Non-governmental organization

1328:, James Pfeiffer addresses their negative effects on the country's health. According to Pfeiffer, NGOs in Mozambique have "fragmented the local health system, undermined local control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality". They can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects which divert health-service workers from their normal duties to instead serve the NGOs. This undermines local primary-healthcare efforts, and removes the government's ability to maintain agency over its health sector. Pfeiffer suggested a collaborative model of the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health Directorate); the NGO should be "formally held to standard and adherence within the host country", reduce "showcase" projects and unsustainable parallel programs. 1389: 1441:. The equality of relationships between northern and southern parts of an NGO, and between southern and northern NGOs working in partnership, has been questioned; the north may lead in advocacy and resource mobilization, and the south delivers services in the developing world. The needs of the developing world may not be addressed appropriately, as northern NGOs do not consult (or participate in) partnerships or assign unrepresentative priorities. NGOs have been accused of damaging the public sector in target countries, such as mismanagement resulting in the breakdown of public healthcare systems. 876:

Refuge received 180 million dollars of its 207 million dollar budget from federal funding. In recent years, government contracts to non-profits have exploded both in number and size. The Budget for the Office of Refugee Resettlement has increased from 1.8 billion in 2018 to 6.3 billion in 2022. Critics point to the million-dollar salaries of CEOS and the use of funds for "music therapy" and "pet therapy" as a worrying sign that the money might not be appropriated to help the migrant crisis, but rather as a political move to keep wealthy backers loyal.

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with the larger valuation need not be optimal when the public good is partially excludable, when both NGO and government may be indispensable, or when the NGO and the government have different bargaining powers. Moreover, the investment technology can matter for the optimal ownership structure when there are bargaining frictions, when the parties interact repeatedly or when the parties are asymmetrically informed.

907:'s Center for Social Innovation have shown that rating agencies create incentives for NGOs to lower (and hide) overhead costs, which may reduce organizational effectiveness by starving organizations of infrastructure to deliver services. An alternative rating system would provide, in addition to financial data, a qualitative evaluation of an organization's transparency and governance: 1019:. The rise and fall of international NGOs matches contemporary events, waxing in periods of growth and waning in times of crisis. The United Nations gave non-governmental organizations observer status at its assemblies and some meetings. According to the UN, an NGO is a private, not-for-profit organization which is independent of government control and is not merely an opposition 733:

welfare. Operational NGOs may be subdivided into relief or development organizations, service-delivery or participatory, religious or secular, and public or private. Although operational NGOs may be community-based, many are national or international. The defining activity of an operational NGO is the implementation of projects.

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They have been questioned as "too much of a good thing". Eric Werker and Faisal Ahmed made three critiques of NGOs in developing nations. Too many NGOs in a nation (particularly one ruled by a warlord) reduces an NGO's influence, since it can easily be replaced by another NGO. Resource allocation and

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citizens from ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. After that report, the Canadian government launched its Responsibility to Protect (R2P) project outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. The R2P project has wide applications, and among its more controversial has been the

875:

In America, government funding of NGOs relating to immigration is common, and is one of the stated methods the Office of Refugee Resettlement uses to help integrate immigrants to America. Government funding sometimes accounts for the vast majority of overall funding for these NGOs, for example Global

663:

NGOs also play a critical role in driving change by advocating for policies and practices that benefit disadvantaged communities. They often work in partnership with other organizations, including government agencies, to address complex challenges that require a collaborative approach. One of the key

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Specifically, even when the government is the key investor, ownership by an NGO is optimal if and only if the NGO has a larger valuation of the project than the government. However, the general validity of this argument has been questioned by follow-up research. In particular, ownership by the party

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in 2007, saying that NGOs "are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control". According to Michael Bond, "Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and ActionAid, are striving to make their aid provision more sustainable. But some, mostly in the US,

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and former policymakers or analysts. It aims to help policymakers and policy analysts reach a common solution through unofficial discussions. Unlike official diplomacy, conducted by government officials, diplomats, and elected leaders, Track II diplomacy involves experts, scientists, professors and

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is the amount of money spent on running an NGO, rather than on projects. It includes office expenses, salaries, and banking and bookkeeping costs. An NGO's percentage of its overall budget spent on overhead is often used to judge it; less than four percent is considered good. According to the World

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Service-delivery NGOs provide public goods and services which governments of developing countries are unable to provide due to a lack of resources. They may be contractors or collaborate with government agencies to reduce the cost of public goods. Capacity-building NGOs affect "culture, structure,

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Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in improving the lives of people who have been affected by natural disasters or are facing other challenges. NGOs can act as implementers, catalysts, and partners to provide essential goods and services to those in need. They work to mobilize

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The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate have grown rapidly since 1980, and particularly since 1990. NGOs need to balance centralization and decentralization. Centralizing NGOs, particularly at the international level, can assign a common theme or set of goals. It may also be

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article, "To put the point starkly: are the citizens of countries of the South and their needs represented in global civil society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation? And when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose

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or campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through the influence of the political system". They require an active, efficient group of professional members who can keep supporters informed and motivated. Campaigning NGOs must plan and host demonstrations and events

1225:

Advocacy and public-education NGOs aim to modify behavior and ideas through communication, crafting messages to promote social, political, or environmental changes (and as news organisations have cut foreign bureaux, many NGOs have begun to expand into news reporting). Movement NGOs mobilize the

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structure; their headquarters are staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, and report to and communicate with operational fieldworkers on projects. They are most often associated with the delivery of services or environmental issues, emergency relief, and public

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An NGO's funding affects its legitimacy, and they have become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors. Competition for funds has increased, in addition to the expectations of donors who may add conditions threatening an NGO's independence. Dependence on official aid may dilute "the

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theory. According to this theory, not every detail of a relationship between decision makers can be contractually specified. Hence, in the future, the parties will bargain with each other to adapt their relationship to changing circumstances. Ownership matters because it determines the parties'

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NGOs often work in complex environments, where multiple stakeholders have different interests and goals. Diplomacy allows NGOs to navigate these complex environments and engage in constructive dialogue with different actors to promote understanding, build consensus, and facilitate cooperation.

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has criticised NGOs in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The role and future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be". Shivji writes that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the

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Effective NGO diplomacy involves building trust, fostering dialogue, and promoting transparency and accountability. NGOs may engage in diplomacy through various means such as including advocacy, lobbying, partnerships, and negotiations. By working collaboratively with other organizations and

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Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precise that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that

197:

Russia had about 277,000 NGOs in 2008. India is estimated to have had about 2 million NGOs in 2009 (approximately one per 600 Indians), many more than the number of the country's primary schools and health centers. The United States, by comparison, has approximately 1.5 million NGOs.

