618:
539:
675:
587:
132:
603:
701:
109:
634:
689:
556:
648:
261:
335:
375:). They often parasitize related taxa. They typically enter the nest before it is sealed and lay their eggs in a cell. After hatching, the parasite larva kills the host larva, unless the female parasite has already done so, and then consumes the provisions. Parasitic species are of equal size or smaller than their victims. In 1921, the journal
343:
separates the completed cell from the next one. The larva hatches from the egg and consumes the food supply. After moulting a few times, it spins a cocoon and pupates. It emerges from the nest as an adult. Males die shortly after mating, but females survive for another few weeks, during which they build new nests.
428:
all bee species are ground nesters). For example, in
Krombein's trap-nesting survey (1967), almost all bees that nested in his offerings were Megachilid species—40 of 43 occupying bee species. (They were outnumbered in diversity by almost twice as many species of wasps (75) that utilized the nests).
427:
Most
Megachilidae build their nests in above-ground cavities; they all are solitary bees. Their nesting habits means that in some studies of bee diversity, this bee family is most likely to be the one encountered, even though the many ground nesting bees are much greater in species numbers (~70% of
482:
scrapes the hairs from leaves to use for nesting material. It is atypical because the male is larger than the female and constantly on patrol, protecting a "harem" by chasing and even attacking all interlopers including honey and bumble bees, its tail equipped with multiple prongs that can knife in
342:
Nonparasitic
Megachilidae typically divide their nests into cells. Each cell receives a supply of food (pollen or a pollen/nectar mix) and an egg; after finding a suitable spot (often near where she emerged), a female starts building a first cell, stocks it, and oviposits. She builds a wall that
431:
Because they are (mostly) above-ground nesters and more commonly attracted to artificial nests, megachilid bees are also more commonly cultivated than ground nesting solitary bees. They accept nesting materials made from hollow stems, tubes, and blocks with preformed holes ("nest blocks"), and
571:
346:
Nests are often built in natural or artificial cavities. Some embed individual cells in a mass of clay or resin attached to a wall, rock surface, or plant stem. Nest cavities are often linear, for example in hollow plant stems, but not always (snail shells are used by some
465:
A suite of megachilid rely on plant resins for nest construction. These "resin bees" are typically smaller than honey bees, and effective pollinators, although the hard glue-like resins can complicate management of other tunnel nesting bees. Carder bees,
474:, the European wool carder bee, was accidentally introduced to the Americas in the late '60s and has now spread across the continent. It has been described as "... perhaps the most widely distributed unmanaged bee species in the world." Like most
317:"), feeding on pollen collected by other megachilid bees. Parasitic species do not possess scopae. The motion of Megachilidae in the reproductive structures of flowers is energetic and swimming-like; this agitation releases large amounts of
413:. Most Megachilidae are native, and a few are introduced, accidentally and intentionally; globally the number of species identified exceeds 4,000. Thus Megachilidae represent 15% to 20% of named species of bees.
521:("The Mason Bee"); Fabre wrote many observations, including of other Megachilidae, from his home in France, and his writings inspired many future researchers and enthusiasts, from
1673:
734:
of France suggest that
Megachilinae began cutting leaves early in their evolution. Phylogenetic analysis yields an age consistent with this Eocene origin for the group.
1572:
3463:
726:
leaf shows definite semicircular cutouts along its margin, implying that leaf-cutting bees existed at that time. Multiply-cut leaves and rare body fossils from the
301:, reflecting the materials from which they build their nest cells (soil or leaves, respectively); a few collect plant or animal hairs and fibers, and are called
3502:
424:(Ancient Greek μέγᾰς (mégas, "big") + χεῖλος (kheîlos, "lip"); their "large lips" and strong jaws are well-suited for collection of nest building materials.
