Mask - Knowledge (XXG)

3001: 3079: 1847: 3024: 2985: 1342: 2969: 611: 489: 1975:(the neutral mask). For Lecoq, masks became an important training tool, the neutral mask being designed to facilitate a state of openness in the student-performers, moving gradually on to character and expressive masks, and finally to "the smallest mask in the world" the clown's red-nose. One highly important feature of Lecoq's use of mask, wasn't so much its visual impact on stage, but how it changed the performers movement on stage. It was a body-based approach to mask work, rather than a visually led one. Lecoq's pedagogy has been hugely influential for theatre practitioners in Europe working with mask and has been exported widely across the world. This work with masks also relates to 2919: 1516: 1207: 785: 599: 3067: 3091: 2179: 1461:– mime, mask, puppetry, farce, juggling – had a ritual context in that it was performed at religious or rites of passage such as days of naming, circumcisions, and marriages. Over time, some of these contextual ritual enactments became divorced from their religious meaning and they were performed throughout the year. Some 2500 years ago, kings and commoners alike were entertained by dance and mime accompanied by music where the dancers often wore masks, a vestige of an earlier era when such dances were enacted as religious rites. According to 2524: 816:. The masks are usually carved with an extraordinary skill and variety by artists who will usually have received their training as an apprentice to a master carver – frequently it is a tradition that has been passed down within a family through many generations. Such an artist holds a respected position in tribal society because of the work that he or she creates, embodying not only complex craft techniques but also spiritual/social and symbolic knowledge. African masks are also used in the Mas or Masquerade of the 929: 79: 2071: 296: 2289: 2087: 3103: 1478: 1425: 2937: 984: 830: 3047: 1093: 1706:

with elaborate masques and costumes, existed side by side with the ragged and essentially folkloric customs of the rural areas. Although these civic masquerades and their masks may have retained elements drawn from popular culture, the survival of carnival in the 19th century was often a consequence of a self-conscious 'folklore' movement that accompanied the rise of nationalism in many European countries. Nowadays, during

2274: 1442: 133: 2953: 1180: 6841: 181: 1486: 3000: 374: 38: 2633: 1399: 1018:. Their masks were often masterpieces of carving, sometimes with movable jaws, with the parts sometimes moved by pulling cords, or a mask within a mask to represent a magical transformation. The carving of masks was an important feature of woodcraft, along with many other features that often combined the utilitarian with the symbolic, such as 2984: 701:(the family shrine). Rites of passage, such as initiation of young members of the family or funerals, were carried out at the shrine under the watch of the ancestral masks. At funerals, professional actors would wear these masks to perform deeds of the lives of the ancestors, thus linking the role of mask as a ritual object and in theatre. 2721:(for example, a wrestler known as 'The Panda' might wear a mask with a panda's facial markings). Often, wrestlers will put their masks on the line against other wrestlers' masks, titles or an opponent's hair. While in Mexico and Japan, masks are a sign of tradition, they are looked down upon in the United States and Canada. 3078: 1229:

dance masks protected from bad spirits. Wedding masks were used to pray for good luck and a lasting marriage, and "Swallowing Animal" masks were associated with protecting the home and symbolised the "swallowing" of disaster. Opera masks were used in a basic "common" form of opera performed without a

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have highly arched eyebrows, almost almond-shaped eyes and a narrow chin. The raised strip running from both sides of the nose to the ears represent jewellery. Dark black hairstyle, tops the mask off. The whiteness of the face represents the whiteness and beauty of the spirit world. Only men wear the

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is a very ancient human practice across the world, although masks can also be worn for protection, in hunting, in sports, in feasts, or in wars – or simply used as ornamentation. Some ceremonial or decorative masks were not designed to be worn. Although the religious use of masks has waned, masks are

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Theatre in the Middle East, as elsewhere, was initially of a ritual nature, dramatising human relationships with nature, the deities, and other human beings. It grew out of sacred rites of myths and legends performed by priests and lay actors at fixed times and often in fixed locations. Folk theatre

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have complex religions that also have animal masks. Their three main cults use seventy-eight different types of masks. Most of the ceremonies of the Dogon culture are secret, although the antelope dance is shown to non-Dogons. The antelope masks are rough rectangular boxes with several horns coming

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During the Reformation, many of these carnival customs began to die out in Protestant regions, although they seem to have survived in Catholic areas despite the opposition of the ecclesiastical authorities. So by the 19th century, the carnivals of the relatively wealthy bourgeois town communities,

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is finding the precise derivation of human culture and early activities, the invention and use of the mask is only one area of unsolved inquiry. The use of masks dates back several millennia. It is conjectured that the first masks may have been used by primitive people to associate the wearer with

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is dominant and religious ceremonies are devoted to ancestors. Inevitably, many of the mask types relate to use in these ceremonies and are linked with the activities of secret societies. The mask is regarded as an instrument of revelation, giving form to the sacred. This is often accomplished by

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has suggested that ritual masks, as representations of the human face, are extremely revealing of the two fundamental aspects of the human psychological condition: firstly, the repression of a cooperative, instinctive self or soul; and secondly, the extremely angry state of the unjustly condemned

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cave (circa 15,000 years old). According to John W. Nunley, "The earliest evidence of masking comes from the Mousterian site of Hortus in the south of France. There the archaeologist Henry de Lumley found remnants of a leopard skin that was probably worn as a costume more than 40,000 years ago"

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Masks in various forms – sacred, practical, or playful – have played a crucial historical role in the development of understandings about "what it means to be human", because they permit the imaginative experience of "what it is like" to be transformed into a different identity (or to affirm an

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Ritual masks occur throughout the world, and although they tend to share many characteristics, highly distinctive forms have developed. The function of the masks may be magical or religious; they may appear in rites of passage or as a make-up for a form of theatre. Equally masks may disguise a

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Korean masks have a long tradition associated with shamanism and later in ritual dance. Korean masks were used in war, on both soldiers and their horses; ceremonially, for burial rites in jade and bronze and for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits; to remember the faces of great

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As a culture of scattered islands and peninsulars, Melanesian mask forms have developed in a highly diversified fashion, with a great deal of variety in their construction and aesthetic. In Papua New Guinea, six-metre-high totem masks are placed to protect the living from spirits; whereas the

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Many of the masks and characters used in European festivals belong to the contrasting categories of the 'good', or 'idealised beauty', set against the 'ugly' or 'beastly' and grotesque. This is particularly true of the Germanic and Central European festivals. Another common type is the

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saying that he was ugly enough not to need a mask. The carnival was repressed during the Napoleonic Republic, although in the 1980s its costumes and the masks aping the 18th century heyday were revived. It appears other cities in central Europe were influenced by the Venetian model.

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use masks with small eyes and mouths to represent humility and humbleness. They represent wisdom by making bulging forehead. Other masks that have exaggerated long faces and broad foreheads symbolize the soberness of one's duty that comes with power. War masks are also popular. The

1766: 1061:(gods and spirits) frequently take the form of highly distinctive and elaborate masks that are used in ritual dances. These are usually made of leather with appendages of fur, feathers, or leaves. Some cover the face, some the whole head, and are often highly abstracted forms. 1598:, and other fanciful characters appear in carnivals throughout the continent. It is generally accepted that the masks, noise, colour, and clamour are meant to drive away the forces of darkness and winter, and open the way for the spirits of light and the coming of spring. In 1790:

Masks play a key part within world theatre traditions. They continue to be a vital force within contemporary theatre, and their usage takes a variety of forms and has often developed from, or continues to be part of old, highly sophisticated, stylized theatrical traditions.

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artwork is circa 30,000–40,000 years old. The use of masks is demonstrated graphically at some of these sites. Insofar as masks involved the use of war-paint, leather, vegetative material, or wooden material, such masks failed to be preserved, however, they are visible in

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are beginning to be more understood and appreciated. However, most African masks are now being produced for the tourist trade. Although they often show skilled craftsmanship, they nearly always lack the spiritual character of the traditional tribal masks.

