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2001–2002 as
Assistant Researcher at the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Maasai-Mara Cheetah Conservation Project. At that time, she developed original method of cheetah identification based on visual analysis of the unique spot patterns on front limbs (from toes to shoulder) and hind limbs (from toes to the hip), and spots and rings on the tail. Collected over the years, photographic data allows the project team to trace kinship between generations and build Mara cheetah pedigree. The data collected helps to reveal parental relationship between individuals, survival rate of cubs, cheetah lifespan and personal reproductive history.
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depleted by poaching in the 1970s and early 1980s, dropping to a low of 15 individuals. Numbers have been slowly increasing, but the population was still only up to an estimated 23 in 1999. The Mara
Conservancy, one of the managing bodies of the reserve, reported 120 black rhinos in 1971 and 18 in 1984. They claimed one black rhino in 2001 when they began management and a stable 25-30 in 2023.
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The Mara
Conservancy encourages conservation efforts in the Reserve and has accomplished several of their goals since taking stewardship. According to their website, as of 2022 they have arrested 4,500 poachers, vaccinated 100,000 dogs against rabies and distemper, improved access roads, and provided
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The rise of local populations in areas neighbouring the reserve has led to the formation of conservation organisations such as the Mara
Elephant Project. The project aims to ensure the peaceful and prosperous co-existence of humans alongside wildlife. According to the project, human wildlife conflict
886:
In 2018, the Angama
Foundation, a non-profit affiliated with Angama Mara, one of the Mara's luxury safari camps, launched the Greatest Maasai Mara Photographer of the Year competition, showcasing the Mara as a year-round destination and raise funds for conservation initiatives active in the Mara. The
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As of 2023, Mara
Conservancy manages the Mara Triangle on behalf of the county, while the County Government of Narok manages the Narok Sector. The more visited eastern part of the park, known as the Maasai Mara National Reserve, is managed by the Narok County Council. The Mara Triangle in the western
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are the dominant inhabitants of the Maasai Mara. Around July of each year, these animals migrate north from the
Serengeti plains in search of fresh pasture, and return to the south around October. The Great Migration is one of the most impressive natural events worldwide. It involves some 1,300,000
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The Maasai people make up a community that spans northern, central and southern Kenya and northern parts of
Tanzania. The Maasai rely on their lands to sustain their cattle, as well as themselves and their families. Prior to the establishment of the reserve, the Maasai were forced to move out of
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Tradition continues to play a major role in the lives of modern-day Maasai people, who are known for their tall stature, patterned shukas and beadwork. In 2008, an estimated half a million individuals spoke the Maasai language. This number includes not only the Maasai but also
Samburu and Camus
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The growth in population creates a demand for land and resources leading to unplanned infrastructure growth. The weak cash economy creates a need to further subdivide the outlying ranch areas. These new owners have converted some land away from traditional grazing fields, negatively affecting
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The Maasai Mara is the only protected area in Kenya with an indigenous black rhino population unaffected by translocations. Due to its size, the Mara is able to support one of the largest populations in Africa. The population of black rhinos was fairly numerous until 1960, but it was severely
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Since
October 2012, the Mara-Meru Cheetah Project has worked in the Mara monitoring cheetah population, estimating population status and dynamics, and evaluating the predator impact and human activity on cheetah behavior and survival. The head of the Project, Elena Chelysheva, was working in
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The Mara Predator Project also operates in the Maasai Mara, cataloging and monitoring lion populations throughout the region. Concentrating on the northern conservancies where communities coexist with wildlife, the project aims to identify population trends and responses to changes in land
1377:
McClain, M.E.; Subalusky, A.L.; Anderson, E.P.; Dessu, S.B.; Melesse, A.M.; Ndomba, P.M.; Mtamba, J.O.; Tamatamah, R.A.; Mligo, C. (2014). "Comparing flow regime, channel hydraulics, and biological communities to infer flow–ecology relationships in the Mara River of Kenya and Tanzania".
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long, from Ethiopia's Red Sea through Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and into Mozambique. Wildlife tends to be most concentrated here, as the swampy ground means that access to water is always good, while tourist disruption is minimal. The easternmost border is 224 km (139 mi) from
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with biannual rains and two distinct rainy seasons. The 'long rains' last around six to eight weeks in April and May and the 'short rains', in November and December, last around four weeks. There is a significant rainfall gradient: around 800 mm (31 in)/year in the east to
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was filmed in the Maasai Mara. The show followed the lives of the big cats living in the reserve. The show highlighted scenes from the Reserve's Musiara marsh area and the Leopard Gorge, the Fig Tree Ridge areas and the Mara River, separating the Serengeti and the Maasai Mara.
