Cartography - Knowledge (XXG)

1184:, which uses equally-spaced parallel vertical lines of longitude and parallel latitude lines spaced farther apart as they get farther away from the equator. By this construction, courses of constant bearing are conveniently represented as straight lines for navigation. The same property limits its value as a general-purpose world map because regions are shown as increasingly larger than they actually are the further from the equator they are. Mercator is also credited as the first to use the word "atlas" to describe a collection of maps. In the later years of his life, Mercator resolved to create his Atlas, a book filled with many maps of different regions of the world, as well as a chronological history of the world from the Earth's creation by God until 1568. He was unable to complete it to his satisfaction before he died. Still, some additions were made to the Atlas after his death, and new editions were published after his death. 1259:

styli to prick holes along the drawn lines, trace along them with colored chalk, and then engrave the map. Lines going in the same direction are carved at the same time, and then the plate is turned to carve lines going in a different direction. To print from the finished plate, ink is spread over the metal surface and scraped off such that it remains only in the etched channels. Then the plate is pressed forcibly against the paper so that the ink in the channels is transferred to the paper. The pressing is so forceful that it leaves a "plate mark" around the border of the map at the edge of the plate, within which the paper is depressed compared to the margins. Copper and other metals were expensive at the time, so the plate was often reused for new maps or melted down for other purposes.

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information. Either way, many maps of the Renaissance left the publisher without being colored, a practice that continued all the way into the 1800s. However, most publishers accepted orders from their patrons to have their maps or atlases colored if they wished. Because all coloring was done by hand, the patron could request simple, cheap color, or more expensive, elaborate color, even going so far as silver or gold gilding. The simplest coloring was merely outlines, such as of borders and along rivers. Wash color meant painting regions with inks or watercolors. Limning meant adding silver and gold leaf to the map to illuminate lettering, heraldic arms, or other decorative elements.

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are advantages to using relief to make maps. For one, a printmaker doesn't need a press because the maps could be developed as rubbings. Woodblock is durable enough to be used many times before defects appear. Existing printing presses can be used to create the prints rather than having to create a new one. On the other hand, it is hard to achieve fine detail with the relief technique. Inconsistencies in linework are more apparent in woodcut than in intaglio. To improve quality in the late fifteenth century, a style of relief craftsmanship developed using fine chisels to carve the wood, rather than the more commonly used knife.

6120: 1014: 1074: 97: 1065:(which he learned through contemporary accounts from Arab merchants and explorers) with the information he inherited from the classical geographers, he was able to write detailed descriptions of a multitude of countries. Along with the substantial text he had written, he created a world map influenced mostly by the Ptolemaic conception of the world, but with significant influence from multiple Arab geographers. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries. The map was divided into seven 750: 1887:, and other map elements to find ways to portray the information so that the map reader can interpret the map as intended. Guided by these experiments, the cartographer settles on a design and creates the map, whether in physical or electronic form. Once finished, the map is delivered to its audience. The map reader interprets the symbols and patterns on the map to draw conclusions and perhaps to take action. By the spatial perspectives they provide, maps help shape how we view the world. 989: 1429: 824: 1213:, maps were used to impress viewers and establish the owner's reputation as sophisticated, educated, and worldly. Because of this, towards the end of the Renaissance, maps were displayed with equal importance of painting, sculptures, and other pieces of art. In the sixteenth century, maps were becoming increasingly available to consumers through the introduction of printmaking, with about 10% of Venetian homes having some sort of map by the late 1500s. 1683: 1702: 55: 1867: 1818: 1691: 7651: 6132: 5834: 5123: 5846: 5135: 2007: 1376: 2174:(CaGIS), promotes in the U.S. research, education, and practice to improve the understanding, creation, analysis, and use of maps and geographic information. The society serves as a forum for the exchange of original concepts, techniques, approaches, and experiences by those who design, implement, and use cartography, geographical information systems, and related geospatial technologies. 1936:: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification. 899: 1906: 1456: 5870: 6144: 5858: 1978:: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of 1328:

as intermediaries, managed to work a treaty which placed the Amur River as the border between the Eurasian powers, and opened up trading relations between the two. This treaty's significance draws from the interaction between the two sides, and the intermediaries who were drawn from a wide variety of

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Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these

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was created by a Chinese cartographer. Historians have put its date of creation around 1620, but there is debate in this regard. This map's significance draws from historical misconceptions of East Asian cartography, the main one being that East Asians did not do cartography until Europeans arrived.

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In intaglio, lines are engraved into workable metals, typically copper but sometimes brass. The engraver spreads a thin sheet of wax over the metal plate and uses ink to draw the details. Then, the engraver traces the lines with a stylus to etch them into the plate beneath. The engraver can also use

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A map has a purpose and an audience. Its purpose may be as broad as teaching the major physical and political features of the entire world, or as narrow as convincing a neighbor to move a fence. The audience may be as broad as the general public or as narrow as a single person. Mapmakers use design

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which show shaded relief. Before such software existed, cartographers had to draw shaded relief by hand. One cartographer who is respected as a master of hand-drawn shaded relief is the Swiss professor Eduard Imhof whose efforts in hill shading were so influential that his method became used around

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In woodcut, the map image is created as a relief chiseled from medium-grain hardwood. The areas intended to be printed are inked and pressed against the sheet. Being raised from the rest of the block, the map lines cause indentations in the paper that can often be felt on the back of the map. There

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Before 1749, maps of the African continent had African kingdoms drawn with assumed or contrived boundaries, with unknown or unexplored areas having drawings of animals, imaginary physical geographic features, and descriptive texts. In 1748, Jean B. B. d'Anville created the first map of the African

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Lettering in mapmaking is important for denoting information. Fine lettering is difficult in woodcut, where it often turned out square and blocky, contrary to the stylized, rounded writing style popular in Italy at the time. To improve quality, mapmakers developed fine chisels to carve the relief.