1793:
617:
285:) to the ventral surface of the abdomen (rather than mostly or exclusively on the hind legs as in other bee families), and their typically elongated
3594:
3437:
538:
3476:
1847:
1810:
1655:
586:
1601:
1506:
630 spp. in 18 genera of 4 tribes and 2 subfamilies in our area, ~4,100 spp. in ~80 genera of 11 tribes and 4 subfamilies worldwide(1)
1647:
Phylogeny and
Classification of the Bee Tribe Megachilini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Megachilidae), with Emphasis on the Genus Megachile
513:. Mason bees, not commonly cultivated, are known through extended observation and writings in the last half of the 19th century by
470:, are unique for using plant fibers; there are 80 to 90 species of them in North America. Ironically, a non-native is best known—
490:
nor its
American cousins are considered parasites, only territorial and at times aggressive, though some genera are, including
3481:
3489:
602:
1545:
in the
Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): diversity, host plant associations, phylogeny, and biogeography".
1674:"Direct and indirect fossil records of megachilid bees from the Paleogene of Central Europe (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)"
1450:
518:
286:
509:
While some
Megachilidae are extensively studied for their commercial possibilities (or impacts), others are studied by
131:
3372:
3359:
570:
3507:
3589:
1840:
1458:
377:
555:
545:
674:
3299:
1785:
441:
433:
3584:
3579:
3538:
1789:
1566:
706:
279:. Characteristic traits of this family are the restriction of their pollen-carrying structure (called a
2591:
3556:
3377:
2636:
653:
247:
3517:
3411:
3346:
2546:
2366:
2309:
1833:
1686:
1385:
1137:
2601:
1517:
1401:
1193:
1151:
1102:
1067:
954:
745:
2496:
1207:
1088:
997:
961:
819:
766:
751:
639:
272:
118:
2664:
2626:
2541:
2386:
1408:
1259:
1238:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1060:
1046:
982:
834:
2886:
2646:
2611:
2501:
1710:
1130:
1116:
812:
126:
3124:
1342:
1335:
1288:
1266:
1053:
1025:
1011:
940:
919:
792:
773:
239:
3543:
3337:
2669:
1618:
1374:. Females have a pointed conic abdominal apex (tip); males have several spikes on their apices.
1349:
1214:
1081:
912:
869:
848:
760:
3525:
3398:
2729:
2561:
2244:
1759:
1702:
1651:
1597:
1587:
1328:
898:
3468:
1645:
855:
3530:
2982:
2914:
2714:
2271:
2022:
1749:
1741:
1694:
1554:
975:
700:
693:
514:
2943:
2444:
2347:
2253:
1955:
1939:
1200:
444:), used extensively in alfalfa pollination, and the western native and frequently raised
381:
published a preliminary report on parasitic megachilid bees of the western United States.
281:
108:
1799:
1690:
633:
3139:
2891:
2764:
2679:
2641:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2452:
2391:
2322:
2281:
2261:
2221:
2192:
1987:
1754:
1729:
1432:
1394:
1229:
1179:
894:) and use resin from conifers, as well as plant fibers and sand, as cell wall material.