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competition ran for six years, ending in 2023. The inaugural winner was British photographer Anup Shah. The 2019 winner was Lee-Anne Robertson from South Africa. Paolo Torchio won in 2020, Harry Collins in 2021, Preeti and Prashant Chacko in 2022, and Shravan Rao in 2023.
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is seen as a leading threat to the reserve as the population continues to grow. Tourism has increased exponentially. Less than 10 lodges were in the area in the late 1970s. The end of the moratorium saw facilities increase to 140 in 2008, and nearly 200 in 2016.
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and the heavy competition they face with lions, who can often ravage their populations. Their packs also roam and travel far distances throughout the plains, making it hard to track them. Smaller carnivores that don't directly compete with the latter include
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The outer areas were administered by ranches of the Maasai community. The land was then subdivided, though some members received greater benefits than the majority of landowners. This weakened regulatory system threatens sustainable management of the Mara.
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based Kay E. Holekamp Lab studies the behaviour and physiology of this predator, as well as doing comparison studies between large predators in the Mara Triangle and their counterparts in the eastern part of the Mara.
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are found in large groups in the Mara and Talek rivers. The plains between the Mara River and the Esoit Siria Escarpment are probably the best area for game viewing, in particular regarding lion and cheetah.
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and converted to a Game Reserve. The Narok County Council took over management of the reserve at this time. Part of the reserve was given National Reserve status in 1974, and the remaining area of
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355:, which covers around 25,000 ha (62,000 acres) in Tanzania and Kenya. Maasai pastoral ranches are to the north, east and west. To the south is the Serengeti Park, the Siria/Oloololo
220:, the ancestral inhabitants of the area, who migrated to the area from the Nile Basin. Their description of the area when looked at from afar: "Mara" means "spotted" in the local
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The resilience of the game park model and the impact of the covid pandemic have also been evaluated so as to include consideration of issues of equality, and environmentalism.
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are also found in high numbers on the open savanna, hunting gazelle and wildebeest. African wild dogs are quite rare here due to the widespread transmission of diseases like
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363:, along with its tributaries the Sand and Talek rivers, are the major rivers draining the reserve. Shrubs and trees run along most drainage lines and cover the hills.
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are another abundant carnivore, and will often compete with lions for food. Leopards are found anywhere in the reserve where there are trees for them to escape to.
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by BirdLife International. More than 500 species of birds have been identified in the park, many of which are migrants, with almost 60 species being
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Ogutu, J. O.; Piepho, H. P.; Dublin, H. T.; Bhola, N.; Reid, R. S. (2009). "Dynamics of Mara-Serengeti ungulates in relation to land use changes".
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wildlife migration. A rise in fencing exacerbates the restriction in free movement for migration, and grazing opportunities are diminished.
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The terrain of the reserve is primarily open grassland with seasonal riverlets. In the south-east region are clumps of the distinctive
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The total area under conservation in the Greater Maasai Mara ecosystem amounts to almost 1,510 km (580 sq mi).
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1814:(Report). Wildlife and Development Series. Vol. 14. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
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and the nocturnal bat-eared fox, rarely present elsewhere in Kenya, can be seen within the reserve borders.
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Large carnivores are found in the reserve. Lions are the most dominant and are found here in large numbers.
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The Maasai Mara is a major research centre for the spotted hyena. With two field offices in the Mara, the
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by 67%, attributed to the increased number of livestock grazing in the park and an increase in poaching.
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Maasai Mara is one of the wildlife conservation and wilderness areas in Africa, with its populations of
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of the current area, including the Mara Triangle. The area was extended to the east in 1961 to cover
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When Maasai Mara was originally established in 1961 as a wildlife sanctuary, it covered only
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basin management plan between Kenya and Tanzania was completed for the river to sustain the
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The Greater Mara ecosystem encompasses areas known as the Maasai Mara National Reserve, the
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their native lands. Some of this was due to smallpox outbreaks among the people as well as
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were monitored in the Maasai Mara on a monthly basis; the survey revealed a decline of
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part is managed Mara Conservancy, on behalf of the county, since the early 2000s.