1233:, more NGOs in developed countries have pursued international outreach. By being involved in local and national social resistance, they have influenced domestic policy change in the developing world. Specialized NGOs have forged partnerships, built networks, and found policy niches. 956:

established an International Health Division of Force Health Protection & Readiness. Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with NGOs about areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05, in 2005, required the US Defense Department to regard

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advantageous to decentralize an NGO, increasing its chances of responding flexibly and effectively to local issues by implementing projects which are modest in scale, easily monitored, produce immediate benefits, and where all involved know that corruption would be punished.

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NGOs are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding and are run by volunteers. NGOs may have charitable status, or may be tax-exempt in recognition of their social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. Since the end of

4686:, "Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007. 1288:

In the context of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), diplomacy refers to the practice of building and maintaining partnerships with other organizations, stakeholders, and governments to achieve common objectives related to social or environmental issues.

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strengths of NGOs is their ability to work at the grassroots level and to connect with communities directly. This allows them to gain a deep understanding of the issues facing people and to tailor their services to meet the specific needs of each community.

296:

Empowerment — aim to help poor people to understand the social, political, and economic factors affecting their lives, and to increase awareness of their power to control their lives. With maximum involvement by the beneficiaries, the NGOs are

1412:, there had been "a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool ... but political and commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way." Former policy-maker for the German branch of 1420:

outsourcing to local organizations in international-development projects incurs expenses for an NGO, lessening the resources and money available to the intended beneficiaries. NGO missions tend to be paternalistic, as well as expensive.

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wrote: "For all their strengths, NGOs are special interests. The best of them ... often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it affects their particular interest". NGOs are unencumbered by policy trade-offs.

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On average, employees in NGOs earn 11-12% less compared to employees of for-profit organizations and government workers with the same number of qualifications . However, in many cases NGOs employees receive more fringe benefits.

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Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) NGO Performance and Accountability: Introduction and Overview. "In Edwards, M. and Hulme, D., ed. 2002." The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter

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in order to meet their goals, and use sophisticated public-relations campaigns to raise funds and deal with governments. Interest groups may be politically important, influencing social and political outcomes. A

1860: 1093:, attended by about 2,400 representatives, was the first to demonstrate the power of international NGOs in environmental issues and sustainable development. Transnational NGO networking has become extensive. 1385:) have refused to work with NGOs, concerned that doing so would compromise their autonomy. NGOs have been accused of weakening people by allowing their funders to prioritize stability over social justice. 214:, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. Their goals cover a wide range of issues. They may fund local NGOs, institutions and projects, and implement projects. 2629: 1353:, championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and production." NGOs have been accused of preserving imperialism (sometimes operating in a 1177:

has shown that the party with the more important investment task should be owner. Yet, Besley and Ghatak have argued that in the context of public projects the investment technology does not matter.

137:

in 1945. While there is no fixed or formal definition for what NGOs are, they are generally defined as nonprofit entities that are independent of governmental influence—although they may receive

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NGOs may also conduct both activities: operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they face issues in the field, which could be remedied by policy change, and campaigning NGOs (such as

1202:

Today we celebrate the World NGO Day, we celebrate the key civil society's contribution to public space and their unique ability to give voice to those who would have went otherwise unheard.

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typically allows 37 percent. A high percentage of overhead relative to total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds. High overhead costs may also generate public criticism.

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and USAID have difficulty operating. International Health cultivates collaborative, arm's-length relationships with NGOs, recognizing their independence, expertise, and honest-broker status.

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provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations. Management techniques are crucial to project success.

4539: 4303: 889: 2426: 4712: 4127: 1957: 766: 748:

Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues related to human rights, women's rights, and children's rights, and their primary purpose is to defend (or promote) a specific cause.

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Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient – Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books.

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They have been accused of being designed by, and used as extensions of, the foreign-policy instruments of some Western countries and groups of countries. Russian president

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seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects", mobilizing financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create local programs. They hold large-scale

950: 680: 71: 2535: 4254: 3937: 3208:

Boli, J. and Thomas, G. M. (1997) World Culture in the World Polity: A century of International Non-Governmental Organization. American Sociological Review. pp. 177

1011:(ECOSOC) on February 27, 1950, as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The role of NGOs and other "major groups" in 54:), which aims to increase cooperation between European politicians, journalists and representatives of the civic sector and academia with their counterparts in 4560:

Anheier, H. and Themudo, N. (2002) Organisational forms of global civil society: Implications of going global. In: Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Kaldor, M, ed 2002.

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Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (1996) Too Close for comfort? The impact of official aid on Non-Governmental Organisations. "World Development." 24(6), pp. 961–973.

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Weber, N.; Christopherson, T. (2002). "The influence of non-governmental organizations on the creation of Natura 2000 during the European policy process".

4374: 977: 684: 550: 380: 310: 4231: 2847: 5045: 4551:

Avina, J. (1993) The Evolutionary Life Cycles if Non-Governmental Development Organisations. "Public Administration and Development." 13(5), pp. 453–474.

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Mati, Jacob Mwathi; Wu, Fengshi; Edwards, Bob; El Taraboulsi, Sherine N.; Smith, David H. (2016). "Social Movements and Activist-Protest Volunteering".

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Workers from an NGO participating in local community work - some critics allege that NGOs prioritize their special interests over community wellbeing.

1207: 3838:{Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink, 1998. Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.} 194:, or development; and (2) level of operation, which indicates the scale at which an organization works: local, regional, national, or international. 534:— often used derogatorily, these are government-backed NGOs that are set up to advocate on behalf of a repressive regime on the international stage. 644:— coined during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGOs exist in two (or more) countries. 5216: 4748: 1496: 1434:

willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are unpopular with governments", and changes in NGO funding sources have altered their function.

1000: 702: 4745:

Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010): Evaluating Transnational NGOs: Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.

4356: 2917: 2570: 1810:" (fact sheet). 20 January 2017. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of State. state.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2017. 786:. Although many NGOs use international staff in developing countries, others rely on local employees or volunteers. Foreign staff may satisfy a 5226: 4692:, "NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41–69. 4637: 4623: 3994: 3823: 3790: 3079: 3052: 3003: 2857: 2716: 2689: 2662: 2071: 1430:

interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more troublesome."

868:, do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations. The 1999 budget of the American Association of Retired Persons ( 3162:"Agenda 21 – Chapter 27: Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations: Partners for Sustainable Development, Earth Summit, 1992" 4936: 4921: 4659:

Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006).

4313: 1270: 2133: 1438: 1168:

The question whether a public project should be owned by an NGO or by the government has been studied in economics using the tools of the

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Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, Michigan Journal of International Law, Winter 1997.

