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by any
European present. The British garrison was then evacuated from the fort to the entrenched camp, and Monro was quartered in the French camp. The Indians then entered the fort and plundered it and butchered some of the wounded and the sick left behind by the British. The French guards posted around the entrenched camp were only somewhat successful at keeping the Indians out of that area, and it took much effort to prevent plunder and scalping there. Montcalm and Monro initially planned to march the prisoners south the following morning, but after seeing the Indian bloodlust, they decided to attempt the march that night. When the Indians became aware that the British were getting ready to move, many of them massed around the camp, which caused the leaders to call off the march until morning.
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3 miles (4.8 km) from Fort
William Henry, with Montcalm not far behind. Early on the morning of 3 August, Lévis and the Canadians blocked the road between Edward and William Henry, skirmishing with the recently arrived Massachusetts militia. Montcalm summoned Monro to surrender at 11:00 am. Monro refused, and sent messengers south to Fort Edward, indicating the dire nature of the situation and requesting reinforcements. Webb, feeling threatened by Lévis, refused to send any of his estimated 1,600 men north, since they were all that stood between the French and
1411:, captives taken were ransomed, which meant the Indians had no visible trophies. The terms of surrender at Fort William Henry effectively denied the Indians appreciable opportunities for plunder: the war provisions were claimed by the French army and the personal effects of the British were to stay with them, which left nothing for the Indians. According to Steele, that decision bred resentment, as it appeared that the French were conspiring with their enemies, the British, against their friends, the Indians, who were left without any of the promised war trophies.
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Fort
William Henry without knowing more about the disposition of British forces. Intelligence provided by spies in London arrived in the spring and indicated that the British target was probably Louisbourg. That suggested that troop levels on the British side of the frontier might be low enough to make an attack on Fort William Henry feasible. The idea was further supported by the French questioning deserters and captives who had been taken during periodic scouting and raiding expeditions, which both sides conducted, including one resulting in the January
564:, Montcalm's Indian allies violated the agreed terms of surrender and attacked the departing British column, which had been deprived of ammunition, as it left the fort. They killed and scalped numerous soldiers and civilians, took as captives women, children, servants, and slaves, and slaughtered sick and wounded prisoners. Early accounts of the events called it a massacre and implied that as many as 1,500 people were killed, although it is unlikely more than 200 people (less than 10% of the British fighting strength) were actually killed in the massacre.
1407:, in a history published that was posthumously in 1822, apparently coined the phrase "massacre at Fort William Henry," based on Carver's work. His book and Carver's were likely influences on Cooper, and they tended to fault Montcalm for the Indian transgressions. Steele himself adopts a more nuanced view of the underlying cause of the massacre. Montcalm and the French leaders repeatedly promised the Indians opportunities for the glory and trophies of war, including plunder, scalping, and the taking of captives. In the aftermath of the
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the
Indians killed and scalped them. Monro complained that the terms of capitulation had been violated, but his contingent was forced to surrender some of its baggage to be able even to begin the march. As the British marched off, they were harassed by the swarming Indians, who snatched at them, grabbed for weapons and clothing, and pulled away with force those that resisted their actions, including many of the women, children, servants, and slaves. As the last of the men left the encampment, a war whoop sounded, and a contingent of
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left on 18 August, and returned to Fort
Carillon. For unknown reasons, Montcalm decided not to follow up his victory with an attack on Fort Edward. Many reasons have been proposed justifying his decision, including the departure of many but not all of the Indians, a shortage of provisions, the lack of draft animals to assist in the portage to the Hudson, and the need for the Canadian militia to go home in time to participate in the harvest.
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again pressed forward, and thus the confusion continued & encreased till we came to the advanced guard of the French, the savages still carrying away
Officers, privates, women and children, some of which later they kill'd & scalpt in the road. This horrid scene of blood and slaughter obliged our officers to apply to the French Guard for protection, which they refus'd told them they must take to the woods and shift for themselves.