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https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1567539&dswid=-2405
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1514:"Big Cat Live: BBC to film lions, cheetahs and leopards in Kenyan reserve"
386:, and hence it is the eastern regions which are most visited by tourists.
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1621:"The greatest Maasai Mara Photographer of the year winner announcement"
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The sensitivity of the Maasai Mara Conservancy Model to external shocks
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533: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Wildlife and People: Conflict and Conservation in Masai Mara, Kenya
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965:. United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
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were removed from the reserve in 1976, and the park was reduced to
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Walpole, M.; Karanja, G.G.; Sitati, N.W.; Leader-Williams (2003).
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and the basic needs of 1 million people who depend on its water.
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management, human settlements, livestock movements and tourism.
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tree. The western border is the Esoit (Siria) Escarpment of the
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224:, because of the short bushy trees which dot the landscape.
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A scene with scattered bushes, animals, cloud shadows, and
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security for the local community and tourist facilities.
424:/month; Temperature range: 12–30 °C (54–86 °F)
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1651:"Maasai Mara 2019 Photographer of the Year announced"
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It is the northernmost section of the Mara-Serengeti
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807:, which is the national bird of Kenya. The resident
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2006:
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1569:"The Greatest Maasai Mara Photographer of the Year"
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2196:Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
295:was returned to local communities. An additional
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1322:Maasai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association
752:. The plains are also home to the distinctive
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549:Learn how and when to remove this message
344:Sunrise over Maasai Mara National Reserve
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77:Location of Maasai Mara National Reserve
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27:National Reserve in Narok County, Kenya
1251:. The Mara Conservancy. Archived from
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956:
954:
952:
1476:from the original on 28 December 2011
1450:from the original on 23 December 2017
1148:from the original on 10 December 2019
51:Typical "spotted" Maasai Mara scenery
7:
1579:from the original on 18 January 2022
531:adding citations to reliable sources
262:, several Maasai group ranches, and
84:
2186:Protected areas established in 1974
2162:Tana River Primate National Reserve
1732:from the original on 12 August 2019
1285:from the original on 12 August 2020
1142:University of Oregon, Doris.L.Payne
1138:"Maa Language,University of Oregon"
1000:. Global Alliance of National Parks
969:from the original on 2 January 2019
150:1,510 km (580 sq mi)
69:
1762:from the original on 24 March 2023
1328:from the original on 4 August 2020
374:, which is a system of rifts some
25:
1420:from the original on 2 March 2012
1213:from the original on 7 April 2020
247:, which secured it as one of the
1708:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00536.x
1512:Holmwood, Leigh (17 July 2008).
1275:"The Story of the Mara Triangle"
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489:
475:
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68:
61:
45:
873:The BBC Television show titled
518:needs additional citations for
249:Seven Natural Wonders of Africa
216:. It is named in honour of the
153:
98:
496:East African cheetah with cubs
1:
1380:Hydrological Sciences Journal
1392:10.1080/02626667.2013.853121
1318:"The Greater Mara Ecosystem"
1168:"The Greatest Show on Earth"
1096:Trillo, Richard (May 2016).
639:– are found all year round.
317:outbreaks among the cattle.
192:and locally known simply as
35:Maasai Mara National Reserve
1502:Retrieved 30 September 2021
1440:"Mara Meru Cheetah Project"
763:The area has been named an
160:; 63 years ago
18:Masai Mara National Reserve
2212:
1675:. The Greatest Maasai Mara
1601:. The Greatest Maasai Mara
1098:"The Rough Guide to Kenya"
1039:"Maasai Mara Game Reserve"
998:"Masai Mara National Park"
866:
961:Protected Planet (2018).
834:Michigan State University
461:Aerial view of a herd of
264:Maasai Mara conservancies
188:, also sometimes spelled
56:
44:
39:
2181:Protected areas of Kenya
2157:Former national reserves
1070:. BirdLife International
736:can be found, including
465:following a few leading
251:, and as one of the ten
1879:National Parks of Kenya
1547:"Big Cat Live Episodes"
1414:"Mara Predator Project"
895:Between 1989 and 2003,
882:Photography competition
728:African clawless otters
680:African striped weasels
210:Serengeti National Park
1726:Mara Elelphant Project
1657:. 2019. Archived from
1627:. 2018. Archived from
937:Olare Orok Conservancy
840:A flow assessment and
345:
337:
208:, contiguous with the
196:, is a large national
179:, Mara Conservancy LTD
2103:Marine national parks
805:lilac-breasted roller
801:African pygmy-falcons
663:East African cheetahs
625:African bush elephant
343:
332:
241:African bush elephant
1599:"Competition Closed"
1470:"Cat News #41, 2004"
1352:The Mara Conservancy
1281:. 14 February 2017.
