214:
World and the New York
Journal appealed to a wide variety of audiences with pages devoted to finances, sports, women, entertainment, etc. Special Interest newspapers were also on the rise during this period with many different groups pushing their agenda through newspapers and other forms of media. These special interest newspapers include the National American Woman Suffrage Association's Woman's Journal, The Anti-Saloon League's American Issue, and others. There even came a time that there was up to nine publications in the major cities such as Chicago, Boston, and New York which in turn created fierce competition. Competition caused these publications to lower their prices to just a penny just to stay afloat.
195:
to win the White House through a dramatic speaking campaign
Newspapers published transcripts of William Jennings Bryan's speech, gaining support from struggling farmers and laborers during the 1890s economic depression. In the 1900 campaign, Bryan faced off against President McKinley, with intense media coverage. In the 1908 campaign, he faced off against Republican candidate Taft, embracing new forms of media like radio and motion pictures. The media played a crucial role in shaping public opinion, with some outlets criticizing and others promoting Bryan's message .
56:
government. Literacy was widespread in
America, with over half of the white men able to read. The illiterates often could hear newspapers read aloud at local taverns. By the mid-1760s, there were 24 weekly newspapers in the 13 colonies (only New Jersey was lacking one), and the satirical attack on government became common practice in American newspapers. The French and Indian war (1757–63) was the featured topic of many newspaper stories, giving the colonials a broader view of American affairs.
389:
facilitated a false-registration drive for a Trump rally, amplified police brutality footage, and shared Black Lives Matter protests, showcasing its distinctive audiovisual vernacular, often disorienting and carefully edited. Researchers have analyzed political expression on TikTok since its inception, revealing a diverse, diffuse, and not nearly united community of millions of young people discovering the platform's capabilities and limits, despite its unique and strange nature.
35:
1616:
1628:
359:
66:, calling on the colonies to join together to defeat the French. By reprinting news originating in other papers, colonial printers created a private network for evaluating and disseminating news for the whole colonial world. Franklin took the lead, and eventually had two dozen newspapers in his network. The network played a major role in organizing opposition to the Stamp Act, and in organizing and embolding the Patriots in the 1770s.
414:
and can vary depending on the context. Scholars have also examined the loss of parliamentary control due to mediatization and internationalization. Overall, the relationship between mass media and
American politics is complex and multifaceted, with the media playing a significant role in shaping political agendas and influencing public opinion, but its influence is also contingent and can be influenced by other factors.
340:
independent-minded voters. They adopted television advertising techniques as their primary campaign device. At first the parties paid for long-winded half-hour or hour long speeches. By the 1960s, they discovered that the 30-second or one-minute commercial, repeated over and over again, was the most effective technique. It was expensive, however, so fund-raising became more and more important in winning campaigns.
311:. Roosevelt turned to radio, where he could reach more listeners more directly. During previous election campaigns, the parties sponsored nationwide broadcasts of major speeches. Roosevelt, however, gave intimate talks, person-to-person, as if he were in the same room sitting next to the fireplace. His rhetorical technique was extraordinarily effective. However, it proved very hard to duplicate. Young
79:(1776), which destroyed the king's prestige and jelled Patriot opinion overnight in favor of independence. Neutrality became impossible, and the few Loyalist newspapers were hounded and ceased publication when the war began. However, the British controlled important cities for varying periods of time, including New York City, 1776 to 1783. They sponsored a Loyalist press that vanished in 1783.
128:. The fourth Act made it a federal crime to publish "any false, scandalous, or malicious writing or writings against the Government of the United States, with intent to defame... Or to bring them... into contempt or disrepute." Two dozen men were charged with felonies for violating the Sedition Act, chiefly newspaper editors from the Jeffersonian Republican Party. The act expired in 1801.
398:
newsroom for mass media outlets shifted from policy to character, when addressing
American political news. This change only aggravated the opinion of the American public, on the way mass media handled political news. During this time political candidates would use paid political advertising, rich in content, in order to better inform about their policies to the public.
28:
381:
video ads to small, highly targeted subsets. Television, by contrast, shows the same commercials to all viewers, and so cannot be precisely tailored. Online presence is vital to the success of a presidential candidate's campaign. Social media presence lets candidates: have direct access to voters, advertise for free, and fundraise, among other benefits.