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785:. Although that did not materially affect the planning of the expedition, it would have significant consequences on the frontier. The French forces on the Saint Lawrence would be too far from Louisbourg to support it and would consequently be free to act elsewhere. Loudoun assigned his best troops to the Louisbourg expedition and placed Brigadier General
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sent
Bougainville to the fort under a truce flag to deliver the intercepted dispatch. By then the fort's walls had been breached, many of its guns were useless, and the garrison had taken many casualties. After another day of bombardment by the French, during which their trenches approached another 250 yards (230 m), Monro raised the
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On the afternoon after the massacre, most of the
Indians left and headed back to their homes. Montcalm secured the release of 500 captives they had taken, but the Indians still took with them another 200. The French remained at the site for several days, destroyed what remained of the British works,
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Montcalm, before agreeing to these terms, tried to make sure that his Indian allies understood them and that the chiefs would undertake to restrain their men. The process was complicated by the diversity within the Indian camp, which included some warriors who spoke languages that were not understood
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on 30 July under Lévis' command, traveling overland along Lake George's western shore because the expedition did not have enough boats to carry the entire force. Montcalm and the remaining forces sailed the next day, and met with Lévis for the night at
Ganaouske Bay. The next night, Lévis camped just
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on 1 August. Unlike Webb, he acted with haste and arrived at Fort Edward on 6 August with 1,500 militia and 150 Indians. In a move that infuriated
Johnson, Webb refused to allow him to advance toward Fort William Henry, apparently in the belief of a French deserter's report that the French army was
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Whether or not Montcalm and the other French officers present encouraged or opposed the actions of their Indian allies, and the total number of victims remains a matter of historical debate. The memory of the killings influenced the actions of British military commanders, especially those of General
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Part of the site was scientifically excavated in 1953 by archaeologist Stanley Gifford, and again in the 1990s by a forensic anthropological team lead by Maria Liston and Brenda Baker. The latter study found that diseases, in particular smallpox, inflluenza and tuberculosis brought more casualties
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contends that Montcalm anticipated what was going to happen, deliberately ignored it when it did happen, and stepped in only after the atrocities were well under way. In his opinion, the account by Bougainville, who left for Montreal on the night of 9 August and was not present at the massacre, was
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Estimates of the numbers killed, wounded, and captives vary widely. Ian Steele has compiled estimates ranging from 200 to 1,500. His detailed reconstruction of the siege and its aftermath indicates that the final tally of British missing and dead ranges from 69 to 184, at most 7.5% of the 2,308 who
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opened fire from 900 feet (270 m) further along the same trench, creating a crossfire. The effect of the garrison's return fire was limited to driving French guards from the trenches, and some of the fort's guns either were dismounted or burst owing to the stress of use. On 7 August, Montcalm
871:, with the fourth side sloping down to the lake. The only access to the fort was by a bridge across the moat. The fort was capable of housing only four to five hundred men; additional troops were quartered in an entrenched camp 750 yards (690 m) southeast of the fort, near the site of the 1755
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Ian Steele notes that two primary accounts dominate much of the historical record. The first is the record compiled by Montcalm, including the terms of surrender and his letters to Webb and Loudoun, which received wide publication in the colonies (both French and British) and in Europe. The second
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Many colonial accounts of the time focused on the plundering perpetrated by the Indians and the fact that those who resisted them were killed. The accounts used words like "massacre" even though casualty numbers were uncertain. The later releases of captives did not receive the same level of press
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On 14 August, Montcalm wrote letters to Loudoun and Webb and apologized for the behaviour of the Indians but also attempted to justify it. Many captives who were taken to Montreal by the Indians were also eventually repatriated through prisoner exchanges negotiated by Vaudreuil. On 27 September, a
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The next morning, even before the British column had begun to form up for the march to Fort Edward, the Indians renewed attacks on the largely defenceless British. At 5 a.m., Indians entered huts in the fort that housed wounded British, who were supposed to be under the care of French doctors, and
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and sent a detachment of them onto the lake for reconnaissance. They returned with word that Indians were encamped on islands in the lake about 18 miles (29 km) from the fort. Swearing Putnam and his rangers to secrecy, Webb returned to Fort Edward, and on 2 August, he sent Lieutenant Colonel
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At last with great difficulty the troops got from the Retrenchment, but they were no sooner out than the savages fell upon our rear, killing and scalping, which occasioned an order for a halt, done in great confusion at last, but, as soon as those in the front knew what was doing in the rear they
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After the success of his 1756 assault on Fort Oswego, Montcalm had been seeking an opportunity to deal with the British position at Fort William Henry to provide the British with a launching point for attacks against Fort Carillon. He was initially hesitant to commit his limited resources against
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Sources do not generally count French casualties. Even detailed secondary-source accounts of the siege, such as Dodge and Steele, do not attempt to count them. One of Steele's only specific mentions of incidents involving French or allied Indian casualties mentions 15 Indians killed. (Steele, p.