1912: 1373:"effectively condoned the coup" against an elected government in Haiti and are the "humanitarian face of imperialism". Movements in the 728:

events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or contracts to raise money for projects. Operational NGOs often have a

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advocacy NGOs, whose primary function is to defend or promote a particular cause and who seek to influence the policies and practices of

156:

citizen's group that is organized on a local, national or international level to address issues in support of the public good". The term

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State NGOs — include state-level organizations, associations, and groups. Some state NGOs are guided by national and international NGOs.

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for organizations which are neither governments nor member states. An international NGO was first defined in resolution 288 (X) of the

980:

date back to at least the late 18th century, and there were an estimated 1,083 NGOs by 1914. International NGOs were important to the

3754:

Roberts, Susan G.; Jones III, John P.; Frohling, Oliver (2005). "NGOs and the Globalization of Managerialism: A Research Framework".

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NGOs have been challenged as not representing the needs of the developing world, diminishing the "Southern voice" and preserving the

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Watkins; Cotts, Susan; Swidler, Ann; Hannan, Thomas (2012). "Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations".

4161: 3889: 3331: 2603: 2231: 1425: 966: 888:

Association of Non-Governmental Organizations, more than 86 percent should be spent on programs (less than 20 percent on overhead).

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collected $ 55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government. Several EU grants provide funds accessible to NGOs.

1194: 939: 845: 541: 1388: 5231: 5143: 2510: 119: 2799:"Background Information on the Responsibility to Protect — Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations" 2735:, Humanitarian&Development NGOs Domain Blog, The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Harvard University (9 March) 4671:

Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research iNGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007

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Pfeiffer, J (2003). "International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique: the need for a new model of collaboration".

3095: 2745: 2385: 1026:

The rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in Western countries as a result of the restructuring of the

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level of operation, which indicates the scale at which an organization works: local, regional, national, or international.

134: 3971: 3945: 794:. The expertise of these employees (or volunteers) may be counterbalanced by several factors, such as ; the cost of 178:

NGOs are classified by (1) orientation- entailing the type of activities an NGO undertakes, such as activities involving

167:(CSO), which is any association founded by citizens. In some countries, NGOs are known as nonprofit organizations while 4525:

Lindenberg, M. and Bryant, C. (2001) Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.

3161: 989: 413: 130: 51: 4194: 2037: 609: 4094: 1317:

paradigm and not motivated purely by altruism; NGOs want to change the world without understanding it, continuing an

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World NGO Day, which is observed annually on 27 February, was recognised on 17 April 2010 by 12 countries of the IX

942:

departments to preempt NGO campaigns against corporate practices. Collaboration between corporations and NGOs risks

4972: 4208: 1750: 1481: 1401: 1313:"objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions". According to Shivji, the rise of NGOs is part of a 1105: 857: 710: 641: 515: 282: 115: 1930: 1556: 1423:

Legitimacy, an important asset of an NGO, is its perception as an "independent voice". Neera Chandhoke wrote in a

1408:

NGOs have been accused of using misinformation in their campaigns out of self-interest. According to Doug Parr of

5236: 5020: 2820: 2142:

Are expatriate staff necessary in international development NGOs? A case study of an international NGO in Uganda.

931: 834: 290: 4409: 675:, concerned with poverty alleviation, may provide needy people with the equipment and skills to obtain food and 4776:"Video speech – Helen Clark, Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on World NGO Day" 4656:

Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid, Oxford: James Currey

4239: 2863: 2400: 1782: 1150:

European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations

1127: 1050: 374: 300: 43: 3255: 4053: 340: 4889: 4277: 3890:"Resolution of the IX Baltic Sea NGO Forum to the 8th Summit of the Baltic Sea States due on 1-2 June 2010" 2798: 1761: 1465: 1454: 1174: 1066: 1012: 823: 599: 352: 250: 1852: 5211: 5138: 4931: 4904: 4739:

David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009): Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York: Routledge.

3652: 3595: 1137: 1122: 401: 309:– a voluntary association or union of people with common interests including spots, culture, others, i.e. 83: 4177: 2117: 1361:

countries), with a function similar to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Political philosopher

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operational NGOs, whose primary function is the design and implementation of development-related projects

5025: 4956: 4951: 4803: 4742:

Issa G. Shivji (2007): Silence in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi: Fahamu.

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Davies, T. 2014. NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society. New York: Oxford University Press.

2630:"National NGOs Serving as PRs Excluded from the Global Fund's Policy on Percentage-Based Overhead Costs" 1109: 330: 99: 50:

addresses the audience at the launch of the "Europe in a suitcase" project by two NGOs (the EGI and the

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resources, both financial and human, to ensure that aid is delivered in a timely and effective manner.

424:(NSAs). Numerous variations exist for the NGO acronym, either due to language, region, or specificity. 2484: 2366:, Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr : "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warsaw (2006) 961:, the department has developed a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict (such as 864:

controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter." Some NGOs, such as

5101: 4348: 3620: 3499: 3467: 3442: 2886: 2566: 1470: 1413: 1169: 1074: 1035: 799: 365:

National NGOs — an NGO that exists in only one country. These include national organizations such as

356: 264: 111: 31: 3045:

The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars

4080: 2732: 1245: 1101:

Although NGOs are subject to national laws and practices, four main groups may be found worldwide:

1004: 985: 904: 884: 457: 387:, to religious groups. They may fund local NGOs, institutions and projects, and implement projects. 226: 207: 183: 95: 3188:"1996/31. Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations" 2708:

Social capital for synergistic partnership : development of poor localities in urban Ethiopia

1825:

Vakil, Anna (December 1997). "Confronting the classification problem: Toward a taxonomy of NGOs".

1034:

of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system, and was an important part of the

5126: 5111: 5076: 5055: 5030: 5007: 4909: 4843: 4819: 4399: 3699: 3680: 3633: 3576: 3527: 3480: 3384: 3278: 3142: 2909: 2276: 1695: 1416:

Jens Katjek said, "If NGOs want the best for the environment, they have to learn to compromise."

1244:(or dialogue) is transnational coordination by non-official members of the government, including 1241: 1210: 1070: 958: 841: 138: 4629:

Velusamy M. Non-Governmental Organisation, Dominant Publishers & Distribution Ltd, New Delhi

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Building unity in diversity: Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign

3218: 1714: 1636: 4699:

Charnovitz, Steve (1997). "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance".

4574: 3187: 2130: 1548: 806:(an international anti-poverty NGO) employed 174 foreigners and just over 5,000 local staff in 598:. They are prevalent in the United Kingdom (where there are more than 1,200), Ireland, and the 5170: 5035: 5015: 4946: 4868: 4767: 4660: 4619: 4157: 4034: 3990: 3871: 3819: 3786: 3672: 3625: 3568: 3519: 3472: 3423: 3376: 3337: 3327: 3134: 3075: 3048: 2999: 2853: 2712: 2706: 2685: 2679: 2658: 2268: 2227: 2144:

Publication of the Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economics. 2002, p. 11-13.

