza Democrática de Oposición Cívica 1398:. In 1988 Noriega was indicted by U.S. 1293:laundering by Colombian cartel figures 338:Federal Correctional Institution, Miami 6180:Yin-Poole, Wesley (October 28, 2014). 6128:Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (July 16, 2014). 6046: 5996: 5875: 5863: 5729:. Associated Press. February 9, 2012. 5219: 5140:Jacobson, Philip (February 15, 2006). 5022: 4981: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4654: 4574: 4456: 4359: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4247: 4226: 4153: 4126: 4075: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3982: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3811: 3644: 3629: 3602: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3501: 3486: 3423: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3297: 3285: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3171: 3093: 3059: 3044: 3029: 2977: 2965: 2884: 2872: 2857: 2845: 2779: 2584: 2557: 2374: 2321: 2271: 2221: 1796:for crimes committed during his rule. 931:, which ensured that control over the 6058: 5887: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4666: 4635: 4521:Lambert, Bruce (September 30, 1995). 4468: 4214: 4166:Kinzer, Stephen (February 17, 1986). 3656: 3435: 3183: 3159: 2950: 2756: 2540: 2386: 2309: 2206: 2150:Archibold, Randal C. (May 30, 2017). 2086: 2084: 1867:After Noriega's death, an article in 1412:Coalición para la Liberación Nacional 778:1968 Panamanian Presidential election 537: 7: 7201:Panamanian people of Spanish descent 6008: 4617:Freed, Kenneth (December 22, 1990). 4554:AlbertoNews - Periodismo sin censura 4332:Pichirallo, Joe (February 6, 1988). 3823: 3474: 3459: 3447: 3411: 2923: 2911: 2896: 2447:Johnston, Davis (January 19, 1991). 7241:Panamanian people imprisoned abroad 5232:Steinfels, Peter (March 21, 1991). 2654:Gill, Lesley (September 13, 2004). 1492:United States Department of Defense 1383:published a story about Noriega in 6649:. University of California Press. 5551:"Panama seeks Noriega extradition" 5479:. Associated Press. March 24, 2010 3908:Plaut, Martin (November 3, 2018). 2814:"Obituary: General Manuel Noriega" 2662:. Duke University Press. pp. 2630:. SAGE Publications. p. 173. 1762:Supreme Court of the United States 1683:. Noriega was incarcerated in the 1108:Partido Revolucionario Democrático 1006:U.S. Presidential election in 1976 25: 7256:Chorrillos Military School alumni 7236:Prisoners and detainees of France 6154:Linshi, Jack (October 29, 2014). 5964:Tisdall, Simon (April 28, 2010). 5513:. Associated Press. July 7, 2010. 5443:Anderson, Curt (March 22, 2010). 5163:Goddard, Jacqui (July 20, 2007). 4679:Broder, John M. (June 19, 1990). 3934:Guerrero, Alina (June 18, 1986). 3671:"Doing the U.S.-Noriega Two-Step" 2449:"U.S. Admits Payments to Noriega" 2410:Graham, David A. (May 30, 2017). 2284:Siemaszko, Corky (May 30, 2017). 1659:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals 1578:aircraft by agents from the U.S. 1324:Murder of Spadafora and aftermath 1139:Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino 7138: 7126: 7114: 7089: 6749: 6298:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 5773:Zamorano, Juan (March 7, 2017). 5142:"States line up to jail Noriega" 4948:Rohter, Larry (April 10, 1992). 3127:Hersh, Seymour (June 12, 1986). 2056: 2046: 2032: 2022: 2008: 1998: 1977: 1967: 1668:Noriega was incarcerated in the 1640:Prosecution in the United States 1477:United States invasion of Panama 1370:1989 Panamanian general election 1252:. During this period Colombia's 1135:the first presidential elections 1019:Director of Central Intelligence 807:. The school was located at the 626:1989 Panamanian general election 452: 407: 374: 6641:Scott, P.; Marshall, J (1998). 6071:Roberts, Jerry (June 5, 2009). 5660:. Reuters. September 23, 2011. 5392:Elzufon, Aviva (June 5, 2008). 5251:Hawkins, Derek (May 30, 2017). 5090:"Inmate Search: Manuel Noriega" 5035:Tisdall, Simon (May 30, 2017). 4726:"The Responsibility to Protect" 4374:"Panama Casts Votes for Leader" 4372:Phillip Bennett (May 8, 1999). 1984:Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero 1681:Federal Detention Center, Miami 1580:Drug Enforcement Administration 1545:United Nations General Assembly 1392:Drug Enforcement Administration 569:family, Noriega studied at the 225: 51:Manuel Noriega (disambiguation) 7246:CIA activities in the Americas 7196:Panamanian military commanders 6624:. Random House. Archived from 6546:Scranton, Margaret E. (1991). 