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individuals in a crowd to unquestioningly follow the predominant ideas and emotions of the crowd. In Le Bon's view, this effect is capable of spreading between "submerged" individuals much like a disease. Suggestion refers to the period in which the ideas and emotions of the crowd are primarily drawn from a shared unconscious ideology. Crowd members become susceptible to any passing idea or emotion. This behavior comes from an archaic shared unconscious and is therefore uncivilized in nature. It is limited by the moral and cognitive abilities of the least capable members. Le Bon believed that crowds could be a powerful force only for destruction. Additionally, Le Bon and others have indicated that crowd members feel a lessened sense of legal culpability, due to the difficulty in prosecuting individual members of a mob. In short, the individual submerged in the crowd loses self control as the "collective mind" takes over and makes the crowd member capable of violating personal or social norms.
899:, conventional crowds behave in a very conventional and hence somewhat structured manner; as their name suggests, they do not truly act out collective behavior. A group of people who come together solely to show their excitement and feelings is known as an expressive crowd. A political candidate's rally, a religious revival, and celebrations like Mardi Gras are a few examples. An active crowd behaves violently or in other damaging ways, such looting, going above and beyond an expressive crowd. One of the main examples of an acting crowd is a mob, which is an extremely emotional group that either commits or is prepared to do violence. A crowd changes its level of emotional intensity over time, and therefore, can be classed in any one of the four types.
993:"When the leaders become conscious of mass psychology and take it into their own hands, it ceases to exist in a certain sense. ... Just as little as people believe in the depth of their hearts that the Jews are the devil, do they completely believe in their leader. They do not really identify themselves with him but act this identification, perform their own enthusiasm, and thus participate in their leader's performance. ... It is probably the suspicion of this fictitiousness of their own 'group psychology' which makes fascist crowds so merciless and unapproachable. If they would stop to reason for a second, the whole performance would go to pieces, and they would be left to panic."
934:. Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of "panic", but some experts have criticized the media's implication that panic is a main cause of crowd disasters, noting that actual panic is relatively rare in fire situations, and that the major factors in dangerous crowd incidents are infrastructure design, crowd density and breakdowns in communication. Acquisitive mobs occur when large numbers of people are fighting for limited resources. An expressive mob is any other large group of people gathering for an active purpose. Civil disobedience, rock concerts, and religious revivals all fall under this category.
975:, or moral center of consciousness, is displaced by the larger crowd, to be replaced by a charismatic crowd leader. McDougall argues similarly to Freud, saying that simplistic emotions are widespread, and complex emotions are rarer. In a crowd, the overall shared emotional experience reverts to the least common denominator (LCD), leading to primitive levels of emotional expression. This organizational structure is that of the "primal horde"—pre-civilized society—and Freud states that one must rebel against the leader (re-instate the individual morality) in order to escape from it.
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878:(1875). In particular Taine's work helped to change the opinions of his contemporaries on the actions taken by the crowds during the 1789 Revolution. Many Europeans held him in great esteem. While it is difficult to directly link his works to crowd behavior, it may be said that his thoughts stimulated further study of crowd behavior. However, it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that scientific interest in the field gained momentum. French physician and anthropologist
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concern for social evaluation. This lack of restraint increases individual sensitivity to the environment and lessens rational forethought, which can lead to antisocial behavior. More recent theories have stated that deindividuation hinges upon a person being unable, due to situation, to have strong awareness of their self as an object of attention. This lack of attention frees the individual from the necessity of normal social behavior.
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852:, Drill, Alexandre Lacassagne and Benedikt opposed Lombroso's theories in whole or in part. Pugliese found the cause of crime in the failure of the criminal to adapt himself to his social surroundings, and Benedikt, with whom Tarde agreed, held that physical defects were not marks of the criminal qua criminal." It is in this context that you have a debate between
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856:, an Italian lawyer and Gabriel Tarde, a French magistrate on how to determine criminal responsibility in the crowd and hence who to arrest. (Sighele, 1892; Tarde, 1890, 1892, 1901) Both thinkers had published early studies on this matter (Sighele wrote "The Criminal Crowd", and Tarde "La criminalité comparée".)