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Although Montcalm and other French officers attempted to stop further attacks, others did nothing, and some explicitly refused to provide further protection to the British. The column then dissolved, as some tried to escape the Indian onslaught, and others actively tried to defend themselves.
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Montcalm, in the meantime, ordered Bourlamaque to begin siege operations. The French opened trenches to the northwest of the fort with the objective of bringing their artillery to bear against the fort's northwest bastion. On 5 August, French guns began firing on the fort from 2,000 yards
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During the winter of 1756–1757, Fort William Henry was garrisoned by several hundred men from the 44th Foot under Major Will Eyre. In March 1757, the French sent an army of 1,500 to attack the fort under the command of the governor's brother, Pierre de Rigaud. Composed primarily of colonial
729:). This was done in order to rival French claims to the surrounding area. This area between Forts William Henry and Carillon was a wilderness dominated by Lake George. The historian Ian Steele described it as "a military waterway that left opposing cannons only a few days apart."
1399:, an explorer who had served in the Massachusetts militia and had been at the siege. According to Steele, Carver originated, without any supporting analysis or justification, the idea that as many as 1,500 people had been "killed or made prisoner" in his widely-popular work.
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The British and later the Americans never rebuilt anything on the site of Fort William Henry, which lay in ruins for about 200 years. In the 1950s, excavation at the site eventually led to the reconstruction of Fort William Henry as a tourist destination for the town of
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against Louisbourg in 1758. Amherst, who also presided over the surrender of Montreal in 1760, refused the surrendering garrisons at Louisbourg and Montreal the normal honours of war, part because of the French failure to uphold the terms of capitulation in the action.
937:, a group of Ottawa was not stopped when it was observed to be ritually cannibalizing another prisoner. The French authorities were also frustrated in their ability to limit the Indians' taking of more than their allotted share of rations. Montcalm's aide,
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Webb, who commanded the area from his base at Fort Edward, received intelligence in April that the French were accumulating resources and troops at Carillon. News of continued French activity arrived with a captive taken in mid-July. After an attack by
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led to the belief that many more people died than actually had. Lossing wrote that "fifteen hundred were butchered or carried into hopeless captivity", but many more were captured than killed, and even many of those captured were eventually freed.
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than acts of war - with forensic anthropologist Maria Liston declaring that their findings show a group in worse shape and with more pathologies than anything she had ever worked with. They also show that the Indian attack described in
833:, began the process of recruiting Indians for the following summer's campaign. Fueled by stories circulated by Indian participants in the capture of Oswego, the drive was highly successful by drawing nearly 1,000 warriors from the
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Loudoun's plan depended on the expedition's timely arrival at Quebec so that French troops would not have the opportunity to move against targets on the frontier, and would instead be needed to defend the heartland of
1287:, about 300 people captured at Fort William Henry were returned to the colonies. The fleet continued to Europe, where a few more former captives were released. Some of them also eventually returned to the colonies.
