Mass production - Knowledge (XXG)

532: 750:, collaborated on plans to manufacture block-making machinery. By 1805, the dockyard had been fully updated with the revolutionary, purpose-built machinery at a time when products were still built individually with different components. A total of 45 machines were required to perform 22 processes on the blocks, which could be made into one of three possible sizes. The machines were almost entirely made of metal thus improving their accuracy and durability. The machines would make markings and indentations on the blocks to ensure alignment throughout the process. One of the many advantages of this new method was the increase in labour 1345:, the craftsman must bustle about a shop, getting parts and assembling them. He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods. 36: 928: 1329:, the major oil company in the 19th century, was vertically integrated partly because there was no demand for unrefined crude oil, but kerosene and some other products were in great demand. The other reason was that Standard Oil monopolized the oil industry. The major oil companies were, and many still are, vertically integrated, from production to refining and with their own retail stations, although some sold off their retail operations. Some oil companies also have chemical divisions. 1178: 1168:, for it eventually became possible to provide each tool with its own electric motor. This may seem only a detail of minor importance. In fact, modern industry could not be carried out with the belt and line shaft for a number of reasons. The motor enabled machinery to be arranged in the order of the work, and that alone has probably doubled the efficiency of industry, for it has cut out a tremendous amount of useless handling and hauling. The belt and 1278: 305: 3086: 1433:, which was a contributing factor to economic growth and the decline in work week hours, alongside other factors such as transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads and highways) and agricultural mechanization. These factors caused the typical work week to decline from 70 hours in the early 19th century to 60 hours late in the century, then to 50 hours in the early 20th century and finally to 40 hours in the mid-1930s. 3608: 1149:, U.S., around 1900. The new automated process used glass-blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers. A small electric truck was used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time where previously a hand truck would carry six dozen. Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace. An electric overhead crane replaced 36 548: 2856: 1505: 3620: 2868: 1235:, married prefabrication and mass production in a way that suited the needs of the military. The simple structures, which cost little and could be erected in just a couple of hours, were highly successful: over 100,000 Nissen huts were produced during World War I alone, and they would go on to serve in other conflicts and inspire a number of similar designs. 1491: 115: 726: 2038: 2035: 1172:

were also tremendously wasteful – so wasteful indeed that no factory could be really large, for even the longest line shaft was small according to modern requirements. Also high speed tools were impossible under the old conditions – neither the pulleys nor the belts could stand modern speeds. Without

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downplayed the role of Taylorism in the development of mass production at his company. However, Ford management performed time studies and experiments to mechanize their factory processes, focusing on minimizing worker movements. The difference is that while Taylor focused mostly on efficiency of the

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is implemented. Also, all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary.

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Mass production involves making many copies of products, very quickly, using assembly line techniques to send partially complete products to workers who each work on an individual step, rather than having a worker work on a whole product from start to finish. The emergence of mass production allowed

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and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery; error in operating such machinery has more far-reaching consequences. A reduction in labour costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower

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Electrification enabled modern mass production, as with Thomas Edison's iron ore processing plant (about 1893) that could process 20,000 tons of ore per day with two shifts, each of five men. At that time it was still common to handle bulk materials with shovels, wheelbarrows and small narrow-gauge

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to be manufactured a year. Bentham had already achieved remarkable efficiency at the docks by introducing power-driven machinery and reorganising the dockyard system. Brunel, a pioneering engineer, and Maudslay, a pioneer of machine tool technology who had developed the first industrially practical

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By 1808, annual production from the 45 machines had reached 130,000 blocks and some of the equipment was still in operation as late as the mid-twentieth century. Mass production techniques were also used to rather limited extent to make clocks and watches, and to make small arms, though parts were

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Upstream vertical integration, such as to raw materials, is away from leading technology toward mature, low-return industries. Most companies chose to focus on their core business rather than vertical integration. This included buying parts from outside suppliers, who could often produce them as

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In a factory for a complex product, rather than one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i.e. car engines or seats) to a backbone "main" assembly line. A diagram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a single

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Mass production has significantly impacted the fashion industry, particularly in the realm of fibers and materials. The advent of synthetic fibers, such as polyester and nylon, revolutionized textile manufacturing by providing cost-effective alternatives to natural fibers. This shift enabled the

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introduced the standardization of cannon design in the late 18th century. He streamlined production and management of cannonballs and cannons by limiting them to only three calibers, and he improved their effectiveness by requiring more spherical ammunition. Redesigning these weapons to use

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ready at hand to ensure that the part was made to fit this set-up. It had already been checked that the finished part would be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts—and it would be made more quickly, with no time spent on finishing the parts to fit one another. Later, once

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rapid production of inexpensive clothing, contributing to the rise of fast fashion. This reliance on mass production has raised concerns about environmental sustainability and labor conditions, spurring the need for greater ethical and sustainable practices within the fashion industry.