6102:Abrams, Abby (July 16, 2014). 6021:Caistor, Nick (May 30, 2017). 5398:Council on Hemispheric Affairs 4768:. Westview Press. p. 96. 3751:Cole, Richard (May 15, 1991). 3077:"Who's Who on the CIA Payroll" 2176:Eisner, Peter (May 30, 2017). 1574:Noriega being escorted onto a 1: 7271:People extradited from France 6756:Presidents and heads of state 5527:Jolly, David (July 7, 2010). 4494:Palm, Mónica (May 30, 2017). 2698:Tran, Mark (April 27, 2010). 1106:to unify his supporters. The 646:authoritarian rulers such as 448:Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno 6285:General and cited references 5779:U.S. News & World Report 5727:U.S. News & World Report 5284:International Herald Tribune 4129:, pp. 218–219, 230–231. 3961:. London. pp. 260–265. 1829:". A 2017 obituary from the 1635:Prosecution and imprisonment 1338:United States Postal Service 1112:Panamanian National Assembly 959:Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera 670:, or triracial, family with 215:Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega 34:, the first or paternal 7276:People extradited to Panama 7266:People extradited to France 7206:Panamanian drug traffickers 6574:Harding, Robert C. (2001). 6425:Harding, Robert C. (2006). 6386:Political Science Quarterly 4818:, Human Rights Watch, 1989. 4556:(in Spanish). July 19, 2024 3955:Van Vuuren, Hennie (2018). 2516:"Manuel Noriega Fast Facts" 1917:which he carried with him. 1873:compared him to Castro and 1299:Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela 1228:Drug and weapons operations 974:Central Intelligence Agency 891:1968 Panamanian coup d'état 843:. He also took a course in 717:in the Peruvian capital of 595:Central Intelligence Agency 313:60 years imprisonment (PAN) 307:40 years imprisonment (USA) 7312: 7181:Panamanian anti-communists 6603:. New York: Little Brown. 6580:. Transaction Publishers. 2597:Pérez, Orlando J. (2011). 2248:(in Spanish). May 30, 2017 1941:Call of Duty: Black Ops II 1783:Return, illness, and death 1687:. Under Article 85 of the 1497:United States Marine Corps 1488:Rómulo Escobar Bethancourt 1474: 1367: 1154:Relationship with the U.S. 1004:during the prelude to the 888: 715:Chorrillos Military School 571:Chorrillos Military School 310:7 years imprisonment (FRA) 253:Chorrillos Military School 48: 29: 7086: 7049: 7042:Panamanian Defense Forces 7034: 6766: 6705: 6699:Military Leader of Panama 6696: 6688: 6683: 6550:. L. Rienner Publishers. 6490:Reference Services Review 6446:Kempe, Frederick (1990). 6023:"Manuel Noriega Obituary" 5900:Koster & Sánchez 1990 5751:. Reuters. March 21, 2012 5422:January 31, 2017, at the 5094:Federal Bureau of Prisons 4814:January 13, 2017, at the 4762:Pastor, Robert A (2001). 4438:Koster & Sánchez 1990 4112:Koster & Sánchez 1990 4100:Koster & Sánchez 1990 4088:Koster & Sánchez 1990 4064:Koster & Sánchez 1990 3514:Koster & Sánchez 1990 784:. The sitting president, 666:, into a relatively poor 539:[maˈnwelnoˈɾjeɣa] 441: 360: 356: 266: 167: 90: 85:Military Leader of Panama 79: 67: 7251:Heads of state of Panama 7064:Florencio Flores Aguilar 6996:Ernesto Pérez Balladares 6711:(as President of Panama) 6618:Rempel, William (2011). 6321:. Simon & Schuster. 5171:. London. Archived from 2063:Order of the Sun of Peru 1582:(DEA) on January 3, 1990 1068:Florencio Flores Aguilar 1054:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1034:National Security Agency 1030:Singing Sergeants affair 925:Torrijos–Carter Treaties 845:psychological operations 558:removed him from power. 7191:People from Panama City 6961:Ricardo de la Espriella 6776:José Domingo de Obaldía 6317:Panama: The Whole Story 6313:Buckley, Kevin (1991). 6292:Albert, Steven (1993). 4395:(subscription required) 2495:Encyclopedia Britannica 1935:Noriega: God's Favorite 1689:Third Geneva Convention 1471:U.S. invasion of Panama 1402:in courts in Miami and 1038:U.S. Justice Department 606:Nicolás Ardito Barletta 556:U.S. invasion of Panama 282:Crimes against humanity 119:Nicolás Ardito Barletta 109:Ricardo de la Espriella 7291:Panamanian Protestants 7286:People of the Cold War 7186:Panamanian politicians 7171:20th-century criminals 6886:Domingo Díaz Arosemena 6771:Manuel Amador Guerrero 6595:Harris, David (2001). 6380:Gilboa, Eytan (1995). 4798:. Empowerment Project. 3659:, pp. 27–29, 419. 