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In the late 1400s to the late 1500s, Rome, Florence, and Venice dominated map-making and trade. It started in Florence in the mid-to late 1400s. Map trade quickly shifted to Rome and Venice but then was overtaken by atlas makers in the late 16th century. Map publishing in Venice was completed with

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In medieval times, written directions of how to get somewhere were more common than the use of maps. With the Renaissance, cartography began to be seen as a metaphor for power. Political leaders could lay claim to territories through the use of maps, and this was greatly aided by the religious and

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in 2005 as a development of the virtual globe EarthViewer 3D (2004), which revolutionised accessibility of accurate world maps, as well as access to satellite and aerial imagery. These advances brought more accuracy to geographical and location-based data and widened the range of applications for

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In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were produced manually, with brushes and parchment; so they varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the

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A third type of map is known as an "orienteering," or special purpose map. This type of map falls somewhere between thematic and general maps. They combine general map elements with thematic attributes in order to design a map with a specific audience in mind. Oftentimes, the type of audience an

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Maps furthered imperialism and colonization of Africa in practical ways by showing basic information like roads, terrain, natural resources, settlements, and communities. Through this, maps made European commerce in Africa possible by showing potential commercial routes and made natural resource

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A common belief is that science heads in a direction of progress, and thus leads to more accurate representations of maps. In this belief, European maps must be superior to others, which necessarily employed different map-making skills. "There was a 'not cartography' land where lurked an army of

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The first use of color in map-making cannot be narrowed down to one reason. There are arguments that color started as a way to indicate information on the map, with aesthetics coming second. There are also arguments that color was first used on maps for aesthetics but then evolved into conveying

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In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many

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such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose

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The cartographic process spans many stages, starting from conceiving the need for a map and extending all the way through its consumption by an audience. Conception begins with a real or imagined environment. As the cartographer gathers information about the subject, they consider how that

1803:, letting the reader know whether a station is north or south of the river. That and the topology of station order and interchanges between train lines are all that is left of the geographic space. Yet those are all a typical passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfills its purpose. 2180:(NACIS), A North American-based cartography society that is aimed at improving communication, coordination and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information. Their members are located worldwide and the meetings are on an annual basis 1345:

Due to the paucity of information and the immense difficulty of surveying during the period, mapmakers frequently plagiarized material without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, a famous map of North America known as the "Beaver Map" was published in 1715 by

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extraction possible by depicting locations of resources. Such maps also enabled military conquests and made them more efficient, and imperial nations further used them to put their conquests on display. These same maps were then used to cement territorial claims, such as at the

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provided efficient, precise methods for mapping physical features, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, watersheds, and topography. The United States Geological Survey has devised multiple new map projections, notably the Space Oblique Mercator for interpreting satellite

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practically universally used copper plate intaglio, having abandoned the fragile, coarse woodcut technology. Use of map projections evolved, with the double hemisphere being very common and Mercator's prestigious navigational projection gradually making more appearances.

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on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even before this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in

1647:. According to deconstructionist models, cartography was used for strategic purposes associated with imperialism and as instruments and representations of power during the conquest of Africa. The depiction of Africa and the low latitudes in general on the 1262:

Whether woodcut or intaglio, the printed map is hung out to dry. Once dry, it is usually placed in another press to flatten the paper. Any type of paper that was available at the time could be used to print the map, but thicker paper was more durable.

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What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of

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zones, with detailed descriptions of each zone. As part of this work, a smaller, circular map depicting the south on top and Arabia in the center was made. Al-Idrisi also made an estimate of the circumference of the world, accurate to within 10%.

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for mapping the surface. The use of satellites and space telescopes now allows researchers to map other planets and moons in outer space. Advances in electronic technology ushered in another revolution in cartography: ready availability of

1636:" understanding of the map as early as the 17th century. An example of this understanding is that " reality can be expressed in mathematical terms; that systematic observation and measurement offer the only route to cartographic truth…". 773:(Italy), dated to the 4th millennium BCE, geometric patterns consisting of dotted rectangles and lines are widely interpreted in archaeological literature as depicting cultivated plots. Other known maps of the ancient world include the 1798:

is an iconic example. Although the most widely used map of "The Tube," it preserves little of reality: it varies scale constantly and abruptly, it straightens curved tracks, and it contorts directions. The only topography on it is the

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In 1689, representatives of the Russian tsar and Qing Dynasty met near the border town of Nerchinsk, which was near the disputed border of the two powers, in eastern Siberia. The two parties, with the Qing negotiation party bringing

2125:, technologies allow for the creation and distribution of maps by people without proper cartographic training are readily available. This has led to maps that ignore cartographic conventions and are potentially misleading. 1161:. This was an equal-area, heart-shaped world map projection (generally called a cordiform projection) that was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Over time, other iterations of this map type arose; most notable are the 1010:('maps of the world') are the medieval European maps of the world. About 1,100 of these are known to have survived: of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts, and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents. 2294: 2322: 1841:, has vastly simplified the process of map creation and increased the palette of design options available to cartographers. This has led to a decreased focus on production skill, and an increased focus on quality 4046: 1100:, from the 15th century to the 17th century, European cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their own based on explorers' observations and new 1451:

model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon).

1169:. The Werner projection places its standard parallel at the North Pole; a sinusoidal projection places its standard parallel at the equator; and the Bonne projection is intermediate between the two. 1625:

There are technical and cultural aspects to producing maps. In this sense, maps can sometimes be said to be biased. The study of bias, influence, and agenda in making a map is what comprise a map's

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by Carl Moreland and David Bannister – complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers (archived 2 February 2007)

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has been interpreted as imperialistic and as symbolic of subjugation due to the diminished proportions of those regions compared to higher latitudes where the European powers were concentrated.

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is a very general type of map, the kind one might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational information.

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classes. As the volume of geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data.

1530:, make possible maps with fine details, which do not distort in shape and which resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which further speeded up map production. 672:

Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as

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elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired

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Another motive for deliberate errors is cartographic "vandalism": a mapmaker wishing to leave their mark on the work. Mount Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on the

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The map's depiction of trading routes, a compass rose, and scale bar points to the culmination of many map-making techniques incorporated into Chinese mercantile cartography.

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in New Caledonia is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from other new editions.

1721:" maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail. Many private mapping companies have also produced thematic map series. 1717:(USGS) are a standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile) " 1629:. A central tenet of deconstructionism is that maps have power. Other assertions are that maps are inherently biased and that we search for metaphor and rhetoric in maps. 2081:" to help the copyright owner identify infringement if the error appears in competitors' maps. The latter often come in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or misspelled " 503: 1640:

inaccurate, heretical, subjective, valuative, and ideologically distorted images. Cartographers developed a 'sense of the other' in relation to nonconforming maps."

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or other celestial bodies. While all projections distort the surface, cartographers strategically control how and where distortion occurs For example, the popular

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Arcà, Andrea (2004). "The topographic engravings of the Alpine rock-art: fields, settlements, and agricultural landscapes". In Chippindale, C.; Nash, G. (eds.).

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The early modern period saw the convergence of cartographical techniques across Eurasia and the exchange of mercantile mapping techniques via the Indian Ocean.

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and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.

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in 2004, a global digital counter-map that allowed anyone to contribute and use new spatial data without complex licensing agreements; and the launch of

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spatially located variables onto existing maps has created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also

530: 1920:: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the 1563:

In the early years of the new millennium, three key technological advances transformed cartography: the removal of Selective Availability in the

4827: 2301: 2154: 2150: 1307: 513: 200: 1944:: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several 765:(previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. Among the prehistoric alpine rock carvings of 4624: 4605: 4584: 4541: 4518: 4495: 4472: 4449: 4426: 4403: 4373: 4337: 4314: 4291: 4268: 4245: 4210: 4099: 4032: 3968: 3931: 2995: 2967: 2938: 2786: 1779:). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to form topographic maps is to use computer software to generate 3074: 2905: 2245: 7626: 6954: 3734:

Stone, Jeffrey C. (1988). "Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S. 13. Pp 57.

