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701:. Mason bees used for orchard and other agricultural applications are all readily attracted to nesting holes – reeds, paper tubes, nesting trays, or drilled blocks of wood; in their dormant season, they can be transported as intact nests (tubes, blocks, etc.) or as loose cocoons. As is characteristic of solitary bees,
321:
510:, the males exit first. The males typically remain near the nests waiting for the females, and some are known to actively extract females from their cocoons. When the females emerge, they mate with one or several males. The males soon die, and within a few days the females begin provisioning their nests.
537:
Within a few days of mating, the female has selected a nest site and has begun to visit flowers to gather pollen and nectar for her nests; many trips are needed to complete a pollen/nectar provision mass. Once a provision mass is complete, the bee backs into the hole and lays an egg on top of the
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species are in decline as of 2020; practices to minimize the impact of non-native pollinators on wild species include prioritizing the use of native bee species, raising local bee populations, and enforcing parasite/disease screening.
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species are found in places where the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) for long durations and they are well-adapted to cold winters; chilling seems to be a requirement for maturation. Some species of mason bees are
538:
mass. Then, she creates a partition of "mud", which doubles as the back of the next cell. The process continues until she has filled the cavity. Female eggs are laid in the back of the nest and male eggs toward the front.
359:, which are made in naturally occurring gaps such as between cracks in stones or other small dark cavities. When available, some species preferentially use hollow stems or holes in wood made by wood-boring insects.
1250:
Sheffield, C.S.; et al. (2008). "Diversity of cavity-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) within apple orchards and wild habitats in the
Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada".
524:
shells, under bark, or in other small protected cavities. They do not excavate their own nests. The material used for the cell can be clay, mud, grit, or chewed plant tissue. The
516:
females typically nest in narrow gaps and naturally occurring tubular cavities. Commonly, this means in hollow twigs but can be in abandoned nests of wood-boring beetles or
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can pollinate very efficiently, which is largely attributed to their anatomy and behavior. Unlike most other bee species that collect pollen from their hind legs, female
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have been moved from their native ranges for commercial purposes. Over 300 species are found across the
Northern Hemisphere. Most occur in temperate habitats within the
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species as managed pollinators has ignited the spread of disease, introducing invasive bee species that increase competition for native bees. In some areas, native
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is one of a few species known for lining their nest burrows with flower petals. A female might inspect several potential nests before settling in.
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for pollen-collecting, absent in males. Although the scopa is usually located on the legs in most bees, it lies underneath the abdomen for
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Within weeks of hatching, the larva has probably consumed all of its provisions and begins spinning a cocoon around itself and enters the
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when handled (only under distress such as when wet or squeezed); their sting is small and not painful, and their stinger is unbarbed.
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transfer pollen to flowers, dry pollen falls from the scopa onto the flower's stigma, facilitating pollination at nearly every visit.
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share a basic anatomy with all bees and most insects; the main functional regions being the head, thorax, and abdomen. On the head,
435:
Historically, the term mason bee has also been used to refer to bees from a number of other genera under
Megachilidae such as
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species are frequently metallic green or blue, although many are blackish and at least one rust-red. Most have black ventral
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799:"Host range evolution in a selected group of osmiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): the Boraginaceae-Fabaceae paradox"
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Once a bee has finished with a nest, she plugs the entrance to the tube, and then may seek out another nest location.
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849:"Evolution of nesting behavior and kleptoparasitism in a selected group of osmiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)"
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species are solitary; every female is fertile and makes her own nest, and no worker bees for these species exist.
1526:
1140:
LeCroy, Kathryn A.; Savoy-Burke, Grace; Carr, David E.; Delaney, Deborah A.; Roulston, T’ai H. (2020-10-30).
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Kemp, Bosch, J., W.P. (2002). "Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of
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stage, and the adult matures either in the fall or winter, hibernating inside its insulatory cocoon. Most
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355:. Mason bees are named for their habit of using mud or other "masonry" products in constructing their
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954:(Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons to Other Osmiine Bees".
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Rozen, Jerome G.; et al. (2010). "Nests, Petal Usage, Floral
Preferences, and Immatures of
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mites, but have their own unique parasites, pests, and diseases. The nesting habits of many
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Pollination with Mason Bees: A Gardener's Guide to
Managing Mason Bees for Fruit Production
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904:"Long foraging distances impose high costs on offspring production in solitary bees"
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Tkalcu and
Descriptions of Its Egg and Larva (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini)"
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to facilitate efficient pollination on their farms. However, using non-native
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1048:(Megachilidae: Osmiini) – how does nesting biology affect biogeography?"
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Solitary bees produce neither honey nor beeswax. They are immune from
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697:. They are used both as an alternative to and as an augmentation for
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species are commercially propagated in different parts of the world
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which are difficult to notice unless laden with pollen. They have
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have six legs and four wings. The abdomen of females contains a
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1324:. Sustainable Agriculture Network Handbook Series. p. 98.
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species lend themselves to easy cultivation, and a number of
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use pollen-collecting hairs from their abdominal scopa. When
1080:"The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 5th Edition | Wiley"
1109:(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Elucidated Using Videography"
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realms, and are active from spring through late summer.
1042:
Sedivy, Claudio; Dorn, Silvia; Müller, Andreas (2012).
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typically pollinate early spring flowers in the family
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880:
Holland, Jennifer S. (October 2010), "Flower Beds",
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1103:McKinney, Matthew I.; Park, Yong-Lak (2012-05-17).