1310:, who succeeded Loudoun as commander-in-chief, was asked by paroled members of the 35th Foot to void the agreement so that they would be free to serve in 1758, which he did, and they went on to serve under General
1970:, video on youtube.com. Forensic anthropology study of fort William Henry’s site : 4’44 – 18’38, with forensic anthropologist Maria Liston. See in particular 14'20: disease vs. war casualties; 16'02:
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John Young with 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militia to reinforce the garrison at William Henry. That raised the size of the garrison to about 2,500, but several hundred of them were ill, some with
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to protect Montcalm. Parkman is more vigorous in his defence of Montcalm by claiming that he and other French officers did what they could to prevent atrocities but were powerless to stop the onslaught.
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883:, militia, and Indians and without heavy weapons, they besieged the fort for four days, destroyed outbuildings and many watercraft, and retreated. Eyre and his men were replaced by Lieutenant Colonel
863:. Its walls were 30 feet (9.1 m) thick, with log facings surrounding an earthen filling. Inside the fort were wooden barracks two stories high that were built around the parade ground. Its
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on the Hudson River, about 16 miles (26 km) south of Fort William Henry (all three forts are now in New York State). The purpose behind the construction of the fort was to gain control of
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Webb was recalled because of his actions. Johnson wrote that Webb was "the only Englishman ever knew who was a coward". Loudoun was also recalled, but that occurred primarily because of the
941:, observed that attempts to curb that activity would have resulted in the loss of some of these forces. In another prelude of things to come, many prisoners were taken on 23 July in the
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At Carillon, the French leadership had difficulty controlling the behavior of the Indian allies. Although the French stopped one group from forcing a British prisoner to
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945:, and some of whom were also ritually cannibalized before Montcalm managed to convince the Indians instead to send the captives to Montreal to be sold as slaves.
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1358:. Cooper's description of the events contains numerous inaccuracies, but his work and the sometimes-lurid descriptions of the event by early historians like
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reported that he was stripped of much of his clothing and repeatedly threatened. He fled into the woods and did not reach Fort Edward until 12 August.
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on the corners in a design that was intended to repel Indian attacks, but it was not necessarily sufficient to withstand attack from an enemy that had
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rising to take control over military matters. Loudoun consequently did not receive any feedback from London on his proposed campaign until March 1757.
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The Indians that assembled at Montreal were sent south to Fort Carillon, where they joined the French regiments of Béarn and Royal Roussillon under
639:, and British military leaders were unable to mount any campaigns the following year. In a major setback, a French and Indian army, led by General
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1158:. He wrote to Monro on 4 August that he should negotiate the best terms possible; this communication was intercepted and delivered to Montcalm.
919:. Combined with the troupes de la marine, militia companies, and the arriving Indians, the force accumulated at Carillon amounted to 8,000 men.
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was in the northeastern bastion, and its hospital was located in the southeastern bastion. The fort was surrounded on three sides by a dry
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Loudoun, upset over the event, delayed implementing the release of French prisoners promised as part of the terms of surrender. General
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A map showing the theater of war in New York and Pennsylvania. Fort William Henry is just above "York" on the right side of the map.
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or exchanged prisoners taken in a variety of actions, including those at Fort William Henry and Oswego. When the fleet arrived at
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After several days of bombardment and increasing casualty rates, Monro surrendered to Montcalm, whose force included nearly 2,000
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and the 35th Foot in the spring. Monro established his headquarters in the entrenched camp, where most of his men were located.
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Before that feedback arrived, he developed plans for the expedition to Quebec and worked with the provincial governors of the
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to develop plans for a coordinated defence of the frontier, including the allotment of militia quotas to each province.
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While Montcalm's Indian allies had already begun to move south, his advance force of French troops departed from
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but no ammunition. In addition, British authorities were to release French prisoners within three months.
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When Pitt's instructions finally reached Loudoun in March 1757, they called for the expedition to target
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trying to stop Native Americans from attacking British soldiers and civilians as they leave the fort
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on a work crew near Fort Edward on 23 July, Webb travelled to Fort William Henry with a party of
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coverage. The events of the battle and the subsequent killings were depicted in the 1826 novel
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11,000 men strong and that any attempt at relief was futile because of the available forces.
