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Solute flow is driven by a difference in hydraulic pressure created from the unloading of solutes in the sink tissues. That is, as solutes are off-loaded into sink cells (by active or passive transport), the density of the phloem liquid decreases locally, creating a pressure gradient.
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may form within one or more xylem vessels of a plant. If an air bubble forms, the upward flow of xylem water will stop because the pressure difference in the vessel cannot be transmitted. Once these embolisms are
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in vascular plant tissues. Mass flow is not to be confused with diffusion which depends on concentration gradients within a medium rather than pressure gradients of the medium itself.
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Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo; Moller, Ian Max; Murphy, Angus (2015). Plant
Physiology and Development. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 66.
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In general, bulk flow in plant biology typically refers to the movement of water from the soil up through the plant to the leaf tissue through
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Pockman, W.T., Sperry, J.S., & O'Leary, J.W. 1995. Sustained and significant negative water pressure in xylem. 'Nature' 378: 715-716
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Lambers, Hans (2008). Plant
Physiological Ecology. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. p. 153.
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combined with the high water pressure of the plant's substrate and low pressure of the extreme tissues (usually leaves).
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Moyes & Schulte (2008). Principles of Animal
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This article is about the flow of fluids in biological systems. For mass flow in physics, see
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