2067: 1999: 1670: 1612: 1145: 953: 803: 791: 475: 428: 384: 306: 55: 47: 3912:"The Week Ahead at the United Nations: the European Perspective (07/14): 17–24 February 2014" 3069: 2993: 2652: 1578: 848:(CSR) funds and private donations. Although the term "non-governmental organization" implies 126:) in that the latter are more directly involved with sovereign states and their governments. 5190: 5185: 5175: 5086: 4899: 4796: 4607: 4481: 4435: 4389: 4026: 3861: 3811: 3763: 3711: 3664: 3615: 3607: 3558: 3511: 3462: 3454: 3415: 3368: 3270: 3126: 2967: 2901: 2785: 2771: 2340: 2307: 2260: 2217: 2209: 1834: 1604: 757: 713:) often have programs which assist individual victims for whom they are trying to advocate. 466: 448: 397: 286: 230: 187: 153: 2637: 2176:"World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations – Code of Ethics and Conduct for NGOs" 1189: 485:

Other acronyms that are typically used to describe non-governmental organizations include:

39: 5180: 5121: 5106: 5081: 5060: 4131: 3356: 2163: 2137: 1732: 1350: 1338: 1333: 1062: 1058: 1020: 900: 439: 421: 272: 168: 87: 3897: 2592: 221:

orientation, i.e. the type of activities an NGO undertakes, such as activities involving

4575:

Norbert Götz. "Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter."

4534:, Jenkins, R. (2001) "Corporate Codes of Conduct: Self-Regulation in a Global Economy". 3403: 926:

In a March 2000 report on United Nations reform priorities, former UN Secretary-General

5160: 4726:

Why Has the Number of International Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960?

4299: 3783:

Who's Reporting Africa Now? Non-Governmental Organizations, Journalists, and Multimedia

3547:"Government versus private ownership of public goods: The role of bargaining frictions" 2536:"Report claims nonprofits in Texas, Arizona are making billions off the migrant crisis" 2249:"A Sectoral Comparison of Wage Levels and Wage Inequality in Human Services Industries" 1459: 1397: 1362: 1309: 1226:

public and coordinate large-scale collective activities to advance an activist agenda.

1090: 1085:, Brazil in January 2005, was attended by representatives of over 1,000 NGOs. The 1992 996: 899:

A sole focus on overhead, however, can be counterproductive. Research published by the

676: 668: 595: 149: 91: 4611: 4439: 4030: 3808:

The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations

2087: 1838: 1297:

stakeholders, NGOs can achieve greater impact and reach their goals more effectively.

5205: 5091: 4632:

Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela.

4404: 4150: 3684: 3637: 3580: 3484: 3419: 3282: 3146: 2913: 2156: 1370: 1354: 1346: 1131: 1042: 1031: 1027: 856:'s US$ 162 million 1998 income was donated by the British government and the EU, and 619: 499: 405: 334: 261:. They include NGOs directed at meeting the needs of disadvantaged people and groups. 162: 3700:"When should the government own the physical assets needed to provide public goods?" 3531: 3388: 5116: 5096: 5040: 4941: 4916: 4878: 4873: 4730: 3767: 2280: 1378: 1374: 1173:

willingness to make non-contractible investments. In the context of private firms,

1086: 1082: 981: 935:

Canadian government's use of R2P to justify its intervention in the coup in Haiti.

849: 830: 783: 762: 222: 211: 179: 103: 75: 4788: 3715: 3668: 3563: 3546: 3515: 3458: 2399:

Sarah Jane Gilbert; Ramon Casadesus-Masanell; Jordan Mitchell (8 September 2008).

1595:

Claiborne, N (2004). "Presence of social workers in nongovernment organizations".

957:

stability-enhancing activities as equally important as combat. In compliance with

3815: 3304: 3274: 3099: 2377: 2201: 837:, particularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation. 4863: 4334:

Bond, Michael. "The Backlash against NGOs". Prospect, April 2000, pp.321. Print.

2749: 2213: 1486: 1358: 1318: 1277: 795: 725: 303: 268: 258: 172: 107: 4650: 4305:

Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy

3914:. United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe. Archived from 3611: 3372: 2364:

Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector

510:: Environmental NGO — organizations that advocate for the environment, such as 337:, helping them understand their right to services, and providing such services. 4848: 4775: 4720:

Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press).

4689: 4683: 3967: 2905: 2654:

Nongovernmental organizations in World Bank supported projects : a review

2248: 1409: 1325: 1314: 1258: 1153: 1054: 927: 893: 865: 844:

and services, grants from international institutions or national governments,

691: 594:: Quasi-autonomous NGO — often used derogatorily, these organizations rely on 511: 409: 377:, and similar groups. Some have state or city branches, and assist local NGOs. 79: 3676: 3629: 3572: 3523: 3476: 3427: 3380: 3256:"Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the 'Transnationalisation' of Policy" 3165: 3138: 3130: 2461:. Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. 19 December 1999. Archived from 2272: 2264: 1674: 683:(FFDA) helps provide legal assistance to victims of human-rights abuses. The 3341: 1366: 1156:

in 1986, creating a common legal basis for European NGOs. Article 11 of the

1118: 1016: 943: 917:

Allowing a rated organization to respond to an evaluation by a rating agency

802:

in the country, and local expertise may be undervalued. By the end of 1995,

729: 417: 348: 276: 206:

NGOs further the social goals of their members (or founders): improving the

4725: 4038: 3875: 3114: 1783:"What is an NGO? What role does it play in civil society? | Knowledge base" 1616: 4486: 4469: 4098: 3866: 3849: 2175: 1608: 5165: 5050: 4987: 4853: 4838: 3321: 2938: 1305: 1266: 1230: 1214: 892:

has guidelines of five to seven percent overhead to receive funding; the

787: 4646: 4583:

Norbert Götz. "Civil Society and NGO: Far from Unproblematic Concepts."

4394: 4216: 3115:"Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter" 2966:. United States Department of Defense. 16 September 2009. Archived from 2345: 2328: 2312: 2295: 2222: 852:

from governments, many NGOs depend on government funding; one-fourth of

4992: 4977: 4858: 4780: 3850:"International Non-Governmental Actors in HIV/AIDS Prevention in China" 1765: 1262: 4509:

Ebrahim, A. (2003) "Accountability in practice: Mechanisms for NGOs".

2824: 2404: 1265:, Lithuania. It was internationally recognised on 28 February 2014 in 4695:

Werker & Ahmed (2008): What do Non-Governmental Organizations do?