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Intaglio lettering did not suffer the troubles of a coarse medium and so was able to express the looping cursive that came to be known as

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in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.

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map in the early 1970s. It is believed to be the work of draftsman Richard Ciacci. The fiction was not discovered until two years later.

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orienteering map is made for is in a particular industry or occupation. An example of this kind of map would be a municipal utility map.

4907: 4463:. Vol. 2, Book 3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. Chicago and London: 3706: 2336: 1088: 4822: 1303: 6944: 6887: 6493: 2259: 2134: 5874: 3241: 3211: 2889: 2315: 2183: 2046: 1415: 2562:"A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city, and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past" 4119: 5807: 5771: 4773: 4671: 2594:"A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük 'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory" 2200: 1503:

was one of the first cartographers to use the printing press to make maps more widely available. Optical technology, such as the

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colonial expansion of Europe. The Holy Land and other religious places were the most commonly mapped during the Renaissance.

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In a rare move, Ortelius credited mapmakers who contributed to the atlas, the list of which grew to 183 individuals by 1603.

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reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the 1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the

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information is structured and how that structure should inform the map's design. Next, the cartographers experiment with

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Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1997). "Projection methods in Chinese, Korean and Japanese star maps". In Andersen, Johannes (ed.).

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supports in the UK the practising cartographer and encourages and maintains a high standard of cartographic illustration

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Perdue, Peter C. (2010). "Boundaries and Trade in the Early Modern World: Negotiations at Nerchinsk and Beijing".

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involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward specific audiences. A couple of examples might be a

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Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of

7175: 6042: 6037: 4440:. Vol. 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Chicago and London: 2719: 1279:. There were custom-made reverse punches that were also used in metal engraving alongside freehand lettering. 4417:. Vol. 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago and London: 693:

Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization.

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Kennelly, Patrick (2006). "A Uniform Sky Illumination Model to Enhance Shading of Terrain and Urban Areas".

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period (14th – 12th centuries BCE). The oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE

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The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Mediaeval Europe and the Mediterranean

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directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy).

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does not distort angles on the surface, but it makes regions near the poles appear larger than they are.

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allowed the mass production of maps and the creation of accurate reproductions from more accurate data.

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Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of

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Woodward, David. "Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and Coloring in the European Renaissance".

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Bassett, J. T. (1994). "Cartography and Empire Building in the Nineteenth-Century West Africa".

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principles to guide them in constructing a map that is effective for its purpose and audience.

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Carlton, Genevieve (2011). "Worldly Consumer: The Demand for Maps in Renaissance Italy".

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description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of

784:, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy 3855: 3764: 3377:

Delano-Smith, Catherine (2005). "Stamped Signs on Manuscripts Maps in the Renaissance".

7654: 7572: 7562: 7426: 7421: 7180: 7170: 7060: 7006: 6971: 6912: 6867: 6766: 6751: 6645: 6620: 6574: 6528: 6523: 6359: 6291: 6124: 6032: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5693: 5688: 5653: 5573: 5515: 5376: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5022: 4968: 4168: 4141: 4115: 3707:"Harley, J. B. (1989). "Deconstructing the Map". Cartographica, Vol. 26, No. 2. pp 1-5" 2768: 2766: 2440: 2380: – Application of animation to add a temporal component to a map displaying change 1979: 1744: 1626: 1542: 1488: 1355: 1351: 925: 838: 680: 451: 394: 292: 245: 225: 195: 4142:"The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping" 2802:

Smith, Catherine Delano (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the World".

1266:

Both relief and intaglio were used about equally by the end of the fifteenth century.

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and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of

62:(1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's 4014: 3984: 3871: 3826: 2561: 1690: 7636: 7587: 7577: 7567: 7507: 7288: 7142: 7132: 7001: 6961: 6882: 6862: 6827: 6812: 6706: 6701: 6671: 6549: 5797: 5636: 5473: 5392: 5381: 5366: 5291: 5139: 5098: 5078: 4940: 4799: 4194: 3915: 3641: 2082: 1989: 1800: 1768: 1728: 1724: 1633: 1572: 1547: 1288: 1054: 842: 829: 770: 287: 4643: 4016:

Practical Handbook of Thematic Cartography: Principles, Methods, and Applications

3516: 3490: 3263: 2593: 679:

Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of

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and surrounding constellations. These charts may have been used for navigation.

941: 883: 878: 846: 360: 260: 215: 4159: 3863: 3128:"Between the Sinusoidal projection and the Werner: an alternative to the Bonne" 2443: – Application of information science methods in geography and geosciences 1480:

devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to

1145:

was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527).

873:. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the 7474: 7441: 7416: 7218: 7137: 6857: 6635: 6599: 6594: 6344: 6093: 5989: 5731: 5481: 5459: 5434: 5429: 5027: 4855: 4532:. Vol. 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment. Chicago and London: 3616: 2817: 2654:

A Guide to the prehistoric Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps, Bordighera

2611: 2539: 2153:(ICA), the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals, as well as the 1939: 1884: 1792: 1764: 1516: 1316: 898: 858: 766: 662: 468: 372: 340: 312: 230: 220: 210: 3570: 3525: 3467: 2839:

Finel, Irving (1995). "A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery".

2419: – Mapping practices and methods of analysis grounded in critical theory 704:

Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of

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humanities and book publishing in mind, rather than just informational use.

1109: 1101: 977: 903: 805: 785: 731: 409: 31: 4177: 3491:"The Selden Map Rediscovered: A Chinese Map of East Asian Shipping Routes, 3332:

Woodward, David. "Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change".

2775:

Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies

881:

were essential in the Roman world, motivating the creation of maps, called

4555:. Vol. 5: Cartography in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London: 4024: 3459: 3144: 6334: 5477: 4509:. Vol. 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century. Chicago and London: 2527: 2395: 1838: 1826: 1795: 1617:

make it possible to create maps directly from measurements made on site.

1600: 1596: 1584: 1512: 1354:. De Fer, in turn, had copied images that were first printed in books by 1138: 1062: 966: 961: 854: 793: 735: 673: 335: 133: 128: 88: 17: 2619: 2494: – Collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world 7499: 7376: 7346: 7162: 7152: 6807: 6319: 6103: 6088: 5917: 5641: 5510: 5454: 5438: 5371: 3562: 2825: 2031: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1772: 1736: 1508: 1473: 1400: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1244: 1113: 1066: 957: 921: 868: 850: 817: 809: 801: 658: 59: 3780: 3096:"Globes and Terrain Models – Geography and Maps: An Illustrated Guide" 820:). Another depicts Babylon as being north of the center of the world. 7366: 7233: 7213: 4656: 4140:

Adams, Aaron; Xiang, Chen; Weidong, Li; Zhang, Chuanrong (May 2020).