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Deindividuation, or the loss of personal identity within a crowd, can lead normal, law-abiding people to do terrible things. In 1885, Gustave Le Bon argued that people lost their sense of personal responsibility when in a crowd, which in turn led to impulsive and hedonistic behavior. While anonymity
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and Lewis
Killian put forth the idea that norms emerge from within the crowd. Emergent norm theory states that crowds have little unity at their outset, but during a period of milling about, key members suggest appropriate actions, and following members fall in line, forming the basis for the crowd's
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A major criticism of this theory is that the formation and following of new norms indicates a level of self-awareness that is often missing in the individuals in crowds (as evidenced by the study of deindividuation). Another criticism is that the idea of emergent norms fails to take into account the
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Convergence theory claims that crowd behavior is not irrational; rather, people in crowds express existing beliefs and values so that the mob reaction is the rational product of widespread popular feeling. However, this theory is questioned by certain research which found that people involved in the
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Another approach to classifying crowds is sociologist
Herbert Blumer's system of emotional intensity. He distinguishes four types of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive, and acting. A group of people who just so happen to be at the same location at the same time is known as a casual crowd. This
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Emergent norm theory allows for both positive and negative mob types, as the distinctive characteristics and behaviors of key figures can be positive or negative in nature. An antisocial leader can incite violent action, but an influential voice of non-violence in a crowd can lead to a mass sit-in.
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concluded that the crowd was composed of many small groups of people mostly trying to help each other. Additionally, Le Bon's theory ignores the socio-cultural context of the crowd, which some theorists argue can disempower social change. R. Brown disputes the assumption that crowds are homogenous,
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Generally, researchers in crowd psychology have focused on the negative aspects of crowds, but not all crowds are volatile or negative in nature. For example, in the beginning of the socialist movement crowds were asked to put on their Sunday dress and march silently down the street. A more-modern
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and fellow
Italians, who emphasized the biological determinates of the psychology of a crowd. Lombroso detailed before the first congress his theories of the physical anomalies of criminals and his classification of criminals as 'born criminals', or criminals by occasion and mattoids. According to
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posits that the self is a complex system made up primarily of the concept of membership or non-membership in various social groups. These groups have various moral and behavioral values and norms, and the individual's actions depend on which group membership (or non-membership) is most personally
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theory is largely based on the ideas of
Gustave Le Bon and argues that in typical crowd situations, factors such as anonymity, group unity, and arousal can weaken personal controls (e.g. guilt, shame, self-evaluating behavior) by distancing people from their personal identities and reducing their
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There is limited research into the types of crowd and crowd membership and there is no consensus as to the classification of types of crowds. Two recent scholars, Momboisse (1967) and
Berlonghi (1995) focused upon purpose of existence to differentiate among crowds. Momboisse developed a system of
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held that crowds existed in three stages: submergence, contagion, and suggestion. During submergence, the individuals in the crowd lose their sense of individual self and personal responsibility. This is quite heavily induced by the anonymity of the crowd. Contagion refers to the propensity for
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A further distinction has been proposed between public and private deindividuation. When private aspects of self are weakened, one becomes more subject to crowd impulses, but not necessarily in a negative way. It is when one no longer attends to the public reaction and judgement of individual
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Key members are identified through distinctive personalities or behaviors. These garner attention, and the lack of negative response elicited from the crowd as a whole stands as tacit agreement to their legitimacy. The followers form the majority of the mob, as people tend to be creatures of
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has been presented as a strong argument for the power of deindividuation, although it was later criticised as unscientific. Further experimentation has had mixed results when it comes to aggressive behaviors, and has instead shown that the normative expectations surrounding the situations of
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The group identity serves to create a set of standards for behavior; for certain groups violence is legitimate, for others it is unacceptable. This standard is formed from stated values, but also from the actions of others in the crowd, and sometimes from a few in leadership-type positions.
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Le Bon's idea that crowds foster anonymity and generate emotion has been contested by some critics. Clark McPhail points out studies which show that "the madding crowd" does not take on a life of its own, apart from the thoughts and intentions of members. Norris
Johnson, after investigating
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Crowds are an amalgam of individuals, all of whom belong to various overlapping groups. However, if the crowd is primarily related to some identifiable group (such as
Christians or Hindus or Muslims or civil-rights activists), then the values of that group will dictate the crowd's action.