461:(literally, "more than the face" or "added face"), which evolved to "máscara", while the Arabic "maskharat" – referring to the buffoonery which is possible only by disguising the face – would be based on these Spanish roots. Other related forms are 3023: 1281:, 'Visages of Glory', are intended to ward off evil and are associated with the animal world as well as the divine. During ceremonies, these visages are given active form in the great mask dramas of the South and South-eastern Asian region. 2008:, the founder of Bread and Puppet theatre, made particular use of German Carnival masks. Bread and Puppet inspired other practitioners around the world, many of whom used masks in their work. In the US and Canada, these companies include 2028:, Ontario. These companies, and others, have a strong social agenda, and combine masks, music and puppetry to create a visual theatrical form. Another route masks took into American Theatre was via dancer/choreographers such as 1352:

Japanese masks are part of a very old and highly sophisticated and stylized theatrical tradition. Although the roots are in prehistoric myths and cults, they have developed into refined art forms. The oldest masks are the

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There are a wide variety of masks used in Africa. In West Africa, masks are used in masquerades that form part of religious ceremonies enacted to communicate with spirits and ancestors. Examples are the masquerades of the

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as whole or a particular group within the community. Masks are used almost universally and maintain their power and mystery both for their wearers and their audience. The continued popularity of wearing masks at

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could be small 3-inch (7.6 cm) finger masks, but also 10-kilogram (22 lb) masks hung from the ceiling or carried by several people. Masks have been created with plastic surgery for mutilated soldiers.

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mask of a woman show how her expression appears to change with a tilting of the head of the performer - to demonstrate the effect, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting and only the camera was

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in present-day Edo State of Nigeria. It is believed to have been commissioned by a king of Benin in memory of his mother. To honor his dead mother, the king wore the mask on his hip during special ceremonies.

1773: 1465:, this practice evoked that of Roman funeral rites where masked actor-dancers represented the deceased with motions and gestures mimicking those of the deceased while singing the praise of their lives (see 2968: 1846: 2918: 1295:

In Indonesia, the mask dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods.

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Copeau, in his attempts to "Naturalise" actors, decided to use masks to liberate them from their "excessive awkwardness". In turn, Copeau's work with masks was taken on by his students including

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are also often different, although their masks are often made out of driftwood, animal skins, bones, and feathers. In some areas Inuit women use finger masks during storytelling and dancing.

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festivals, the ordinary roles were often inverted. Sometimes a slave or a criminal was temporarily granted the insignia and status of royalty, only to be killed after the festival ended. The

1771: 1971:, a sculptor, and they collaborated on reviving the techniques of making traditional leather Commedia masks. Later, developing Copeau's "noble mask", Lecoq would ask Satori to make him 724:, and are often of an ancient origin. The mask is normally a part of a costume that adorns the whole body and embodies a tradition important to the religious and/or social life of the 1417:

historical figures in death masks; and in the arts, particularly in ritual dances, courtly, and theatrical plays. The present uses are as miniature masks for tourist souvenirs, or on

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Many African masks represent animals. Some African tribes believe that the animal masks can help them communicate with the spirits who live in forests or open savannas. People of

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cult, which involved the use of masks, the ordinary controls on behaviour were temporarily suspended, and people cavorted in merry revelry outside their ordinary rank or status.

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tournaments masks were sometimes used. From archaeological evidence it is clear that these were not only protective but also helped make the wearer appear more intimidating. In

3090: 4628:. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill. 1539:. Masks are used throughout Europe in modern times, and are frequently integrated into regional folk celebrations and customs. Old masks are preserved and can be seen in 758:

penitent or preside over important ceremonies; they may help mediate with spirits, or offer a protective role to the members of a society who use their powers. Biologist

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developed, despite efforts of the Church to stamp out the indigenous traditions. Masks remain an important feature of popular carnivals and religious dances, such as

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Roche-Cotard site in France, a flintstone likeness of a face was found that is approximately 35,000 years old, but it is not clear whether it was intended as a mask.

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and para-Arctic regions have tended towards simple religious practice but a highly evolved and rich mythology, especially concerning hunting. In some areas, annual

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took advantage of it. Influenced by modern dance, modern mime, Commedia dell'arte and Brecht such groups took to the streets to perform highly political theatre.

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mask evolved from the gigaku and bugaku and are acted entirely by men. The masks are worn throughout very long performances and are consequently very light. The

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masks and perform the dances with high stilts despite the fact that the masks represent women. One of the most beautiful representations of female beauty is the

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also popular in topeng masked dance. Indonesian topeng dance styles are widely distributed, such as topeng Bali, Cirebon, Betawi, Malang, Yogyakarta, and Solo.

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In China, masks are thought to have originated in ancient religious ceremonies. Images of people wearing masks have been found in rock paintings along the

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of the Ivory Coast and Liberia carve masks with round eyes to represent alertness and anger, with the straight nose to represent unwillingness to retreat.

2994:; These full-body masks are worn for the mourning, or ónyo ("weeping"), ceremony, a multi-day ritual held approximately a year after an individual's death 1770: 625:

Throughout the world, masks are used for their expressive power as a feature of masked performance – both ritually and in various theatre traditions. The

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Dall, William Healey (2010) , "On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution",

1041:' masks, used in healing ceremonies and carved from living trees. These masks appear in a great variety of shapes, depending on their precise function. 1269:

The masks are usually highly exaggerated and formalised, and share an aesthetic with the carved images of monstrous heads that dominate the facades of

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Protective masks are pieces of kit or equipment worn on the head and face to afford protection to the wearer, and today usually have these functions:

1742: 1135:, and skull masks were not uncommon. Masks were also used as part of court entertainments, possibly combining political with religious significance. 3189:

Pernet emphasizes that masks are not a wholly universal cultural phenomenon, raising the question why some cultures do not have a masking tradition.

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and other criminal perpetrators may wear masks as a means in concealing their faces and thus identities from their victims and from law enforcement.

500: 3139: 4427: 361:, "mask" is the term for a face without a body that is not modelled in the round (which would make it a "head"), but for example appears in low 2532: 1571:, sometimes considered to be the synthesis of the two contrasting types, Handsome and Ugly. Masks also tend to be associated with New Year and 390: 3046: 1906:, and others in their lineage, attempted to move away from Naturalism. They turned to sources such as Oriental Theatre (particularly Japanese 1108:

Distinctive styles of masks began to emerge in pre-Hispanic America about 1200 BC, although there is evidence of far older mask forms. In the

4614: 4385: 3950: 3768: 2310:. As a disguise the mask acts as a form of protection for the wearer who wishes to assume a role or task without being identified by others. 2047:, who create a theatre in which masks are used along with puppets, film and other visual forms, with an emphasis on the narrative structure. 1112:, masks were used to dress the faces of the dead. These were originally made of fabric, but later burial masks were sometimes made of beaten 4718: 1547:, and as a result many of the associated customs are seasonal. The original significance would have survived only until the introduction of 155: 2144: 4018: 2667:

prisoners in Australian jails in the late 19th century. They were made of white cloth and covered the face, leaving only the eyes visible.

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Masks are also familiar as pieces of kit associated with practical functions, usually protective, including in sports and during plagues:

1924:(1910) proposed the virtues of using masks over the naturalism of the actor. Craig was highly influential, and his ideas were taken up by 566:

festivities probably originated in the late 15th century, although some Jewish authors claim it has always been part of Judaic tradition.

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and for entertainment. They are usually worn on the face, although they may also be positioned for effect elsewhere on the wearer's body.