3985:"3.1 The Cartographic Process | GEOG 160: Mapping our Changing World" 3796:

Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection

2295:

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation

1897: 1880: 1842: 1577: 1058: 1050: 996: 813: 789: 2521: – system for producing lines for cartographic map compilations 2323:

Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science

1663:

continent that had blank spaces to represent the unknown territory.

1432:

A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer

5151: 3772: 3631: 2709: 2413: – Oval enclosing hieroglyphs of a royal name in Ancient Egypt 1131:

produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map (

7554: 7331: 7313: 7298: 7083: 6314: 4991: 3444:

Richards, John F. (1997). "Early Modern India and World History".

1921: 1904: 1865: 1816: 1700: 1689: 1681: 1454: 1427: 1146: 1072: 1012: 987: 953: 897: 822: 816:

and several cities, all, in turn, surrounded by a "bitter river" (

748: 53: 1251:, referring to the medium used to transfer the image onto paper. 1243:

There were two main printmaking technologies in the Renaissance:

7603: 7223: 6067: 3297:. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 11. 2488: – Map showing the location of a geographic area in context 2205:

Journals related to cartography, as well as GIS, GISc, include:

756:(I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE 7056: 6164: 5890: 5155: 4964: 4660: 3035: 2425: – Study and creation of maps of imagined places or events 6339: 5017: 2073:

Some maps contain deliberate errors or distortions, either as

2000: 1672: 1610: 1460: 1369: 668:

The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to:

654: 887:, that portrayed the world as experienced via the roads. The 648: 643: 637: 4234:

Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design

3602:, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada 1216:

There were three main functions of maps in the Renaissance:

597: 621: 615: 5886: 1308:

Early modern Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography

606: 3295:

The Map and the Development of the History of Cartography

2512: – Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors 2506: – Cartography of solid objects outside of the Earth 1304:

Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography

653:, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using 609: 7052: 4960: 4357:

Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography

2514:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts.

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Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India

2536: – Map of most or all of the surface of the Earth 2246:

KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information

3816:"Cartography and Visualization Part I: Types of Maps" 3353:

Woodward, David. "The Italian Map Trade: 1480-1650".

3293:

Harley, J.B. J.B. Harley & David Woodward (ed.).

1350:. This map is a close reproduction of a 1698 work by 618: 594: 2523:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2500: – Map that uses pictures to represent features 2407: – Mapping by communities to contest state maps 2400:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1849:

and practically useful for their intended purposes.