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In Paris during 10–17 August 1889, the
Italian school received a stronger rebuke of their biological theories during the 2nd International Congress of Criminal Anthropology. A radical divergence in the views between the Italian and the French schools was reflected in the proceedings.
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Haghani, Milad; Coughlan, Matt; Crabb, Ben; Dierickx, Anton; Feliciani, Claudio; van Gelder, Roderick; Geoerg, Paul; Hocaoglu, Nazli; Laws, Steve; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Miles, Zoe; Nicolas, Alexandre; O'Toole, William J.; Schaap, Syan; Semmens, Travis (1 December 2023).
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Haghani, Milad; Coughlan, Matt; Crabb, Ben; Dierickx, Anton; Feliciani, Claudio; van Gelder, Roderick; Geoerg, Paul; Hocaoglu, Nazli; Laws, Steve; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Miles, Zoe; Nicolas, Alexandre; O'Toole, William J.; Schaap, Syan; Semmens, Travis (1 December 2023).
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kind of mob lacks any true identity, long-term goal, or shared connection. A group of individuals who come together for a particular reason is known as a conventional crowd. They could be going to a theater, concert, movie, or lecture. According to
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Crowds can be defined as active ("mobs") or passive ("audiences"). Active crowds can be further divided into aggressive, escapist, acquisitive, or expressive mobs. Aggressive mobs are often violent and outwardly focused. Examples are football
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argued that "An individual in a crowd behaves just as he would behave alone, only more so." Convergence theory holds that crowds form from people of similar dispositions, whose actions are then reinforced and intensified by the crowd.
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In crowds which are more ambiguous, individuals will assume a new social identity as a member of the crowd. This group membership is made more salient by confrontation with other groups – a relatively common occurrence for crowds.
186:(1856-1939). Many of these theories are today tested or used to simulate crowd behaviors in normal or emergency situations. One of the main focuses in these simulation works aims to prevent crowd crushes and stampedes.
1074:. Crowd members are further convinced by the universality phenomenon, described by Allport as the persuasive tendency of the idea that if everyone in the mob is acting in such-and-such a way, then it cannot be wrong.
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expressed his view of crime as degeneration more profound than insanity, for in most insane persons the primitive moral sense has survived the wreck of their intelligence. Along similar lines were the remarks of
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Schwirblat, Tatiana; Freberg, Karen; Freberg, Laura (27 June 2022). "Cancel
Culture: A Career Vulture amongst Influencers on Social Media". In Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris; Freberg, Karen; Luttrell, Regina (eds.).
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behavior that antisocial behavior is elicited. Philip
Zimbardo also did not view deindividuation exclusively as a group phenomenon, and applied the concept to suicide, murder, and interpersonal hostility.
220:. A response from the French, who put forward an environmental theory of human psychology, M. Anguilli called attention to the importance of the influence of the social environment upon crime. Professor
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thought that the atavistic and degenerative theories as held by the Italian school were exaggerations and false interpretations of the facts, and that the important factor was the social environment."
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A concern with this theory is that while it explains how crowds reflect social ideas and prevailing attitudes, it does not explain the mechanisms by which crowds enact to drive social change.
150:" or "mob psychology" examines how the psychology of a group of people differs from the psychology of any one person within the group. The study of crowd psychology looks into the actions and
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Critics of this theory report that it still excludes the social determination of self and action, in that it argues that all actions of the crowd are born from the individuals' intents.
174:) and by the person's impression of the universality of behavior, both of which conditions increase in magnitude with size of the crowd. Notable theorists in crowd psychology include
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Challenger, R., Clegg, C. W., & Robinson, M. A. (2009). Understanding crowd behaviours. Multi-volume report for the UK Government's Cabinet Office. London: Cabinet Office.
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four types: casual, conventional, expressive, and aggressive. Berlonghi classified crowds as spectator, demonstrator, or escaping, to correlate to the purpose for gathering.
907:. Crowds can reflect and challenge the held ideologies of their sociocultural environment. They can also serve integrative social functions, creating temporary communities.