162:
per voter), and only 83 "independent" papers. The party line was behind every line of news copy, not to mention the authoritative editorials, which exposed the 'stupidity' of the enemy and the 'triumphs' of the party in every issue. Editors were senior party leaders, and often were rewarded with lucrative postmasterships. Top publishers, such as
94:
402:
to be the focus of mass media, as represented by major networks like CNN, Fox News and MSNBC. They, have maintained their audiences based on the success of providing entertaining programming, focusing on dramatic content. The entertaining and engaging political news , some mass media outlets introduced, procured the rise of
373:. Television survived with a much reduced audience, but remained the number one advertising medium for election campaigns. Newspapers were in desperate trouble; most afternoon papers closed, and most morning papers barely survived, as the Internet undermined both their advertising and their news reporting.
401:
While the introduction of the internet and digital media gave some hope of changing the way mass media portrayed political news, this did not happen. Immediacy, “the quality of bringing one into direct and instant involvement with something, giving rise to a sense of urgency or excitement,” continued
384:
It is also important to look at women in
American politics and how they are portrayed in the media, as they are largely under represented in the news. "For example, Rakow and Kranich (1991), in their study of three network news programs, found that women were used as on camera sources only 15% of the
376:
The new social media, such as
Facebook and Twitter, made use first of the personal computer and the Internet, and after 2010 of the smart phones to connect hundreds of millions of people, especially those under age 35. By 2008, politicians and interest groups were experimenting with systematic use of
224:
Magazines were not a new medium but they became much more popular around 1900, some with circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Thanks to the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents. One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in
194:
Nebraska congressman, William
Jennings Bryan, was nominated for the White House after his "Cross of Gold" speech. He championed free silver, populism, and wealth distribution. Despite facing opposition from supporters of the gold standard, industrial progress, and financial conservatism, Bryan aimed
413:
The media's agenda-setting power can shape the issues that receive attention from the public and policymakers. Media coverage can impact public opinion and policy preferences. Political parties can also influence the media agenda formation. The media's influence on politics is not always consistent
409:
As indicated by Newman and Smith, in their essay titled “Fanning the Flames, Religious Media
Consumption and American Politics,” in 2007, soft news can have considerable political influence. Britannica.com defines “soft news” as, “Soft news also called market-centered journalism, journalistic style
388:
In addition to media sources, TikTok has become more prevalent as of 2024. There are many politicians that have started using TikTok as a platform to get attention from younger voters. Even the
Democratic and Republican parties have their own accounts that they use to campaign. Additionally, TikTok
190:
and other big city politician-publishers discovered they could make far more profit through advertising, at so many dollars per thousand readers. By becoming non-partisan they expanded their base to include the opposition party and the fast-growing number of consumers who read the ads but were less
380:
As political strategists turn their attention to the 2016 presidential contest, they identify Facebook as an increasingly important advertising tool. Recent technical innovations have made possible more advanced divisions and subdivisions of the electorate. Most important, Facebook can now deliver
218:
161:
Nearly all weekly and daily papers were party organs until the early 20th century. Thanks to Hoe's invention of high-speed rotary presses for city papers, and free postage for rural sheets, newspapers proliferated. In 1850, the Census counted 1,630 party newspapers (with a circulation of about one
116:
of 1793–94 when the guillotine was used daily. Nationalism was a high priority, and the editors fostered an intellectual nationalism typified by the Federalist effort to stimulate a national literary culture through their clubs and publications in New York and Philadelphia, and through Federalist
213:
The American Newspaper industry during this era had been massively expanding. The number of English-language newspapers had nearly tripled during this time. Technology had a hand to do with this because of faster printing presses, and more efficient transportation. Newspapers such as the New York
101:
With the formation of the first two political parties in the 1790s, Both parties set up national networks of newspapers to provide a flow of partisan news and information for their supporters. The newspapers also printed pamphlets, flyers, and ballots that voters could simply drop in the ballot
55:
to trial for criminal libel after his paper published some satirical attacks. Zenger's lawyers argued that truth was a defense against libel and the jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press. The result was an emerging tension between the media and the
50:
The first newspapers appeared in major port cities such as Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charleston in order to provide merchants with the latest trade news. They typically copied any news that was received from other newspapers, or from the London press. The editors discovered they could
397:
As a few new technologies were becoming easily available, experts did not expect the internet to have a major impact in American politics, before the year 2000. During this time mass media outlets such as newspapers, radios, and networks were losing public in alarming numbers. The focus in the
157:
Newspapers continued their role as the main internal communication system for the Army-style campaigns of the era. The goal was not to convince independents, who are few in number, but to rally all the loyal party members to the polls by making them enthusiastic about the party's platform, and
73:. They provided essential news of what was happening locally and in other colonies, and they provided the arguments used by the patriots, to Voice their grievances such as "No taxation without representation!" The newspapers also printed and sold pamphlets, such as the phenomenally successful
142:
Both parties relied heavily on their national network of newspapers. Some editors were the key political players in their states, and most of them filled their papers with useful information on rallies and speeches and candidates, as well as the text of major speeches and campaign platforms.