1172:The Mara Conservancy
842:trans-boundary river
704:side-striped jackals
676:black-backed jackals
527:improve this article
359:is to the west. The
253:Wonders of the World
243:. It also hosts the
131:1.49000°S 35.14389°E
94:Rift Valley Province
1831:on 18 January 2006.
1661:on 5 December 2019.
1494:Shreya Chakrabarti
797:long-crested eagles
765:Important Bird Area
401:/year in the west.
173:Governing body
127: /
2074:Ngare Ndare Forest
1784:. Mara Conservancy
1696:Journal of Zoology
1358:on 17 October 2010
1178:on 19 October 2010
1100:. Rough Guides Ltd
750:Coke's hartebeests
609:All members of the
573:Thomson's gazelles
346:
338:
136:-1.49000; 35.14389
2168:
2167:
1843:The Mara Triangle
1821:978-1-84369-416-8
1631:on 12 August 2019
1573:Angama Foundation
565:blue wildebeest,
559:
558:
551:
391:semi-arid climate
372:East African Rift
321:people in Kenya.
183:
182:
100:Nearest town
16:(Redirected from
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1756:Mara Conservancy
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1386:(3−4): 801−819.
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1354:. Archived from
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738:Grant's gazelles
712:Striped polecats
700:African wildcats
667:canine distemper
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2112:Kisite-Mpunguti
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2044:Kakamega Forest
2029:Buffalo Springs
2002:
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1324:. 21 May 2017.
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1255:on 7 March 2016
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911:by 76%, and of
905:common warthogs
893:
884:
875:"Big Cat Diary"
871:
865:
830:
817:
811:is endangered.
781:secretary birds
708:bat-eared foxes
651:Nile crocodiles
629:African buffalo
621:African leopard
608:
598:
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588:
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562:Blue wildebeest
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245:Great Migration
222:Maasai language
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1968:Ol Donyo Sabuk
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1886:National Parks
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1837:External links
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1673:"Past winners"
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1655:Tourism Update
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867:Main article:
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815:Administration
813:
789:crowned cranes
777:marabou storks
716:African civets
672:African wolves
659:Spotted hyenas
647:Hippopotamuses
603:Grant's zebras
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2148:Kisumu Impala
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1722:"Our Mission"
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1203:"Black Rhino"
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869:Big Cat Diary
863:Big Cat Diary
862:
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809:Martial eagle
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758:roan antelope
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754:Masai giraffe
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726:species, and
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593:common elands
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516:This section
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261:
260:Mara Triangle
256:
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218:Maasai people
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55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2191:Narok County
2105:and reserves
2089:Shimba Hills
2058:
2054:Lake Bogoria
2039:Kerio Valley
1988:South Island
1913:Chyulu Hills
1826:the original
1786:. Retrieved
1782:"What We Do"
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1752:"March 2020"
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1667:
1659:the original
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1624:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1518:The Guardian
1517:
1507:
1495:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1444:marameru.org
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1408:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:the original
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1321:
1287:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1248:
1239:
1234:, p. 17
1232:Walpole 2003
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1206:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1171:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1141:
1122:Walpole 2003
1102:. Retrieved
1072:. Retrieved
1068:"Masai Mara"
1043:. Retrieved
1002:. Retrieved
971:. Retrieved
963:"Masai Mara"
925:
921:
917:
894:
885:
874:
872:
858:
854:
850:
839:
831:
822:
818:
762:
756:. The large
732:
656:
645:
641:
637:white rhinos
607:
560:
545:
539:October 2022
536:
525:Please help
520:verification
517:
417:; Rainfall:
403:
388:
365:
350:
347:
319:
311:
273:
257:
226:
198:game reserve
193:
189:
185:
184:
177:Narok County
29:
2141:Sanctuaries
2094:Witu Forest
2059:Maasai Mara
1978:Saiwa Swamp
1953:Mount Kenya
1948:Mount Elgon
1928:Lake Nakuru
1918:Hell's Gate
1801:Works cited
1702:(1): 1–14.