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presence of existent sociocultural norms. Additionally, the theory fails to explain why certain suggestions or individuals rise to normative status while others do not.
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American social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues first elaborated the concept of deindividuation in 1952. It was further refined by American psychologist
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Convergence theory holds that crowd behavior is not a product of the crowd, but rather the crowd is a product of the coming together of like-minded individuals.
2200:"A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target"
1511:"A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target"
848:. The anomalies observed by Lombroso were met with in honest men as well as criminals, Manouvrier claimed, and there is no physical difference between them.
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971:'s crowd behavior theory primarily consists of the idea that becoming a member of a crowd serves to unlock the unconscious mind. This occurs because the
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This influence is evidenced by findings that when the stated purpose and values of a group changes, the values and motives of its members also change.
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his biological theory of criminology suggests that criminality is inherited and that someone “born criminal” could be identified by the way they look
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criticized the belief in a spontaneity of the masses: according to him, the masses were an artificial product of "administrated" modern life. The
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Johnson, Norris R. "Panic at 'The Who Concert Stampede': An Empirical Assessment." Social Problems. Vol. 34, No. 4 (October 1987): 362–373.
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and the "de-psychologized" subject. Furthermore, Adorno stated the bond linking the masses to the leader through the spectacle is feigned:
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The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations
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plays a role in deindividuation, other factors are also at work. Diffusion of responsibility can make an important contribution.
930:. Escapist mobs are characterized by a large number of people trying to get out of a dangerous situation like the November 2021
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began in Rome, at the first International Congress of Criminal Anthropology, on 16 November 1885. The Congress was dominated by
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Zimbardo, Philip (1969). "The human choice – Individuation, reason and order versus Deindividuation, impulse and chaos".
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suggesting instead that participants exist on a continuum, differing in their ability to deviate from social norms.
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2366:. Ed. Géza Roheim. New York: International Universities Press, 1951, pp. 408–433. Reprinted in Vol. VIII of
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who are heavily influenced by the opinions of others. This has been shown in the conformity studies conducted by
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Haghani, Milad; Cristiani, Emiliano; Bode, Nikolai W. F.; Boltes, Maik; Corbetta, Alessandro (8 August 2019).
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1884:"Contemporary understanding of riots: Classical crowd psychology, ideology and the social identity approach"
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When a crowd described as above targets an individual, anti-social behaviors may emerge within its members.
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Barrows, Susanna (1981). "Distorting mirrors – Visions of the crowd". New Haven: Yale University Press.
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Feliciani, Claudio; Corbetta, Alessandro; Haghani, Milad; Nishinari, Katsuhiro (1 April 2024).
1593:, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Nov., 1910), pp. 578–583. Northwestern University. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
1576:. ed. Michael A. Hogg & R. Scott Tindale. Blackwell Publishers Inc. Malden, Mass. page 185.
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Berlonghi, Alexander E. (1995). "Understanding and planning for different spectator crowds".
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The psychology of a crowd is a collective behaviour realised by the individuals within it.
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member, aggression increases, but if it is as a nurse, aggression does not increase).
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1970s riots were less likely than nonparticipant peers to have previous convictions.
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1977:"How crowd accidents are reported in the news media: Lexical and sentiment analysis"
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Kurt Baschwitz – A Pioneer of Communication Studies and Social Psychology.
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The Emerald Handbook of Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media
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deindividuation influence behavior (i.e. if one is deindividuated as a
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characterized Lombroso's theory as nothing but the exploded science of
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Publisher, Author removed at request of original (8 April 2016).
1668:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp.
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Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
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L'Age des foules: un traité historique de psychologie des masses
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in connection with his theory of the 'born criminal'. Professor
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1587:"The International Congress of Criminal Anthropology: A Review"
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2309:"Deindividuation and Antinormative Behavior: A Meta-Analysis"
1549:"Cesare Lombroso: Theory of Crime, Criminal Man, and Atavism"
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of the bourgeois subject dissolved itself, giving way to the
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The Politics of Crowds: An Alternative History of Sociology
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Fahy, Rita F.; Proulx, Guylène; Aiman, Lata (August 2012).