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megaphone enabling the voice of the wearer to be projected into the large auditoria. In medieval Europe, masks were used in mystery and

1551:, which incorporated many of the customs into its own traditions. In that process their meanings were changed also so, for example, old 999:

ceremonies involved masked dances and these strongly abstracted masks are arguably the most striking artifacts produced in this region.

826:(also known as Jolé or Yolé) is a mask-dance from Temine people in Sierra Leone. Males wear the mask, although it does depict a female. 4801: 4329: 3814: 3357: 3278: 3245: 2489: 880:

symbolises agriculture, they interpret elements the masks differently. To the Bamana people, swords represent the sprouting of grain.

672:, masks were or are typically worn by all the performers, with several different types of mask used for different types of character. 143: 4724: 2039:

In Europe, Schumann's influence combined with the early avant-garde artists to encourage groups such as Moving Picture Mime Show and

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and by the late 16th century the Venetian Carnival began to reach its peak and eventually lasted a whole 'season' from January until

4745: 4674: 4655: 4633: 4581: 4562: 4354: 4286: 4163: 4103: 4069: 3916: 3797: 3741: 3687: 3635: 3305: 2936: 2043:(both in the UK). These companies had a big influence on the next generation of groups working in visual theatre, including IOU and 282: 264: 114: 65: 4446: 3530: 2137:, a piece of medical equipment that protects the burn tissue from contact with other surfaces, and minimises the risk of infection. 1515: 1206: 523:

some kind of unimpeachable authority, such as a deity, or to otherwise lend credence to the person's claim on a given social role.

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In many cultural traditions, the masked performer is a central concept and is highly valued. In the western tradition, actors in

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and co-fraternities. These grew out of the earlier revels and had become evident by the 15th century in places such as Rome and

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Another tradition of European masks developed, more self-consciously, from court and civic events, or entertainments managed by

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continued wearing his mask after retirement, revealed his face briefly only in old age, and was buried wearing his silver mask.

6758: 4520: 784: 4669:. ISTOR Books 8. Budapest • Los Angeles: Akadémiai Kiadó • International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research. pp. 85–101. 4494: 2498:(gas or particulate mask), a mask worn on the face to protect the body from airborne pollutants and toxic materials, and fine 2408:

in a self-conscious effort to combine the hiding of personal identity with the promotion of a powerful and intimidating image.

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in southern France. Such masks survive in the alpine regions of Austria and Switzerland, and may be connected with hunting or

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Masks are use by penitents in ceremonies to disguise their identity in order to make the act of penitence more selfless. The

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In sport the protective mask will often have a secondary function to make the wearer appear more impressive as a competitor.

202: 1967:. Lecoq, having worked as movement director at Teatro Piccalo in Italy, was influenced by the Commedia tradition. Lecoq met 1838:

to create a theatre that is essentially visual, rather than verbal, and many of its practitioners have been visual artists.

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Masks of the World... The Universe of Masks in the Collections of the International Museum of Carnivals and the Binche Mask

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and other collections, and much research has been undertaken into the historical origins of masks. Most probably represent

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Decorative masks may be worn as part of a costume outside of ritual or ceremonial functions. This is often described as a

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Masked characters, usually divinities, are a central feature of Indian dramatic forms, many based on depicting the epics

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masks of New Guinea are used to enforce social codes by intimidation. They are conical masks, made from cane and leaves.

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characters – they are, however, reminders of the enduring power of pretense and play and the power and appeal of masks.

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Forbes, Jamie Ellin (Spring 2010). "The resurrection of the beauty of Spring: Jeanette Korab at Carnevale de Venezia".

1266:, and Lao – have developed the Indian forms, combined with local myths, and developed their own characteristic styles. 633:

definitions of mask use frequently overlap and merge but still provide a useful basis for categorisation. The image of

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Masques du Monde... L'univers du Masque Dans les Collections du Musée International du Carnaval et du Masque de Binche

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Kupferblum, Markus (2007). "Menschen, masken, Charaktere: the Arbeit mit Masken am Theater". In Kreissl, Eva (ed.).

2952: 1984: 876:) is believed to have taught man the secrets of agriculture. Although the Dogons and Bamana people both believe the 6812: 4650:. in collab. with Henri Beuchat; translated, with a foreword, by James J. Fox. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 2178: 1004: 245: 2644:

Masks are sometimes used to punish the wearer either by signalling their humiliation or causing direct suffering:

2624:. The mask is considered "sacred" to some degree, placing its role closer to the ritual and performance function. 2254:

to protect the face had to be opaque with small eyeslits, and were a sort of mask, as often in mediaeval suits of

1154:. Mexico, in particular, retains a great deal of creativity in the production of masks, encouraged by collectors. 1084:"-members on Mardi Gras Day; local laws against using a mask to conceal one's identity are suspended for the day. 449:). This in turn is of uncertain origin – perhaps from a Germanic source akin to English "mesh", but perhaps from 191: 6145: 2836: 1997: 1390:

is the theatre of modern Japan, rooted in the older forms, but in this form masks are replaced by painted faces.

687: 645: 562:, in which all are equal behind their masks, dates back to 1268 AD. The use of carnivalesque masks in the Jewish 217: 2523: 1162:, are very popular, and many of the wrestlers can be considered folk heroes. For instance, the popular wrestler 6807: 4665:

Oosten, Jarich G. (1997). "Cosmological Cycles and the Constituents of the Person". In S. A. Mousalimas (ed.).

4377: 3472:...in many parts of the world and throughout Jewish history it was the time for adults to engage in masquerade. 2044: 2001: 1996:

In America, mask-work was slower to arrive, but the Guerrilla Theatre movement, typified by groups such as the

813: 634: 3758: 2552:, an item of diving equipment that allows scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater. 1834:

included the ancestors of the modern clown. In contemporary western theatre, the mask is often used alongside

2885:" (short for facial mask) is a temporary mask, not solid, used in cosmetics or as therapy for skin treatment. 590:

existing social or spiritual identity). Not all cultures have known the use of masks, but most of them have.

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Lubin, David M. (Fall 2008). "Masks, Mutilation, and Modernity: Anna Coleman Ladd and the First World War".

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worn by high-altitude pilots, or used in medicine to deliver oxygen, anesthetic, or other gases to patients

295: 6817: 6150: 4794: 3818: 3273:. Weitra, Austria: Bibliothek der Provinz Verlag für Literatur, Kunst und Musikalien. pp. 165, 193n. 2818: 2612:

style of wrestling. In modern lucha libre, masks are colourfully designed to evoke the images of animals,

2183: 1073: 477: 1952:, and others who "attempted to restore a ritualistic if not actually religious significance to theatre". 737:

are good examples. Nowadays these are usually mass-produced plastic masks, often associated with popular

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styles. For example, attendants of a costume party will sometimes wear masks as part of their costumes.

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out of the top. The Dogons are expert agriculturists and the antelope symbolizes a hard-working farmer.

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Masken. Gesichter hinter dem Gesicht: Persönlichkeitsentfaltung und Therapie in der Arbeit mit Masken

3030: 2826: 2537: 779: 429: 4521:"Evaluating Anti-Facial Recognition Tools News Physical Sciences Division The University of Chicago" 2578:

helmets were made mandatory in 2010, and have a wire mask on the front to protect the player's face.

93: 6659: 5227: 5137: 4832: 3163: 2653: 2469: 2462: 1968: 1917: 1899: 382: 1983:. Students of Lecoq have continued using masks in their work after leaving the school, such as in 1685:

and aristocracy, also involved the guilds, including a guild of maskmakers. There is evidence of '

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Any full or partial face covering, whether ceremonial, protective, decorative, or used as disguise

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for divers and others; some let the wearer talk to others through a built-in communication device

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Poppi, Cesayo (1994). "The other within: masks and masquerades in Europe". In Mack, John (ed.).

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Blanc, Dominique; d'Hauterives, Arnaud; Geoffroy-Schneiter, Bérénice; Pannier, François (2009).