526:
522:
497:
446:
360:
310:
3573:
3351:
3256:
3220:
3212:
2896:
2719:
2699:
2659:
2631:
2291:
2266:
2229:
2208:
2014:
1074:
720:
66:
28:
3364:
688:
305:, while others use plant resins in nest construction and are correspondingly called
3282:
3144:
3106:
3089:
2855:
2818:
2810:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2596:
2566:
2462:
2434:
2414:
2396:
2234:
2077:
2069:
2027:
1900:
1714:
1295:
1221:
1186:
1144:
1039:
1018:
1004:
841:
798:
785:
659:
502:
365:
251:
3403:
1591:
3494:
3450:
3331:
3129:
3111:
3016:
2995:
2969:
2881:
2868:
2800:
2792:
2782:
2774:
2616:
2606:
2586:
2536:
2526:
2486:
2429:
2406:
2381:
2371:
2337:
2286:
2048:
1971:
1857:
1541:
Gonzalez, V.H. and
Griswold, T.L. (1 June 2013). "Wool carder bees of the genus
1358:
1109:
1095:
926:
887:
723:
243:
183:
41:
1825:
647:
3251:
3235:
3227:
3216:
3208:
3187:
3134:
3011:
3003:
2961:
2935:
2863:
2743:
2709:
2621:
2581:
2571:
2556:
2419:
2301:
2276:
2200:
2164:
2040:
1963:
1698:
1321:
1233:
991:
891:
862:
664:
510:
314:
260:
86:
51:
3322:
3424:
3204:
3200:
3154:
3119:
3045:
3037:
3024:
2974:
2948:
2906:
2876:
2756:
2751:
2724:
2689:
2674:
2576:
2551:
2506:
2478:
2424:
2376:
2332:
2327:
2314:
2119:
2111:
2090:
1888:
1876:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1307:
1301:
1281:
1032:
968:
947:
805:
731:
679:
668:
492:
397:
391:
371:
297:
291:
163:
143:
91:
35:
1763:
1745:
1706:
389:
North
America has an estimated 630 different megachilid species, including
334:
3385:
3316:
3149:
2922:
2832:
2651:
2491:
2140:
2098:
2056:
2006:
2000:
1979:
1911:
1894:
1275:
1252:
1244:
905:
876:
403:
193:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
3079:
1947:
1123:
828:
712:
451:
203:
96:
71:
1558:
462:
species are also in commercial use in North America, Europe and Asia.
3455:
3195:
2511:
1882:
1870:
727:
318:
173:
153:
3442:
3390:
3293:
3429:
1804:
1482:
3551:
2354:
1671:
Wedmann, Soni a; Wappler, Torsten; Engel, Michael S. (June 2009).
1519:
Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests, and associates
1313:
933:
882:
699:
687:
673:
646:
632:
517:, with his writings made further famous by his English translator
409:
333:
259:
2925:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
1805:
Bugguide. Information and photos of Megachilidae of North America
436:. In North America these cultivated bees include the introduced
1780:
3297:
1829:
1596:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 417–569.
3171:
3066:
3058:
276:
216:
3416:
1451:"Some parasitic megachilid bees of the western United States"
1800:
Online Guides to all the eastern North American Megachilidae
1449:
Cockerell, Theodore; Lutz, Frank Eugene (1 December 1921).
880:
species have narrow abdominal bands. They resemble small
1734:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1439:, 2nd Edition, pg. 122, Johns Hopkins University Press.
309:. All species feed on nectar and pollen, but a few are
432:
several megachilids have become important species for
1728:
Cardinal, Sophie; Danforth, Bryan N. (January 2013).
719:
The fossil record for megachilid bees is poor, but a
450:(the orchard mason bee or blue orchard bee), used in
416:
The scientific name Megachilidae refers to the genus
351:, and some species readily use irregular cavities).
3306:
3170:
3087:
3078:
3057:
3036:
2994:
2960:
2934:
2905:
2854:
2831:
2809:
2791:
2773:
2742:
2461:
2443:
2405:
2346:
2300:
2252:
2243:
2220:
2191:
2162:
2139:
2110:
2089:
2068:
2039:
2013:
1999:
1938:
1909:
1672:
1232:on other Megachilidae. They belong to the tribe
506:(kleptoparasites of leafcutter and mason bees).
289:. Megachilid genera are most commonly known as
1841:
483:between the segments of almost any intruder.
8:
1571:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3294:
3167:
3084:
2851:
2249:
2188:
2159:
1935:
1931:
1848:
1834:
1826:
107:
20:
1753:
1730:"Bees diversified in the age of eudicots"
1650:. Vol. UMI 3316016. pp. 54–56.
1547:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
264:A leaf-cutter bee showing abdominal scopa
1228:and related genera (stelidine bees) are
478:, rather than cutting leaves or petals,
434:agricultural / horticultural pollination
1425:
531:
1564:
1619:"Native pollinator - wool carder bee"
890:(specialized on a few subfamilies of
7:
3557:D639CC5C-2F00-4A60-C9FB-75DB1D39C933
3518:8c705677-1737-4a02-a1b4-6772b537e771
1617:Honey Bee Suite (20 February 2011).