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Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
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Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
1931:"Astroworld Festival timeline: How the tragedy unfolded"
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Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes
2034:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
1453:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
2543:: The Experience, and the Seduction, of Crowd Violence
1572:
Reicher, Stephen. "The Psychology of Crowd Dynamics",
2372:
The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture
1716:(1987). "Theoretical Framework for Mass Psychology".
1368:
Toch, Hans (1988). "Psychology of Crowds Revisited".
2744:
by Prof. Dr. G. Keith Still (archived 20 April 2012)
2100:"Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception"
4302:
4208:
4123:
3967:
3855:
3650:
3357:
3267:
3179:
2999:
2824:
2632:, Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1920.
2545:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. (1990)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2499:
2098:
1661:
1660:(2000). Alan E. Kazdin, editor in chief (ed.).
2374:. Ed. J. M. Berstein. London: Routledge, 1991.
1882:Stott, Clifford; Drury, John (2 August 2016).
3774:
2774:
2710:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
2630:The Behavior of Crowds, A Psychological Study
812:
8:
2720:Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017.
2283:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2252:The crowd : a study of the popular mind
2036:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1455:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
4272:Political polarization in the United States
2370:. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1975, and in
1432:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 152–156.
1430:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
3781:
3767:
3759:
2781:
2767:
2759:
2480:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2399:"Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment"
2287:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
819:
805:
226:
4325:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
2708:Crowds, psychology and politics 1871–1899
2173:
2163:
1994:
1766:Crowds, psychology and politics 1871–1899
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
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1640:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2588:"The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind"
2493:
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903:example involves the sit-ins during the
1768:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1428:Manstead, ASK; Hewstone, Miles (1996).
1409:
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2685:Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution
2473:
2364:Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences
2276:
1957:
1947:
1864:
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1842:
1695:
1685:
882:became its most-influential theorist.
154:of both the individual members of the
4367:Psychological effects of Internet use
2670:'s invention of crowd psychology and
2307:Postmes, Tom; Spears, Russel (1998).
2302:
2300:
2298:
1782:. Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas.
1304:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
836:"Professor Lombroso laid stress upon
7:
2639:, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1991.
2397:Le Texier, Thibault (October 2019).
2249:Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931. (2004).
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4342:Digital media use and mental health
2528:. Cambridge University Press 2012,
2255:. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Pub.
1837:"21.1 Types of Collective Behavior"
2152:Journal of Advanced Transportation
1355:Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
1256:Psychohistory (fictional science)
876:The Origins of Contemporary France
25:
4347:Effects of violence in mass media
4051:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2651:Psychologie des minorités actives
957:a panic at a 1979 The Who concert
166:of a crowd is much influenced by
4320:2021 Facebook company files leak
4046:Mobile phones and driving safety
2990:
2385:Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
1780:Riots, Revolts and Insurrections
1143:
1129:
786:
242:
34:
4292:2020 U.S. presidential election
4287:2016 U.S. presidential election
2342:. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
1888:Public Understanding of Science
1744:The origins of crowd psychology
1095:salient at the time of action.
45:needs additional citations for
2748:Understanding crowd behaviours
1240:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
3863:Betteridge's law of headlines
3086:Industrial and organizational
2637:The Myth of the Madding Crowd
2582:(1895) Psychology of Crowds.
2340:The Myth of the Madding Crowd
529:Industrial and organizational
4377:Social aspects of television
4277:Social media use in politics
3927:Missing white woman syndrome
3327:Human factors and ergonomics
2387:, Vol. 17, pp. 237–307.
1815:10.1016/0925-7535(94)00033-Y
684:Human factors and ergonomics
170:(seen as a person's loss of
3888:Least objectionable program
2445:"What is Crowd Psychology?"
2325:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238
1778:Momboisse, Raymond (1967).
1764:Van Ginneken, Jaap (1992).
27:Branch of social psychology
4446:
4223:Algorithmic radicalization
2221:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292
2005:10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106423
1664:Encyclopedia of psychology
1527:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292
1120:
1015:Stanford Prison Experiment
4337:Cultural impact of TikTok
3800:
3713:
3016:Applied behavior analysis
2988:
2796:
2403:The American Psychologist
2327:– via Researchgate.