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In the age of mass production, this caused shipping and trade problems in that shipping systems were unable to transport huge volumes of finished automobiles (in Henry Ford's case) without causing damage, and also government policies imposed trade barriers on finished units.

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for workers. This is partly due to the need for workers to operate heavy machinery while also working close together with many other workers. Preventative safety measures, such as fire drills, as well as special training is therefore necessary to minimise the occurrence of

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of Greenwich are recorded as the first instance of the application of mass production techniques (though not necessarily the assembly-line method) to marine engineering. In filling an Admiralty order for 90 sets to his high-pressure and high-revolution horizontal

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One of the descriptions of mass production is that "the skill is built into the tool", which means that the worker using the tool may not need the skill. For example, in the 19th or early 20th century, this could be expressed as "the craftsmanship is in the

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that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture. All of these machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining position. Production of the

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and belts had high friction losses. Electric motors also allowed more flexibility in manufacturing and required less maintenance than line shafts and belts. Many factories saw a 30% increase in output simply from changing over to electric motors.

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which favor the expenditures of large sums on articles of mere luxury... impact to the productions of American industry a character distinct from that of other countries' industries. articles suited to the wants of the whole people".

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Lumber and paper companies at one time owned most of their timber lands and sold some finished products such as corrugated boxes. The tendency has been to divest of timber lands to raise cash and to avoid property taxes.

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Mass production permitted great increases in total production. Using a European crafts system into the late 19th century it was difficult to meet demand for products such as sewing machines and animal powered mechanical

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The process of prefabrication, wherein parts are created separately from the finished product, is at the core of all mass-produced construction. Early examples include movable structures reportedly utilized by

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from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at the right inks the text blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the

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and others. Electrification of factories was fastest between 1900 and 1930, aided by the establishment of electric utilities with central stations and the lowering of electricity prices from 1914 to 1917.

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itself" (not the training of the worker). Rather than having a skilled worker measure every dimension of each part of the product against the plans or the other parts as it is being formed, there were

1025:) involve planting a very large amount of trees. In order to speed up such efforts, fast propagation of trees may be useful. Some automated machines have been produced to allow for fast (vegetative) 2156: 3725: 722:. The first unmistakable examples of manufacturing operations carefully designed to reduce production costs by specialized labour and the use of machines appeared in the 18th century in England. 2766: 2285: 1415:

identified one of the key characteristics of America that would later make it so amenable to the development of mass production: the homogeneous consumer base. De Tocqueville wrote in his

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at the facilities. The Porter Contract was the first contract which called for mass production of clock movements in history. In 1815, Terry began mass-producing the first shelf clock.

1441:. By the late 1920s many previously scarce goods were in good supply. One economist has argued that this constituted "overproduction" and contributed to high unemployment during the 890:, Virginia (now West Virginia) in the early decades of the 19th century, finally achieving reliable interchangeability by about 1850. This period coincided with the development of 851:

was hired to produce 4,000 wooden movement clocks in the Porter Contract. At this time, the annual yield for wooden clocks did not exceed a few dozen on average. Terry developed a

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with the idea of making the company's own iron and steel in the same large factory site where parts and car assembly took place. River Rouge also generated its own electricity.

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From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day.

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unified China at least in part by equipping large armies with these weapons, which were fitted with a sophisticated trigger mechanism made of interchangeable parts. The

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Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation were more efficient than small steam engines and because

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Mass production benefited from the development of materials such as inexpensive steel, high strength steel and plastics. Machining of metals was greatly enhanced with

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So that ten men, by the aid of this machinery, can accomplish with uniformity, celerity and ease, what formerly required the uncertain labour of one hundred and ten.