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Montcalm talking with an English officer who had come to negotiate the surrender of the fort
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1162:(1,800 m), a spectacle the large Indian contingent relished. The next day a second
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3rd Battalion, Massachusetts Provincial Forces (about 450 x men), commanded by Colonel
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2nd Battalion, Massachusetts Provincial Forces (about 450 x men), commanded by Colonel
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Fort William Henry, built in the fall of 1755, was a roughly square fortification with
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resulting in the capturing and massacring of said force. This conflict is known as the
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from various tribes. The terms of surrender included the withdrawal of the garrison to
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Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America
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The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756–1775
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if they refrained from fighting for 18 months. They were allowed to keep their
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in September 1756. It was focused on a single expedition aimed at the heart of
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The first few years of the war did not go particularly well for the British. A
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Historians disagree on where to assign responsibility for the Indian actions.
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Word of the French movements had reached the influential British Indian agent
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2nd Battalion, Connecticut Provincial Forces (about 450 x men), commanded by
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would be allowed to withdraw, under French escort, to Fort Edward with full
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in 1755, the French had begun construction of Fort Carillon, now known as
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Loudoun's plan for the 1757 campaign was submitted to the government in
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and broke the struggling peace between France and Britain's colonies.
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in North America and in Europe resulted in a change of power, with
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755:. However, political turmoil in London over the progress of the
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801:. The provinces were to supply Webb with about 5,000 militia.
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in command of the New York frontier. He was given about 2,000
659:, who had temporarily assumed command after Braddock's death.
643:, captured the garrison and destroyed fortifications at the
1993:
Relief is Greatly Wanted: the Battle of Fort William Henry
588:, started in 1754 over territorial disputes between the
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Attacks on buildings and structures in New York (state)
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warriors seized several men at the rear of the column.
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The terms of surrender were that the British and their
1112:(about 250 x men), commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Cole
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69–184 British prisoners killed in captivity or missing
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Attacks on military installations in the United States
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Forensics Uncover The Lost Soldiers Of The Vietnam War
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As early as December 1756, New France's governor, the
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History of the 35th Foot in the French and Indian War
2203:. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
2179:
Chronicles of Lake George: Journeys in War and Peace
2313:French and Indian War: Siege of Fort William Henry
2308:The Siege of Fort William Henry, Video Documentary
2143:Betrayals: Fort William Henry & the 'Massacre'
1331:Reenactment of the events on the 250th anniversary
651:arrived to take command of the British forces in
2118:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
2298:An account of two attacks on Fort William Henry
1229:
817:, copy by Théophile Hamel from unknown original
45:
1976:, an understated account of the Indian attack.
926:A hand-drawn map depicting the siege area, by
608:. The war was sparked when Lieutenant Colonel
560:In one of the most notorious incidents of the
2264:Travels in New-England and New-York, Volume 3
2232:The Last of the Mohicans: a Narrative of 1757
320:
8:
2181:. Fleischmann's, NY: Purple Mountain Press.
1279:small British fleet left Quebec and carried
530:. This fort, located at the southern end of
1008:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1299:. Colonel Monro died in November 1757 of
1028:Learn how and when to remove this message
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65:Plan of Fort William Henry and Camp at
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1395:was the 1778 publication of a book by
917:François de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis
534:, on the frontier between the British
2145:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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7:
2345:Battles of the French and Indian War
2079:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1297:failure of the Louisbourg expedition
1006:adding citations to reliable sources
2075:Pargellis, Stanley McRory (1933).
647:in August 1756. In July 1756, the
338:Seven Years' War in North America:
25:
2267:. New Haven, CT: self-published.