917:Los Angeles riots of 1992
459:Applied behavior analysis
4409:Violence and video games
4387:Social impact of YouTube
4267:Knowledge gap hypothesis
4190:Social-desirability bias
4088:Information–action ratio
2586:Le Bon, Gustave (1895).
1900:10.1177/0963662516639872
1742:Nye, R. A. (1975).
1353:Greenberg, M.S. (2010).
1273:("Spirit of the People")
1185:Collective consciousness
938:Theoretical perspectives
842:LĂ©once Pierre Manouvrier
160:collective social entity
4362:Mass shooting contagion
3815:Evolutionary psychology
3292:Behavioral neuroscience
2856:Behavioral neuroscience
2731:Dr. J. P van de Sande,
2611:. Wordsworth Editions.
2498:Guilford, J.P. (1966).
2466:Allport, Floyd (1924).
2060:10.1126/science.adf5949
1718:Contemporary Psychology
1479:10.1126/science.adf5949
1370:Contemporary Psychology
850:Baron Raffaele Garofalo
649:Behavioral neuroscience
304:Behavioral neuroscience
4352:Fascination with death
4215:Political polarization
4143:Availability heuristic
4108:Television consumption
3342:Psychology of religion
3282:Behavioral engineering
3219:Human subject research
2875:Cognitive neuroscience
2841:Affective neuroscience
2737:(in English and Dutch)
2470:. Boston. p. 295.
2313:Psychological Bulletin
1863:Cite journal requires
1611:Handbook of Psychology
1195:Communal reinforcement
1190:Collective unconscious
1092:social identity theory
1086:Social identity theory
998:Deindividuation theory
995:
699:Psychology of religion
639:Behavioral engineering
323:Cognitive neuroscience
289:Affective neuroscience
158:and of the crowd as a
139:
4315:Criticism of Facebook
4195:Social influence bias
4083:Information pollution
4073:Information explosion
4056:Texting while driving
4012:Low information voter
3910:Pink-slime journalism
3718:Wiktionary definition
3254:Self-report inventory
3249:Quantitative research
1266:Shared intentionality
991:
905:Civil Rights movement
793:Psychology portal
137:
4332:Criticism of Netflix
4138:Availability cascade
4078:Information overload
3987:Attention management
3982:Attention inequality
3878:Human-interest story
3820:Behavioral modernity
3805:Cognitive psychology
3244:Qualitative research
3199:Behavior epigenetics
2626:Martin, Everett Dean
2502:Fields of Psychology
2368:Gesammelte Schriften
2338:McPhail, C. (1991).
2165:10.1155/2019/9267643
1213:The Wisdom of Crowds
1050:Emergent norm theory
222:Alexandre Lacassagne
194:The first debate in
54:improve this article
4245:Post-truth politics
4175:Mean world syndrome
3723:Wiktionary category
3287:Behavioral genetics
3259:Statistical surveys
3116:Occupational health
2851:Behavioral genetics
2052:2022Sci...378.1060H
2046:(6624): 1060–1061.
1471:2022Sci...378.1060H
1465:(6624): 1060–1061.
1180:Collective hysteria
1175:Collective behavior
1170:Class consciousness
932:Astroworld Festival
644:Behavioral genetics
559:Occupational health
299:Behavioral genetics
230:Part of a series on
4063:Influence-for-hire
4041:Media multitasking
4036:Human multitasking
3954:Tabloid television
3905:Media manipulation
3695:Schools of thought
3598:Richard E. Nisbett
3478:Donald T. Campbell
3156:Sport and exercise
2714:van Ginneken, Jaap
2704:van Ginneken, Jaap
2524:Borch, Christian.
2415:10.1037/amp0000401
2105:Fire and Materials
1960:has generic name (
1855:has generic name (
1698:has generic name (
1613:(Second ed.).