1676: 1583: 1428:Ricardo Arias Calderón 1167: 900: 805:School of the Americas 800: 694: 620:, drug smuggling, and 575:School of the Americas 432:Insurgency in Chiriquí 258:School of the Americas 6926:Ernesto de la Guardia 6876:Ricardo de la Guardia 6663:on December 11, 2011. 6428:The History of Panama 6336:Dinges, John (1990). 6268:La Estrella de Panamá 5315:. CNN. April 27, 2010 5290:on September 12, 2007 5152:on February 19, 2007. 4866:, pp. 16, 21–23. 4732:on December 13, 2007. 3941:Associated Press News 2076:Explanatory footnotes 1725:Prosecution in France 1708:Prosecution in Panama 1693:evangelical Christian 1667: 1573: 1396:Reagan administration 1161: 1080:Panama Defense Forces 1059:Carter administration 1050:Nicaraguan Revolution 941:collective bargaining 898: 798: 740:National Guard career 692: 658:Early life and family 423:Panama Defense Forces 396:Years of service 390:Panama Defense Forces 181:Manuel Noriega Moreno 6936:Marco Aurelio Robles 6906:Alcibíades Arosemena 6621:At the Devil's Table 6473:. New York: Norton. 5511:The Washington Times 4984:, pp. 442, 449. 4792:The Panama Deception 3725:(January 19, 1991). 3576:, pp. 1, 8, 12. 2343:. Penn State Press. 2071:Notes and references 1801:Hospital Santo Tomás 1674:Dade County, Florida 1609:José Sebastián Laboa 1601:Apostolic Nunciature 1555:The Panama Deception 1543:On December 29, the 1464:another coup attempt 1445:Archbishop of Panama 1400:federal grand juries 1347:Eric Arturo Delvalle 1312:and the Danish ship 952:Head of intelligence 927:with U.S. President 860:United Fruit Company 839:, intelligence, and 782:Panameñista movement 723:Roberto Díaz Herrera 711:University of Panama 662:Noriega was born in 124:Eric Arturo Delvalle 49:For other uses, see 7211:Panamanian generals 7069:Rubén Darío Paredes 6986:Francisco Rodríguez 6836:Florencio Arosemena 6692:Rubén Darío Paredes 6431:. Greenwood Press. 6134:The Washington Post 5999:, pp. 310–312. 5878:, pp. 184–188. 5843:The Washington Post 5781:. Associated Press. 5412:Noriega v. Pastrana 5258:The Washington Post 5068:The Palm Beach Post 5025:, pp. 266–280. 4914:, pp. 539–540. 4902:, pp. 245–254. 4577:, pp. 300–301. 4440:, pp. 362–366. 4423:, pp. 161–162. 4408:, pp. 159–160. 4362:, pp. 298–299. 4339:The Washington Post 4322:, pp. 275–279. 4310:, pp. 214–215. 4298:, pp. 240–242. 4286:, pp. 232–233. 4274:, pp. 268–269. 4250:, pp. 544–545. 4229:, pp. 222–224. 4054:, pp. 541–544. 4042:, pp. 212–213. 4030:, pp. 179–181. 4018:, pp. 133–135. 4006:, pp. 118–121. 3886:, pp. 202–204. 3874:, pp. 181–185. 3862:, pp. 174–175. 3850:, pp. 169–171. 3826:, pp. 215–217. 3814:, pp. 125–127. 3731:The Washington Post 3632:, pp. 205–209. 3564:, pp. 198–199. 3552:, pp. 541–543. 3540:, pp. 194–196. 3528:, pp. 188–189. 3504:, pp. 167–169. 3477:, pp. 226–228. 3450:, pp. 220–227. 3426:, pp. 186–187. 3402:, pp. 138–140. 3378:, pp. 182–183. 3366:, pp. 150–154. 3315:, pp. 138–142. 3300:, pp. 120–121. 3288:, pp. 111–115. 3273:, pp. 108–110. 3261:, pp. 105–108. 3249:, pp. 100–103. 2860:, pp. 184–185. 2183:The Washington Post 2061:Grand Cross of the 2013:Grand Cross of the 1460:Francisco Rodríguez 1386:The Washington Post 1072:Rubén Darío Paredes 837:counterintelligence 833:infantry operations 573:in Lima and at the 552:Panamanian military 205:Panama City, Panama 149:Rubén Darío Paredes 134:Francisco Rodríguez 7040:Commanders of the 7021:Laurentino Cortizo 7016:Juan Carlos Varela 7011:Ricardo Martinelli 6981:Manuel Solís Palma 6946:José María Pinilla 6916:José Ramón Guizado 6861:Ezequiel Fernández 6216:armedconflicts.com 5533:The New York Times 5477:The New York Times 5449:The New York Times 5430:joined by Justice 5417:dissenting opinion 5238:The New York Times 4954:The New York Times 4938:, pp. 69–246. 4796:(Documentary film) 4749:The New York Times 4711:The New York Times 4604:The New York Times 4528:The New York Times 4172:The New York Times 3898:, p. 200–202. 3759:. Associated Press 3723:LaFraniere, Sharon 3605:, p. 145-150. 3414:, p. 219-222. 3134:The New York Times 2926:, p. 218-220. 2914:, p. 219-220. 2736:The New York Times 2454:The New York Times 2156:The New York Times 1921:In popular culture 1905:man in Panama and 1811:Juan Carlos Varela 1712:Noriega was tried 1677: 1584: 1560:Human Rights Watch 1452:Dignity Battalions 1303:Harvard University 1204:in the mid-1980s. 1202:Iran–Contra affair 1168: 901: 809:United States Army 801: 788:, belonged to the 695: 436:Invasion of Panama 331:Imprisoned at 129:Manuel Solís Palma 7102: 7101: 7096:Panama portal 7082: 7081: 7044:(1968–1989) 6716: 6715: 6706:Succeeded by 6684:Military offices 6656:978-0-520-92128-3 6628:on March 31, 2012 6610:978-0-316-15480-2 6587:978-1-4128-2869-7 6557:978-1-55587-204-5 6480:978-0-393-02696-2 6459:978-0-399-13517-0 6438:978-0-313-33322-4 6412:on April 26, 2012 6372:978-0-7864-6691-7 6351:978-0-8129-1950-9 6340:Our Man in Panama 6305:978-0-684-19375-5 6218:. January 5, 2008 6212:"Noriega, Manuel" 6088:978-0-8108-6378-1 6061:, pp. 13–17. 