339:
Television arrived in the American home in the 1950s, and immediately became the main campaign medium. Party loyalties had weakened and there was a rapid growth in the number of independents. As a result, candidates Paid less attention to rallying diehard supporters and instead appealed to
191:
and less interested in politics. There was less and less political news after 1900, apparently because citizens became more apathetic, and shared their partisan loyalties with the new professional sports teams that attracted larger and larger audiences.
410:
and genre that blurs the line between information and entertainment. …” Furthermore, as pointed out by Baum, in 2005 consumers of soft news are being exposed to relevant political suggestions as a collateral to turning their attention to soft news.
326:
ruled in the "Mayflower decision" in 1941 against the broadcasting of any editorial opinion, although political parties could still purchase airtime for their own speeches and programs. This policy was replaced in 1949 by the
51:
criticize the local governor and gain a bigger audience; the governor discovered he could shut down the newspapers. The most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734, where the governor brought
369:
Major technological innovations transformed the mass media. Radio, already overwhelmed by television, transformed itself into a niche service. It developed an important political dimension based on
443:
353:
1506:
1658:
285:. He is best known for exposing the corrupt meatpacking industry and the horrific working conditions of men working in these factories and the contamination in the meat.
854:
Juliet E. Carlisle, and Robert C. Patton, "Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election,"
825:
281:
attacked John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. Most of the muckrakers wrote nonfiction, but fictional exposes often had a major impact as well, such as those by
423:
315:, beginning a career in as a radio broadcaster and Hollywood star, was one of the few to match the right tone, nuance, and intimacy that Roosevelt had introduced.
1546:(Lexington Books; 2010) 275 pages. Traces the history of the medium since its beginnings in the 1950s and examines its varied impact on elections through 2008.
883:
Shane Goldmacher, "Facebook the Vote: The social network at the center of American digital life could become the epicenter of the presidential race,"
259:. These Journalists were nicknamed muckrakers by Theodore Roosevelt because he complained they were being disruptive by raking up the muck.
1496:
322:
was not an issue for newspapers. However, radio presented the new issue, for the government control the airwaves and licensed them. The
303:
Most of the major newspapers in the larger cities were owned by conservative publishers and they turned hostile to liberal President
1130:
796:
707:
323:
97:
Federalist poster about 1800. Washington (in heaven) tells partisans to keep the pillars of Federalism, Republicanism and Democracy
773:
1648:
924:
870:
Eli Skogerbø & Arne H. Krumsvik, "Newspapers, Facebook and Twitter: Intermedial agenda setting in local election campaigns,"
829:
238:
530:
233:(1890s–1920s) who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own
755:
Judson A. Grenier, "Muckraking the muckrakers: Upton Sinclair and his peers." in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds.,
680:
428:
137:
106:
833:
1592:
1653:
899:
385:
time". This highlights how women are extremely under represented not only in American Politics but also within the media.
69:
Colonial newspaper networks played a major role in fomenting the American Revolution, starting with their attack on the
1561:
19:
covers the role of newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and social media from the colonial era to the present.
1606:
467:
Alison Olson, "The Zenger Case Revisited: Satire, Sedition and Political Debate in Eighteenth Century America."
234:
1501:
Strauss, Dafnah. "Ideological closure in newspaper political language during the US 1872 election campaign."
1451:
1374:(University of Massachusetts Press; 2012) 544 pages; identifies five distinct periods since the colonial era.