1200:Crowd manipulation
1030:Convergence theory
928:2011 English riots
761:Schools of thought
599:Sport and exercise
445:Applied psychology
140:
69:"Crowd psychology"
4417:
4416:
4240:Fake news website
4200:Spiral of silence
4153:Confirmation bias
3977:Attention economy
3959:Yellow journalism
3847:Social psychology
3756:
3755:
3733:Wikimedia Commons
3660:Counseling topics
3623:Ronald C. Kessler
3613:Shelley E. Taylor
3538:Lawrence Kohlberg
3513:Stanley Schachter
3312:Consumer behavior
3194:Archival research
2962:Psycholinguistics
2846:Affective science
2742:"Crowd Disasters"
2692:Surowiecki, James
2680:Rheingold, Howard
2635:Mc Phail, Clark,
2534:978-1-107-62546-4
2468:Social Psychology
1551:. 3 November 2022
1439:978-0-631-20289-9
1137:Psychology portal
829:
828:
726:Counseling topics
669:Consumer behavior
410:Psycholinguistics
294:Affective science
182:(1843-1904), and
152:thought processes
144:social psychology
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4437:
4430:Crowd psychology
4262:Knowledge divide
4158:Crowd psychology
4148:Bandwagon effect
3920:Public relations
3837:Media psychology
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3690:Research methods
3633:Richard Davidson
3628:Joseph E. LeDoux
3503:George A. Miller
3493:David McClelland
3488:Herbert A. Simon
3388:Edward Thorndike
3209:Content analysis
2994:
2967:Psychophysiology
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2738:
2658:
2649:
2643:Moscovici, Serge
2622:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2567:
2556:. Viking Adult.
2554:Crowds and Power
2512:
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2117:10.1002/fam.1083
2111:(5–6): 328–338.
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1251:Public relations
1206:Crowds and Power
1160:Bystander effect
1153:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1123:Crowd psychology
821:
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756:Research methods
415:Psychophysiology
275:Basic psychology
246:
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196:crowd psychology
148:crowd psychology
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4204:
4180:Negativity bias
4128:
4119:
4007:Cognitive miser
3963:
3856:Media practices
3851:
3796:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3709:
3685:Psychotherapies
3646:
3603:Martin Seligman
3568:Daniel Kahneman
3508:Richard Lazarus
3458:Raymond Cattell
3362:
3353:
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2947:Neuropsychology
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2647:
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2603:Mackay, Charles
2601:
2592:
2590:
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2580:Le Bon, Gustave
2564:
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2541:Among the Thugs
2521:
2519:Further reading
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1219:Group behaviour
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1121:Main category:
1119:
1088:
1055:Ralph H. Turner
1052:
1032:
1011:Philip Zimbardo
1003:Deindividuation
1000:
966:
964:Freudian theory
945:
940:
888:
886:Types of crowds
872:Hippolyte Taine
825:
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751:Psychotherapies
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395:Neuropsychology
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200:Cesare Lombroso
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168:deindividuation
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4125:Cognitive bias
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4115:Sticky content
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3463:Abraham Maslow
3460:
3455:
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3448:Ernest Hilgard
3445:
3443:Donald O. Hebb
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3423:J. P. Guilford
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3418:Gordon Allport
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
41:
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4404:Technophobia
4392:Technophilia
4235:Echo chamber
4157:
4093:Rage farming
3873:Infotainment
3593:Larry Squire
3588:Bruce McEwen
3583:Amos Tversky
3553:Jerome Kagan
3543:Noam Chomsky
3483:Hans Eysenck
3453:Harry Harlow
3433:Erik Erikson
3332:Intelligence
3229:Neuroimaging
2972:Quantitative
2937:Mathematical
2932:Intelligence
2922:Experimental
2917:Evolutionary
2907:Differential
2816:Psychologist
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689:Intelligence
420:Quantitative
385:Mathematical
380:Intelligence
370:Experimental
365:Evolutionary
355:Differential
205:Enrico Ferri
195:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4168:Moral panic
4098:Screen time
3932:News values
3868:Gatekeeping
3810:Externality
3665:Disciplines
3638:Susan Fiske
3528:Roger Brown
3428:Carl Rogers
3413:Jean Piaget
3378:Ivan Pavlov
3234:Observation
3214:Experiments
3161:Suicidology
3056:Educational
3011:Anomalistic
2982:Theoretical
2957:Personality
2887:Comparative
2870:Cognitivism
2861:Behaviorism
2657:(in French)
2648:(in French)
2593:15 November
1958:|last=
1894:(1): 2–14.
1376:(11): 954.