612: 603: 7612: 7596: 7553: 7498: 7440: 7375: 7322: 7252: 7204: 7161: 7108: 6925: 6795: 6659: 6613: 6537: 6436: 6405: 6398: 6305: 6199: 6076: 6018: 5945: 5924: 5785: 5754: 5717: 5595: 5586: 5544: 5496: 5357: 5232: 5225: 4933: 4917: 4888: 4865: 4843: 4836: 4808: 4782: 4726: 4695: 600: 37:"Cartographer" redirects here. For other uses, see 4644:Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography 4572: 3948: 3593:Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery 2958:. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 4. 2773:Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2009). 2337:ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems 1583:Today most commercial-quality maps are made using 1522:Advances in photochemical technology, such as the 44:"Cartographist" redirects here. For the song, see 4326:Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization 4013:Lambert, Nicolas; Zanin, Christine (2020-05-10). 2386: – Map distorting size to show another value 1992:, have their own design needs and best practices. 1775:or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see 2260:Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis 1120:, a German cartographer and advisor to the king 944:, dated back to the 4th century BCE, during the 4459:David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis, eds. (1998). 4068:"Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography" 2990:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 330. 2434: – Focus of attention on features in a map 2178:North American Cartographic Information Society 1784:the world despite it being so labor-intensive. 1576:cartography, for example in the development of 1137:) bearing the first use of the name "America." 849:in the 6th century BCE. In the 2nd century CE, 3843:Cartography and Geographic Information Science 2316:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information 2232:Cartography and Geographic Information Science 2172:Cartography and Geographic Information Society 1632:It is claimed that the Europeans promoted an " 906:map of the British Isles from a manuscript of 7068: 6176: 5902: 5762:Geographic data and information organizations 5167: 4976: 4672: 2542: – Arrangement of map elements on a page 1124:, made the oldest extant globe of the Earth. 566: 8: 3673:The Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers 1643:Depictions of Africa are a common target of 4436:J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1994). 4413:J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1992). 4278:Kraak, Menno-Jan; Ormeling, Ferjan (2002). 1487:Advances in mechanical devices such as the 1003: 888: 7075: 7061: 7053: 6402: 6183: 6169: 6161: 5909: 5895: 5887: 5592: 5229: 5174: 5160: 5152: 4983: 4969: 4961: 4840: 4679: 4665: 4657: 4280:Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data 2981: 2979: 2876:Berggren, J. L.; Jones, Alexander (2001). 2398: – large-scale thematic map of a city 1948:, such as size, shape, color, and pattern. 1845:, the attempt to craft maps that are both 865:– the world then known to Western society 777:"House of the Admiral" wall painting from 573: 559: 95: 75: 5813:National Council for Geographic Education 4167: 4116:"Openstreetmap.org Copyright Easter Eggs" 4019:(1 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 19–27. 3744: 3742: 3740: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3640: 3630: 3515: 3264:"Gillis Hooftman: Businessman and Patron" 3143: 2047:Learn how and when to remove this message 1825:Modern technology, including advances in 1599:. Spatial information can be stored in a 1416:Learn how and when to remove this message 4579:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4354:Ehrenberg, Ralph E. (October 11, 2005). 2674:. In Harley, J.B.; Woodward, D. (eds.). 2449: – Visualization of geospatial data 504:Library and information science software 4600:. New York/London: The Guilford Press. 3232:Britannica, Encyclopedia (2018-02-26). 3202:Britannica, Encyclopedia (2018-01-25). 3132:Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography 2552: 2121:With the emergence of the internet and 1199:, created the first true modern atlas, 1049:in 1154. By combining the knowledge of 87: 4828:Early modern Netherlandish cartography 4551:Roger J. P. Kain; et al. (eds.). 4528:Matthew Edney; Mary S. Pedley (eds.). 3891:International Cartographic Association 2302:International Journal of Digital Earth 2151:International Cartographic Association 2085:". Other names and forms for this are 1988:: Different kinds of maps, especially 1315:In the early seventeenth century, the 1226:Land surveying and property management 1116:enabled increasing accuracy. In 1492, 642:, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and 499:Geographic information system software 3610: 3608: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3372: 3370: 3327: 3325: 2956:Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics 7: 7627:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 6143: 5857: 4303:Interactive and Animated Cartography 3274:from the original on 1 November 2023 3173:"Map Projections in the Renaissance" 3042:from the original on 28 January 2018 2211:International Journal of Cartography 2029:adding citations to reliable sources 1686:Small section of an orienteering map 1398:adding citations to reliable sources 833:and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE 5869: 3617:"Map projections: A Working Manual" 3038:. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2722:from the original on March 26, 2023 2476: – 1991 book by Mark Monmonier 1482:store and manipulate them digitally 4328:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 4305:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 3926:. pp. 22, 60, 131, 132, 135. 3489:Batchelor, Robert (January 2013). 2711:The figured landscapes of Rock-Art 2129:Professional and learned societies 740:Topographic mapping § History 25: 3152:from the original on 27 July 2018 3126:Bottomley, Henry (13 June 2003). 3036:"Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi" 2184:Canadian Cartographic Association 1220:General descriptions of the world 1104:techniques. The invention of the 27:Study and practice of making maps 7650: 7649: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6118: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5808:International Geography Olympiad 5133: 5122: 5121: 4908:Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster) 4823:Early modern Iberian cartography 3191:from the original on 2013-12-04. 2667:Delano Smith, Catherine (1987). 2005: 1763:is primarily concerned with the 1678:General vs. thematic cartography 1374: 590: 7357:Human impact on the environment 4631:– a learning resource from the 4122:from the original on 2019-02-19 4049:from the original on 2023-12-22 3995:from the original on 2019-12-14 3897:from the original on 2018-09-04 3717:from the original on 2015-04-02 3649:from the original on 2011-05-17 3622:United States Geological Survey 3244:from the original on 2019-03-27 3214:from the original on 2018-07-27 3108:from the original on 2017-12-16 3077:from the original on 2018-07-27 2752:from the original on 2022-03-21 2689:from the original on 2011-11-07 2634:from the original on 2013-07-25 2574:from the original on 2019-11-20 2330:Geo-spatial Information Science 2016:needs additional citations for 1715:United States Geological Survey 1447:). It belongs to the so-called 1385:needs additional citations for 916:, using Greek numerals for its 895:is the only surviving example. 697: 7186:Climate variability and change 5521:Geographic information science 2878:Ptolemy's Geography By Ptolemy 2467:History of Cartography Project 2288:GIScience & Remote Sensing 1997:Deliberate cartographic errors 1831:geographic information systems 845:created maps from the time of 710:geographic information science 706:geographic information systems 1: 7622:Evolution of the Solar System 6207:Biological data visualization 5627:Geographic information system 4301:Peterson, Michael P. (1995). 4238:Pennsylvania State University 3885:Ormeling, F.J. (1986-12-31). 3821:Pennsylvania State University 3492: 3061:Parry, James (January 2004). 3022:History of the Moorish Empire 1777:Cartographic relief depiction 1595:and specialized illustration 1519:at night or the Sun at noon. 1437: 1031:in 1154. South is at the top. 778: 39:Cartographer (disambiguation) 7362:Evolutionary history of life 5554:Environmental social science 4818:Medieval Islamic cartography 4505:Mark Monmonier, ed. (2015). 4482:David Woodward, ed. (2007). 