3863: 3658: 2900: 1913: 894:, with the armories designing and building many of their own. Some of the methods employed were a system of gauges for checking dimensions of the various parts and 531: 3750: 3578: 1783: 3720: 291: 2758: 670:, introduced movable type to Europe. Through this introduction, mass production in the European publishing industry was made commonplace, leading to a 3162: 540: 98: 948: 2311: 2281: 2728: 3735: 3573: 2841: 2153: 1961: 1868: 1730: 1079:

supplement. The article was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor Company and is sometimes credited as the first use of the term.

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while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased. However, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line (such as

57: 3856: 3651: 3563: 3497: 2893: 1811: 916:, at one time the largest sewing machine manufacturer, did not achieve interchangeable parts until the late 1880s, around the same time 1341:

The economies of mass production come from several sources. The primary cause is a reduction of non-productive effort of all types. In

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The starter cost for the machinery can be expensive so the producer must be sure it sells or the producers will lose a lot of money.

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Womack, Jones, Roos; The Machine That Changed The World, Rawson & Associates, New York. Published by Simon & Schuster, 1990.

2670: 2002: 1907: 1254:, as well as the specialization of construction tasks in a process akin to an assembly line. This era also saw the invention of the 79: 875:, an apprentice of Eli Terry mass-produced up to 20,000 brass clocks annually in 1840 when he invented the cheap 30-hour OG clock. 754:

due to the less labour-intensive requirements of managing the machinery. Richard Beamish, assistant to Brunel's son and engineer,

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is a business practice that involves gaining complete control over a product's production, from raw materials to final assembly.

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and techniques to produce interchangeable parts were developed in the mid-19th century that modern mass production was possible.

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An influential article that helped to frame and popularize the 20th century's definition of mass production appeared in a 1926

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Standardized parts and sizes and factory production techniques were developed in pre-industrial times; before the invention of

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With each passing decade, engineers have found ways to increase the flexibility of mass production systems, driving down the

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which uses various instruments to measure variables such as temperature, pressure, volumetric and level, providing feedback.

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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

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In the modern industrialization of construction, mass production is often used for prefabrication of house components.

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high speed tools and the finer steels which they brought about, there could be nothing of what we call modern industry.

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and energy-intensive, for it uses a high proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. It is also usually

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were mass-produced on a large scale at a moderate cost, allowing them to efficiently maintain their control of the

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Roberts, Kenneth D., and Snowden Taylor. Eli Terry and the Connecticut Shelf Clock. Ken Roberts Publishing, 1994.

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for guiding the machine tools and properly holding and aligning the work pieces. This system came to be known as

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rail cars, and for comparison, a canal digger in previous decades typically handled five tons per 12-hour day.

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A pulley block for rigging on a sailing ship. By 1808, annual production in Portsmouth reached 130,000 blocks.

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Sometimes production in series has obvious benefits, as is the case with this 5-sickle casting mould from the

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The provision of a whole new system of electric generation emancipated industry from the leather belt and

1022: 824: 812: 699: 444:. Mass production ties into the idea of overconsumption and the idea that we as humans consume too much. 3760: 3667: 3558: 3436: 3421: 3292: 3197: 3132: 2933: 2909: 2517: 2441: 1645: 1620: 1574: 1569: 1529: 1412: 936: 856: 804: 785: 747: 695: 575: 462:

Bulk materials such as coal, ores, grains and wood chips are handled by belt, chain, slat, pneumatic or

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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression: The Macroeconomics of Electrification

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Some of the organizational management concepts needed to create 20th-century mass production, such as

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worker, Ford also substituted for labor by using machines, thoughtfully arranged, wherever possible.

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produced tremendous affordable output but was not very good at responding to demand for variety,

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that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head

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The biggest impact of early mass production was in manufacturing everyday items, such as at the

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and for this reason classical economists deny that it had any role in the Great Depression.

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Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867-1914 and Their Lasting Impact

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is one of the well-known ones), whose work would later be synthesized into fields such as

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and stamped steel parts, both which appeared in industry in about 1890. Plastics such as

2282:"Can Mass Production of Components Slash the Cost of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations?" 882:

sponsored the development of interchangeable parts for guns produced at the arsenals at

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the manufacture of precision parts, especially metal ones, was highly labour-intensive.

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on new product development and allowing greater customization and variety of products.