308:
183:
125:
75:
958:
1034:
947:
Carroll, S.J. (2003), Women and American Politics: New Questions, New directions. Oxford University Press
1620:
349:
105:
By 1796, both parties had a national network of newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently. The
884:
438:
319:
304:
1289:"The Political Conditionality of Mass Media Influence: When Do Parties Follow Mass Media Attention?"
217:
546:
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social media to spread their message among much larger audiences than they had previously reached.
204:
34:
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1222:
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1101:
1062:
1011:
717:
298:
294:
262:
152:
88:
557:
Richard L. Merritt, "Public Opinion in Colonial America: Content Analyzing the Colonial Press."
472:
124:
At the height of political passion came in 1798 as the Federalists in Congress passed the four
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60:, already famous as a printer in Philadelphia published one of the first editorial cartoons,
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995:
274:
729:
358:
230:
187:
171:
573:
Winthrop D. Jordan, "Familial Politics: Thomas Paine and the Killing of the King, 1776."
1156:"Fatal Amusements: Contemplating the Tempest of Contemporary Media and American Culture"
1082:"Fatal Amusements: Contemplating the Tempest of Contemporary Media and American Culture"
251:
while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and
282:
270:
175:
163:
70:
1642:
1050:
628:
Walter Berns, "Freedom of the Press and the Alien and Sedition Laws: A Reappraisal,"
525:
David Copeland, "'Join, or die': America's press during the French and Indian War."
312:
252:
167:
1516:
1479:
1455:
1273:
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1066:
112:
The most heated rhetoric came in debates over the French Revolution, especially the
1035:"The Mass Media and the Public's Assessments of Presidential Candidates, 1952–2000"
1030:
266:
179:
118:
62:
39:
1599:
Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952-2012
813:
Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952-2012
243:
278:
256:
1582:
Crashing the tea party: Mass media and the campaign to remake American politics
999:
1407:
Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers.
1304:
1241:
1194:
770:
Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920-1940
746:(Heath, 1968), contains representative samples as well as academic commentary.
448:
433:
370:
138:
History of American newspapers § The press in the Party System: 1820–1890
1312:
1265:
1257:
1218:
1210:
1171:
1097:
1058:
1007:
788:
The Red Scare, Politics, and the Federal Communications Commission, 1941-1960
1400:
American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States, 1690–1960
1140:
403:
208:
237:
reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and
1386:
American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present.
1448:
Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History
1429:. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. (1978).
1320:
1288:
1179:
1155:
1105:
1081:
859:
514:
509:
Ralph Frasca, "Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network and the Stamp Act,"
27:
1537:
Liking Ike: Eisenhower, Advertising, and the Rise of Celebrity Politics
1015:
983:
633:
578:
562:
113:
617:
Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forms of Citizenship
331:" which allowed editorials, if opposing views were given equal time.
1530:
The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility
1120:
925:"Social Media in Politics - Twitter and Facebook as Campaigns Tools"
604:
Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy
541:
Arthur M. Schlesinger, "The colonial newspapers and the Stamp Act."
1558:
Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American Politics
1493:"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early Republic
1486:
Politics and the American press: the rise of objectivity, 1865-1920
646:
Politics and the American press: the rise of objectivity, 1865-1920
93:
988:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
673:
The Progressive Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1890 to 1914
357:
273:
specialized in exposing corruption at the state and local levels.
216:
92:
1402:(3rd ed. 1962). major reference source and interpretive history.
1379:
The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media
1344:
History of the Mass Media in the United States, An Encyclopedia.
1365:
Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present
1372:
Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation's Journalism
444:
Social media and political communication in the United States
354:
Social media and political communication in the United States
225:
politics, local government and big business, especially by
1363:
Cull, Nicholas John, David Culbert and David Welch, eds.
109:
of the 1790s traded vicious barbs against their enemies.
1432:
Sloan, W. David, James G. Stovall, and James D. Startt.
900:"How social media is changing political campaigns | GRI"
959:"TikTok Is Shaping Politics. But How? (Published 2020)"
984:"Changing Role of the Mass Media in American Politics"
1604:
121:'s efforts to simplify and Americanize the language.
1544:
Us Against Them: The Political Culture of Talk Radio
1505:15.2 (2014): 255-291. DOI: 10.1075/jhp.15.2.06str
1287:
Green-Pedersen, Christoffer; Stubager, Rune (2010).