346:, St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater
30:Not to be confused with the 1696
27:Siege during the Seven Years' War
2365:1757 in the Province of New York
1952:"Massacre at Fort William Henry"
1092:(about 450 x men), commanded by
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1062:Massachusetts Provincial Forces
897:François-Charles de Bourlamaque
799:60th (Royal American) Regiments
2355:Sieges involving Great Britain
2116:Massacre at Fort William Henry
1110:Rhode Island Provincial Forces
600:in areas that are now western
508:Bataille de Fort William Henry
279:2,500 regulars and provincials
18:Massacre at Fort William Henry
1:
2360:Massacres by Native Americans
2077:Lord Loudoun in North America
1995:. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books.
1316:successful British expedition
1090:Connecticut Provincial Forces
1046:British forces, commanded by
939:Louis Antoine de Bougainville
2199:(2004). Parker, John (ed.).
2098:Montcalm and Wolfe, Volume 1
1356:film adaptations of the book
1257:The reconstructed fort today
2340:Battles in New York (state)
2201:Journals of Jonathan Carver
1409:Battle of Sabbath Day Point
943:Battle of Sabbath Day Point
616:allies ambushed a force of
500:siege of Fort William Henry
274:6,200 regulars and militia
46:Siege of Fort William Henry
32:Siege of Fort William Henry
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2177:Bellico, Russel P (1995).
2048:Nester, William R (2000).
2025:. New York: W. W. Norton.
1117:New York Provincial Forces
612:and a small contingent of
36:Siege of Fort Henry (1782)
29:
2101:. Boston: Little, Brown.
2052:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
951:Joseph Marin de la Malgue
777:on the Atlantic coast of
710:, at the southern end of
622:Battle of Jumonville Glen
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343:The French and Indian War
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58:
50:
2114:Starbuck, David (2002).
1991:Dodge, Edward J (1998).
1973:The Last of the Mohicans
1418:The Last of the Mohicans
1347:The Last of the Mohicans
1216:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
781:, which is now known as
641:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
520:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
2350:Sieges involving France
2235:. New York: Macmillan.
1124:Mohawk Native Americans
928:James Gabriel Montresor
590:North American colonies
2227:Cooper, James Fenimore
2141:Steele, Ian K (1990).
1553:Pargellis, pp. 212–215
1378:
1332:
1258:
1242:
1223:Massachusetts Colonel
1219:
1191:and a single symbolic
1171:to open negotiations.
1146:
930:
852:
818:
761:William Pitt the Elder
743:
727:Lac Du Saint Sacrement
584:, an extension of The
507:
419:Conquest of New France
292:130 killed or wounded
276:1,800 Native Americans
221:Commanders and leaders
2335:1757 in North America
1897:Jennings, pp. 316–318
1373:
1352:James Fenimore Cooper
1330:
1256:
1213:
1144:
1056:35th Regiment of Foot
957:rangers led by Major
925:
873:Battle of Lake George
850:
812:
793:, primarily from the
735:
700:Battle of Lake George
645:Battle of Fort Oswego
582:French and Indian War
562:French and Indian War
510:) was conducted by a
284:Casualties and losses
134:French-Indian victory
115:43.42028°N 73.71111°W
53:French and Indian War
1906:Parkman, pp. 521–525
1678:Parkman, pp. 493–497
1440:Parkman, pp. 489–492
1285:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1002:improve this section
881:troupes de la marine
843:British preparations
831:Marquis de Vaudreuil
753:Saint Lawrence River
536:Province of New York
1924:Steele, pp. 167–168
1831:Steele, pp. 135–138
1723:Steele, pp. 100–102
891:French preparations
824:Battle on Snowshoes
466:Pointe-aux-Trembles
245:Charles de Langlade
120:43.42028; -73.71111
111: /
1379:
1333:
1274:Return of captives
1259:
1220:
1147:
1103:Lieutenant Colonel
1048:Lieutenant Colonel
931:
853:
819:
783:Cape Breton Island
744:
708:Fort William Henry
540:Province of Canada
528:Fort William Henry
502:(3–9 August 1757,
387:Fort William Henry
90:Fort William Henry
2370:Massacres in 1757
2330:Conflicts in 1757
2274:978-1-145-36146-1
2242:978-0-451-52982-4
2210:978-0-87351-492-7
2152:978-0-19-505893-2
2125:978-1-58465-166-6
2059:978-0-275-96771-0
2032:978-0-393-30640-8
2019:Jennings, Francis
2002:978-0-7884-0932-5
1822:Nester, pp. 57–58
1801:Nester, pp. 61,64
1655:Nester, pp. 43–44
1571:Pargellis, p. 235
1562:Pargellis, p. 232
1544:Pargellis, p. 243
1526:Steele, pp. 59–61
1517:Pargellis, p. 211
1496:Steele, pp. 28–56
1471:Pargellis, p. 250
1374:Daguerreotype of
1308:James Abercrombie
1245:had surrendered.