5686:(June 19, 2011). 5642:on July 12, 2010. 5126:on June 29, 2009. 4926:, pp. 85–87. 4890:, pp. 23–26. 4878:, pp. 22–23. 4842:, pp. 14–15. 4830:, pp. 13–14. 4775:978-0-8133-3811-8 4685:Los Angeles Times 4669:, pp. 18–20. 4623:Los Angeles Times 4262:, pp. 25–27. 4205:, pp. 22–24. 4078:, pp. 10–12. 3968:978-1-78738-247-3 3802:, pp. 13–15. 3785:, pp. 14–16. 3700:News & Record 3593:, pp. 11–13. 3234:, pp. 96–99. 3222:, pp. 93–95. 3210:, pp. 81–84. 3198:, pp. 88–90. 3186:, pp. 28–30. 3174:, pp. 83–85. 3162:, pp. 27–29. 3108:, pp. 13–14. 3062:, pp. 68–70. 3047:, pp. 61–64. 3032:, pp. 58–60. 2999:Los Angeles Times 2980:, pp. 71–72. 2968:, pp. 50–52. 2953:, pp. 27–30. 2887:, pp. 73–75. 2848:, pp. 49–52. 2782:, pp. 42–45. 2673:978-0-8223-3392-0 2637:978-1-60871-792-7 2610:978-0-230-11635-1 2587:, pp. 38–40. 2560:, pp. 36–38. 2543:, pp. 35–37. 2389:, pp. 39–42. 2377:, pp. 32–35. 2350:978-0-271-04866-6 2324:, pp. 29–32. 2312:, pp. 37–42. 2224:, pp. 29–31. 2209:, pp. 37–39. 2037:Commander of the 1448:Marcos G. McGrath 1090:ruler of Panama. 1044:Death of Torrijos 1015:George H. W. Bush 1002:Panama Canal Zone 869:Lyndon B. Johnson 817:Panama Canal Zone 754:second lieutenant 732:. Her family, of 672:Native Panamanian 445: 444: 191:February 11, 1934 16:(Redirected from 7303: 7143: 7142: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7036: 7026:José Raúl Mulino 6991:Guillermo Endara 6971:Nicolás Barletta 6826:Belisario Porras 6816:Belisario Porras 6796:Belisario Porras 6754: 6753: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6719: 6709:Guillermo Endara 6689:Preceded by 6681: 6664: 6659:. Archived from 6647:Cocaine Politics 6637: 6635: 6633: 6614: 6602: 6591: 6561: 6542: 6505: 6502:10.1108/eb049128 6484: 6463: 6442: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6408:. Archived from 6376: 6355: 6344:. Random House. 6343: 6332: 6320: 6309: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6244:. April 27, 2010 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5890:, pp. 9–11. 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5770: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5698:Unidad Editorial 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5503: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5148:. Archived from 5137: 5128: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5096:. Archived from 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4728:. Archived from 4721: 4715: 4714: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4639: 4638:, pp. 8–11. 4633: 4627: 4626: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4491: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4384:on March 9, 2016 4380:. Archived from 4378:The Boston Globe 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4102:, p. 29-31. 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3786: 3780: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3063: 3057: 3048: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2810: 2783: 2777: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2726: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2695: 2678: 2677: 2661: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2561: 2555: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2491:"Manuel Noriega" 2487: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2444: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2355: 2354: 2334: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2238: 2225: 2219: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2147: 2091: 2088: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2039:Legion of Honour 2036: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2012: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1961:National honours 1931:television movie 1875:Augusto Pinochet 1817:Image and legacy 1754:Légion d'honneur 1736: 1424:Guillermo Endara 1261:recorded a U.S. 825:first lieutenant 680:Spanish heritage 652:Augusto Pinochet 622:money laundering 541: 536: 529: 525: 522: 516: 515: 514: 513: 506: 