1532:(2014); focus on talk radio and partisan cable news
1377:Emery, Michael, Edwin Emery, and Nancy L. Roberts.
1351:
Picturing the Past: Media, History and Photography.
485:
Colonial American Newspapers: Character and Content
182:were nominated on the national ticket. After 1900,
1513:The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878
659:The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878
1358:Guide to Sources in American Journalism History.
675:. West-port,CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 7–11.
1551:Media Matters: Race & Gender in US Politics
1393:Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism.
1240:Newman, Brian; Caleb Smith, Mark (2007-09-28).
1193:Newman, Brian; Caleb Smith, Mark (2007-09-28).
424:American election campaigns in the 19th century
364:Newspaper Association of America published data
307:by 1934 or so, including major chains run by
8:
1589:Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age
1580:Street, Paul, and Anthony R. Dimaggio, eds.
1560:(Oxford Studies in Digital Politics) (2013)
874:(2015) 9#3 DOI:10.1080/17512786.2014.950471
757:Reform and Reformers in the Progressive Era
1476:The Press of the Young Republic, 1783–1833
247:–took on corporate monopolies and crooked
1659:Political mass media in the United States
1441:Historical Methods in Mass Communication.
1419:Pride, Armistead S. and Clint C. Wilson.
591:American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960
496:William David Sloan, and Julie Williams,
33:
26:
1611:
1414:The encyclopedia of American journalism
460:
1528:Berry, Jeffrey M. and Sarah Sobieraj.
1349:Brennen, Bonnie and Hanno Hardt, eds.
1122:The Oxford American College Dictionary
725:
715:
696:Peter C. Holloran et al. eds. (2009).
1556:Gainous, Jason, and Kevin M. Wagner.
1549:Fiske, John, and Black Hawk Hancock.
1439:Startt, James D. and W. David Sloan.
277:went after corruption in big cities.
7:
1293:British Journal of Political Science
107:Federalist and Republican newspapers
1575:How Partisan Media Polarize America
1462:Encyclopedia of American journalism
1384:Kotler, Johathan and Miles Beller.
744:The muckrakers and American society
498:The Early American Press, 1690-1783
1119:Press., Oxford University (2002).
362:US Newspaper Advertising Revenue
14:
1381:9th ed. (1999), standard textbook
1033:; Cohen, Martin (November 2007).
699:The A to Z of the Progressive Era
324:Federal Communications Commission
1626:
1614:
1568:Mass media and American politics
1503:Journal of Historical Pragmatics
1434:The Media in America: A History,
1367:(2003) 479pp; Worldwide coverage
1051:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00615.x
830:Newspaper Association of America
702:. Scarecrow Press. p. 266.
132:Second Party System: 1830s–1850s
17:Mass media and American politics
1539:(Oxford UP, 2016). xvi, 281 pp.
832:. 14 March 2012. Archived from
241:. Muckraking magazines–notably
147:Third Party System: 1850s–1890s
23:Colonial and Revolutionary eras
1570:(2009); widely cited textbook
429:History of American newspapers
158:apprehensive about the enemy.
1:
1421:A History of the Black Press.
229:They were journalists in the
1342:Blanchard, Margaret A., ed.
957:Herrman, John (2020-06-28).
856:Political Research Quarterly
615:Catherine O'Donnell Kaplan,
1356:Caswell, Lucy Shelton, ed.
929:About.com News & Issues
575:Journal of American History
1675:
1587:Stromer-Galley, Jennifer.
1246:American Politics Research
1199:American Politics Research
1000:10.1177/000271627642700110
347:
335:Television era: 1950–1980s
292:
202:
150:
135:
86:
1305:10.1017/S0007123410000037
886:National Journal Magazine
791:. Greenwood. p. 34.
785:Susan L. Brinson (2004).
561:(1963) 27#3 pp: 356-371.
471:(2000) 35#3 pp: 223-245.
469:Early American Literature
344:New media era: since 1990
1511:Summers, Mark Wahlgren.
1460:Vaughn, Stephen L., ed.
1391:McKerns, Joseph P., ed.
1258:10.1177/1532673x07302335
1211:10.1177/1532673x07302335
858:(2013) 66#4 pp 883-895.
671:Burt, Elizabeth (2004).
