871:... the meaning to which we refer may be either (a) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases, or (b) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents, as types, in a pure type constructed in the abstract. In neither case is the 'meaning' thought of as somehow objectively 'correct' or 'true' by some metaphysical criterion. This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action, such as sociology and history, and any kind of
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human beings cannot yield objective results. Thus, rather than seeking an objective perspective, interpretivists look for meaning in the subjective experiences of individuals engaging in social interaction. Many interpretivist researchers immerse themselves in the social context they are studying,
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in particular, sociology acquired a possible character beyond positivist data-collection or grand, deterministic systems of structural law. Relatively isolated from the sociological academy throughout his lifetime, Simmel presented idiosyncratic analyses of modernity more reminiscent of the
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argued that "our innate tendency to express moral concern and identify with the Other's wants is stifled in modernity by positivistic science and dogmatic bureaucracy. If the Other does not 'fit in' to modernity's approved classifications, it is liable to be extinguished."
671:, the theories of which they considered too general and ill-suited to reflect the nuance and variability found in human interaction. Because the values and beliefs of researchers cannot fully be removed from their inquiry, interpretivists believe research
845:(or 'interpretative') approach toward social science; a systematic process in which an outside observer attempts to relate to a particular cultural group, or indigenous people, on their own terms and from their own point of view.
728:
distinction between the natural world and the social realm. The natural world can only be understood by its external characteristics, whereas the social realm can be understood externally and internally, and thus can be known.
724:, the study of natural history and human history were separate fields of intellectual enquiry. Natural history is not under human control, whereas human history is a human creation. As such, antipositivism is informed by an
664:. Fundamental to that antipositivist epistemology is the belief that the concepts and language researchers use in their research shape their perceptions of the social world they are investigating and seeking to define.
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seeking to understand and formulate theories about a community or group of individuals by observing them from the inside. Interpretivism is an inductive practice influenced by philosophical frameworks such as
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920:. Science aims at understanding causality so control can be exerted. If this succeeded in sociology, those with knowledge would be able to control the ignorant and this could lead to
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Miller, K. (2004). Interpretive
Perspectives on Theory Development. In Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts (pp. 46–59). Boston, Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill.
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perspective. As an antipositivist, however, one seeks relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists.
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and this subjection distinguishes it from physical science. Durkheim himself noted the importance of constructing concepts in the abstract (e.g. "
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discipline, such as jurisprudence, logic, ethics, or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject-matter 'correct' or 'valid' meaning.
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has the same basic principles at its core. Simply put, positivists see sociology as a science, while anti-positivists do not.
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Antipositivism thus holds there is no methodological unity of the sciences: the three goals of positivism –
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Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago
University Press, 1971. p. xix.
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Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago
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802:(interpretive) sociological antipositivism, proposing research should concentrate on human cultural
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research, much less draw an artificial line between environment and human organization (see
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died before the establishment of formal social science, but nonetheless rejected the
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of social research. Antipositivism would be further facilitated by rejections of '
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This perspective has led to controversy over how one can draw the line between
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The antipositivist tradition continued in the establishment of
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1535:(7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. p. 32.
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767:, yet retained many mechanical elements of its predecessor.
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In the early nineteenth century, intellectuals, led by the
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List of people considered a founder in a
Humanities field
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791:, meanwhile, negated positivism through the rubric of
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Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
1646:Rosa, Francisco Javier Ullan de la (1 April 2017).
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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720:, in the early eighteenth century, and later with
814:, and social processes viewed from a resolutely
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821:The interaction between theory (or constructed
2895:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
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2206:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
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1571:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp.
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851:... the science whose object is to interpret
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1531:Macionis, John J.; Gerber, Linda M. (2011).
1414:, particularly the work associated with the
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1709:. Boston: Pearson Education. p. 241.
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
759:served as foundation of modern academic
551:Library and information science software
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3119:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
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2474:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
1790:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
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1625:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
916:– are incomplete, since they lack any
546:Geographic information system software
2293:National Endowment for the Humanities
2278:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
656:of investigation utilized within the
7:
2288:Moscow University for the Humanities
2259:Arts and Humanities Research Council
2216:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
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914:description, control, and prediction
825:) and data is always fundamental in
748:—despite his attempt to establish a
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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3823:Digital media use and mental health
3537:Sociology of the history of science
1788:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
1623:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
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2751:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1751:Robertson, Susan (30 April 2020).
1310:Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
1061:The Theory of Communicative Action
883:, The Nature of Social Action 1922
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3532:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3377:History and philosophy of science
3359:Economics of scientific knowledge
3079:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
3063:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2919:The Course in Positive Philosophy
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1604:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
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3071:History and Class Consciousness
2336:Humanities in the United States
2184:American Journal of Archaeology
1705:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
939:), and influenced the study of
34:needs additional citations for
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1568:Knowledge and Social Structure
1070:Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1:
3143:Knowledge and Human Interests
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3885:Normalization process theory
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2231:Revue des Études Arméniennes
1596:Jordan, Zbigniew A. (1967).