503: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 477: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 411: 380: 378: 377: 365:Military service 349:El Renacer (PAN) 322:Date apprehended 301:Criminal penalty 287:Money laundering 275: 229: 227: 202: 190: 188: 172:Personal details 161:Guillermo Endara 157: 145: 95: 72: 58: 21: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7103: 7098: 7090: 7088: 7078: 7045: 7030: 7006:Martín Torrijos 6881:Enrique Jiménez 6821:Ernesto Lefevre 6791:Pablo Arosemena 6762: 6748: 6746: 6712: 6702: 6694: 6672: 6667: 6657: 6640: 6631: 6629: 6617: 6611: 6594: 6588: 6573: 6569: 6567:Further reading 6564: 6558: 6545: 6523:10.2307/2010447 6508: 6487: 6481: 6466: 6460: 6452:. I.B. Tauris. 6445: 6439: 6424: 6415: 6413: 6398:10.2307/2151883 6379: 6373: 6358: 6352: 6335: 6329: 6312: 6306: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6242:eleconomista.es 6236: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6081:. p. 564. 6079:Scarecrow Press 6070: 6069: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5827:. May 30, 2017. 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5798:Chicago Tribune 5791: 5790: 5786: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5583:. April 6, 1999 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5557:. April 7, 1999 5549: 5548: 5544: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5505: 5504: 5495: 5482: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5428:Clarence Thomas 5424:Wayback Machine 5409: 5405: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5373:on June 3, 2010 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5334:Davis, Lizzie. 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5175:on June 4, 2011 5162: 5161: 5157: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5100:on June 4, 2011 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4816:Wayback Machine 4807: 4803: 4795: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4493: 4492: 4475: 4471:, pp. 8–9. 4467: 4463: 4455: 4444: 4436: 4427: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3981: 3969: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3789: 3781: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3675:Chicago Tribune 3668: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438:, pp. 4–5. 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3125: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2786: 2778: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2681: 2674: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2564: 2556: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2446: 2445: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2358: 2351: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2228: 2220: 2213: 2205: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2047: 2045: 2023: 2021: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992:Foreign honours 1968: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1923: 1846:Muammar Gaddafi 1844:leader Colonel 1819: 1785: 1777:La Santé Prison 1766:hear his appeal 1734: 1727: 1710: 1642: 1637: 1629:prisoner of war 1568: 1532:were killed by 1527:, after laying 1505: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1372: 1366: 1326: 1278:Cesar Rodríguez 1254:Medellín Cartel 1230: 1209:Frederick Kempe 1177:listening posts 1156: 1099: 1097:ruler of Panama 1046: 998:Frederick Kempe 954: 937:maternity leave 893: 887: 882: 742: 704:Socialist Party 660: 648:Muammar Gaddafi 547:ruler of Panama 534: 527: 523: 520: 510: 509: 508: 478: 455: 451: 434: 375: 373: 352: 344:La Santé Prison 326:January 3, 1990 323: 316: 296: 271: 262: 231: 228: 1960) 223: 219: 216: 204: 200: 186: 184: 183: 182: 155: 143: 138: 96: 91: 75: 63: 54: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7309: 7307: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7135: 7123: 7100: 7099: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7074:Manuel Noriega 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7054:Boris Martínez 7050: 7047: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7001:Mireya Moscoso 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6956:Aristides Royo 6953: 6951:Demetrio Lakas 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6931:Roberto Chiari 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6896:Roberto Chiari 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6856:Juan Arosemena 6853: 6851:Harmodio Arias 6848: 6846:Ricardo Alfaro 6843: 6841:Harmodio Arias 6838: 6833: 6831:Rodolfo Chiari 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:Carlos Mendoza 6778: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6707: 6704: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6670:External links 6668: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6638: 6615: 6609: 6592: 6586: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6543: 6517:(2): 210–234. 