559:Public Opinion Quarterly
513:(2004) 71#3 pp. 403-419
235:investigative journalism
1649:Political communication
1039:The Journal of Politics
742:Herbert Shapiro, ed.,
529:(1998) 24#3 pp: 112-23
309:William Randolph Hearst
184:William Randolph Hearst
126:Alien and Sedition Acts
83:New nation, 1780s–1820s
1446:Streitmatter, Rodger.
1160:Educational Technology
1154:Strate, Lance (2016).
1125:. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1086:Educational Technology
1080:Strate, Lance (2016).
826:"Trends & Numbers"
545:(1935) 8#1 pp: 63-83.
366:
221:
98:
47:
31:
1573:Levendusky, Matthew.
1484:Kaplan, Richard Lee.
1474:Humphrey, Carol Sue.
1370:Daly, Christopher B.
982:Emery, Edwin (1976).
543:New England Quarterly
361:
350:Decline of newspapers
220:
96:
37:
30:
1654:Works about politics
1535:Blake, David Haven.
1398:Mott, Frank Luther.
1242:"Fanning the Flames"
1195:"Fanning the Flames"
904:Global Risk Insights
836:on 18 September 2012
644:Richard Lee Kaplan,
630:Supreme Court Review
511:Pennsylvania History
439:Political journalism
320:Freedom of the press
305:Franklin D Roosevelt
239:political corruption
1584:( Routledge, 2015).
1491:Pasley. Jeffrey L.
1456:1997 edition online
872:Journalism Practice
632:(1970) pp. 109-159
483:David A. Copeland,
205:Fourth Party System
1553:(Routledge, 2016).
1405:Nord, David Paul.
963:The New York Times
768:Douglas B. Craig,
728:has generic name (
527:Journalism History
393:Contemporary media
367:
299:New Deal Coalition
295:Fifth Party System
263:Ray Stannard Baker
249:political machines
222:
153:Third Party System
99:
89:First Party System
48:
32:
1566:Graber, Doris A.
1464:(Routledge, 2007)
1427:Schudson, Michael
759:(1983) pp: 71-92.
657:Mark W. Summers,
577:(1973): 294-308.
329:Fairness Doctrine
71:Stamp Act of 1765
58:Benjamin Franklin
53:John Peter Zenger
45:Benjamin Franklin
1666:
1631:
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1542:Bobbitt, Randy.
1412:Paneth, Donald.
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1045:(4): 1160–1175.
1029:Gilens, Martin;
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906:. 2016-03-11
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838:. Retrieved
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63:Join, or Die
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40:Join, or Die
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279:Ida Tarbell
257:child labor
227:Muckrakers.
1643:Categories
1633:Journalism
968:2024-03-13
934:2016-11-08
910:2016-11-08
682:0313320977
455:References
449:Talk radio
434:Mass media
371:talk radio
1313:0007-1234
1266:1532-673X
1219:1532-673X
1172:0013-1962
1098:0013-1962
1059:0022-3816
1008:0002-7162
994:: 84–94.
718:cite book
404:soft news
244:McClure's
209:Muckraker
180:James Cox
1321:40930604
1274:73675063
1227:73675063
1180:44430455
1141:48965005
1106:44430455
1067:17666694
860:in JSTOR
634:in JSTOR
593:pp 79-94
579:in JSTOR
563:in JSTOR
515:in JSTOR
418:See also
1607:Portals
1601:(2013).
1593:excerpt
1591:(2014)
1562:excerpt
1515:(1994)
1495:(2001)
1478:(1993)
1452:excerpt
1337:Surveys
1016:1040739
815:(2013).
774:excerpt
772:(2005)
1577:(2013)
1523:Recent
1517:online
1507:online
1488:(2002)
1480:online
1443:(1989)
1423:(1997)
1416:(1983)
1409:(2001)
1395:(1989)
1388:(2003)
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661:(1994)
606:(2009)
589:Mott,
547:online
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500:(1994)
487:(1997)
473:online
269:, and
1317:JSTOR
1270:S2CID
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1012:JSTOR
619:2008)
255:like
102:box.
1309:ISSN
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1168:ISSN
1137:OCLC
1127:ISBN
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1004:ISSN
842:2012
793:ISBN
730:help
704:ISBN
677:ISBN
352:and
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