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for cutting edges. Fabrication using steel components was aided by the development of

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of factories began very gradually in the 1890s after the introduction of a practical

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used the term in the title of an article that appeared before the publication of the

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Mass production systems for items made of numerous parts are usually organized into

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is also believed to have been created through the use of standardized molds on an

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interchangeable wheels, screws, and axles simplified mass production and repair.

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Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type

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A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present

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This article is about large-scale production. For the creation of matter, see

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produced nearly one ship every day in what was effectively the world's first

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in 56 different locations around the country. These communities were dubbed

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Mass production was popularized in the late 1910s and 1920s by Henry Ford's

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to be mass produced. The first movable type system was invented in China by

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The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1944. Note parts of

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in 1908 for creating interchangeable mass-produced precision engine parts,

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threads throughout. Prerequisites for the wide use of mass production were

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However, mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a

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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II

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Compared with other production methods, mass production can create new

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The idea of mass production is applied to many kinds of products: from

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Timeline of clothing and textiles technology

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usually non-interchangeable. Though produced on a very small scale,

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in many markets, forcing companies to seek new ways to become more

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Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

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Ford assembly line, 1913. The magneto assembly line was the first.

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sizes for the first time which in turn allowed the application of

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Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater

2759:"Style that's sustainable: A new fast-fashion formula | McKinsey" 2182:"Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust: History 1690 - 1840" 1033:), techniques have been developed to help speed up the process . 674:, increased literacy and education, and the beginnings of modern 423:

by many centuries; however, it was not until the introduction of

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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression

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National Geographic Channel "War factories" documentary episodes

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Mass production of fluid matter typically involves piping with

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History of the British canal system

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Nissen of the Huts: A biography of Lt Col. Peter Nissen, DSO

2360:"Example of automated vegetative plant propagation machine" 2334:"Record-breaking solar cells get ready for mass production" 733:

The Navy was in a state of expansion that required 100,000

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List of United Kingdom-related topics

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Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology

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Osborn, G.A. (1965). "The Crimean War gunboats, part 1".

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supplement that was written based on correspondence with

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products in a constant flow, including and especially on

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Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II

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design, Penn produced them all in 90 days. He also used

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History of the cooperative Movement

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The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4

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History of science and technology in the United States

2821:. New York / Lincoln / Shanghai: Authors Choice Press. 2803:. New York / Lincoln / Shanghai: Authors Choice Press. 1411:

In the 1830s, French political thinker and historian

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Some projects (such as the 698:, simple mass production techniques were used at the 2308:"Mass-produced European solar panels on the horizon" 3551: 3480: 3382: 3301: 3093: 2978: 2111:Berkowitz, Heloise; Dumez, Herve (September 2016). 2702:Orange Coast Magazine: Customizing your tract home 2545: 644:, where it was used to, among other things, issue 353:, it is one of the three main production methods. 1617:: identical components are easier to mass-produce 1353:cost than using traditional, non-linear methods. 920:adopted modern manufacturing practices in making 2829:, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945. 702:in England to make ships' pulley blocks for the 3589:Timeline of materials technology 1768: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1689:, BBC GCSE Bitesize, retrieved 26 October 2012. 16:High volume production of standardized products 3374:Stockton and Darlington Railway 2416:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves" 1238:Following World War II, in the United States, 625:, which at its height employed 16,000 people. 613:would follow Carthage in producing ships with 510:computerized control came about (for example, 337:, is the production of substantial amounts of 3857: 3652: 2894: 285: 8: 2640:Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology", 1153:for moving heavy loads across the factory. 3864: 3850: 3842: 3659: 3645: 3637: 2901: 2887: 2879: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 1856:The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army 1060:(PVC) can be easily formed into shapes by 771:gunboat engines designed and assembled by 292: 278: 93: 2628: 2617: 1950:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). 518:) is different (fine-tuned to its task). 415:Some mass production techniques, such as 360:was popularized by a 1926 article in the 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 3208:John Kay (spinning frame) 3203:John Kay (flying shuttle) 3138:Thomas and George Cranege 2689:. Bourne End: B D Publishing. p. 82-108. 648:. The oldest extant book produced using 570:made with bronze parts were produced in 419:sizes and production lines, predate the 43:This article includes a list of general 2436:Fig. 12, Machining speed for steel axle 1939:. Oxford University Press. p. 161. 1672: 1471:Mass production has been linked to the 1242:pioneered the building of standardized 949:mass-produced many vehicles and weapons 470:and mobile equipment such as front-end 247: 213: 157: 121: 105: 3594:Timeline of steam power 2659:Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination 2526: 2515: 2450: 2439: 2245: 2234: 2154:"The Portsmouth blockmaking machinery" 1835: 1825: 1040:and later very hard materials such as 3309:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet 2705:. Emmis Communications. p. 160. 2392:from the original on 19 February 2020 658:, printed in Korea in the year 1377. 7: 3619: 2836:, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. 2709:from the original on 16 October 2023 2366:from the original on 3 February 2021 2340:from the original on 22 January 2021 2314:from the original on 30 January 2021 2288:from the original on 28 January 2021 2045:, unesco.org, accessed December 2021 1970:from the original on 16 October 2023 1956:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 1935:Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003). 1916:from the original on 16 October 2023 1877:from the original on 16 October 2023 1231:, first used by the British during 2066:from the original on 14 April 2008 1814:from the original on 29 March 2023 1636:Cost-of-production theory of value 1626:Outline of industrial organization 1449:denies the possibility of general 632:has allowed for documents such as 385:and particulates handled in bulk ( 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 3806:History of electrical engineering 3123:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 2769:from the original on 20 June 2023 2599:from the original on 17 July 2014 2428:from the original on 1 March 2012 1896:Trawinski, Allan (25 June 2017). 3618: 3607: 3606: 3359:Portsmouth Block Mills 3084: 2866: 2854: 2739:from the original on 2 June 2021 1782:Williams, David (October 2008). 1503: 1489: 1185:at both sides of photo near top. 1011:large-scale carbon sequestration 909:American system of manufacturing 113: 34: 25:Mass Production (disambiguation) 3584:Timeline of invention 3559:History of technology 3422:Newcomen steam engine 3198:Joseph Marie Jacquard 1223:built by emancipated slaves on 880:United States Department of War 855:in 1795, in which he perfected 662:, through his invention of the 617:parts on an assembly line: the 541:museum in Yekaterinburg, Russia 3679:History of technology cultures 3344:Derwent Valley Mills 3213:Francis Cabot Lowell 2817:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). 2799:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). 2490:Devine, Warren D. Jr. (1983). 