6511:World Politics 6506: 6485: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6443: 6437: 6422: 6392:(4): 539–562. 6377: 6371: 6356: 6350: 6333: 6327: 6310: 6304: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6255: 6229: 6200: 6172: 6146: 6120: 6094: 6087: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6013: 6001: 5982: 5956: 5945:. June 1, 2017 5930: 5919:. May 30, 2017 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5866:, p. 539. 5856: 5845:. May 30, 2017 5830: 5812: 5784: 5762: 5736: 5714: 5696:(in Spanish). 5675: 5645: 5623: 5609:Deutsche Welle 5594: 5568: 5542: 5516: 5493: 5464: 5435: 5432:Antonin Scalia 5403: 5384: 5352: 5326: 5301: 5271: 5243: 5224: 5222:, p. 192. 5212: 5186: 5155: 5129: 5111: 5081: 5053: 5027: 5015: 5004:. July 7, 1997 4986: 4974: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4801: 4781: 4774: 4754: 4735: 4716: 4697: 4671: 4659: 4657:, p. 190. 4640: 4628: 4609: 4591: 4589:, p. 114. 4579: 4567: 4541: 4513: 4473: 4461: 4459:, p. 189. 4442: 4425: 4410: 4398: 4364: 4352: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4231: 4219: 4217:, p. 125. 4207: 4192: 4158: 4156:, p. 188. 4143: 4131: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3967: 3947: 3926: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3838:, p. 150. 3828: 3816: 3804: 3787: 3770: 3743: 3713: 3687: 3661: 3649: 3647:, p. 207. 3634: 3622: 3620:, p. 267. 3607: 3595: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3516:, p. 309. 3506: 3491: 3489:, p. 187. 3479: 3464: 3462:, p. 226. 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3390:, p. 186. 3380: 3368: 3353: 3341: 3339:, p. 182. 3329: 3327:, p. 147. 3317: 3302: 3290: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3147: 3110: 3098: 3096:, p. 541. 3086: 3075:Ghosh, Bobby. 3064: 3049: 3034: 3019: 2982: 2970: 2955: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2901: 2899:, p. 219. 2889: 2877: 2875:, p. 185. 2862: 2850: 2831: 2820:. May 30, 2017 2784: 2761: 2749: 2716: 2679: 2672: 2643: 2636: 2616: 2609: 2589: 2562: 2545: 2533: 2522:. May 30, 2017 2507: 2479: 2467: 2428: 2391: 2379: 2356: 2349: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2276: 2274:, p. 184. 2259: 2226: 2211: 2196: 2168: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2019: 2018: 2017: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1982:Collar of the 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1925:British actor 1922: 1919: 1818: 1815: 1784: 1781: 1726: 1723: 1709: 1706: 1697:Roman Catholic 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1593:Jorge Krupnick 1576:U.S. Air Force 1567: 1564: 1538:Americas Watch 1504: 1501: 1483: 1480: 1475:Main article: 1472: 1469: 1432:Guillermo Ford 1375:government of 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1329:Hugo Spadafora 1325: 1322: 1229: 1226: 1155: 1152: 1117:capital flight 1098: 1092: 1045: 1042: 987:Johnny Express 953: 950: 889:Main article: 886: 883: 881: 878: 864:Boris Martínez 853:North Carolina 841:jungle warfare 786:Roberto Chiari 741: 738: 730:National Guard 659: 656: 616:on charges of 602:Hugo Spadafora 443: 442: 439: 438: 429: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 405: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 387: 386:Branch/service 383: 382: 371: 367: 366: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 351: 350: 347: 341: 334: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 311: 308: 304: 302: 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 278: 276: 268: 267: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 249: 247: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 221: 217: 214: 213: 211: 207: 206: 203:(aged 83) 197: 193: 192: 180: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 165: 164: 158: 152: 151: 146: 140: 139: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 88: 87: 81: 80: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 62:Manuel Noriega 61: 26: 24: 18:Manuel Noreiga 