1454:22 December
1245:"Bird List"
1124:, p. X
907:by 80%, of
903:by 75%, of
404:Elevation:
186:Maasai Mara
155:Established
134: /
110:Coordinates
40:Maasai Mara
2175:Categories
2064:Mwaluganje
1998:Tsavo West
1993:Tsavo East
1933:Malka Mari
1424:1 February
1362:17 October
1348:"Research"
1182:17 October
943:References
909:hartebeest
722:, several
696:aardwolves
463:wildebeest
361:Mara River
357:escarpment
335:Mara River
315:rinderpest
190:Masai Mara
1736:12 August
1635:12 August
1526:0261-3077
1400:129652372
897:ungulates
846:ecosystem
793:ostriches
785:hornbills
734:Antelopes
389:It has a
353:ecosystem
325:Geography
309:in 1984.
122:35°8′38″E
119:1°29′24″S
2019:Bisanadi
2007:Reserves
1938:Marsabit
1898:Amboseli
1893:Aberdare
1788:28 April
1760:Archived
1730:Archived
1679:28 April
1605:28 April
1577:Archived
1553:28 April
1531:28 April
1480:23 March
1474:Archived
1448:Archived
1418:Archived
1326:Archived
1283:Archived
1211:Archived
1152:27 April
1146:Archived
1104:28 April
1074:28 April
1045:28 April
1041:. UNESCO
1004:28 April
973:6 August
967:Archived
931:See also
901:giraffes
828:Research
803:and the
773:vultures
724:mongoose
684:caracals
613:Big Five
428:Wildlife
333:View of
214:Tanzania
194:The Mara
86:Location
2127:Mombasa
2122:Malindi
2079:Samburu
2014:Arawale
1983:Sibiloi
1963:Nairobi
1583:17 June
1498:(2021)
1259:16 June
1217:7 April
891:Threats
769:raptors
746:duikers
742:impalas
688:servals
384:Nairobi
270:History
237:cheetah
233:leopard
163: (
2132:Watamu
2117:Kiunga
2034:Dodori
1818:
1524:
1398:
1279:Angama
913:impala
720:genets
595:, and
482:Zebras
467:zebras
368:acacia
2084:Shaba
1829:(PDF)
1812:(PDF)
1766:4 May
1625:Nomad
1549:. BBC
1396:S2CID
1332:4 May
1289:4 May
633:black
447:trees
206:Kenya
202:Narok
104:Narok
90:Kenya
2069:Mwea
2024:Boni
1973:Ruma
1943:Meru
1923:Kora
1816:ISBN
1790:2024
1768:2020
1738:2019
1681:2024
1637:2019
1607:2024
1585:2020
1555:2024
1533:2024
1522:ISSN
1482:2014
1456:2017
1426:2012
1364:2010
1334:2020
1291:2020
1261:2020
1219:2020
1184:2010
1154:2024
1106:2024
1076:2024
1047:2024
1006:2024
975:2015
748:and
649:and
635:and
617:lion
615:" –
583:topi
411:2180
406:1500
396:1200
376:5600
304:1510
283:1821
239:and
229:lion
165:1961
158:1961
147:Area
1704:doi
1700:278
1388:doi
710:,
599:000
597:200
589:000
579:000
569:000
567:500
529:by
306:km²
299:km²
297:162
292:km²
290:159
285:km²
278:km²
276:520
212:in
200:in
2177::
1758:.
1754:.
1728:.
1724:.
1698:.
1653:.
1623:.
1575:.
1571:.
1520:.
1516:.
1472:.
1446:.
1442:.
1416:.
1394:.
1384:59
1382:.
1350:.
1320:.
1299:^
1277:.
1247:.
1209:.
1205:.
1192:^
1170:.
1144:.
1140:.
1129:^
1114:^
1084:^
1055:^
1014:^
983:^
951:^
799:,
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:,
779:,
775:,
744:,
740:,
730:.
718:,
714:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
631:,
627:,
623:,
619:,
605:.
587:18
585:,
577:97
575:,
421:mm
419:83
398:mm
378:km
266:.
255:.
235:,
231:,
204:,
92:,
1871:e
1864:t
1857:v
1792:.
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1706::
1683:.
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1609:.
1587:.
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1390::
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1078:.
1049:.
1008:.
977:.
611:"
552:)
546:(
541:)
537:(
523:.
414:m
408:-
167:)
20:)
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