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masks represent gods, men, women, madmen and devils, and each category has many sub-divisions.

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represent tranquility by making masks with eyes half-shut and lines drawn near the mouth. The

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groups vary widely and share neither a common mythology nor language. Not surprisingly their

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An American football player wearing a mask that protects his face from another player's hand

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Protecting the face against flying objects or dangerous environments, while allowing vision.

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and goddesses originally associated with the celebrations were demonised and viewed as mere

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traditions merged with Christian rituals, and syncretic masquerades and ceremonies, such as

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Sivin, Carole (1986). "Maskmaking". Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: Davis Publications, Inc.

4576:. foreword by George Swinton. 46 Bloomsbury Street, London WCIB 3QQ: British Museum Press. 4302:

Rudlin, John (1999). "3: Jacques Copeau: the quest for sincerity". In Hodge, Alison (ed.).

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to protect the welder's face and eyes from the brightness and sparks created during welding

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countries throughout the world are examples of this, with their cone-shaped masks known as

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language. One German author claims the word "mask" is originally derived from the Spanish

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Wilsher, Toby, "The Mask Handbook – A Practical Guide", Routledge 2007, www.routledge.com

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Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung galloromanischen sprachschatzes

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linking the mask to an ancestral presence, and thus bringing the past into the present.

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Masks. Faces Behind the Face: Personality Development and Therapy in Working with Masks

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to portray allegorical creatures, and the performer representing God frequently wore a

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An interesting example of a sports mask that confounds the protective function is the

2281:

three-hole balaclava allows the wearer to protect the face against cold air or hinder

2163:, used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest. 1578:

The debate about the meaning of these and other mask forms continues in Europe, where

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A variety of technologies attempt to fool facial recognition software by the use of

1441: 6785: 6605: 5926: 5812: 5807: 5681: 5619: 5546: 5369: 5192: 5162: 5105: 4871: 4643: 3677: 3057: 3007: 2745: 2741: 2703: 2569: 2511: 2405: 2379: 2359: 2105: 2033: 1868: 1718: 1682: 1548: 1462: 1418: 1300: 1231: 1184: 1097: 1092: 932: 922: 917: 913: 857: 849: 705: 665: 519: 492: 20: 4495:"Kanye West perfected the art of the face mask as a fashion accessory. Here's how" 2437:

community, its purpose is not to hinder recognition, although it falls under some

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stage or backdrops. These led to colourful facial patterns that we see in today's

1179: 238: 132: 3936: 2871:" is a mask that covers only the cheeks (hence the adjective "buccal") and mouth. 6706: 6667: 6401: 6396: 6361: 6281: 6187: 6062: 6042: 6037: 5975: 5965: 5960: 5948: 5931: 5911: 5906: 5666: 5614: 5604: 5563: 5475: 5404: 5357: 5207: 5202: 5100: 4988: 4983: 4908: 4762: 3703: 3604: 3555:

The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer)

3374: 3333:, vol. 3, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 73–151 3134: 2975: 2878:

is a mask either cast from or applied to the face of a recently deceased person.

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Masks are also used to prevent recognition while showing membership of a group:

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developed from this – a complex dance-drama that used masks with moveable jaws.

1357:. The form no longer exists, and was probably a type of dance presentation. The 1325: 1243: 1214: 1155: 1052: 1030: 1015: 940: 909: 884: 853: 801: 543: 536: 532: 354: 327: 180: 2899:

mask is used for people to create a more animal-like image in fetish role play.

1677:, where they developed as entertainments to enliven towns and cities. Thus the 1485: 1047:

craftsmen produced impressive work for masked religious ritual, especially the

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and Japanese wrestling. A wrestler's mask is usually related to a wrestler's

2032:, who had been using masks in dance and had emigrated to America to flee the 6840: 6694: 6677: 6585: 6502: 6323: 6295: 6128: 6074: 5992: 5953: 5921: 5721: 5676: 5551: 5529: 5319: 5174: 5152: 5023: 4998: 4978: 4551: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2398: 2355: 2259: 2214: 2203: 2134: 2109: 1945: 1895: 1830:

conventions until the late eighteenth century. The masked characters of the

1802:

drama. In some Greek masks, the wide and open mouth of the mask contained a

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The oldest representations of masks in Europe are animal masks, such as the

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Masks may also indicate a culture's ideal of feminine beauty. The masks of

417:"mask, specter, nightmare". This word is of uncertain origin, perhaps from 1386:

are short farces with their own masks, and accompany the tragic nō plays.

1068:

In modern immigrant Euro-American culture, masking is a common feature of

6630: 6575: 6550: 6507: 6492: 6421: 6371: 6366: 6343: 6318: 6308: 6303: 6271: 6254: 6155: 6106: 6069: 5997: 5987: 5896: 5888: 5835: 5777: 5746: 5726: 5634: 5460: 5443: 5418: 5379: 5374: 5297: 5247: 5242: 5184: 5073: 5063: 5003: 4955: 4930: 4881: 4876: 4853: 4810: 3398: 2943: 2736:, wear masks when they perform on stage. Several other groups, including 2688: 2543: 2430: 2391: 2383: 2344: 2218: 1980: 1888: 1835: 1730: 1726: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1623: 1607: 1599: 1587: 1579: 1572: 1532: 1504: 1450: 1429: 1319: 1274: 1263: 1251: 1247: 1200: 1163: 1034: 996: 877: 823: 789: 730: 697: 570: 547: 339: 323: 4127:

COUNTRY TRAVEL – Practical seminar: "MASK TRADITIONS IN LATVIAN CULTURE"

4122:

LAUKU CEĻOTĀ – Praktiskais seminārs: "Masku tradīcijas latviešu kultūrā"

2648:

Particularly uncomfortable types, such as an iron mask, for example the

6797: 6763: 6736: 6580: 6565: 6560: 6530: 6479: 6469: 6464: 6411: 6356: 6333: 6172: 6118: 6113: 6025: 5982: 5782: 5433: 5339: 5167: 5127: 5120: 5008: 4993: 4913: 4739: 4021:. Professional Wrestling Online Museum. 5 February 1984. Archived from 2889: 2718: 2657: 2575: 2555: 2340: 2321: 2237: 2222: 2025: 1929: 1880: 1819: 1779: 1754: 1734: 1655: 1544: 1528: 1500: 1492: 1403: 1192: 1057: 967: 905: 873: 809: 746: 717: 677: 661: 630: 386: 4371: 6635: 6590: 6512: 6497: 6454: 6351: 6244: 6182: 6167: 6047: 5817: 5767: 5696: 5272: 5142: 5053: 5035: 4968: 4940: 4920: 4903: 4893: 4730: 4470:"damselfrau: a peek behind the many masks of the london-based artist" 3788:. London: Ferndale Editions. p. Introduction, after Himmelheber 2882: 2684: 2314: 2255: 2233: 2226: 1925: 1860: 1827: 1783: 1698: 1674: 1670: 1615: 1568: 1540: 1508: 1387: 1313: 1290: 1132: 1128: 1113: 1101: 1044: 1023: 1019: 992: 626: 507: 362: 335: 2363: 2169:, an alternative to respirators and surgical masks during shortages. 1826:

developed – courtly masked entertainments that continued as part of

1317:

and demonstrated Hindu influences as it often feature epics such as

3897:

Lommel (1970), chapter: "Oceania: Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia".

2892:

cast of a face, used as a model for making a painting or sculpture.