623:Dissected cut leaf bits from a nest.
14:
363:, so have no ventral scopa (e.g.
616:
601:
585:
569:
554:
537:
500:mostly of leafcutter bees), and
130:
3595:Extant Eocene first appearances
3027:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
359:Some genera of megachilids are
116:Male European wool carder bee,
1522:. Smithsonian Press. p. 2
1:
3246:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
519:Alexander Teixeira de Mattos
1796:Featured Creatures Web site
16:Cosmopolitan family of bees
3613:
1516:Krombein, Karl V. (1967).
3277:
1934:
1865:
1819:Atlas of Living Australia
1699:10.1007/s00114-009-0525-x
1588:"73. Family Megachilidae"
1459:American Museum Novitates
420:, translating roughly as
378:American Museum Novitates
237:
232:
127:Scientific classification
125:
115:
106:
23:
1781:Palaearctic Osmiine Bees
1586:Michener, C. D. (2000).
2030:(web-spinning sawflies)
1644:Victor H. (June 2008).
1368:is a brood parasite of
1299:is a brood parasite of
1236:. Bees in the subgenus
546:Megachile centuncularis
533:Leaf cutter bee nesting
486:Neither the introduced
442:alfalfa leafcutter bees
3157:(thread-waisted wasps)
2985:(sierolomorphid wasps)
2917:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
2122:(parasitic wood wasps)
1746:10.1098/rspb.2012.2686
716:
697:
685:
671:
644:
629:Evolution and taxonomy
596:from Bangalore, India.
339:
265:
3539:Paleobiology Database
1437:The Bees of the World
707:Anthidium florentinum
703:
691:
677:
650:
636:
337:
263:
608:Dissected nest of a
454:pollination. Other
313:(informally called "
1966:(cimbicid sawflies)
1691:2009NW.....96..703W
1679:Naturwissenschaften
730:of Germany and the
640:Anthidium manicatum
438:Megachile rotundata
275:of mostly solitary
273:cosmopolitan family
119:Anthidium manicatum
2051:(cedar wood wasps)
1974:(conifer sawflies)
1740:(1755): 20122686.
717:
698:
686:
672:
645:
340:
266:
3567:
3566:
3526:Open Tree of Life
3300:Taxon identifiers
3291:
3290:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3191:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3115:
3114:(cockroach wasps)
3100:
3070:
3049:
3028:
3020:
3007:
2986:
2983:Sierolomorphidae
2978:
2952:
2926:
2918:
2915:Rhopalosomatidae
2872:
2827:
2826:
2760:
2738:
2737:
2730:Trichogrammatidae
2655:
2592:Eutrichosomatidae
2562:Epichrysomallidae
2482:
2472:
2360:
2318:
2245:Proctotrupomorpha
2212:
2211:(ichneumon wasps)
2204:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2102:
2081:
2060:
2052:
2031:
1991:
1990:(common sawflies)
1983:
1982:(pergid sawflies)
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1657:978-0-549-68378-0
1623:honeybeesuite.com
1593:Bees of the World
1559:10.1111/zoj.12017
1242:are parasitic on
1227:
564:sp. with cut leaf
258:
257:
3602:
3590:Cenozoic insects
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3495:NBNSYS0000160390
3485:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3295:
3245:
3237:
3230:(plasterer bees)
3229:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3156:
3113:
3099:
3098:
3097:(sphecoid wasps)
3094:
3085:
3068:
3047:
3026:
3018:
3005:
2984:
2976:
2950:
2924:
2916:
2870:
2852:
2758:
2715:Tanaostigmatidae
2653:
2637:Melanosomellidae
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2316:
2272:Neuroscelionidae
2250:
2210:
2202:
2189:
2160:
2121:
2100:
2079:
2058:
2050:
2029:
2023:Megalodontesidae
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1956:Blasticotomidae
1950:(argid sawflies)
1949:
1936:
1932:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1822:
1786:Leafcutting bees
1768:
1767:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1225:
694:Osmia ribifloris
654:Haetosmia vechti
620:
605:
589:
573:
558:
541:
515:Jean-Henri Fabre
248:Parharhophitinae
135:
134:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3302:
3292:
3287:
3261:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3162:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3074:
3053:
3048:(scoliid wasps)
3032:
2990:
2956:
2951:(tiphiid wasps)
2944:Bradynobaenidae
2930:
2901:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2734:
2547:Cynipencyrtidae
2469:(chalcid wasps)
2468:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2445:Mymarommatoidea
2439:
2401:
2367:Proctorenyxidae
2352:
2351:
2348:Proctotrupoidea
2342:
2310:Austrocynipidae
2296:
2254:Platygastroidea
2239:
2216:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2106:
2101:(stem sawflies)
2085:
2064:
2035:
2009:
1995:
1988:Tenthredinidae
1958:(fern sawflies)
1940:Tenthredinoidea
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1861:
1854:
1809:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1563:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1386:Radoszkowskiana
1230:kleptoparasites
1201:Pseudoanthidium
1138:Hypanthidioides
886:, but they are
631:
624:
621:
612:
606:
597:
590:
581:
574:
565:
559:
550:
542:
498:kleptoparasites
387:
361:brood parasites
357:
332:
327:
311:kleptoparasites
298:leafcutter bees
250:
246:
242:
129:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3328:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3221:stingless bees
3213:carpenter bees
3193:
3184:
3182:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Pemphredonidae
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3019:(spider wasps)
3014:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2977:(flower wasps)
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:Sclerogibbidae
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2871:(cuckoo wasps)
2866:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2765:Gasteruptiidae
2762:
2759:(ensign wasps)
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Pelecinellidae
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2642:Metapelmatidae
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Hetreulophidae
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Chrysolampidae
2529:
2524:
2522:Chalcedectidae
2519:
2517:Cerocephalidae
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2453:Mymarommatidae
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:Proctotrupidae
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Diplolepididae
2320:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Platygastridae
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Geoscelionidae
2258:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:Ceraphronoidea
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:Ichneumonidae
2206:
2197:
2195:
2193:Ichneumonoidea
2186:
2157:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1929:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1783:
1776:
1775:External links
1773:
1770:
1769:
1720:
1685:(6): 703–712.
1663:
1656:
1636:
1625:. Rusty Burlew
1609:
1603:978-0801861338
1602:
1578:
1553:(2): 221–425.
1533:
1508:
1499:
1483:"Megachilidae"
1473:
1441:
1433:C. D. Michener
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1402:Neochalicodoma
1395:incertae sedis
1391:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1292:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1194:Plesianthidium
1190:
1183:
1180:Pachyanthidium
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1152:Icteranthidium
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1103:Duckeanthidium
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1068:Aztecanthidium
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
988:
987:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
955:Pseudoheriades
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
825:
824:
823:
816:
809:
802:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
770:
757:
756:
755:
746:Pararhophitini
724:dicotyledonous
657:, foraging on
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
615:
613:
607:
600:
598:
591:
584:
582:
576:Leaves cut by
575:
568:
566:
560:
553:
551:
549:cutting a leaf
543:
536:
534:
527:Gerald Durrell
523:Charles Darwin
447:Osmia lignaria
386:
383:
356:
353:
331:
328:
326:
323:
256:
255:
235:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3608:
3607:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3258:
3257:Stenotritidae
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:Megachilidae
3242:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3006:(velvet ants)
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2897:Scolebythidae
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2811:Trigonaloidea
2808:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Tetracampidae
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Signiphoridae
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Neanastatidae
2658:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Megastigmidae
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Baeomorphidae
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2292:Sparasionidae
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Janzenellidae
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Ceraphronidae
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:Xiphydriidae
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2070:Xiphydrioidea
2067:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:Pamphiliidae
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2015:Pamphilioidea
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:Rhodanthidium
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1089:Cyphanthidium
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:Bathanthidium
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:Acedanthidium
995:
994:
993:
989:
985:
984:
980:
978:
977:
973:
971:
970:
966:
964:
963:
962:Stenoheriades
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
949:
945:
943:
942:
938:
936:
935:
931:
929:
928:
924:
922:
921:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
857:
853:
851:
850:
846:
844:
843:
839:
837:
836:
832:
831:
830:
826:
822:
821:
820:Trichothurgus
817:
815:
814:
810:
808:
807:
803:
801:
800:
796:
795:
794:
790:
789:
788:
787:
782:
776:
775:
771:
769:
768:
764:
763:
762:
758:
754:
753:
752:Pararhophites
749:
748:
747:
743:
742:
741:
737:
736:
735:
733:
729:
725:
722:
721:Middle Eocene
715:
714:
709:
708:
702:
696:
695:
690:
683:
681:
676:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
655:
649:
642:
641:
635:
628:
619:
614:
611:
604:
599:
595:
588:
583:
579:
572:
567:
563:
557:
552:
548:
547:
540:
535:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:
499:
495:
494:
489:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
429:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:
406:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
384:
382:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
354:
352:
350:
344:
336:
329:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
262:
254:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
200:Superfamily:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
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148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
29:Middle Eocene
22:
19:
3585:Bee families
3580:Megachilidae
3365:Megachilidae
3352:Megachilidae
3338:Megachilidae
3308:Megachilidae
3307:
3283:Unicalcarida
3243:
3238:(sweat bees)
3190:(mason bees)
3145:Philanthidae
3112:Ampulicidae
3107:Ammoplanidae
3090:Spheciformes
3088:
2869:Chrysididae
2856:Chrysidoidea