3517:10.1080/03085694.2013.731203 2530: – Study of place names 2160:British Cartographic Society 1042:produced his medieval atlas 649: 638: 58:A medieval depiction of the 6063:Precession of the equinoxes 4557:University of Chicago Press 4534:University of Chicago Press 4511:University of Chicago Press 4488:University of Chicago Press 4465:University of Chicago Press 4442:University of Chicago Press 4419:University of Chicago Press 4396:University of Chicago Press 4261:University of Chicago Press 4092:University of Chicago Press 3800:University of Chicago Press 3393:10.1080/0308569042000289842 3181:University of Chicago Press 3171:Snyder, John (2007-09-01). 2680:University of Chicago Press 2652:Bicknell, Clarence (1913). 2560:Kunzig, Robert (May 1999). 2432:Figure-ground in map design 1909:Areal distortion caused by 1755:Topographic vs. topological 1515:by measuring angles to the 984:Middle Ages and Renaissance 976:included depictions of the 952:, published in 1092 by the 7697: 6247:Mathematical visualization 4553:The History of Cartography 4530:The History of Cartography 4507:The History of Cartography 4484:The History of Cartography 4461:The History of Cartography 4438:The History of Cartography 4415:The History of Cartography 4392:The History of Cartography 4160:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034 3887:"Eduard Imhof (1895–1986)" 3864:10.1559/152304006777323118 3550:Eighteenth-Century Studies 3426:The History of Cartography 3356:The History of Cartography 3335:The History of Cartography 2960:Cambridge University Press 2931:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2929:. Vol. 11B. Norwell: 2882:Princeton University Press 2716:Cambridge University Press 2368: 2274:Journal of Spatial Science 2194: 2132: 2058: 1810: 1670: 1301: 1286: 924:and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's 729: 719: 644: 634: 43: 36: 29: 7645: 7090: 6242:Information visualization 6227:Educational visualization 6112: 5828: 5669:Global Positioning System 5192: 5117: 5059: 5036: 4998: 4232:MacEachren, A.M. (1994). 4199:Transit Maps of the World 4090:(2nd ed.). Chicago: 3920:Transit Maps of the World 2986:Sircar, D. C. C. (1990). 2818:10.1080/03085699608592846 2612:10.1017/S0066154600000727 2592:Meece, Stephanie (2006). 2239:Cartographic Perspectives 2135:Cartography organizations 1743:, divided into numerical 1565:Global Positioning System 1553:computers and peripherals 1459:Mapping can be done with 1223:Navigation and wayfinding 1195:, strongly encouraged by 1157:refined and promoted the 526:Qualitative data analysis 7632:Location in the Universe 7563:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 7262:List of sovereign states 6418:Charles-René de Fourcroy 6267:Scientific visualization 6194:of technical information 4571:Monmonier, Mark (1991). 4255:Monmonier, Mark (1993). 4086:Monmonier, Mark (1996). 3794:Monmonier, Mark (2004). 3667:Kent, Alexander (2014). 3447:Journal of World History 2954:Needham, Joseph (1971). 2859:"History of Cartography" 2218:The Cartographic Journal 2195:See also the categories 2166:Society of Cartographers 2155:ICA member organizations 2110:Boulder County, Colorado 1986:Map type-specific design 1870:The cartographic process 1853:Map purpose and audience 1781:digital elevation models 1739:or a shaded area map of 1134:Universalis Cosmographia 732:Surveying § History 676:or political boundaries. 30:Not to be confused with 5777:National mapping agency 5742:Survey (human research) 5684:Participant observation 4236:. University Park: The 3989:www.e-education.psu.edu 3951:The Millennium Problems 3642:2027/mdp.39015034659410 3238:Encyclopedia Britannica 3208:Encyclopedia Britannica 2927:Highlights of Astronomy 2841:British Museum Magazine 2742:"The Nippur Expedition" 2201:Remote sensing journals 2065:Cartographic censorship 2061:Cartographic propaganda 1528:photochemical processes 1202:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 736:Cadastre § History 6838:Christopher R. Johnson 6390:Technical illustration 6277:Software visualization 5767:Geographical societies 5564:Landscape architecture 5046:History of cartography 4896:Map of Juan de la Cosa 4201:. New York, New York: 3955:. New York, New York: 3947:Devlin, Keith (2002). 3922:. New York, New York: 3705:Harley, J. B. (1992). 3625:. Professional Paper. 3010:Woodward, p. 286 2519:Scribing (cartography) 2462:History of cartography 2371:Outline of cartography 2281:Geocarto International 1967:Typography or labeling 1913: 1871: 1847:aesthetically pleasing 1822: 1796:London Underground map 1709: 1698: 1687: 1607:Field-rugged computers 1558:digital raster graphic 1468: 1452: 1093: 1032: 1004: 1000: 933: 889: 834: 757: 722:History of cartography 405:Inferential statistics 351:Descriptive statistics 298:Human subject research 73: 7342:Biogeochemical cycles 7267:dependent territories 6732:Lawrence J. Rosenblum 6545:Edward Walter Maunder 6469:Charles Joseph Minard 6287:User interface design 6262:Product visualization 6043:Earth's gravity field 6038:Earth's energy budget 5559:Environmental studies 5531:Statistical geography 5412:Environmental science 5051:List of cartographers 4946:Points of the compass 4025:10.1201/9780429291968 3615:Snyder, John (1987). 3460:10.1353/jwh.2005.0071 3204:"Mercator Projection" 3145:10.4000/cybergeo.3977 3020:Scott, S. P. (1904). 2779:John Wiley & Sons 2746:University of Chicago 2504:Planetary cartography 2481:List of cartographers 2059:Further information: 1908: 1891:Aspects of map design 1869: 1820: 1704: 1693: 1685: 1587:of three main types: 1533:In the 20th century, 1458: 1431: 1249:copper-plate intaglio 1163:sinusoidal projection 1076: 1016: 991: 946:Warring States period 901: 826: 752: 726:List of cartographers 189:Philosophical schools 57: 7390:Computer cartography 7123:Prebiotic atmosphere 7012:Scientific modelling 6987:Information graphics 6727:Clifford A. Pickover 6677:William S. Cleveland 6585:Henry Norris Russell 6570:Howard G. Funkhouser 6514:Florence Nightingale 6479:Francis Amasa Walker 6375:Statistical graphics 6297:Volume visualization 6272:Social visualization 5958:Computer cartography 5772:Geoscience societies 5737:Interview (research) 5709:Land change modeling 5610:Computer cartography 5588:Techniques and tools 5446:Earth system science 4727:By country or region 4594:Wood, Denis (1992). 4575:How to Lie with Maps 4088:How to Lie with Maps 4066:Jill Saligoe-Simmel, 2718:. pp. 318–349. 2474:How to Lie with Maps 2417:Critical cartography 2351:Revista Cartográfica 2025:improve this article 1862:Cartographic process 1725:Thematic cartography 1394:improve this article 1339:Enlightenment period 1333:Age of Enlightenment 1129:Martin Waldseemüller 974:cartography of India 891:Tabula Peutingeriana 754:Valcamonica rock art 514:Reference management 464:Scientific modelling 206:Critical rationalism 7533:Geologic time scale 7254:Culture and society 7118:Atmosphere of Earth 6992:Information science 6955:in computer science 6747:Sheelagh Carpendale 6682:George G. Robertson 6519:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke 6454:André-Michel Guerry 6330:Graph of a function 6325:Engineering drawing 6077:Related disciplines 5818:Spatial citizenship 5803:Geographers on Film 5793:Geography education 5403:Atmospheric science 4902:Cantino planisphere 4851:Ptolemy's world map 4362:National Geographic 4324:Slocum, T. (2003). 3856:2006CGISc..33...21K 3765:1994GeoRv..84..316B 3752:Geographical Review 3591:"Map Imitation" in 3234:"Gerardus Mercator" 3101:Library of Congress 3024:. pp. 461–462. 2682:. pp. 54–101. 2390:Terrain cartography 2267:Transactions in GIS 2108:that appeared on a 1926:Mercator projection 1911:Mercator projection 1813:Cartographic design 1771:showing elevation. 1694:Topographic map of 1649:Mercator projection 1298:Early modern period 1239:Printing technology 1182:Mercator projection 1122:John II of Portugal 950:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 863:Ptolemy's world map 494:Argument technology 49:(Purity Ring album) 7528:Geological history 7402:Geodetic astronomy 7032:Volume cartography 6796:Early 21st century 6692:Catherine Plaisant 6687:Bruce H. McCormick 6641:Mary Eleanor Spear 6631:Arthur H. Robinson 6565:Arthur Lyon Bowley 6538:Early 20th century 6385:Technical drawings 6257:Molecular graphics 6232:Flow visualization 6222:Data visualization 6125:Geodesy portal 5975:Geodetic astronomy 5699:Statistical survey 5649:Geologic modelling 5488:Quaternary science 4653:, Newberry Library 4649:2011-10-26 at the 4627:2007-03-10 at the 4073:2018-12-20 at the 3598:2018-10-24 at the 3563:10.1353/ecs.0.0187 3067:Saudi Aramco World 2197:Geography journals 2106:continental divide 2091:fictitious entries 1914: 1872: 1823: 1710: 1699: 1688: 1615:laser rangefinders 1535:aerial photography 1469: 1453: 1434:Fernão Vaz Dourado 1172:In 1569, mapmaker 1094: 1040:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1033: 1029:Roger II of Sicily 1025:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1001: 934: 835: 758: 488:Tools and software 432:Secondary research 356:Discourse analysis 74: 7663: 7662: 7614:Planetary science 7597:Natural satellite 7518:Extremes