2215:10.1080/00253359.1965.10657815 1723:Johns Hopkins University Press 1: 3826:History of nuclear technology 3801:History of computing hardware 3779:History of technology domains 1511:Business and economics portal 827:. Although after leaving the 710:. It was achieved in 1803 by 214:Information and communication 3811:History of materials science 2699:Custer, Jack (August 1988). 1651:Second Industrial Revolution 1615:Modular construction systems 1456:Mass production allowed the 1337:Advantages and disadvantages 1005:In addition, in the ongoing 796:, especially in the form of 718:under the management of Sir 672:democratization of knowledge 609:. Many centuries later, the 3569:Industrial archaeology 3472:Watt steam engine 3158:Abraham Darby III 2589:; Crowther, Samuel (1930). 1763:Geschichte der Druckpressen 1206:used 32,000 machine tools. 1139:Glass Manufacturing Company 985:M1919 Browning machine guns 965:Consolidated B-24 Liberator 961:North American P-51 Mustang 933:Consolidated B-32 Dominator 742:in 1800 which standardized 683:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval 3960: 3437:Reverberatory furnace 3364:Quarry Bank Mill 3153:Abraham Darby II 3066:Economies of agglomeration 2827:Masters of Mass Production 2733:interestingengineering.com 2571:. Cambridge, MA / London: 2552:. Oxford / New York City: 2163:. makingthemodernworld.org 1995:Cambridge University Press 1899:The Clash of Civilizations 1761:Wolf, Hans Jürgen (1974). 1661:Technological unemployment 1540:Fast-moving consumer goods 1116:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1098:and accelerated after the 884:Springfield, Massachusetts 835:and later was awarded the 681:French artillery engineer 640:, during the reign of the 18: 3880: 3774: 3674: 3602: 3148:Abraham Darby I 3082: 2921: 2477:Mechanization in Industry 2191:. portsmouthdockyard.org. 2161:UK Government Web Archive 1429:Mass production improved 1273:The use of assembly lines 1007:climate change mitigation 969:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 817:manufacturing engineering 3897:Assemble-to-order system 3791:History of communication 3786:History of biotechnology 3462:Stephenson's Rocket 2187:26 February 2020 at the 1989:Needham, Joseph (1994). 1861:Harvard University Press 1807:The Terra Cotta Warriors 1656:Technological revolution 1317:Ford River Rouge Complex 1141:, which electrified its 914:Singer Manufacturing Co. 809:Frederick Winslow Taylor 3278:Richard Trevithick 2554:Oxford University Press 2460:CS1 maint: postscript ( 2090:Encyclopedia Britannica 1902:. Page Publishing Inc. 1721:, Baltimore, Maryland: 1083:Factory electrification 1077:Encyclopædia Britannica 1019:blue carbon restoration 975:), trucks, tanks (i.e. 831:which was rebranded as 756:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 363:Encyclopædia Britannica 158:Industrial technologies 64:more precise citations. 3816:History of measurement 3686:Prehistoric technology 3533:Rochdale Pioneers 3518:Industrial unrest 3324:Bridgewater Canal 3268:Robert Stephenson 3263:George Stephenson 3238:William Radcliffe 3193:Benjamin Huntsman 3168:William Fairbairn 3128:Edmund Cartwright 3103:Richard Arkwright 3006:Industry/Manufacturing 2859:Quotations related to 2567:Nye, David E. (1990). 2525:Cite journal requires 2475:Jerome, Harry (1934). 2449:Cite journal requires 2120:Gérer & Comprendre 1772: 1560:Industrial engineering 1282: 1265:Fabrics and Materials 1186: 1175: 1023:Trillion Tree Campaign 951:, such as ships (i.e. 940: 825:management consultancy 813:industrial engineering 764: 730: 700:Portsmouth Block Mills 666:and production of the 557: 544: 315: 23:. For other uses, see 3761:Industrial Revolution 3668:History of technology 3503:Cottage industry 3188:Eaton Hodgkinson 3173:James Hargreaves 3108:Thomas Boulsover 2544:Smil, Vaclav (2005). 2497:: 355. Archived from 2386:"Restoration Methods" 2060:Catholic Encyclopedia 1853:Portal, Jane (2007). 1646:Scientific management 1621:Operations management 1575:Instant manufacturing 1570:Industrial Revolution 1530:Continuous production 1473:Fast Fashion Industry 1413:Alexis de Tocqueville 1407:Socioeconomic impacts 1280: 1180: 1162: 937:Consolidated Aircraft 930: 857:Interchangeable parts 805:scientific management 786:interchangeable parts 760: 748:interchangeable parts 728: 696:Industrial Revolution 576:Warring States period 550: 534: 421:Industrial Revolution 335:continuous production 307: 122:Manufacturing methods 3944:Economic development 3929:Industrial processes 3831:History of transport 3796:History of computing 3442:Sheffield plate 3243:Richard Roberts 3223:Thomas Newcomen 3143:Samuel Crompton 3113:Matthew Boulton 3071:Economies of density 2875:at Wikimedia Commons 2661:. Hansib Caribbean. 2592:Edison as I Know Him 2203:The Mariner's Mirror 2159:5 April 2017 at the 2041:19 July 2017 at the 1794:on 11 December 2013. 1685:14 July 2017 at the 1468:of many goods used. 1418:Democracy in America 1401:industrial accidents 1396:occupational hazards 1323:cheaply or cheaper. 1306:Vertical integration 1301:Vertical integration 947:, The United States 714:in cooperation with 712:Marc Isambard Brunel 516:fractionating column 406:household appliances 3939:Types of production 3821:History of medicine 3452:Spinning jenny 3447:Spinning frame 3417:Flying shuttle 3407:Crucible steel 3288:John Wilkinson 3273:Thomas Telford 3118:James Brindley 2685:McCosh, F. (1997). 