2819:Trigonalidae
2793:Megalyroidea
2775:Stephanoidea
2705:Spalangiidae
2695:Pteromalidae
2685:Perilampidae
2665:Neodiparidae
2654:(fairyflies)
2627:Macromesidae
2597:Herbertiidae
2567:Eucharitidae
2542:Coelocybidae
2463:Chalcidoidea
2435:Monomachidae
2415:Austroniidae
2397:Vanhorniidae
2387:Peradeniidae
2317:(gall wasps)
2235:Megaspilidae
2163:
2080:(wood wasps)
2049:Anaxyelidae
1972:Diprionidae
1910:
1901:Holometabola
1899:Superorder:
1893:Infraclass:
1858:Hymenopteran
1818:
1813:Megachilidae
1812:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1682:
1678:
1666:
1646:
1639:
1629:29 September
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1592:
1581:
1567:cite journal
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1526:29 September
1524:. Retrieved
1518:
1511:
1502:
1492:29 September
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1457:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1409:Stellenigris
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1265:
1260:Trachusoides
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:Heterostelis
1237:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1187:Paranthidium
1185:
1178:
1173:Notanthidium
1171:
1166:Larinostelis
1164:
1159:Indanthidium
1157:
1150:
1145:Hypanthidium
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1061:Austrostelis
1059:
1052:
1047:Apianthidium
1045:
1040:Anthodioctes
1038:
1031:
1024:
1019:Anthidiellum
1017:
1010:
1005:Afranthidium
1003:
996:
983:Xeroheriades
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
881:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
842:Ashmeadiella
840:
835:Afroheriades
833:
818:
811:
804:
799:Lithurgopsis
797:
786:Megachilinae
784:
772:
765:
750:
739:
718:
711:
705:
692:
678:
660:Heliotropium
658:
652:
638:
637:Carder bee (
609:
593:
577:
561:
544:
508:
501:
491:
487:
485:
480:A. manicatum
479:
475:
472:A. manicatum
471:
467:
464:
459:
455:
445:
437:
430:
426:
422:large lipped
421:
417:
415:
408:
402:
396:
390:
388:
376:
370:
364:
358:
348:
345:
341:
330:Nonparasites
306:
302:
296:
290:
280:
269:Megachilidae
268:
267:
252:Megachilinae
238:
233:Subfamilies
227:Megachilidae
226:
210:
190:Infraorder:
117:
24:Megachilidae
18:
3451:iNaturalist
3332:Wikispecies
3236:Halictidae
3228:Colletidae
3217:orchid bees
3209:cuckoo bees
3188:Andrenidae
3130:Crabronidae
3067:Formicidae
3059:Formicoidea
3017:Pompilidae
3004:Mutillidae
2996:Pompiloidea
2970:Chyphotidae
2887:Plumariidae
2882:Embolemidae
2801:Megalyridae
2783:Stephanidae
2647:Moranilidae
2617:Leucospidae
2612:Idioporidae
2607:Heydeniidae
2587:Eurytomidae
2537:Cleonymidae
2527:Chalcididae
2502:Boucekiidae
2487:Aphelinidae
2481:(fig wasps)
2430:Maamingidae
2407:Diaprioidea
2382:Pelecinidae
2372:Roproniidae
2338:Liopteridae
2287:Scelionidae
2203:(braconids)
2201:Braconidae
2059:(horntails)
1964:Cimbicidae
1359:Megachilini
1131:Hoplostelis
1117:Epanthidium
1110:Eoanthidium
1096:Dianthidium
927:Ochreriades
888:oligolectic
813:Microthurge
511:naturalists
315:cuckoo bees
303:carder bees
244:Lithurginae
184:Hymenoptera
3574:Categories
3281:See also:
3252:Melittidae
3205:bumblebees
3201:honey bees
3172:Anthophila
3155:Sphecidae
3135:Mellinidae
3125:Bembicidae
3046:Scoliidae
3038:Scolioidea
3025:Sapygidae
3012:Myrmosidae
2975:Thynnidae
2962:Thynnoidea
2949:Tiphiidae
2936:Tiphioidea
2864:Bethylidae
2757:Evaniidae
2744:Evanioidea
2710:Systasidae
2652:Mymaridae
2622:Lyciscidae
2582:Eupelmidae
2572:Eulophidae
2557:Encyrtidae
2479:Agaonidae
2420:Diapriidae
2315:Cynipidae
2302:Cynipoidea
2277:Nixoniidae
2120:Orussidae
2112:Orussoidea
2057:Siricidae
2041:Siricoidea
1887:Subclass:
1877:Arthropoda
1481:BugGuide.
1420:References
1343:Paradioxys
1336:Metadioxys
1322:Ensliniana
1289:Allodioxys
1267:Xenostelis
1234:Anthidiini