1497:Philosophy of social science
853:the meaning of social action
3127:Conjectures and Refutations
2959:The Logic of Modern Physics
2776:Deductive-nomological model
1721:The Nature of Social Action
755:The enhanced positivism of
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3508:construction of technology
3087:The Poverty of Historicism
2983:The Universe in a Nutshell
2967:Language, Truth, and Logic
2951:The Analysis of Sensations
996:Dialectic of Enlightenment
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4040:Politicization of science
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2848:Positivist-related debate
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2346:Outline of the humanities
2326:Criticism of mass culture
2298:National Humanities Medal
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901:writers than of Comte or
865:effects which it produces
573:Qualitative data analysis
3447:Philosophy of technology
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2331:Educational essentialism
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859:of the way in which the
831:collective consciousness
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3520:Sociology of knowledge
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2654:Non-Euclidean geometry
2620:Methodological dualism
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1811:Routledge. 2006. p. 19
1768:Cite journal requires
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1441:The sociologist
1416:Frankfurt School
1400:
1393:
1386:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1320:Marxist humanism
1257:Culture industry
982:
972:Frankfurt School
959:
955:Frankfurt School
895:phenomenological
884:
785:Heinrich Rickert
708:, among others.
658:natural sciences
622:
615:
608:
568:Science software
467:Cultural mapping
435:Quasi-experiment
425:Field experiment
393:Content analysis
288:Critical realism
206:Multimethodology
146:
123:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Antipositivism"
51:
27:
19:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4091:
4050:Research ethics
3996:
3895:Reverse salient
3789:
3782:
3558:
3551:
3542:Sociotechnology
3486:
3398:
3363:
3340:
3335:
3305:
3300:
3283:
3239:
3205:Paul Feyerabend
3200:Wilhelm Dilthey
3173:
3050:
2989:
2906:
2849:
2834:
2781:Ramsey sentence
2736:Instrumentalism
2665:
2643:
2641:paradigm shifts
2634:
2571:Critical theory
2549:
2545:Verificationism
2493:
2489:Russian Machism
2437:
2402:
2397:
2367:
2362:
2302:
2247:
2172:
2158:Self-reflection
2148:Moral character
2107:Human condition
2059:Critical theory
1999:
1963:
1910:Performing arts
1851:
1846:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1477:Grounded theory
1472:Critical theory
1462:
1455:
1452:
1436:hermeneutically
1430:argues, in his
1428:JĂĽrgen Habermas
1412:critical theory
1404:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1340:Western Marxism
1305:
1297:
1296:
1277:Popular culture
1252:Critical theory
1232:
1224:
1223:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1053:
990:
957:
885:
879:
861:action proceeds
773:Wilhelm Dilthey
769:Hermeneuticians
765:social research
726:epistemological
716:Beginning with
714:
694:human geography
669:post-positivism
626:
590:
589:
536:
528:
527:
474:Phenomenography
413:Autoethnography
378:
370:
369:
330:Grounded theory
325:Critical theory
320:Art methodology
315:Action research
310:
300:
299:
238:
228:
227:
196:
188:
187:
156:
154:Research design
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4254:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4176:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4060:Science policy
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Digital divide
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:Technological
3929:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Design studies
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3744:Scientometrics
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3617:Paradigm shift
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Postpositivism
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Antipositivism
3414:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:and technology
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Émile Durkheim
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2867:Methodenstreit
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2808:Social science
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2761:Operationalism
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2673:
2671:
2670:Related topics
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2578:
2576:Falsifiability
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Antipositivism
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Postpositivism
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2398:
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2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2041:Belles-lettres
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Antipositivism
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
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1900:
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1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:
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1837:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1800:
1779:
1770:|journal=
1743:
1734:
1725:
1712:
1697:
1658:(3): 344–362.
1635:
1614:
1588:
1582:978-0710077462
1581:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:Society portal
1451:
1448:
1443:Zygmunt Bauman
1422:'; or science
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Freudo-Marxism
1312:
1306:
1304:Related topics
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:Psychoanalysis
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:Antipositivism
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
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1126:
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1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1024:Minima Moralia
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
975:
974:
968:
967:
956:
953:
945:social science
877:
841:pioneered the
827:social science
789:Edmund Husserl
757:Émile Durkheim
713:
710:
650:antinaturalism
642:interpretivism
638:antipositivism
634:social science
628:
627:
625:
624:
617:
610:
602:
599:
598:
592:
591:
588:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
565:
564:
563:
558:
548:
543:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
519:
518:
508:
507:
506:
501:
499:Scoping review
496:
491:
486:
476:
471:
470:
469:
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:Field research
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
417:
416:
415:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Historiography
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
293:Subtle realism
290:
280:
275:
273:Postpositivism
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Constructivism
245:
243:Antipositivism
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
219:
218:
208:
203:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
178:
168:
163:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
139:
138:
132:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4253:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4165:
4161:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:Technoscience
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Media studies
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Early adopter
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Co-production
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:communication
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Pseudoscience
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Boundary-work
3575:
3573:
3572:Bibliometrics
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3482:Transhumanism
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:György Lukács
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3046:Vienna Circle
3044:
3042:
3041:Berlin Circle
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Eugen DĂĽhring
3019:
3017:
3016:Auguste Comte
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:Contributions
2909:
2902:
2899:
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949:phenomenology
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793:phenomenology
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746:Auguste Comte
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99:November 2021
91:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4203:
4135:