197:, is favoured by government officials and circulated in government offices and overseas embassies, whereas private publications are widely read by expatriates and English speaking Mongolians and Western businesses. Papers and journals are also produced by political parties, the army, trade unions and by artistic, cultural, scientific and literary organisations. Given the high level of literacy rates in the country (97.8% according to 2000 census), newspaper and journal circulation is often small, though it is increasing. The population's preference to newspapers is among the highest in the world, with 68% preferring newspapers to other forms of media. As with state run television and radio, state owned papers have become privatised. Two state-owned leading dailies,
169:, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government. Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools. Though reforms are continuing, the legal system offers little protection for journalists who criticise government officials. The Globe International organisation conducted a study between 2001 and 2005 which found that 60% of legal cases were lost by the media, with 10% winning and 32% settling the case. The Press Institute of Mongolia conducts and publishes the "Monitoring Mongolian Media" survey, outlining the current status of the media.
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244:. Independent television has had a smaller impact compared to the former state run channel due to financial limitations, though private radio has had more success in the countryside which was once dominated by state radio. Satellite television is also growing in popularity, with 15 cable operators and up to 90 cable channels, including
109:) founded by the Ministries of Defense and Public Security following respectively in 1930. Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed. For 70 years, the sole source of information for the population was the state-run
219:
Under a law passed in 2005, prominent
Mongolian state-run radio and television became a public service broadcaster. Radio remains the most important medium, particularly for dispersed herdsman in the countryside. There are a large number of radio stations, both national and foreign, mainly based in
140:
on August 28, 1998 and enacted on
January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms. The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets. The press, in all forms, carries criticism of the government and "heavy-handed" police tactics during demonstrations, though
302:, established in 1995 in Mongolia, is not restricted by the government, but has yet to make a significant impact, with only 16% of the population having access to it as of 2012. In 2012 there were around 521,520 users and 20,084 Internet hosts. There has been steady online growth in
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and reporting on "state secrets". Despite laws against censorship, a small number of outlets were censored that reported on corruption of government officials, which have often led the opposition to accuse the governing
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162:. Globe International, an independent media watchdog, was set up in 1999 in the capital which aims to protect media freedom and expression.
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Despite a population of just three million people, there are 555 media outlets in
Mongolia and nearly 5,000 journalists nationwide.
306:, magazines and advertising. For example, the first ever Mongolia Weekly newsletter brings exclusive analysis and news in English.
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Mongolian media comment on police's "heavy-handed" handling of protesters. Asia Africa
Intelligence Wire, 18 November 2002.
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of using the media to ensure its success in elections. The government encourages press freedom; head of government
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spoke of “journalists who fight social injustice and work hard to develop a free press”. To avoid
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Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government having passed a new
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in 1990, the media has undergone large reforms which have allowed greater diversity and
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of media outlets is forbidden under the 1998 Media
Freedom Law. In its 2013 report,
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755:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
101:), founded by the Central Committee of the Revolutionary Youth League in 1924; and
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classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.
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In Their Own Words: Selected
Writings by Journalists on Mongolia, 1997-1999
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survey, 80% of
Mongolians cited TV as their main source of information.
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The World Trade
Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis.
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A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international
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Quoting God: How Media Shape Ideas About
Religion And Culture.
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205:, were sold to the public in 1999 as part of the 1998 law.
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Press
Freedom in Mongolia Gaining, But Needs Strengthening
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840:
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753:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"
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Press Institute of Mongolia, Mongolian Media Today, 2013
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Macrory, P. F. J., Appleton P. A. & Plummer, M. G.
128:, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
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Mongolia in Transition: Old Patterns, New Challenges.
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Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the
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and other foreign stations. Radio broadcasts are in
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offenses, the independent media undergo a degree of
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34:refers to the print, broadcast and online media in
46:which make it one of the most free in the region.
722:TV drama promotes financial education in Mongolia
141:journalists remain at risk of laws criminalising
766:"Mongolia Weekly | News and analysis in English"
117:had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the
843:(Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party daily)
79:under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the
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809:, UNDP Mongolia Communications Office, 1999.
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22:Mongolian media interviewing the opposition
743:, Freedom House. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
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87:) newspaper similar to the Soviet
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878:(private, formerly state owned
703:Baylor University Press, 2005.
115:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1413:British Indian Ocean Territory
933:(public, formerly state owned)
215:Mongolian National Broadcaster
179:List of newspapers in Mongolia
111:Mongolian National Broadcaster
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2262:Mass media in Asia by country
931:Mongolia National Broadcaster
506:Mongolia - Annual report 2007
415:Banerjee, I. & Logan, S.
280:countries. According to 2014
191:, published by the state-run
1024:(by Mobicom Corporation LLC)
528:Globe International Homepage
441:Bruun, O. & Odgaard, O.
38:. Since the collapse of the
1686:Historical cities and towns
1623:Mongolian People's Republic
792:Press Institute of Mongolia
726:Asian Development Bank Blog
606:Press Institute of Mongolia
254:National Geographic Channel
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1029:News Websites in Mongolian
720:Enkhbold, Enerelt (2016).
622:Marshall Cavendish, 1999.
357:February 15, 2013, at the
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474:Country Profile: Mongolia
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256:and news programmes from
52:Reporters Without Borders
1863:Administrative divisions
1553:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1162:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1056:News Websites in English
641:Escaping the Ice-Prison.