1119:(about 200 x men)
1085:
1038:
1037:
1030:
768:Thirteen Colonies
637:ended in disaster
610:George Washington
493:
492:
382:Sabbath Day Point
303:
302:
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
2387:
2286:
2254:
2222:
2197:Carver, Jonathan
2192:
2164:
2137:
2110:
2093:Parkman, Francis
2088:
2071:
2044:
2014:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1949:
1943:
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1859:
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1850:
1844:
1843:Starbuck, p. 14
1841:
1832:
1829:
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1814:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1781:
1780:Dodge, pp. 91–92
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1441:
1438:
1383:Francis Jennings
1240:
1083:
1081:Ephraim Williams
1033:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1013:
982:
974:
757:Seven Years' War
704:Fort Ticonderoga
663:British planning
629:major expedition
618:French Canadians
586:Seven Years' War
483:Thousand Islands
436:Fort Ticonderoga
426:La Belle-Famille
347:
344:
339:
329:
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315:
306:
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2259:Dwight, Timothy
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2170:Further reading
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2074:
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2017:
2003:
1990:
1986:
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1941:
1937:
1932:
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1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:Parkman, p. 523
1887:
1883:
1879:Starbuck, p. 15
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:Starbuck, p. 18
1860:
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1714:Parkman, p. 517
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1687:Parkman, p. 498
1686:
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1607:Parkman, p. 488
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1597:
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1589:Parkman, p. 482
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1505:Parkman, p. 397
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1427:
1397:Jonathan Carver
1376:Francis Parkman
1364:Francis Parkman
1325:
1312:Jeffery Amherst
1293:
1276:
1267:William Johnson
1251:
1241:
1236:
1177:
1139:
1134:
1115:3 x Companies,
1108:5 x Companies,
1088:1st Battalion,
1069:Timothy Ruggles
1060:1st Battalion,
1043:
1034:
1023:
1017:
1014:
999:
983:
972:
970:Order of battle
935:run the gantlet
893:
845:
807:
805:French planning
665:
657:William Shirley
649:Earl of Loudoun
633:Edward Braddock
578:
570:Jeffery Amherst
538:and the French
496:
495:
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80:3–9 August 1757
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2292:External links
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1942:Steele, p. 185
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1933:Steele, p. 184
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1405:Timothy Dwight
1360:Benson Lossing
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1181:camp followers
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836:Pays d'en Haut
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739:, portrait by
685:Lake Champlain
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1956:plaza.ufl.edu
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1813:Nester, p. 64
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1792:Nester, p. 62
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1702:
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1669:Nester, p. 55
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1616:Steele, p. 79
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1598:Nester, p. 52
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1580:Steele, p. 78
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1452:Steele, p. 69
1449:
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1424:
1422:
1420:
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1410:
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1398:
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1389:
1386:written as a
1384:
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1143:
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1132:French forces
1131:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:Phineas Lyman
1095:
1094:Major General
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:Moses Titcomb
1072:
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992:
987:This section
985:
981:
976:
975:
969:
967:
965:
960:
959:Israel Putnam
956:
952:
946:
944:
940:
936:
929:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:and those of
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678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
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655:and replaced
654:
653:North America
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:and northern
603:
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598:Great Britain
595:
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563:
558:
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541:
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533:
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518:force led by
517:
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407:Fort Carillon
405:
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402:Bernetz Brook
400:
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397:2nd Snowshoes
395:
393:
392:German Flatts
390:
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377:1st Snowshoes
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1992:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1938:
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1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1827:
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1797:
1776:
1771:Dodge, p. 92
1767:
1728:
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1401:Yale College
1393:
1380:
1345:
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1334:
1305:
1294:
1291:Consequences
1277:
1264:
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1243:
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1221:
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1197:
1178:
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1148:
1051:George Monro
1024:
1015:
1000:Please help
988:
947:
932:
894:
885:George Monro
877:
854:
834:
828:
820:
813:Portrait of
772:
765:
745:
741:Allan Ramsay
737:Lord Loudoun
697:
681:Hudson River
666:
626:
602:Pennsylvania
579:
566:
559:
548:
544:George Monro
522:against the
499:
497:
431:Fort Niagara
386:
257:George Monro
143:Belligerents
51:Part of the
1338:Lake George
1238:Joseph Frye
1225:Joseph Frye
955:Connecticut
787:Daniel Webb
720:Lake George
716:Fort Edward
712:Lake George
677:Quebec City
631:by General
555:Fort Edward
532:Lake George
451:St. Francis
372:Fort Oswego
362:Lake George
118: /
67:Lake George
2324:Categories
1984:References
1403:President
1169:white flag
779:Île Royale
775:Louisbourg
751:along the
698:After the
673:New France
576:Background
461:2nd Quebec
456:Sainte-Foy
446:1st Quebec
185:Potawatomi
172:New France
106:73°42′40″W
103:43°25′13″N
2261:(1823) .
2229:(2005) .
2219:213846192
2095:(1922) .
2085:460019682
1388:whitewash
1249:Aftermath
989:does not
909:Languedoc
861:artillery
367:Fort Bull
189:Nipissing
2251:21280984
2161:20098712
2134:47746316
2107:30767445
2068:41468552
2041:30969531
2021:(1990).
2011:39400729
1301:apoplexy
1235:—
1175:Massacre
1018:May 2023
964:smallpox
913:la Reine
901:La Sarre
865:magazine
857:bastions
815:Montcalm
791:regulars
693:Montreal
687:between
635:in 1755
606:New York
478:Montreal
441:Beauport
269:Strength
234:Montcalm
94:New York
85:Location
2283:2602185
1354:and in
1314:in his
1281:paroled
1205:Abenaki
1189:muskets
1164:battery
1105:Whiting
1066:Colonel
1010:removed
995:sources
905:Guyenne
724:French:
551:Indians
524:British
181:Abenaki
34:or the
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2009:
1999:
1323:Legacy
1193:cannon
1156:Albany
1122:250 x
915:under
911:, and
749:Canada
714:, and
689:Albany
669:London
594:France
526:-held
516:Indian
512:French
504:French
259:
200:
169:
158:France
155:
131:Result
1954:; on
1425:Notes
1137:Siege
1084:(KIA)
614:Mingo
357:Frogs
289:Light
177:Odawa
2279:OCLC
2269:ISBN
2247:OCLC
2237:ISBN
2215:OCLC
2205:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2157:OCLC
2147:ISBN
2130:OCLC
2120:ISBN
2103:OCLC
2081:OCLC
2064:OCLC
2054:ISBN
2037:OCLC
2027:ISBN
2007:OCLC
1997:ISBN
1462:104)
1362:and
993:any
991:cite
869:moat
797:and
795:35th
691:and
683:and
596:and
580:The
514:and
498:The
77:Date
1350:by
1004:by
592:of
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2062:.
2035:.
2005:.
1836:^
1806:^
1785:^
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1737:^
1660:^
1621:^
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1476:^
1445:^
1433:^
1340:.
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2013:.
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1025:(
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