on Earth 7485:Signal processing 7050: 7049: 7027:Visual perception 6977:Graphic organizer 6950:Computer graphics 6921: 6920: 6903:Martin Wattenberg 6878:Hanspeter Pfister 6833:Martin Krzywinski 6757:Jock D. Mackinlay 6737:Thomas A. DeFanti 6660:Late 20th century 6580:Ejnar Hertzsprung 6282:Technical drawing 6158: 6157: 5884: 5883: 5750: 5749: 5582: 5581: 5569:Landscape ecology 5389:Coastal geography 5149: 5148: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4607:978-0-89862-493-9 4597:The Power of Maps 4586:978-0-226-53421-3 4543:978-0-226-31633-8 4520:978-0-226-53469-5 4497:978-0-226-90733-8 4474:978-0-226-90728-4 4451:978-0-226-31637-6 4428:978-0-226-31635-2 4405:978-0-226-31633-8 4375:978-0-7922-6525-2 4339:978-0-13-035123-4 4316:978-0-13-079104-7 4293:978-0-13-088890-7 4270:978-0-226-53417-6 4247:978-0-89291-214-8 4212:978-0-14-311265-5 4101:978-0-226-53421-3 4034:978-0-429-29196-8 3970:978-0-465-01730-0 3933:978-0-14-311265-5 2997:978-81-208-0690-0 2969:978-0-521-07060-7 2940:978-0-7923-5556-4 2788:978-1-4051-9146-3 2599:Anatolian Studies 2567:Discover Magazine 2358:Terrae Incognitae 2191:Academic journals 2144:learned societies 2057: 2056: 2049: 1835:graphics software 1657:Berlin Conference 1645:deconstructionism 1539:satellite imagery 1465:laser rangefinder 1426: 1425: 1418: 1174:Gerardus Mercator 1159:Werner projection 1084:Sebastian Münster 920:: 52–63°N of the 875:Greek geographers 861:. This contained 583: 582: 549:Philosophy portal 457:Systematic review 442:Literature review 400:Historical method 383:Social experiment 318:Scientific method 303:Narrative inquiry 154:Interdisciplinary 148:Research strategy 119:Research question 114:Research proposal 16:(Redirected from 7688: 7653: 7652: 7545:History of Earth 7196:Paleoclimatology 7077: 7070: 7063: 7054: 7037:Volume rendering 7022:Visual analytics 7017:Spatial analysis 6997:Misleading graph 6848:David McCandless 6823:Gordon Kindlmann 6787:Alfred Inselberg 6782:Leland Wilkinson 6717:Michael Friendly 6651:Howard T. Fisher 6614:Mid 20th century 6555:W. E. B. Du Bois 6459:William Playfair 6449:Adolphe Quetelet 6423:Joseph Priestley 6406:Pre-19th century 6403: 6370:Skeletal formula 6237:Geovisualization 6212:Chemical imaging 6185: 6178: 6171: 6162: 6146: 6145: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6053:Gravity of Earth 5985:Gravity of Earth 5911: 5904: 5897: 5888: 5872: 5871: 5860: 5859: 5848: 5836: 5835: 5664:Geovisualization 5593: 5536:Spatial analysis 5421:Paleoclimatology 5230: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5153: 5137: 5125: 5124: 5064:Animated mapping 5041:Early world maps 5013:Geovisualization 4985: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4918:Contemporary age 4889:Early Modern age 4873:Tabula Rogeriana 4841: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4658: 4611: 4590: 4578: 4560: 4547: 4524: 4501: 4478: 4455: 4432: 4409: 4379: 4343: 4320: 4297: 4274: 4251: 4216: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4083: 4077: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3954: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3825:. Archived from 3811: 3805: 3803: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3746: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3634: 3612: 3603: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3519: 3497: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3420: 3405: 3404: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3262:Derde, Katrien. 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3063:"Mapping Arabia" 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2910:. Archived from 2902: 2896: 2895: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2861:. Archived from 2855: 2849: 2848: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2557: 2524: 2515: 2510:Seafloor mapping 2458: 2447:Geovisualization 2437: 2428: 2401: 2378:Animated mapping 2093:, and copyright 2052: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2009: 2001: 1960:visual hierarchy 1946:visual variables 1829:, the advent of 1673:Map § Types 1501:Hartmann Schedel 1478:magnetic storage 1476:and much later, 1446: 1442: 1439: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1378: 1370: 1193:Abraham Ortelius 1176:first published 1167:Bonne projection 1106:magnetic compass 1098:Age of Discovery 1045:Tabula Rogeriana 1020:Tabula Rogeriana 1009: 894: 857:on cartography, 808:, surrounded by 783: 780: 652: 647: 646: 641: 636: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 575: 568: 561: 521:Science software 420:Cultural mapping 388:Quasi-experiment 378:Field experiment 346:Content analysis 241:Critical realism 159:Multimethodology 99: 76: 21: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7641: 7608: 7592: 7549: 7540:Geologic record 7494: 7480:Plate tectonics 7470:Mineral physics 7450:Earth structure 7436: 7371: 7318: 7248: 7200: 7157: 7104: 7086: 7081: 7051: 7046: 7042:Information art 6982:Imaging science 6927: 6917: 6898:Fernanda Viégas 6893:Moritz Stefaner 6818:Jessica Hullman 6791: 6762:Alan MacEachren 6712:Ben Shneiderman 6655: 6609: 6533: 6432: 6394: 6307: 6301: 6252:Medical imaging 6195: 6189: 6159: 6154: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6072: 6058:Plate tectonics 6033:Coriolis effect 6028:Chandler wobble 6020: 6014: 5941: 5920: 5915: 5885: 5880: 5824: 5781: 5746: 5713: 5632:Distributed GIS 5578: 5540: 5492: 5425:Palaeogeography 5353: 5221: 5188: 5180: 5150: 5145: 5113: 5104:Topographic map 5055: 5032: 4994: 4989: 4959: 4950: 4929: 4913: 4884: 4861: 4837:Individual maps 4832: 4804: 4778: 4722: 4691: 4685: 4651:Wayback Machine 4633:British Library 4629:Wayback Machine 4622:Mapping History 4618: 4608: 4593: 4587: 4570: 4550: 4544: 4527: 4521: 4504: 4498: 4481: 4475: 4458: 4452: 4435: 4429: 4412: 4406: 4390:, eds. (1987). 4382: 4376: 4353: 4340: 4323: 4317: 4300: 4294: 4277: 4271: 4254: 4248: 4231: 4223: 4221:Further reading 4213: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4075:Wayback Machine 4065: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3720: 3718: 3704: 3703: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3600:Wayback Machine 3590: 3586: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3495: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3422: 3421: 3408: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2962:. p. 569. 2953: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933:. p. 714. 2924: 2923: 2919: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2781:. p. 147. 2772: 2771: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2678:. Vol. 1. 2671: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2522: 2513: 2456: 2435: 2426: 2405:Counter-mapping 2399: 2373: 2367: 2253:Journal of Maps 2203: 2193: 2137: 2133:Main category: 2131: 2102:Rocky Mountains 2071: 2053: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2022: 2010: 1999: 1917:Map projections 1893: 1864: 1855: 1821:Illustrated map 1815: 1809: 1789:topological map 1761:topographic map 1757: 1733:corn production 1719:Ordnance Survey 1680: 1675: 1669: 1634:epistemological 1623: 1444: 1440: 1422: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1391: 1379: 1368: 1335: 1329:nationalities. 1310: 1300: 1291: 1285: 1272: 1241: 1197:Gillis Hooftman 1155:Johannes Werner 1151:Battista Agnese 1047:(Book of Roger) 1037:Arab geographer 992:Copy (1472) of 986: 972:Early forms of 930:Fortunate Isles 902:A 14th-century 782: 1600 BCE 781: 747: 742: 728: 720:Main articles: 718: 681:map projections 593: 589: 579: 543: 542: 489: 481: 480: 427:Phenomenography 366:Autoethnography 331: 323: 322: 283:Grounded theory 278:Critical theory 273:Art methodology 268:Action research 263: 253: 252: 191: 181: 180: 149: 141: 140: 109: 107:Research design 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7694: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7668: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7573:Atlantic Ocean 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7455:Fluid dynamics 7452: 7446: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7427:Geopositioning 7424: 7422:Remote Sensing 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7181:Climate change 7178: 7176:Energy balance 7173: 7171:Climate system 7167: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7007:Patent drawing 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Graphic design 6969: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6913:Hadley Wickham 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868:Tamara Munzner 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6767:David Goodsell 6764: 6759: 6754: 6752:Cynthia Brewer 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6646:Edgar Anderson 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621:Jacques Bertin 6617: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6575:John B. Peddle 