352:2013 Press Freedom Index
183:The oldest newspaper is
1423:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
835:Newspapers in Mongolian
800:(Ulaanbaatar based NGO)
794:(Ulaanbaatar based NGO)
684:Mongolian media on sale
666:Mongolia Communications
2252:Mass media in Mongolia
2117:Goyol Fashion Festival
1907:Chief of General Staff
1006:(by KhulanContent LLC)
587:June 23, 2011, at the
582:Mongolia Press Freedom
282:Asian Development Bank
32:mass media in Mongolia
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2257:Mass media by country
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177:Further information:
24:Mongolian Green Party
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1856:Constitutional Court
1698:Environmental issues
1528:Prehistoric Mongolia
1337:United Arab Emirates
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294:Internet in Mongolia
209:Television and radio
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44:freedom of the press
1822:State Great Khural
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1364:limited recognition
798:Globe International
690:, January 28, 1999.
40:Soviet style system
2061:List of Mongolians
1968:Telecommunications
1608:Chinese occupation
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998:Univision Anywhere
671:CIA World Factbook
564:2009-02-05 at the
511:2008-12-05 at the
152:Miyegombo Enkhbold
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709:978-1-932792-06-5
649:978-1-4116-4806-7
628:978-0-7614-0954-0
547:978-0-387-22685-9
451:978-0-7007-0441-5
445:Routledge, 1996.
425:978-981-4136-10-5
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2160:Tsagaan Sar
2094:Architecture
2051:Prostitution
2004:Demographics
1885:Human rights
1824:(parliament)
1817:Constitution
1628:World War II
1603:Bogd Khanate
1573:Yuan dynasty
1558:Liao dynasty
1402:Dependencies
1332:Turkmenistan
1297:Saudi Arabia
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1940:Agriculture
1840:Government
1725:Gobi Desert
1681:Ulaanbaatar
1461:Asia portal
1362:States with
1282:Philippines
1222:South Korea
1217:North Korea
1112:Afghanistan
1097:Asian media
1010:SkyMedia Go
889:Zuuny Medee
822:News agency
570:America.gov
274:South Korea
222:Ulaanbaatar
199:Ardiin Erkh
123:multi-party
2246:Categories
2232:2020-07-05
2149:(festival)
2127:Literature
1962:(currency)
1847:Judiciary
1583:Four Oirat
1342:Uzbekistan
1317:Tajikistan
1232:Kyrgyzstan
1212:Kazakhstan
1132:Bangladesh
1122:Azerbaijan
975:Info radio
954:Channel 25
876:Daily News
775:2022-09-25
737:"Mongolia"
639:Bacon, P.
322:References
173:Newspapers
143:defamation
71:1920–1990s
48:Censorship
2099:Biyelgee
2036:Education
1950:Companies
1868:Elections
1842:(cabinet)
1830:President
1752:Mountains
1730:Grassland
1659:Geography
1593:Qing rule
1428:Hong Kong
1382:Palestine
1307:Sri Lanka
1302:Singapore
1182:Indonesia
1050:SportNews
987:(private)
961:(private)
950:(private)
944:(private)
880:Ardyn Erh
871:One World
620:Mongolia.
618:Pang, G.
276:and many
234:Mongolian
126:democracy
61:The press
2203:Category
2155:Religion
2046:Language
1902:Military
1805:Politics
1740:Khövsgöl
1523:Timeline
1507:articles
1503:Mongolia
1451:Category
1372:Abkhazia
1322:Thailand
1277:Pakistan
1257:Mongolia
1252:Maldives
1247:Malaysia
1147:Cambodia
1022:MobiPlay
1004:OnAir.mn
970:Eagle TV
918:Montsame
828:Montsame
585:Archived
562:Archived
509:Archived
355:Archived
310:See also
300:Internet
288:Internet
278:European
194:Montsame
107:Red Star
103:Ulaan Od
36:Mongolia
2187:Outline
2147:Naadam
2112:Cuisine
2101:(dance)
2086:Culture
2019:Buryats
2014:Khalkha
2009:Mongols
1992:Society
1973:Tourism
1960:Tögrög
1945:Banking
1928:Economy
1784:Selenga
1767:Khentii
1762:Khangai
1713:Mammals
1693:Climate
1671:Borders
1543:Xianbei
1538:Xiongnu
1515:History
1347:Vietnam
1262:Myanmar
1242:Lebanon
1172:Georgia
1127:Bahrain
1117:Armenia
1035:News.mn
909:UB Post
858:Unuudur
242:English
238:Russian
66:History
2107:Cinema
2041:Health
2024:Oirats
1789:Orkhon
1779:Rivers
1676:Cities
1505:
1392:Taiwan
1327:Turkey
1292:Russia
1227:Kuwait
1207:Jordan
1197:Israel
1157:Cyprus
1142:Brunei
1137:Bhutan
1016:LookTV
992:OTT TV
813:
707:
647:
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545:
449:
423:
262:Russia
113:. The
90:Pravda
2194:Index
2168:Sport
2142:Music
2132:Media
2071:Women
1757:Altai
1735:Lakes
1720:Flora
1708:Birds
1703:Fauna
1433:Macau
1352:Yemen
1312:Syria
1287:Qatar
1267:Nepal
1202:Japan
1177:India
1167:Egypt
1152:China
1045:Sonin
1040:Olloo
339:UNHCR
270:Japan
266:India
258:China
156:libel
85:Truth
1890:LGBT
1272:Oman
1237:Laos
1192:Iraq
1187:Iran
811:ISBN
705:ISBN
645:ISBN
624:ISBN
543:ISBN
447:ISBN
421:ISBN
298:The
240:and
201:and
185:Unen
138:NGOs
93:and
81:Unen
30:The
1745:Uvs
1404:and
959:TV9
948:TV5
688:BBC
479:BBC
250:BBC
246:CNN
2248::
2225:.
965:TM
942:C1
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882:)
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