4309: 2786:

The Ratings Game. Evaluating the three groups that rate the Charities

1755: 1501: 1114: 1046: 590: 234: 191: 2821:"International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP)" 102:

that provide services to their members and others. NGOs can also be

4125:

Abahlali baseMjondolo, "Rethinking Public Participation from below"

3443:"Nature of human capital, technology and ownership of public goods" 790:

who wants to see the supported project managed by a person from an

17: 4997: 4982: 1521: 1387: 1188: 1078: 853: 807: 672: 38: 2887:"Corporations and NGOs: When Accountability Leads to Co-optation" 2247:

Ben-Ner, Avner; Ren, Ting; Paulson, Darla Flint (13 April 2010).

4833: 4644:

NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity

3653:"Optimal ownership of public goods under asymmetric information" 1549:"Library Guides:Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Introduction" 1160:

protects the right to associate, which is fundamental for NGOs.

962: 869: 506: 370: 366: 314: 160:

is used inconsistently, and is sometimes used synonymously with

4792: 4669:

Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson, and P. Hicks. 2002.

3987:

Silence in NGO discourse: the role and future of NGOs in Africa

1913:"First official estimate: An NGO for every 400 people in India" 2113: 1365:

has called them an aristocratic form of politics, noting that

914:

Evaluation of feedback mechanisms for donors and beneficiaries

492:: Business-friendly international NGO or Big international NGO 3306:

Global Standard NGOs: The Essential Elements of Good Practice

2935:"Force Health Protection & Readiness - December 08, 2006" 4209:"Ashraf Cassiem: South African Resistance Against Evictions" 3500:"Incomplete contracts and optimal ownership of public goods" 586:(USAID) refers to NGOs as "private voluntary organizations". 4636:

Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007

3938:"World NGO Day - International Celebration and Recognition" 2403:. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. Archived from 1663:"Ship Monitoring Rescues of Migrants Refuses to Be Rescued" 1261:

NGO Forum at the eighth Summit of the Baltic Sea States in

3970:. United Nations Development Programme. 27 February 2014. 3160:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

3030:

Subcontracting Peace – The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding

2784:

Lowell, Stephanie, Brian Trelstad, and Bill Meehan. 2005.

2657:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. p. 21. 2206:

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1808:

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the United States

4592:

The Politics of Expertise: How NGOs Shaped Modern Britain

4536:

Technology, Business and Society Programme Paper Number 2

3974:

from the original on 12 October 2022 – via YouTube.

2593:"Code of Ethics & Conduct for NGOs Compliance Manual" 4587:. Bob Reinalda (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011. 185–196. 4540:

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

4152:

Damming the Flood: Haiti and the Politics of Containment

2711:(1. Aufl. ed.). Göttingen: Cuvillier. p. 153. 2651:

Gibbs, Christopher; Fumo, Claudia; Kuby, Thomas (1999).

1057:

interests. To counterbalance this trend, NGOs emphasize

4178:

Peter Hallward responds to BBC Radio 4 program on Haiti

1959:

Guide to Nongovernmental Organizations for the Military

930:

favored international humanitarian intervention as the

890:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

782:

Some NGOs rely on paid staff while others are based on

1405:

are still exporting the ideologies of their backers."

1249:

other figures who are not part of government affairs.

995:

The term became popular with the 1945 founding of the

4308:(Speech). 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy. 4276:

Topping, Alexandra; Elder, Miriam (19 January 2012).

3730:"Statement on the occasion of the World NGO Day 2017" 3594:

Halonen-Akatwijuka, Maija; Pafilis, Evagelos (2020).

3357:"Government Versus Private Ownership of Public Goods" 2746:"The Pros and Cons of Financial Efficiency Standards" 1136:

Entities formed (or registered) under special NGO or

840:

Funding sources include membership dues, the sale of

694:

classifies NGO activity into two general categories:

129:

The term as it is used today was first introduced in

4278:"Britain admits 'fake rock' plot to spy on Russians" 2852:. Vancouver, Winnipeg: RED Publishing. p. 120. 5069: 5006: 4965: 4887: 4826: 4677:Research Papers: Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 2684:(1st ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald. p. 121. 2600:

World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations

1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1883:"India: More NGOs, than schools and health centres" 1733:"NGO – meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary" 988:movements, and peaked at the time of the 1932–1934 767:

World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations

745:which will attract media, their defining activity. 582:: Private voluntary development organization — the 4585:The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors 4149: 3309:. Geneva: Lulu: Grant B. Stillman. pp. 13–14. 3071:NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society 2995:NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society 1522:"Europe in a suitcase: Oliver Wardrop Discussions" 1476:Government-organized non-governmental organization 584:United States Agency for International Development 532:Government-organized non-governmental organization 27:Organization, usually created to aid those in need 3028:Oliver P. Richmond; Henry F. Carey, eds. (2005). 2998:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23. 2731:Schmitz, Hans Peter and George E. Mitchell 2010. 2401:"HBS Cases: The Value of Environmental Activists" 2038:"What is an NGO (Non-Governmental Organization)?" 951:Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs 810:and ten developing countries in Africa and Asia. 681:Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy 3810:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 516–538. 3074:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3. 2849:Canada in Haiti: Waging War on the Poor Majority 1081:, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum, in 257:effort, with little participation or input from 3600:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 1200: 383:(INGOs) — range from secular agencies, such as 3263:Journal of European Public Policy.austiniskewl 2064:Non-governmental organizations and development 671:, and others conduct programs and activities. 4804: 4197:", Sophie Oldfield and Kristian Stokke, 2004. 4078:Bond, M. (2000) "The Backlash against NGOs". 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 2823:. Responsibilitytoprotect.org. Archived from 2152: 2150: 416:(SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), 8: 4052:Jessica T. Mathews (January–February 1997). 3408:Journal of the European Economic Association 3402:Francesconi, Marco; Muthoo, Abhinay (2011). 2885:Baur, Dorothea; Schmitz, Hans Peter (2012). 2561: 2559: 2557: 2378:"NG-Uh-O – The trouble with humanitarianism" 2066:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 9–10. 2004:UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems 978:International non-governmental organizations 756:Non-governmental organisations need healthy 4634:NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom 4577:European Journal of International Relations 4453: 4451: 4449: 4375:"What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do?" 4342: 4340: 3896:. 3sektorius. 17 April 2010. Archived from 3355:Besley, Timothy; Ghatak, Maitreesh (2001). 3119:European Journal of International Relations 2788:. Stanford Social Innovation Review: 39–45. 2678:Aras, Güler; Crowther, David, eds. (2010). 2329:"What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do?" 2296:"What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do?" 2200:Preston, Anne E.; Sacks, Daniel W. (2010). 685:Afghanistan Information Management Services 564:: Non-governmental development organization 311:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 5046:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis 4811: 4797: 4789: 4768:"What is a Non-Governmental Organization?" 4714:Rethinking Public Participation from Below 4521: 4519: 4368: 4366: 3096:"Charter of the United Nations: Chapter X" 2511:"Lutheran Immigration And Refugee Service" 2491:. Administration for children and families 2459:"Poll shows power of AIPAC drops slightly" 2000:"What is a Non-Governmental Organization?" 1492:List of active NGOs of national minorities 1213:, commemorating the 2017 World NGO Day in 1009:United Nations Economic and Social Council 946:of the weaker partner, typically the NGO. 576:: Party NGO — addressing political matters 78:that generally is formed independent from 30:"NGO" redirects here. For other uses, see 4485: 4403: 4393: 3865: 3621:1983/d4ab15e6-27ed-40ce-ae87-62d296e07181 3619: 3562: 3468:1983/9197910f-4a3f-4ff3-8d8a-20a204ec2dda 3466: 3323:Firms, contracts, and financial structure 2961:"Department of Defense Directive 3000.05" 2358: 2356: 2344: 2311: 2221: 1349:, since the 1970s "the World Bank, under 965:) where customary lead agencies like the 650:Youth NGOs - advocacing for youth rights. 3404:"Control Rights in Complex Partnerships" 2253:Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 938:Large corporations have increased their 703:International governmental organisations 667:NGOs vary by method; some are primarily 4749:Yearbook of International Organizations 4373:Werker, Eric; Ahmed, Faisal Z. (2008). 3235:Bartlett, Lauren (2005). "NGO Update". 3219:"United Nations: Definitions and Terms" 2327:Werker, Eric; Ahmed, Faisal Z. (2008). 2294:Werker, Eric; Ahmed, Faisal Z. (2008). 2088:"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)" 1513: 1497:Category:Non-governmental organizations 329:(CBOs) — popular initiatives which can 175:are sometimes considered NGOs as well. 4232:"Are NGOs enemies of SA's rural folk?" 3292:from the original on 16 December 2011. 2846:Engler, Fenton; Yves, Anthony (2005). 2202:"Nonprofit Wages: Theory and Evidence" 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1713:Karns, Margaret P. (23 October 2023). 911:An assessment of program effectiveness 289:with local involvement in the form of 146:UN Department of Global Communications 4900:Charitable trust / Registered charity 4701:Michigan Journal of International Law 4470:"How Global Is Global Civil Society?" 2569:. Funds for NGOs. 18 September 2011. 2120:from the original on 5 February 2022. 2062:Lewis, David; Kanji, Nazneen (2009). 1820: 1818: 1816: 1777: 1775: 833:, NGOs have had an increased role in 7: 4937:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation 4922:Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation 4230:Appasamy, Youlendree (3 July 2013). 2573:from the original on 13 January 2014 2567:"Defining certain terms in a budget" 1696:"Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)" 1630: 1628: 1626: 1271:United Nations Development Programme 404:(NPO), voluntary organization (VO), 217:NGOs can be in the following ways;: 4753:Union of International Associations 2923:from the original on 31 March 2019. 2628:Garmaise, David (24 January 2012). 1559:from the original on 26 August 2021 1383:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign 1324:In his study of NGO involvement in 1158:European Convention on Human Rights 4288:from the original on 3 March 2024. 4207:Crump, Marlon (18 November 2009). 3989:. Oxford, UK: Fahamu. p. 84. 3596:"Common ownership of public goods" 3441:Halonen-Akatwijuka, Maija (2012). 3361:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2388:from the original on 5 April 2023. 1661:Horowitz, Jason (11 August 2017). 1641:American Psychological Association 1208:European Commission Vice-President 1045:increased the importance of NGOs. 798:is typically higher, they have no 293:, tools, land, materials, or labor 25: 5156:Master of Nonprofit Organizations 4612:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516 4474:Journal of World-Systems Research 4359:from the original on 5 April 2023 4253:O'Connor, Jenny (15 April 2012). 4095:"Mother Teresa: A Communist View" 3164:. Habitat.igc.org. Archived from 2609:from the original on 1 April 2010 1863:from the original on 4 March 2016 1426:Journal of World-Systems Research 1400:made that accusation at the 43rd 345:chambers of commerce and industry 86:, and many of them are active in 4382:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4324:– via President of Russia. 3420:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01017.x 2333:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2300:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2157:World Bank Criteria defining NGO 2036:Folger, Jean (18 January 2021). 1965:. pp. 29–30. Archived from 1700:United States Institute of Peace 1222:projects and daily operations". 1015:was recognized in Chapter 27 of 444:organisation non gouvernementale 431:use the synonymous abbreviation 210:, encouraging the observance of 4820:Charitable giving and practices 3047:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 3043:Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). 