1054:Aspidosmia
1026:Anthidioma
1012:Afrostelis
992:Anthidiini
941:Othinosmia
920:Noteriades
892:Asteraceae
863:Chelostoma
793:Lithurgini
783:Subfamily
774:Neofidelia
740:Fideliinae
738:Subfamily
665:Mevo Horon
338:Life cycle
325:Life cycle
307:resin bees
292:mason bees
240:Fideliinae
217:Anthophila
164:Arthropoda
34:45–0
31:– recent,
3120:Astatidae
2923:Vespidae
2907:Vespoidea
2877:Dryinidae
2752:Aulacidae
2725:Torymidae
2690:Pirenidae
2675:Ormyridae
2670:Ooderidae
2577:Eunotidae
2552:Diparidae
2507:Calesidae
2425:Ismaridae
2377:Heloridae
2333:Ibaliidae
2328:Figitidae
2099:Cephidae
2091:Cephoidea
2001:Xyeloidea
1980:Pergidae
1889:Pterygota
1869:Kingdom:
1543:Anthidium
1466:5 October
1379:Megachile
1371:Megachile
1365:Coelioxys
1350:Prodioxys
1308:Anthidium
1302:Megachile
1282:Aglaoapis
1215:Serapista
1082:Benanthis
1033:Anthidium
969:Stenosmia
948:Protosmia
913:Hoplosmia
870:Haetosmia
849:Atoposmia
806:Lithurgus
761:Fideliini
732:Paleocene
710:visiting
682:acanthura
680:Coelioxys
669:West Bank
643:), female
610:Megachile
594:Megachile
592:Nests of
578:Megachile
562:Megachile
493:Coelioxys
488:Anthidium
476:Anthidium
468:Anthidium
460:Megachile
418:Megachile
398:Anthidium
392:Megachile
385:Diversity
372:Coelioxys
355:Parasites
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
3386:BugGuide
3317:Wikidata
3150:Psenidae
2492:Azotidae
2007:Xyelidae
1948:Argidae
1895:Neoptera
1875:Phylum:
1871:Animalia
1860:families
1764:23363629
1707:19296064
1487:BugGuide
1329:Eudioxys
1276:Dioxyini
1253:Trachusa
1245:Trachusa
906:Hoplitis
899:Hofferia
877:Heriades
684:, female
404:Hoplitis
223:Family:
194:Aculeata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
3323:Q530200
3080:Apoidea
1883:Insecta
1881:Class:
1856:Extant
1788:on the
1755:3574388
1715:9394816
1687:Bibcode
1435:(2007)
1124:Euaspis
856:Bekilia
829:Osmiini
767:Fidelia
713:Lantana
452:orchard
204:Apoidea
180:Order:
174:Insecta
170:Class:
3531:135469
3515:NZOR:
3508:124286
3482:154365
3469:101788
3430:1MEGCF
3196:Apidae
3178:(bees)
3069:(ants)
2512:Ceidae
2355:s.str.
1762:
1752:
1713:
1705:
1654:
1600:
1357:Tribe
1311:, and
1296:Dioxys
1274:Tribe
1226:Panzer
1222:Stelis
990:Tribe
976:Wainia
827:Tribe
791:Tribe
759:Tribe
744:Tribe
728:Eocene
503:Stelis
407:, and
366:Stelis
319:pollen
287:labrum
3552:Plazi
3544:72088
3464:IRMNG
3456:52777
1711:S2CID
1454:(PDF)
1314:Osmia
934:Osmia
883:Osmia
704:Male
651:Male
456:Osmia
410:Osmia
349:Osmia
282:scopa
271:is a
211:Clade
3503:NCBI
3477:ITIS
3443:7911
3438:GBIF
3425:EPPO
3417:7500
3373:BOLD
1794:IFAS
1760:PMID
1703:PMID
1652:ISBN
1631:2017
1598:ISBN
1573:link
1528:2017
1494:2017
1468:2014
1462:(21)
458:and
369:and
295:and
277:bees
42:PreꞒ
3490:NBN
3412:EoL
3404:CGP
3399:CoL
3378:443
3360:AFD
3347:ADW
1750:PMC
1742:doi
1738:280
1695:doi
1555:doi
1551:168
663:in
580:sp.
525:to
440:, (
3576::
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3541::
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3215:,
3211:,
3207:,
3203:,
1817:.
1792:/
1790:UF
1758:.
1748:.
1736:.
1732:.
1709:.
1701:.
1693:.
1683:96
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1677:.
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1569:}}
1565:{{
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2183:a
2181:c
2179:i
2177:t
2175:i
2173:s
2171:a
2169:r
2167:a
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2155:a
2153:t
2151:i
2149:r
2147:c
2145:o
2143:p
2141:A
1926:a
1924:t
1922:y
1920:h
1918:p
1916:m
1914:y
1912:S
1849:e
1842:t
1835:v
1821:.
1815:"
1811:"
1766:.
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1717:.
1697::
1689::
1660:.
1633:.
1606:.
1575:)
1561:.
1557::
1530:.
1496:.
1470:.
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496:(
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