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7308: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7112: 7108: 7097: 7085: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:Omar Torrijos 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976:Eric Delvalle 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Jorge Illueca 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941:Arnulfo Arias 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Ricardo Arias 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6901:Arnulfo Arias 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6891:Daniel Chanis 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Arnulfo Arias 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6786:Federico Boyd 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6365:. McFarland. 6364: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6328:0-671-72794-X 6324: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6165:September 30, 6161: 6157: 6150: 6147: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6121: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6052: 6049:, p. 29. 6048: 6043: 6040: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5975:September 30, 5971: 5967: 5960: 5957: 5944: 5943:The Economist 5940: 5934: 5931: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5902:, p. 20. 5901: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5595: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5385: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5327: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5054: 5046:September 30, 5042: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5016: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4967:September 28, 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4854:, p. 16. 4853: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4802: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421:Scranton 1991 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:Scranton 1991 4402: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4353: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260:Scranton 1991 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203:Scranton 1991 4199: 4197: 4193: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4141:, p. 23. 4140: 4139:Scranton 1991 4135: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4114:, p. 28. 4113: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4090:, p. 26. 4089: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4066:, p. 29. 4065: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3800:Scranton 1991 3796: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783:Scranton 1991 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591:Scranton 1991 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:Scranton 1991 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3351:, p. 10. 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106:Scranton 1991 3102: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936:Scranton 1991 2932: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2759:, p. 18. 2758: 2753: 2750: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2477:, p. 13. 2476: 2475:Scranton 1991 2471: 2468: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879:Daniel Ortega 1876: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1618:Prevented by 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:San Miguelito 1581: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534:friendly fire 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1478: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1364:1989 election 1363: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1282:Steven Kalish 1279: 1275: 1274:Floyd Carlton 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1259:Seymour Hersh 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144:Ronald Reagan 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 993: 990: 988: 983: 979: 978:Ronald Reagan 975: 970: 968: 967:Richard Nixon 962: 960: 951: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 914: 910: 909:general staff 906: 897: 892: 884: 880:Rise to power 879: 877: 874: 870: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819:. Journalist 818: 814: 810: 806: 797: 793: 791: 790:Liberal Party 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:Arnulfo Arias 771: 766: 763: 759: 758:Omar Torrijos 755: 751: 747: 739: 737: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 