2807:

to conceal the identities of the killer. Notable examples include

2540:, also known as a "ski mask", to protect the face against cold air. 1721:

discovered a 673 g gold mask in the burial mound "Svetitsata" near

1223:

dance masks were used in shamanic rituals to thank the gods, while

956:

are almost as highly developed as in Africa. It is a culture where

868:

Another culture that has a very rich agricultural tradition is the

637:

are widely used to represent the performing arts, and specifically

6640: 6570: 6266: 6239: 6177: 6101: 6030: 5970: 5797: 5701: 5648: 5497: 5237: 5212: 5095: 5085: 5030: 4861: 4210: 2631: 2613: 2581: 2522: 2434: 2367: 2329: 2287: 2272: 2251: 2177: 2085: 2069: 1845: 1803: 1764: 1746: 1647: 1583: 1556: 1514: 1484: 1476: 1440: 1423: 1397: 1346: 1340: 1270: 1255: 1205: 1178: 1109: 1091: 1081: 1000: 982: 927: 897: 888: 841: 828: 783: 767: 738: 657: 653: 638: 609: 597: 581:, masks functioned above all as mediators of supernatural forces. 563: 487: 372: 294: 2332:

in a mask to avoid being recognized by associates of the accused.

6610: 6487: 6459: 6429: 6249: 6123: 5869: 5502: 5334: 4945: 4197: 3994:"Masks from North America, from the Edward S. Curtis Collection" 3662: 3573: 3315: 3096:

Performers with masks. Mosaic. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii

2729: 2671: 2617: 2187: 2114: 1811: 1729:. It is a very fine piece of workmanship made out of massive 23 1694: 1308: 1304: 1121: 1117: 1048: 893: 861: 315: 4783: 4750: 4648:

Seasonal variations of the Eskimo: a study in social morphology

3979: 2762:, and other methods and themes are occasionally used to create 1029:

Woodland tribes, especially in the northeastern and around the

681:

meant 'a mask'; it also referred to an individual who had full

652:

drama of Japan (14th century to present), the traditional

5741: 4888: 4866: 3736:] (in French). Tournai, Belgium: La Renaissance du Livre. 2773:

One user of masks in fashion is musician and fashion designer

1907: 1851: 1799: 1552: 1369: 1250:. Countries that have had strong Indian cultural influences – 649: 174: 126: 99:

You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.

72: 31: 3084:

From the picture album "Shunyū bijo no yukaeri" 19th Century

2724:

Several bands and performers, notably members of the groups

1713:

In the beginning of the new century, on 19 August 2004, the

1697:. By the 18th century, it was already a tourist attraction, 4779: 4349:. Macmillan Modern Dramatists. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 1891:, experimented with theatre forms and masks in their work. 1710:

masks are often replaced with face paint for more comfort.

1303:

have masked Hudoq dance that represents nature spirits. In

742: 535:

cave drawings, of which dozens have been preserved. At the

403:"covering to hide or guard the face", derived in turn from 3628:

Masks and Masking: Faces of Tradition and Belief Worldwide

2404:

The cone-shaped mask in particular is identified with the

2347:, to avoid recognition, and to try to protect against any 1863:

were often incorporated into the theatre work of European

1195:. Later mask forms brings together myths and symbols from 1014:

coastal cultural groups generally included highly skilled

3535:

Phillip Charette, Contemporary Art in the Yupik Tradition

1894:

In the 20th century, many theatre practitioners, such as

1376:

mask is the supreme achievement of Japanese mask-making.

987:

Kwakwaka'wakw ritual mask (painted wood, fiber, and cord)

685:. A citizen could demonstrate his or her lineage through 338:

and rites. Masks have been used since antiquity for both

4043:

Lommel (1970), chapter: "South America/Central America".

3760:

Freedom Expanded: Book 1 – The Human Condition Explained

2240:. Today this function is attributed to thin balaclavas. 2198:

Providing a supply of air or filtering the outside air (

1681:

carnival in St. Marks Square in Venice, attended by the

733:, and for children at parties and for festivals such as 4725:

The Mythic Mask: mask history and contemporary mask art

4235:

Through the Body: A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre

2752:

also wears masks but often remove them mid-performance.

2468:

Beaked masks containing herbs in the beak were worn in

2153:, to protect a medical professional from bodily fluids. 840:

ceremony, an inquisitorial search for sorcerers. Wood,

396:

The word "mask" appeared in English in the 1530s, from

151: 2694:

Several artists in the 20th and 21st century, such as

2125:, a piece of medical equipment that assists breathing. 1065:

masks appear to be inspired by the Pueblo prototypes.

3938:

The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput

4691:. Frankfurt am Main: Frankurter Societăts-Druckerei. 3763:. WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 145. 3714:. Shimla, India: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. 3424:. Hillsdale, New York: Sophia Perennis. p. 141. 2588:

is used in this Japanese sword-fighting martial art.

2572:

goaltender to protect the head and face from injury.

1666:

and its hunter, and Giubiana herself, among others.

1158:

matches, where it is common for the participants to

1033:, cross-fertilized culturally with one another. The 6719: 6658: 6649: 6521: 6478: 6420: 6342: 6294: 6094: 6013: 5887: 5868: 5828: 5760: 5734: 5720: 5647: 5597: 5510: 5496: 5333: 5183: 5044: 4954: 4852: 3108:

Mask of Silen. Bronze. First half of 1st century BC

2298:wear Guy Fawkes masks while protesting against the 205:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4550: 4549:Burch, Ernest S. (junior); Forman, Werner (1988). 515:used sometimes in drama therapy or psychotherapy. 4731:The Noh Mask Effect: A Facial Expression Illusion 4133:(in Latvian), Latvian Country Tourism Association 3723: 3721: 3630:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 2010:In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theater 1914:, both of which forms feature masks prominently. 1867:artists from the turn of the nineteenth century. 4211:"Cornell University Library Digital Collections" 3728:Revelard, Michel; Kostadonova, Guergana (2000). 3352:] (in German). Oberhofen: Zytglogge-Verlag. 3300:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 2090:Vietnamese youth wear surgical masks during the 602:Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic, 302:masks at the Narrensprung 2005 Carnival parade, 3486:Masques de l'Himalaya, du primitif au classique 2608:, a mask most widely used in the Mexican/Latin 1798:wore masks, as they do in traditional Japanese 704:Masks are a familiar and vivid element in many 428:"to ridicule". However, it may also come from 3998:American Ethnography (americanethnography.com) 3488:. Paris: Editions Raymond Chabaud. p. 44. 4795: 4051: 4049: 3166:, carbon-dated as 35,000 to 40,000 years old. 1076:. Costumes and masks (originally inspired by 695:of ancestors. These were wax casts kept in a 8: 4557:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 4468:Solbakken, Per Kristian (10 February 2019). 4453:. San Diego State University. Archived from 4178:Lommel (1970), chapter: "Europe/Conclusion". 4149: 4147: 3484:Pannier, François; Mangin, Stéphane (1989). 3072:Mask wearing customers in downtown Budapest. 2246:Before strong transparent materials such as 2225:wore similarly ferocious-looking protective 856:call to the spirit to stop destruction. The 573:tribes used masks for healing purposes (see 3458:. Vol. 49, no. 27. Archived from 3331:Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 1733:gold. Unlike other masks discovered in the 1453:, Iran, first half of first Millennium BC, 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6655: 5884: 5880: 5731: 5507: 4802: 4788: 4780: 4746:Smithsonian Institution African Mask Links 4430:. Discovery Channel Canada. Archived from 4322:The Moving Body: Teaching Creative Theatre 4228: 4226: 4224: 3852:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2097:Some masks are used for medical purposes: 1741:and two in Greece), it is now kept in the 1421:, where they hang as good-luck talismans. 991:North American indigenous cultures in the 644:In many dramatic traditions including the 3911:. Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown & Co. 3844:Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003). 3708:Studies in Humanities and Social Services 3344:Klemm, Harald; Winkler, Reinhard (1996). 2472:by plague doctors to try to ward off the 763:conscious thinking egocentric intellect. 283:Learn how and when to remove this message 265:Learn how and when to remove this message 115:Learn how and when to remove this message 4702:Hungarian translation of Rasmussen 1926. 3706:(2004). "Ritual, masks, and sacrifice". 3297:Ritual Masks: Deceptions and Revelations 501:National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico) 381:', a 16th-century BC mask discovered by 19:For other uses, like protection against 3909:Where the Masks Still Dance: New Guinea 3846:"Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin" 3202: 3151: 3140:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic 2914: 1749:. It is considered to be the mask of a 952:The variety and beauty of the masks of 4763:Gallery of Masks from Around the World 4589: 3375:"Other Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites" 3175:A famous example is the images of the 2652:, are fit as devices for humiliation, 472:مَسْخَرَ = "he ridiculed, he mocked", 435:"to black (the face)" (or the related 391:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 4572:Hessel, Ingo; Hessel, Dieter (1998). 3450:Danan, Julie Hilton (21 March 1997). 2857:- 2012 South Korean television series 1152:The Dance of the Moors and Christians 872:people of Mali. The antelope (called 617:mask dance at a funeral feast in the 7: 3907:Rainier, Chris; Taylor, Meg (1996). 3499:Bradley, Lisa; Chazot, Eric (1990). 2748:simulate the effect with facepaint. 1654:) preserves a tradition of masks of 424:مَسْخَرَۃٌ "buffoon", from the verb 203:adding citations to reliable sources 6803:Global trade of secondhand clothing 3817:. Department of Religious Studies, 3503:. New York: Pace Primitive Gallery. 3394:"Neanderthal 'face' found in Loire" 3240:. Basel: Zbinden Druck und Verlag. 2927:, Baleen Whale Mask, 19th century, 1977:performing with portable structures 635:juxtaposed comedy and tragedy masks 4250:The Theatre of Edward Gordon Craig 3945:. University of Washington Press. 3558:. University of Washington Press. 3392:Amos, Jonathan (2 December 2003). 2533:American football helmet face mask 2490:self-contained breathing apparatus 2306:Masks are sometimes used to avoid 2236:was worn by women to protect from 1311:, masked dance is commonly called 1213:Bronze Mask with Protruding Eyes, 1131:, human skulls were prized as war 314:is an object normally worn on the 14: 4445:Brandt, Stacy (12 October 2008). 3850:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 3786:Masks: Their Meaning and Function 3595:(3/4). Archives of American Art, 3373:Hitchcock, Don (6 October 2019). 3040:. The Wellcome Collection, London 2990:Dance Mask (Takü), 20th century, 2433:usually shows membership of some 2221:Europe and in Japan soldiers and 47:This article has multiple issues. 6839: 4775:Costa Rica Traditional Face Mask 4624:Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985). 4403:"The 15 COOLEST Masks In Comics" 4084:Lommel (1970), chapter: "Japan". 4062:University of Pennsylvania Press 3589:Archives of American Art Journal 3404:British Broadcasting Corporation 3158:The oldest known example of the 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3045: 3022: 2999: 2983: 2967: 2951: 2935: 2917: 2663:Masks were used to alienate and 2382:parades throughout Spain and in 2055:For other functional masks, see 1445:Golden masks excavated from the 1138:In post-colonial Latin America, 179: 131: 77: 36: 4401:Aitchison, Sean (12 May 2017). 3875:. Pagewise, Inc. Archived from 3529:Charette, Phillip John (n.d.). 3518:. Milan: 5 Continents Editions. 2670:Use of masks is also common in 2415:frequently wear masks (usually 190:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 4279:University of California Press 4096:The History of Theater in Iran 3456:Jewish News of Greater Phoenix 3236:von Wartburg, Walther (1992). 2482:, a piece of safety equipment. 2016:; Arm-of-the Sea Theatre from 1850:Three photographs of the same 1743:National Archaeological Museum 935:holding mask, Papua New Guinea 1: 4626:Eskimos: Greenland and Canada 4525:physicalsciences.uchicago.edu 4519:Bryson, Kevin (20 May 2023). 4217:. Cornell University Library. 3871:Kahler, Wendy (16 May 1986). 3034: 2904:anti-facial recognition masks 2803:Masks have been used in many 2777:. West has donned masks from 2104:, used for the prevention of 766:In parts of Australia, giant 4751:Virtual Museum of Death Mask 4719:Ritual, Masks, and Sacrifice 4609:. Hancock House Publishers. 4605:Huteson, Pamela Rae (2007). 4347:American Alternative Theatre 4273:Smith, Susan Harris (1984). 4156:Masks: the Art of Expression 4119:Roze, Inese (4 April 2013), 3552:Fienup-Riordan, Ann (1996). 2946:ceremonial mask made of wood 2425:) when they attend protests. 2024:; and Shadowland Theatre of 1559:, or were subjugated to the 453:"black", a borrowing from a 346:purposes, as well as in the 4727:(archived 11 November 2006) 4667:Arctic Ecology and Identity 4304:20th Century Actor Training 3605:10.1086/aaa.47.3_4.25435155 3215:Online Etymology Dictionary 2455:NIOSH air filtration rating 2443:French ban on face covering 2229:, extending to face-masks. 1708:carnival in the Netherlands 6883: 6813:List of individual dresses 4574:Inuit Art. An introduction 4447:"Who Was That Masked Man?" 4237:. London: Nick Hern Books. 