1853:"Hobbled NGOs wary of Medvedev" 1049:and organizations, such as the 940:corporate social responsibility 846:corporate social responsibility 765:was established in 2002 by the 542:Grassroots Support Organization 120:intergovernmental organizations 5217:Non-governmental organizations 5144:List of charitable foundations 4148:Hallward, Peter (April 2008). 3968:"Helen Clark on World NGO Day" 3944:. 6 March 2014. Archived from 3768:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.004 2681:NGOs and social responsibility 2489:OFFICE OF REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT 1715:"Nongovernmental organization" 1547:Church, Jim (26 August 2021). 453:organizzazione non governativa 114:. NGOs are distinguished from 1: 5227:Political science terminology 4927:Non-governmental organization 4440:10.1016/s1389-9341(01)00070-3 4255:"NGO: The Guise of Innocence" 4031:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00068-0 4019:Social Science & Medicine 3716:10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111830 3669:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104424 3564:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.09.009 3516:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.09.033 3459:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.07.005 3113:Götz, Norbert (1 June 2008). 2748:. 4 June 2016. Archived from 1889:. 7 July 2010. Archived from 1839:10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00098-3 1275:Prime Minister of New Zealand 612:— a goal-oriented designation 471:organización no gubernamental 327:Community-based organizations 267:— includes NGOs that provide 64:non-governmental organization 4590:Hilton, Matthew et al. eds. 4347:Bond, Michael (April 2000), 3816:10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_25 3698:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2024). 3651:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2021). 3545:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2015). 3498:Schmitz, Patrick W. (2013). 3275:10.1080/13501760410001694291 2432:. Greenpeace. Archived from 2376:David Rieff (10 June 2010). 1073:, a rival convention of the 990:World Disarmament Conference 480:organizație neguvernamentală 462:organização não governmental 414:social movement organization 52:Friedrich Naumann Foundation 4723:Edward A. L. Turner (2010) 4717:, 'Critical Dialogue', 2006 4428:Forest Policy and Economics 4349:"The Backlash against NGOs" 3762:(11). Great Britain: 1846. 3657:Journal of Public Economics 3551:Journal of Public Economics 3447:Journal of Public Economics 3326:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3303:Stillman, Grant B. (2007). 2214:10.4337/9781849803526.00017 610:Social benefit organization 5253: 5097:Charity / thrift / op shop 4973:Charity (Christian virtue) 4770:. City University, London. 4600:Annual Review of Sociology 3612:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.002 3373:10.1162/003355301753265598 2894:Journal of Business Ethics 1482:International organization 1402:Munich Security Conference 1185:Influence on world affairs 872:) was over $ 540 million. 858:World Vision United States 821: 711:human-rights organizations 634:: Technical assistance NGO 29: 5021:Animal Charity Evaluators 4468:Chandhoke, Neera (2005). 4312:, Germany. Archived from 4113:Australian Marxist Review 3894:Baltic Sea NGO Forum 2010 2906:10.1007/s10551-011-1057-9 2772:"The Ratings Game (SSIR)" 2705:Kassahun, Samson (2004). 1273:administrator and former 932:responsibility to protect 835:international development 375:professional associations 5222:Non-profit organizations 3985:Shivji, Issa G. (2007). 3320:Hart, Oliver D. (1995). 3131:10.1177/1354066108089242 2733:Navigating Effectiveness 2265:10.1177/0899764010365012 2006:. City University London 1931:"US Department of State" 1737:dictionary.cambridge.org 1719:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1526:Europe-Georgia Institute 1128:Not-for-profit companies 1051:World Trade Organization 1001:Chapter X of its charter 420:organization (SHO), and 94:; they can also include 44:Europe-Georgia Institute 4060:(January/February 1997) 3068:Davies, Thomas (2014). 2992:Davies, Thomas (2014). 2136:11 October 2009 at the 1762:Oxford University Press 1635:Leverty, Sally (2008). 1553:guides.lib.berkeley.edu 1466:Charitable organization 1455:Foreign funding of NGOs 1067:sustainable development 1013:sustainable development 999:in 1945; Article 71 in 824:Foreign funding of NGOs 357:community organizations 351:of business, ethnic or 341:City-wide organizations 331:raise the consciousness 135:United Nations' Charter 5139:Ethics of philanthropy 5132:Psychological barriers 4932:Nonprofit organization 4711:Abahlali baseMjondolo 4579:14 (2008) 2: 231–258. 3785:. Oxford: Peter Lang. 3032:. Ashgate. p. 21. 1637:"NGOs, the UN and APA" 1393: 1204: 1197: 1193:World NGO Day 2014 in 1170:incomplete contracting 1047:International treaties 922:Monitoring and control 800:grassroots connections 792:industrialized country 479: 470: 461: 452: 443: 402:nonprofit organization 396:Similar terms include 59: 5232:Types of organization 4957:Voluntary association 4952:Religious corporation 4487:10.5195/JWSR.2005.388 4242:on 22 September 2013. 4130:22 March 2010 at the 3867:10.1038/sj.cr.7290369 3781:Kate, Wright (2018). 3449:. Fiscal Federalism. 3254:Stone, Diane (2004). 2640:on 27 September 2013. 1758:UK English Dictionary 1391: 1246:epistemic communities 1229:Since the end of the 1192: 1110:voluntary association 1077:held each January in 558:: Market advocacy NGO 524:: Donor-organized NGO 82:. They are typically 42: 5102:Click-to-donate site 4966:Charity and religion 4653:Envio, Managua, 2001 4302:(10 February 2007). 4219:on 7 September 2012. 4115:, No. 40 August 1998 3918:on 16 September 2016 3900:on 20 December 2016. 3848:Wu, Fengshi (2005). 2485:"GENERAL BACKGROUND" 2465:on 30 September 2007 2162:21 June 2007 at the 1956:Lawry, Lynn (2009). 1583:Macmillan Dictionary 1471:Community foundation 1414:Friends of the Earth 1308:author and academic 1075:World Economic Forum 1069:. An example is the 1036:Washington Consensus 408:organization (CSO), 400:organization (TSO), 392:Other terms/acronyms 133:of the newly formed 112:World Economic Forum 72:spelling differences 32:NGO (disambiguation) 4513:31(5), pp. 813–829. 4395:10.1257/jep.22.2.73 3168:on 17 February 2003 2439:on 30 December 2009 2346:10.1257/jep.22.2.73 2313:10.1257/jep.22.2.73 2116:. 29 January 2022. 2094:. 25 September 2017 1609:10.1093/sw/49.2.207 1059:humanitarian issues 1005:consultative status 905:Stanford University 628:: Southern (UK) NGO 570:: Northern (UK) NGO 412:organization (GO), 227:consumer protection 208:natural environment 184:consumer protection 5127:Effective altruism 5112:Donor-advised fund 5077:Alternative giving 5056:Giving What We Can 5031:Charity assessment 5008:Charity evaluation 4844:Charity (practice) 4751:, produced by the 4642:Olivier Berthoud, 4184:, 11 January 2011. 3860:(11–12): 919–922. 3237:Human Rights Brief 2973:on 15 October 2010 2941:on 8 December 2006 2427:"08 Annual Report" 2407:on 10 October 2009 1917:The Indian Express 1667:The New York Times 1439:North–South divide 1394: 1242:Track II diplomacy 1237:Track II diplomacy 1211:Federica Mogherini 1198: 1071:World Social Forum 1041:Twentieth-century 949:In December 2007, 381:International NGOs 321:Level of operation 287:self-help projects 139:government funding 84:nonprofit entities 60: 5199: 5198: 5171:Visiting the sick 5036:Charity Navigator 5016:Aid effectiveness 4947:Social enterprise 4869:Humanity (virtue) 4624:978-0-19-938753-3 4511:World Development 4415:on 4 August 2020. 4156:. London: Verso. 4136:Critical Dialogue 4111:, Vijay Prashad, 3996:978-0-9545637-5-2 3825:978-1-137-26316-2 3792:978-1-4331-5106-4 3756:World Development 3704:Economics Letters 3504:Economics Letters 3102:on 22 March 2004. 3081:978-0-19-938753-3 3054:978-90-04-16258-7 3005:978-0-19-938753-3 2866:on 6 October 2011 2859:978-1-55266-168-0 2718:978-3-86537-222-2 2691:978-0-85724-295-2 2664:978-0-8213-4456-9 2140:, Mukasa, Sarah. 2073:978-0-203-87707-4 1998:Willetts, Peter. 1893:on 25 August 2011 1833:(12): 2057–2070. 1827:World Development 1528:. 