691: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 657: 655: 653: 649: 644: 638: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 612:in Miami and 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:Arnulfo Arias 580: 579:Omar Torrijos 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 548: 545: 540: 532: 531: 512: 505: 449: 440: 437: 433: 430: 426: 422: 418: 415: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391: 388: 384: 372: 368: 363: 359: 355: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 335: 333: 329: 325: 319: 312: 309: 306: 305: 303: 299: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 274: 273:Conviction(s) 269: 265: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 212: 208: 198: 194: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 159: 153: 150: 147: 141: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 114:Jorge Illueca 112: 110: 107: 106: 104: 100: 94: 89: 86: 82: 78: 71: 66: 59: 56: 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7145:Christianity 7073: 6866:Augusto Boyd 6806:Ciro Urriola 6801:Ramón Valdés 6697: 6661:the original 6646: 6630:. Retrieved 6626:the original 6620: 6598: 6576: 6547: 6514: 6510: 6493: 6489: 6469: 6448: 6427: 6414:. Retrieved 6410:the original 6389: 6385: 6361: 6339: 6316: 6294: 6271:. Retrieved 6267: 6258: 6246:. Retrieved 6241: 6232: 6222:February 20, 6220:. Retrieved 6215: 6193:February 20, 6191:. Retrieved 6185: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6159: 6149: 6137:. Retrieved 6133: 6123: 6111:. Retrieved 6107: 6097: 6073: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6030:. Retrieved 6027:The Guardian 6026: 6016: 6011:, p. 8. 6004: 5973:. Retrieved 5970:The Guardian 5969: 5959: 5947:. Retrieved 5942: 5933: 5921:. Retrieved 5916: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5842: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5803:. Retrieved 5796: 5787: 5778: 5753:. Retrieved 5748: 5739: 5726: 5717: 5691: 5678: 5666:. Retrieved 5657: 5648: 5640:the original 5635: 5626: 5614:. Retrieved 5612:(in Spanish) 5607: 5597: 5585:. Retrieved 5580: 5571: 5559:. Retrieved 5554: 5545: 5532: 5510: 5481:. Retrieved 5476: 5467: 5452:. Retrieved 5448: 5438: 5411: 5406: 5397: 5387: 5375:. Retrieved 5371:the original 5364: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5340:The Guardian 5339: 5329: 5317:. Retrieved 5292:. Retrieved 5288:the original 5283: 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5256: 5246: 5237: 5227: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5199: 5189: 5177:. Retrieved 5173:the original 5168: 5158: 5150:the original 5145: 5124:the original 5114: 5104:December 30, 5102:. Retrieved 5098:the original 5084: 5072:. Retrieved 5066: 5056: 5044:. Retrieved 5041:The Guardian 5040: 5030: 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 5001: 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4953: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4900:Buckley 1991 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4804: 4791: 4784: 4764: 4757: 4748: 4738: 4730:the original 4719: 4710: 4700: 4688:. Retrieved 4684: 4674: 4662: 4631: 4622: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4587:Harding 2006 4582: 4570: 4558:. Retrieved 4553: 4544: 4532:. Retrieved 4526: 4516: 4504:. Retrieved 4502:(in Spanish) 4499: 4464: 4401: 4388:September 2, 4386:. Retrieved 4382:the original 4377: 4367: 4355: 4343:. Retrieved 4337: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4222: 4210: 4183:. Retrieved 4171: 4161: 4134: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3957: 3950: 3939: 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3913: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3761:. Retrieved 3756: 3746: 3734:. Retrieved 3730: 3721:McGee, Jim; 3716: 3704:. Retrieved 3699: 3690: 3678:. Retrieved 3674: 3664: 3652: 3625: 3618:Buckley 1991 3598: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3482: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3293: 3266: 3254: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3138:. Retrieved 3132: 3101: 3089: 3080: 3010:. Retrieved 2998: 2973: 2938:, p. 2. 2931: 2919: 2892: 2880: 2853: 2822:. Retrieved 2817: 2752: 2740:. Retrieved 2734: 2707:. Retrieved 2704:The Guardian 2703: 2657: 2626: 2619: 2599: 2592: 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2519: 2510: 2498:. Retrieved 2494: 2470: 2458:. Retrieved 2452: 2419:. 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