4190:Festivals and Celebrations 2796: 2452: 2343:usually wear masks, often 2145:respiratory source control 2054: 1432:(Kaksi, Yangban and Sonpi) 1428:traditional Korean masks, 1409: 1288: 1238:India/Sri Lanka/Indo-China 1080:) are frequently worn by " 777: 675:In Ancient Rome, the word 476:مَسَخَ = "he transfomed" ( 18: 6836: 5883: 4817: 3955:– via Google books. 3784:Lommel, Andreas (1981) . 3757:Griffith, Jeremy (2013). 3422:Symbols of Sacred Science 2974:Fools Meeting or Parade, 2687:, and relates closely to 2232:In the 16th century, the 1998:San Francisco Mime Troupe 1814:or gilt mask. During the 1602:existed the tradition of 1072:traditions, most notably 1037:made spectacular wooden ' 646:theatre of ancient Greece 554:claims that in the Roman 518:One of the challenges in 334:, and often employed for 4736:Mask Makers of Mas, Bali 4696:Rasmussen, Knud (1965). 4596:: CS1 maint: location ( 4345:Shank, Theodore (1982). 4252:. London: Eyre Methuen. 4233:Callery, Dympha (2001). 3873:"African mask symbolism" 3452:"Purim wears many masks" 2713:are used most widely in 2502:or infectious particles. 2045:Horse and Bamboo Theatre 2002:Bread and Puppet Theatre 1604:Mamuthones e Issohadores 1519:A Venetian carnival mask 1402:A Korean mask worn by a 1277:temples. These faces or 939:Today, the qualities of 814:Northern Edo Masquerades 4721:(archived 26 July 2014) 4188:Auguet, Roland (1975), 4019:"Spotlight on El Santo" 3651:Gregor, Joseph (2002). 3597:Smithsonian Institution 2265:meant "mask or visor". 1879:, other artists of the 1737:(of which three are in 1499:, Buduļi or Būduļi) of 1455:National Museum of Iran 86:This article cites its 6818:Reconstructed clothing 4378:Horse + Bamboo Theatre 4248:Bablet, Denis (1981). 4094:Floor, Willem (2005). 3966:Feder, Norman (1973). 3819:University of Virginia 3815:"Faces of the Spirits" 3676:Herold, Erich (1992). 3657:. Dover Publications. 3516:Masks of the Himalayas 3501:Masks of the Himalayas 3294:Pernet, Henry (1992). 3180:(Nunley, 1999, p. 22). 2785:, most notably on his 2728:, Mental Creepers and 2641: 2528: 2366:for protection and to 2303: 2285: 2191: 2094: 2083: 1856: 1787: 1520: 1512: 1482: 1457: 1433: 1407: 1349: 1329:. The native story of 1217: 1188: 1120:, and occasionally of 1105: 988: 936: 845: 792: 770:masks cover the body. 622: 607: 503: 393: 307: 4768:18 April 2014 at the 4275:Masks in Modern Drama 3217:. Douglas Harper. n.d 2635: 2526: 2486:Full-face diving mask 2411:Members of the group 2300:Church of Scientology 2291: 2276: 2181: 2117:, European equivalent 2089: 2073: 2057:Mask (disambiguation) 2020:; Snake Theater from 1849: 1796:Ancient Greek theatre 1777: 1739:Republic of Macedonia 1642:. The celebration of 1518: 1488: 1480: 1444: 1427: 1401: 1344: 1209: 1182: 1095: 1026:, poles, and houses. 986: 931: 852:known as the Bwa and 832: 787: 613: 601: 497:K'inich Janaab' Pakal 491: 376: 298: 25:Mask (disambiguation) 6759:Environmental impact 4756:8 March 2018 at the 4607:Transformation Masks 4457:on 12 February 2009. 4056:Emigh, John (1996). 3626:Edson, Gary (2005). 3541:on 26 December 2010. 3531:"About Yup'ik Masks" 3031:Ludwig van Beethoven 3006:Taiwanese President 2732:, and the guitarist 2564:, a mask worn by an 2362:often wear masks or 2258:, and (for example) 2184:reusable filter mask 1842:Contemporary theatre 1778:Masked dancers at a 1467:Masks in Performance 808:cultures, including 780:African tribal masks 594:Masks in performance 506:The use of masks in 199:improve this article 146:for the books listed 6846:Clothing portal 4434:on 16 October 2006. 4370:Frith, Bob (2008). 4215:Digital Collections 3968:American Indian Art 3933:Fienup-Riordan, Ann 3790:Afrikanische Masken 3271:Die Macht der Maske 3164:Venus of Hohle Fels 2888:A "life mask" is a 2793:In works of fiction 2654:corporal punishment 2470:early modern Europe 2463:breathing apparatus 2349:riot control agents 1918:Edward Gordon Craig 1900:Edward Gordon Craig 1883:School, as well as 810:Egungun Masquerades 606:, second century AD 569:The North American 526:The earliest known 383:Heinrich Schliemann 4158:. British Museum. 4058:Masked Performance 3879:on 5 February 2004 3679:The World of Masks 3654:Masks of the World 2702:, create masks as 2642: 2598:Visor (ice hockey) 2529: 2500:particulate matter 2419:, best known from 2397:Masks are used by 2335:Participants in a 2304: 2286: 2192: 2095: 2084: 1912:commedia dell'arte 1857: 1832:Commedia dell'arte 1788: 1687:commedia dell'arte 1521: 1513: 1483: 1458: 1434: 1408: 1350: 1218: 1189: 1106: 989: 937: 846: 818:Caribbean Carnival 793: 664:in Korea, and the 623: 608: 575:False Face Society 560:Carnival of Venice 504: 394: 308: 6852: 6851: 6823:Right to clothing 6747:Halloween costume 6715: 6714: 6690:black lounge suit 6290: 6289: 6090: 6089: 5864: 5863: 5643: 5642: 4616:978-0-88839-635-8 4387:978-0-9558841-0-8 3952:978-0-295-97501-6 3825:on 29 August 2012 3813:Ray, Benjamin C. 3770:978-1-74129-011-0 3437:Fine Art Magazine 3016:COVID-19 pandemic 2092:COVID-19 pandemic 1775: 1753:king, presumably 1297:Native Indonesian 1104:-Aztec provenance 1012:Pacific Northwest 683:Roman citizenship 619:Dutch East Indies 468:= "mask"; Arabic 455:pre-Indo-European 379:Mask of Agamemnon 293: 292: 285: 275: 274: 267: 249: 173: 172: 125: 124: 117: 92:does not provide 70: 23:and viruses, see 6872: 6844: 6843: 6828:Vintage clothing 6656: 6601:Pocket protector 5885: 5881: 5841:Bodysuit, infant 5732: 5513:formal, informal 5508: 5348:Ceremonial dress 4804: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4701: 4692: 4680: 4661: 4639: 4620: 4601: 4595: 4587: 4568: 4556: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4053: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025:on 21 April 2014 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3970:. New York, NY: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3943:Anchorage Museum 3929: 3923: 3922: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3821:. Archived from 3810: 3804: 3803: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3537:. Archived from 3526: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3156: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3049: 3039: 3036: 3026: 3003: 2987: 2971: 2955: 2939: 2921: 2750:Hollywood Undead 2584:, a mask called 2417:Guy Fawkes masks 2051:Functional masks 1776: 1761:Masks in theatre 1078:masquerade balls 958:ancestor worship 708:and traditional 648:, the classical 318:, typically for 288: 281: 270: 263: 259: 256: 250: 248: 207: 183: 175: 168: 165: 159: 135: 127: 120: 113: 109: 106: 100: 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6838: 6832: 6774:made-to-measure 6727:Clothing fetish 6711: 6645: 6517: 6474: 6416: 6392:Square leg suit 6338: 6314:Blanket sleeper 6286: 6277:Sleeved blanket 6086: 6009: 5874: 5872: 5860: 5836:Bodysuit, adult 5824: 5756: 5724: 5716: 5639: 5593: 5512: 5500: 5492: 5338: 5329: 5179: 5040: 4974:Clerical collar 4950: 4848: 4847: 4813: 4808: 4770:Wayback Machine 4758:Wayback Machine 4715: 4695: 4685:Rasmussen, Knud 4683: 4677: 4664: 4658: 4642: 4636: 4623: 4617: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4571: 4565: 4548: 4545: 4543:Further reading 4540: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4451:The Daily Aztec 4444: 4443: 4439: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3972:Harry N. Abrams 3965: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3727: 3726: 3719: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3566: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3465: 3463: 3462:on 10 June 2012 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3308: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3170: 3160:Venus figurines 3157: 3153: 3148: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3097: 3094: 3085: 3082: 3073: 3070: 3061: 3054:Abraham Lincoln 3050: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3018: 3004: 2995: 2992:Brooklyn Museum 2988: 2979: 2972: 2963: 2960:Balinese topeng 2956: 2947: 2940: 2931: 2929:Brooklyn Museum 2922: 2913: 2897:animal roleplay 2864: 2851: 2814:Friday the 13th 2801: 2795: 2783:Maison Margiela 2756:Leather-working 2711:Wrestling masks 2696:Isamaya Ffrench 2681: 2630: 2562:Goaltender mask 2546:catcher's mask. 2521: 2465: 2451: 2320:Occasionally a 2271: 2250:were invented, 2176: 2167:Cloth face mask 2129:Anesthetic mask 2068: 2060: 2053: 1990:Trestle Theatre 1959:and later, via 1957:Etienne Decroux 