29 October 2019 1146:Council of Europe 959:international law 954:S. Ward Casscells 804:Concern Worldwide 642:Transnational NGO 551:International NGO 429:Romance languages 385:Save the Children 237:, or development. 169:political parties 144:According to the 48:George Melashvili 16:(Redirected from 5244: 5237:1940s neologisms 5191:Warm-glow giving 5186:Wall of kindness 5176:Voluntary sector 4813: 4806: 4799: 4790: 4785: 4771: 4708: 4680: 4638:Churchland.co.za 4615: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4444: 4443: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4408:. Archived from 4407: 4397: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4344: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4261:. Archived from 4259:New Left Project 4250: 4244: 4243: 4238:. Archived from 4227: 4221: 4220: 4215:. Archived from 4204: 4198: 4191: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4155: 4145: 4139: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097:. Archived from 4091: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3948:on 5 August 2016 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3623: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3470: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3367:(4): 1343–1372. 3352: 3346: 3345: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3098:. Archived from 3092: 3086: 3085: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2937:. Archived from 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862:. Archived from 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2752:on 26 April 2013 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2636:. 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Archived from 1747: 1741: 1740: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1632: 1621: 1620: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1518: 1462:(interest group) 1217: 986:women's suffrage 967:State Department 758:public relations 752:Public relations 722:Operational NGOs 422:non-state actors 231:environmentalism 188:environmentalism 21: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5181:Volunteer grant 5122:Earning to give 5082:Benefit concert 5065: 5061:GreatNonprofits 5002: 4961: 4891: 4883: 4822: 4817: 4774: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4698: 4678: 4597: 4570: 4568:Further reading 4565: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4447: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4355:, p. 323, 4346: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4316:on 9 March 2012 4300:Putin, Vladimir 4298: 4297: 4293: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132:Wayback Machine 4123: 4119: 4104: 4102: 4101:on 24 July 2008 4093: 4092: 4088: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4058:Foreign Affairs 4051: 4050: 4046: 4016: 4015: 4004: 3997: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3453:(11): 939–945. 3440: 3439: 3435: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3334: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2860: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2354: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2164:Wayback Machine 2155: 2148: 2138:Wayback Machine 2129: 2125: 2114:"NGO in Kanpur" 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1997: 1996: 1977: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1954: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1857:Chicago Tribune 1851: 1850: 1846: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1787:Candid Learning 1781: 1780: 1773: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1624: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1451: 1351:Robert McNamara 1339:Jessica Mathews 1334:Foreign Affairs 1303: 1286: 1255: 1239: 1219: 1206: 1187: 1166: 1164:Economic theory 1099: 1063:development aid 1021:political party 975: 924: 901:Urban Institute 882: 826: 820: 780: 775: 754: 739: 719: 669:advocacy groups 657: 435:; for example: 394: 323: 273:family planning 247: 204: 148:, an NGO is "a 92:social sciences 88:humanitarianism 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Matching funds 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5070:Further topics 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4772: 4762: 4761:External links 4759: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4721: 4718: 4709: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4667: 4657: 4654: 4640: 4630: 4627: 4616: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4527: 4515: 4502: 4493: 4480:(2): 326–327. 4460: 4445: 4418: 4362: 4336: 4327: 4291: 4268: 4265:on 5 May 2014. 4245: 4236:Grocott's Mail 4222: 4199: 4186: 4169: 4162: 4140: 4117: 4086: 4071: 4044: 4025:(4): 725–738. 4002: 3995: 3977: 3959: 3929: 3903: 3881: 3840: 3831: 3824: 3798: 3791: 3773: 3746: 3734:eeas.europa.eu 3721: 3690: 3643: 3586: 3537: 3490: 3433: 3414:(3): 551–589. 3394: 3347: 3332: 3312: 3295: 3269:(3): 545–566. 3246: 3227: 3210: 3201: 3179: 3152: 3125:(2): 231–258. 3105: 3087: 3080: 3060: 3053: 3035: 3020: 3011: 3004: 2984: 2952: 2926: 2877: 2858: 2838: 2827:on 13 May 2020 2812: 2790: 2777: 2763: 2737: 2724: 2717: 2697: 2690: 2670: 2663: 2643: 2620: 2584: 2553: 2527: 2502: 2476: 2450: 2418: 2391: 2368: 2362:Pawel Zaleski 2352: 2319: 2286: 2259:(4): 608–633. 2239: 2232: 2192: 2167: 2146: 2131:100 LSE.ac.uk 2123: 2105: 2079: 2072: 2054: 2017: 1975: 1943: 1922: 1919:. 7 July 2010. 1904: 1874: 1859:. 7 May 2008. 1844: 1812: 1799: 1771: 1742: 1724: 1705: 1687: 1653: 1622: 1603:(2): 207–218. 1587: 1570: 1539: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1460:Advocacy group 1457: 1450: 1447: 1398:Vladimir Putin 1363:Peter Hallward 1321:relationship. 1310:Issa G. Shivji 1302: 1299: 1285: 1282: 1254: 1251: 1238: 1235: 1199: 1186: 1183: 1165: 1162: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1125: 1112: 1106:Unincorporated 1098: 1095: 1091:Rio de Janeiro 997:United Nations 974: 971: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 912: 881: 878: 819: 816: 779: 776: 774: 771: 763:code of ethics 753: 750: 738: 735: 718: 715: 707: 706: 699: 677:drinking water 656: 653: 652: 651: 645: 635: 629: 623: 613: 603: 596:public funding 587: 577: 571: 565: 559: 553: 544: 535: 525: 519: 503: 493: 483: 482: 473: 464: 455: 446: 393: 390: 389: 388: 378: 363: 360: 338: 322: 319: 318: 317: 298: 294: 280: 262: 246: 243: 242: 241: 238: 203: 200: 150:not-for profit 110:, such as the 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5249: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Civil affairs 5210: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Charity fraud 5090: 5088: 5087:Caffè sospeso 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4892:organizations 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4690:Lyal S. Sunga 4688: 4685: 4684:Lyal S. Sunga 4682: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4665:3-598-22030-8 4662: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4213:Poor Magazine 4210: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4163:9781844672349 4159: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4059: 4055: 4054:"Power Shift" 4048: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4011: 4009: 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1056: 1053:, focused on 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:globalization 1039: 1037: 1033: 1032:Globalization 1029: 1028:welfare state 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 972: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 952: 947: 945: 941: 936: 933: 929: 921: 916: 913: 910: 909: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 886: 879: 877: 873: 871: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 825: 817: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 772: 770: 768: 764: 759: 751: 749: 746: 743: 742:Advocacy NGOs 736: 734: 731: 727: 723: 716: 714: 712: 704: 700: 697: 696: 695: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 661: 654: 649: 646: 643: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 620:Social change 617: 614: 611: 607: 604: 601: 597: 593: 592: 588: 585: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 552: 548: 545: 543: 539: 536: 533: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 513: 509: 508: 504: 501: 500:Civil society 497: 494: 491: 488: 487: 486: 481: 477: 474: 472: 468: 465: 463: 459: 456: 454: 450: 447: 445: 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