897:Erich Goode
731:Disciplines
604:Suicidology
499:Educational
454:Anomalistic
430:Theoretical
405:Personality
335:Comparative
318:Cognitivism
309:Behaviorism
4382:Social bot
4372:Sealioning
4130:Conformity
3915:Propaganda
3900:Media bias
3893:Soft media
3728:Wikisource
3573:Paul Ekman
3408:Kurt Lewin
3302:Competence
3224:Interviews
3204:Case study
3081:Humanistic
3061:Ergonomics
3046:Counseling
3021:Assessment
3003:psychology
2952:Perception
2912:Ecological
2828:psychology
2806:Philosophy
2790:Psychology
2215:: 106292.
1996:2309.14633
1989:: 106423.
1521:: 106292.
1284:References
1271:Volksgeist
1224:Groupthink
1064:conformity
846:phrenology
659:Competence
524:Humanistic
504:Ergonomics
489:Counseling
464:Assessment
400:Perception
360:Ecological
236:Psychology
146:known as "
110:March 2023
80:newspapers
4068:Infodemic
4002:Clickbait
3969:Attention
3825:Cognition
3748:Wikibooks
3738:Wikiquote
3608:Ed Diener
3393:Carl Jung
3297:Cognition
3126:Political
3036:Community
2866:Cognitive
2733:On Crowds
2476:cite book
2431:199437070
2279:cite book
2229:0925-7535
2184:0197-6729
2133:145326665
2125:0308-0501
2084:254485601
2068:0036-8075
2021:262824786
2013:0925-7535
1908:0963-6625
1688:cite book
1535:0925-7535
1487:0036-8075
973:super-ego
654:Cognition
569:Political
479:Community
314:Cognitive
264:Subfields
210:Benedickt
4424:Category
4397:Neophile
4024:Phubbing
3942:Hot take
3830:Mismatch
3743:Wikinews
3700:Timeline
3322:Feelings
3317:Emotions
3277:Behavior
3268:Concepts
3146:Religion
3131:Positive
3121:Pastoral
3106:Military
3071:Forensic
3066:Feminist
3051:Critical
3041:Consumer
3031:Coaching
3026:Clinical
3001:Applied
2897:Cultural
2836:Abnormal
2605:(1841).
2552:(1960).
2423:31380664
2271:57245405
2076:36480619
1950:cite web
1935:ABC News
1916:27036665
1609:(2012).
1495:36480619
1165:Charisma
1117:See also
864:'s book
838:epilepsy
766:Timeline
679:Feelings
674:Emotions
634:Behavior
628:Concepts
589:Religion
574:Positive
564:Pastoral
549:Military
514:Forensic
509:Feminist
494:Critical
484:Consumer
474:Coaching
469:Clinical
345:Cultural
284:Abnormal
164:behavior
4357:Griefer
4163:Mobbing
3997:Chumbox
3949:Spiking
3675:Outline
3171:Traffic
3166:Systems
3101:Medical
2927:Gestalt
2801:History
2700:, 2004.
2451:29 July
2048:Bibcode
2040:Science
1940:28 July
1555:28 July
1467:Bibcode
1459:Science
1058:norms.
741:Outline
614:Traffic
609:Systems
544:Medical
375:Gestalt
259:History
254:Outline
190:Origins
94:scholar
3705:Topics
3151:School
3076:Health
2977:Social
2880:Social
2826:Basic
2811:Portal
2753:gov.uk
2688:, 2003
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162:. The
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4228:Youth
3790:Media
3652:Lists
3111:Music
3096:Media
3091:Legal
2942:Moral
2510:–205.
2427:S2CID
2203:(PDF)
2129:S2CID
2080:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1991:arXiv
911:riots
717:Lists
554:Music
539:Media
534:Legal
390:Moral
218:Marro
214:Sergi
156:crowd
101:JSTOR
87:books
3792:and
3337:Mind
2613:ISBN
2595:2005
2558:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2482:link
2453:2012
2419:PMID
2344:ISBN
2289:link
2285:link
2267:OCLC
2257:ISBN
2225:ISSN
2180:ISSN
2156:2019
2121:ISSN
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2009:ISSN
1962:help
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1869:help
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1784:OCLC
1700:help
1674:ISBN
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