1940:– and later by 1922:A Note on Masks 1920:(1872–1966) in 1877:Oskar Schlemmer 1844: 1765: 1763: 1679:Maundy Thursday 1612:Boes e Merdules 1475: 1447:Kalmakareh Cave 1439: 1414: 1396: 1339: 1299:tribes such as 1293: 1287: 1240: 1177: 1172: 1148:Day of the Dead 1090: 1005:mask traditions 981: 950: 782: 776: 760:Jeremy Griffith 755: 745:programmes, or 596: 528:anthropomorphic 486: 459:más que la cara 377:The so-called ' 371: 348:performing arts 289: 278: 277: 276: 271: 260: 254: 251: 208: 206: 196: 184: 169: 163: 160: 149: 136: 121: 110: 104: 101: 98: 94:page references 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6868: 6867: 6857: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6761: 6756: 6754:Cross-dressing 6751: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5878: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5846:Long underwear 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5773:Training pants 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5729: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 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4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4743: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4714: 4713:External links 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4693: 4681: 4675: 4662: 4656: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4615: 4602: 4582: 4569: 4563: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4511: 4486: 4460: 4437: 4428:"plaguedoctor" 4419: 4393: 4386: 4362: 4355: 4337: 4331:978-1408111468 4330: 4324:. Routeledge. 4318:Lecoq, Jacques 4309: 4294: 4287: 4265: 4258: 4240: 4220: 4202: 4180: 4171: 4164: 4143: 4111: 4104: 4086: 4077: 4070: 4045: 4036: 4010: 3985: 3958: 3951: 3924: 3917: 3899: 3890: 3863: 3836: 3805: 3798: 3776: 3769: 3749: 3742: 3717: 3695: 3688: 3668: 3643: 3636: 3618: 3579: 3564: 3544: 3521: 3506: 3491: 3476: 3442: 3427: 3409: 3384: 3365: 3359:978-3729605121 3358: 3336: 3321: 3306: 3286: 3280:978-3852528205 3279: 3261: 3247:978-2745309372 3246: 3228: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3168: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3125:Character mask 3122: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2847: 2809:Jason Voorhees 2799:Masked villain 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2771: 2770: 2753: 2722: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2650:Scold's bridle 2629: 2626: 2606:wrestling mask 2602: 2601: 2595: 2592:Paintball mask 2589: 2579: 2573: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2483: 2477: 2450: 2447: 2439:anti-mask laws 2427: 2426: 2422:V for Vendetta 2409: 2402: 2395: 2372: 2371: 2352: 2333: 2318: 2302:, 2008, London 2270: 2267: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2154: 2148: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2102:N95 respirator 2074:A person dons 2067: 2064: 2052: 2049: 2018:New York State 2006:Peter Schumann 1973:masques neutre 1938:Eugene O'Neill 1904:Jacques Copeau 1843: 1840: 1824:ballet de cour 1762: 1759: 1717:archaeologist 1691:Venetian masks 1636:Sos Mamutzones 1545:nature spirits 1525:cave paintings 1474: 1471: 1438: 1435: 1395: 1392: 1338: 1335: 1289:Main article: 1286: 1283: 1239: 1236: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1100:, c. 1500, of 1096:Aztec mask of 1089: 1086: 1074:in New Orleans 980: 977: 949: 946: 908:people of the 844:, 19th century 775: 772: 754: 751: 595: 592: 485: 482: 412:Medieval Latin 370: 367: 300:Papierkrattler 291: 290: 273: 272: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 139: 137: 130: 123: 122: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6878: 6877: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6779:ready-to-wear 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6769:haute couture 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:creature suit 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Clothing swap 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:morning dress 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 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Routeledge. 4305: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4288:0-520-05095-9 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4165:0-7141-2507-5 4161: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4105:0-934211-29-9 4101: 4097: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4071:0-8122-1336-X 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3918:0-8212-2261-9 3914: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3799:0-905746-11-2 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3743:2-8046-0413-6 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3689:9780600574422 3685: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3637:9780786421183 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Retrieved 3214: 3205: 3185: 3177:Trois-Frères 3171: 3154: 3058:Leonard Volk 3008:Tsai Ing-wen 2840: 2835:series, and 2830: 2812: 2805:horror films 2802: 2772: 2746:Dimmu Borgir 2742:Alice Cooper 2704:wearable art 2693: 2682: 2664: 2643: 2636:A medieval " 2620:, and other 2603: 2585: 2570:field hockey 2512:Welding mask 2449:Occupational 2441:such as the 2428: 2420: 2406:Ku Klux Klan 2380:Semana Santa 2373: 2354:In fiction, 2305: 2293: 2262: 2245: 2242: 2231: 2215:gladiatorial 2212: 2193: 2160: 2106:tuberculosis 2096: 2080:surgical N95 2061: 2038: 1995: 1988: 1972: 1954: 1921: 1916: 1893: 1869:Alfred Jarry 1858: 1793: 1789: 1719:Georgi Kitov 1712: 1704: 1668: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1603: 1596:hobby horses 1577: 1565: 1549:Christianity 1522: 1466: 1463:George Goyan 1459: 1415: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1294: 1278: 1268: 1241: 1232:Peking opera 1225: 1220: 1219: 1190: 1185:Peking opera 1137: 1126: 1107: 1098:Xiuhtecuhtli 1067: 1056: 1043: 1028: 1009: 990: 972: 966: 963: 951: 938: 933:Asaro mudman 918:Sierra Leone 903: 882: 867: 850:Burkina Faso 847: 837: 822: 794: 765: 756: 753:Ritual masks 703: 696: 686: 676: 674: 666:topeng dance 643: 624: 604:Roman mosaic 588: 583:Yup'ik masks 568: 541: 525: 520:anthropology 517: 505: 493:Funeral mask 473: 469: 465: 458: 450: 446: 439: 432: 425: 421: 414: 407: 400: 395: 352: 311: 309: 299: 279: 261: 255:January 2021 252: 242: 235: 228: 221: 209: 197:Please help 192:verification 189: 164:January 2021 161: 156:citation bot 150:Please help 141: 111: 105:January 2021 102: 91: 63: 56: 50: 49:Please help 46: 29: 21:tuberculosis 6685:Semi-formal 6651:Dress codes 6541:Boutonnière 6523:Accessories 6402:Swim diaper 6397:Swim briefs 6362:Boardshorts 6282:Windbreaker 6043:Suit jacket 6038:Mess jacket 5932:Guards Coat 5851:See-through 5615:Romper suit 4989:Neck gaiter 4984:Neckerchief 4838:Terminology 4553:The Eskimos 4504:1 September 4192:, Collins, 4137:26 February 3996:. Gallery. 3211:"mask (n.)" 3135:Domino mask 3038: 1812 3014:during the 2962:dance masks 2869:buccal mask 2862:Other types 2855:Bridal Mask 2787:Yeezus Tour 2610:lucha libre 2550:Diving mask 2506:Oxygen mask 2488:as part of 2480:Filter mask 2474:Black Death 2370:themselves. 2356:superheroes 2328:appears in 2326:prosecution 2308:recognition 2292:Members of 2283:recognition 2200:respirators 2182:Protective 2157:Pocket mask 2151:Face shield 2123:Oxygen mask 2034:Nazi regime 2030:Mary Wigman 2014:Minneapolis 1985:John Wright 1885:surrealists 1865:avant-garde 1816:Renaissance 1689:'-inspired 1632:Su 'Omadore 1575:festivals. 1507:regions in 1437:Middle East 1412:Korean mask 1326:Mahabharata 1279:Kirtimukhas 1244:Mahabharata 1031:Great Lakes 1016:woodworkers 1010:Indigenous 941:African art 910:Ivory Coast 896:'s Mask of 693:death masks 552:René Guénon 544:bacchanalia 537:neanderthal 533:paleolithic 385:in 1876 at 355:art history 328:performance 154:or run the 6626:Suspenders 6621:Sunglasses 6556:Cummerbund 6546:Coin purse 6450:Flip-flops 6445:Dress shoe 6440:Dress boot 6435:Court shoe 6382:Rash guard 6329:Nightshirt 6203:Harrington 6161:pellegrina 6021:Frock coat 6014:Suit coats 6003:Mackintosh 5944:Over-frock 5803:Underpants 5752:Undershirt 5625:Shirtdress 5466:boilersuit 5363:diplomatic 5325:Yoga pants 5315:Sweatpants 5228:High water 5223:Go-to-hell 5116:sleeveless 5069:halterneck 5059:cache-cœur 4979:Lavallière 4833:Technology 4738:(video on 4689:Thulefahrt 4530:27 January 4474:designboom 3682:. 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