362:Species of the genus include the orchard mason bee
773:(2nd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
626:Some farmers currently manage populations of
8:
1235:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
341:is a name now commonly used for species of
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324:Mason bee nest cell with egg on pollen bed
316:Homemade nest block showing full occupancy
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1692:Taxa named by Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer
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1052:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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853:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
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803:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
669:in fruit and nut production. Commercial
1318:Bosch, Jordi; Kemp, William J. (2001).
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1044:"Molecular phylogeny of the bee genus
995:Rozen, Jerome G.; et al. (2009).
441:, most notably in "The Mason-Bees" by
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1654:0A77F222-76E2-5D28-A33E-8C015AAFD1E0
1615:b87edb32-d7ed-46e0-8dd1-17cf38656899
1527:07e75567-c4a6-4aeb-bb0a-3e8654e70739
1353:Osmia Identification Guide (female)
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1193:spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)".
902:Zurbuchen, A.; et al. (2010).
836:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
705:species are very docile and rarely
386:. The former two are native to the
332:Worksheet cycle of larvae to cocoon
1358:Osmia Identification Guide (male)
1321:How to manage the blue orchard bee
1195:Bulletin of Entomological Research
1105:"Nesting Activity and Behavior of
797:Sedivy, C.D.; et al. (2013).
14:
1065:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00876.x
999:Hoplitis (Hoplitis) monstrabilis
921:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01675.x
866:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02024.x
847:Sedivy, C.; et al. (2012).
816:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02013.x
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506:When the bees emerge from their
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1113:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
588:and other genera in the family
482:Eastern snail shell mason bee (
1:
769:Michener, Charles D. (2007).
607:and other bees in the family
1299:Dogterom, Margeriet (2002).
447:Alexander Teixeira de Mattos
420:between their claws, unlike
952:Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta
191:>300 species, including
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1158:10.1038/s41598-020-75566-9
830:Fabre, Jean-Henri (1914).
1303:. Beediverse Publishing.
1005:American Museum Novitates
956:American Museum Novitates
908:Journal of Animal Ecology
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50:Scientific classification
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1373:Palaearctic Osmiine Bees
380:, and the red mason bee
667:to improve pollination
561:Anatomy and morphology
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1636:Paleobiology Database
1368:Worldwide Species Map
1252:Canadian Entomologist
771:The Bees of the World
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1522:Fauna Europaea (new)
997:"Biology of the Bee
374:, the hornfaced bee
368:, the blueberry bee
1126:10.1155/2012/814097
883:National Geographic
699:European honey bees
457:Unlike honey bees (
445:and his translator
1207:10.1079/BER2001139
1146:Scientific Reports
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163:Type species
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127:Megachilinae
117:Megachilidae
40:
20:
1548:iNaturalist
1416:Wikispecies
1201:(1): 3–16.
1119:: e814097.
679:O. bicornis
675:O. lignaria
671:pollinators
596:Pollination
531:O. avosetta
438:Chalicodoma
392:O. lignaria
383:O. bicornis
365:O. lignaria
123:Subfamily:
107:Hymenoptera
1681:Categories
1273:10214/2431
1089:2021-11-05
745:References
683:O. cornuta
643:Management
526:palearctic
465:bumblebees
453:Life cycle
400:Palearctic
87:Arthropoda
26:Mason bee
1337:3 October
1084:Wiley.com
1058:: 28–42.
1021:2246/5964
960:CiteSeerX
809:: 35–54.
449:in 1914.
432:species.
429:Anthidium
423:Megachile
339:Mason bee
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1457:BugGuide
1401:Wikidata
1282:54663884
1215:12020357
1176:33127931
1046:Hoplitis
1029:56412104
930:20233258
735:List of
713:See also
673:include
621:Rosaceae
528:species
404:Nearctic
388:Americas
185:Species
177:Linnaeus
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1664:8329841
1566:1001002
1540:1337664
1488:2753366
1407:Q975164
1223:1942186
1167:7599227
982:3194027
739:species
649:acarine
508:cocoons
143:Genus:
137:Osmiini
133:Tribe:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1661:uBio:
1641:152488
1628:356987
1612:NZOR:
1605:124287
1579:154377
1514:231969
1501:1OSMAG
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654:Varroa
574:ocelli
469:Bombus
418:arolia
414:scopae
179:, 1758
156:, 1806
154:Panzer
1687:Osmia
1649:Plazi
1561:IRMNG
1553:57674
1475:63GNP
1462:14967
1436:Osmia
1422:Osmia
1392:Osmia
1278:S2CID
1219:S2CID
1191:Osmia
1025:S2CID
978:S2CID
737:Osmia
707:sting
703:Osmia
663:Osmia
659:Osmia
636:Osmia
632:Osmia
628:Osmia
617:Osmia
613:Osmia
605:Osmia
601:Osmia
586:Osmia
582:scopa
578:Osmia
570:Osmia
566:Osmia
550:Osmia
546:pupal
522:snail
520:, in
514:Osmia
473:Osmia
463:) or
410:Osmia
357:nests
348:Osmia
148:Osmia
1600:NCBI
1574:ITIS
1535:GBIF
1496:EPPO
1449:4940
1444:BOLD
1339:2017
1326:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1237:link
1211:PMID
1172:PMID
1117:2012
926:PMID
775:ISBN
651:and
460:Apis
402:and
394:and
343:bees
1587:NBN
1483:EoL
1470:CoL
1431:ADW
1268:hdl
1260:doi
1256:140
1203:doi
1162:PMC
1154:doi
1121:doi
1060:doi
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1017:hdl
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