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6529:Francis Galton 6526: 6524:Toussaint Loua 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Georg von Mayr 6501: 6496: 6494:Matthew Sankey 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6360:Sankey diagram 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6292:Visual culture 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6005:Geopositioning 6002: 6000:Remote Sensing 5997: 5995:Photogrammetry 5992: 5987: 5982: 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In the book 926:Prime Meridian 839:ancient Greeks 746: 743: 717: 714: 702: 701: 694: 691: 688:generalization 684: 677: 581: 580: 578: 577: 570: 563: 555: 552: 551: 545: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 533: 528: 518: 517: 516: 511: 501: 496: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 472: 471: 461: 460: 459: 454: 452:Scoping review 449: 444: 439: 429: 424: 423: 422: 412: 407: 402: 397: 395:Field research 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 370: 369: 368: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 293:Historiography 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 264: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 246:Subtle realism 243: 233: 228: 226:Postpositivism 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 201:Constructivism 198: 196:Antipositivism 192: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 173: 172: 171: 161: 156: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 121: 116: 110: 105: 104: 101: 100: 92: 91: 85: 84: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7693: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7656: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7583:Pacific Ocean 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513:Earth science 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Magnetosphere 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7432:Virtual globe 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7397:Earth's orbit 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:World history 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294:World economy 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7244:South America 7242: 7240: 7239:North America 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967:Graph drawing 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6888:Claudio Silva 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Mauro Martino 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6777:Michael Maltz 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:George Furnas 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722:Howard Wainer 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6626:Rudolf Modley 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Max O. Lorenz 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6499:Charles Booth 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Luigi Perozzo 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:August Kekulé 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Charles Dupin 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6428:Gaspard Monge 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Edmond Halley 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Crime mapping 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6192:Visualization 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6151: 6150: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6010:Virtual globe 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:Earth's orbit 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5877: 5876: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:Geostatistics 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5622:Geochronology 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5451:Geomorphology 5449: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398:Earth science 5396: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5128:Category:Maps 5120: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Pictorial map 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4879:Catalan Atlas 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4774:United States 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4330:Prentice Hall 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4307:Prentice Hall 4304: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284:Prentice Hall 4281: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203:Penguin Books 4200: 4196: 4195:Ovenden, Mark 4192: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4147:Public Health 4143: 4136: 4133: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3924:Penguin Books 3921: 3917: 3916:Ovenden, Mark 3911: 3908: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3660: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2891:0-691-09259-1 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2498:Pictorial map 2496: 2493: 2492:OpenStreetMap 2490: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2225:Cartographica 2222: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2014:This section 2012: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1990:thematic maps 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881:symbolization 1878: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1814: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:contour lines 1766: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1741:Ohio counties 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1707:Sierra Nevada 1703: 1697: 1696:Easter Island 1692: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1569:OpenStreetMap 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1548:ground tracks 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1435: 1430: 1420: 1417: 1409: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1383:This section 1381: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1366:Modern period 1365: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1277:cancellaresca 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1191:cartographer 1190: 1187:In 1570, the 1185: 1183: 1180:based on his 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149:cartographer 1148: 1144: 1141:cartographer 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1118:Martin Behaim 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1079:Europa regina 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 999:of the world. 998: 995: 994:St. Isidore's 990: 983: 981: 979: 975: 970: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:ancient China 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914: 909: 905: 900: 896: 893: 892: 886: 885: 880: 877:into Arabic. 876: 872: 870: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 832: 831: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 776: 772: 769:(France) and 768: 764: 755: 751: 745:Ancient times 744: 741: 737: 733: 727: 723: 715: 713: 711: 707: 699: 695: 692: 689: 685: 682: 678: 675: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 660: 656: 651: 640: 632: 631:Ancient Greek 626: 587: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 556: 554: 553: 550: 547: 546: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 515: 512: 510: 509:Bibliometrics 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 485: 484: 477: 474: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447:Meta-analysis 445: 443: 440: 438: 437:Bibliometrics 435: 434: 433: 430: 428: 425: 421: 418: 417: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 371: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 308:Phenomenology 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 262: 257: 256: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 190: 185: 184: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 108: 103: 102: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77: 71: 67: 66: 61: 56: 50: 48: 40: 33: 19: 7637:Solar System 7588:Oceanography 7578:Indian Ocean 7568:Arctic Ocean 7508:Age of Earth 7460:Geomagnetism 7384: 7143:Thermosphere 7133:Stratosphere 7002:Neuroimaging 6962:CPK coloring 6945:Color coding 6934: 6883:Hans Rosling 6863:Miriah Meyer 6828:Aaron Koblin 6813:Jeffrey Heer 6707:Edward Tufte 6702:Pat Hanrahan 6672:Nigel Holmes 6550:Otto Neurath 6489:Oliver Byrne 6437:19th century 6147: 6135: 6116: 5952: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5798:Geo-literacy 5755:Institutions 5637:Internet GIS 5604: 5597:Quantitative 5474:Soil science 5393:Oceanography 5382:Zoogeography 5367:Biogeography 5242:Agricultural 5140:Portal:Atlas 5138: 5126: 5099:Thematic map 5079:Geologic map 5002: 4941:Compass rose 4696:By continent 4687: 4638:Antique Maps 4596: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4552: 4529: 4506: 4483: 4460: 4437: 4414: 4391: 4384:J. 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