2036:Memory of the World 1715:Hounshell, David A. 1595:Licensed production 1348:The probability of 931:Mass production of 922:harvesting machines 821:operations research 740:screw-cutting lathe 481:Mass production is 436:supply to outstrip 150:Agile manufacturing 3934:Business economics 3543:Industrial warfare 3392:Blast furnace 3253:Samuel Slater 3248:Thomas Savery 3218:Lunar Society 3076:Economies of scale 2657:Ali, Arif (1996). 2575:. pp. 14, 15. 2231:. 24 January 1887. 2056:"Johann Gutenberg" 1680:Production Methods 1641:Ready-made garment 1590:Lean manufacturing 1283: 1252:economies of scale 1191:Ford Motor Company 1187: 1058:polyvinyl chloride 959:), aircraft (i.e. 941: 829:Henry Ford Company 782:Whitworth Standard 731: 660:Johannes Gutenberg 611:Republic of Venice 588:the Emperor's tomb 558: 545: 372:The New York Times 368:Ford Motor Company 331:series manufacture 316: 145:Lean manufacturing 3906: 3905: 3839: 3838: 3634: 3633: 3508:Factory Acts 3493:Child labour 3457:Steam engine 3369:Soho Foundry 3258:John Smeaton 3183:Thomas Highs 3178:Hawks family 2871:Media related to 2842:978-1-4000-6964-4 2244:Missing or empty 2025:. pp. 41–54. 1963:978-0-307-42518-8 1870:978-0-674-02697-1 1788:Arms & Armour 1732:978-0-8018-2975-8 1565:Industrialisation 1102:was developed by 1070:injection molding 1027:plant propagation 992:energy transition 628:The invention of 483:capital-intensive 449:centrifugal pumps 327:series production 302: 301: 90: 89: 82: 3951: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3756:Great Divergence 3661: 3654: 3647: 3638: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3609: 3513:Great Divergence 3467:Water frame 3402:Cotton mill 3228:Robert Owen 3088: 3056:Water power 3036:Steam power 2991:Coal mining 2969:Potential future 2903: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2870: 2858: 2832:Herman, Arthur. 2825:Borth, Christy. 2822: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2763:www.mckinsey.com 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2735:. 7 March 2020. 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2654: 2648: 2642:Social Scientist 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2504:on 12 April 2019 2503: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2198: 2192: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2151: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2052: 2046: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1711: 1690: 1677: 1555:Great Divergence 1535:Culture industry 1525:Craft production 1520:Batch production 1513: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1497:Companies portal 1494: 1493: 1492: 1464:by lowering the 1443:Great Depression 1364:process after a 1343:craft production 1104:Galileo Ferraris 1096:Frank J. Sprague 1046:electric welding 1042:tungsten carbide 1038:high-speed steel 990:For the ongoing 619:Venetian Arsenal 599:ancient Carthage 468:bucket elevators 351:batch production 345:. Together with 321:, also known as 294: 287: 280: 130:Batch production 117: 107:Machine industry 94: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3919:Mass production 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3876: 3870: 3840: 3835: 3770: 3741:Medieval Europe 3670: 3665: 3635: 3630: 3598: 3547: 3476: 3427:Power loom 3384: 3378: 3354:New Lanark 3297: 3293:John Wyatt 3283:James Watt 3233:Lewis Paul 3133:Henry Cort 3095: 3089: 3080: 2974: 2917: 2907: 2873:Mass production 2861:Mass production 2851: 2816: 2813: 2811:Further reading 2808: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2524: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2448: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 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Jerome 853:milling machine 708:Napoleonic Wars 692: 668:Gutenberg Bible 584:Terracotta Army 529: 524: 495:machine presses 476:overhead cranes 457:process control 453:screw conveyors 433: 358:mass production 323:flow production 319:Mass production 298: 248:Process control 140:Flow production 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 21:mass generation 17: 12: 11: 5: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3736:Medieval Islam 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3616: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 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1984 2621: 2618:Hounshell 1984 2610: 2578: 2559: 2536: 2527:|journal= 2482: 2467: 2451:|journal= 2403: 2377: 2351: 2325: 2299: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2220: 2209:(2): 103–116. 2193: 2174: 2165: 2137: 2103: 2092:. 20 July 1998 2077: 2047: 2028: 2013: 2003: 1997:. p. 14. 1981: 1962: 1942: 1927: 1908: 1888: 1869: 1845: 1810:. p. 27. 1797: 1774: 1765:. p. 67f. 1753: 1731: 1691: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1580:Job production 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1500: 1484: 1481: 1451:overproduction 1408: 1405: 1382:General Motors 1338: 1335: 1302: 1299: 1291:overhead crane 1287:assembly lines 1274: 1271: 1240:William Levitt 1221:chattel houses 1211: 1208: 1183:overhead crane 1084: 1081: 720:Samuel Bentham 716:Henry Maudslay 691: 688: 664:printing press 528: 527:Pre-industrial 525: 523: 520: 432: 429: 347:job production 343:assembly lines 300: 299: 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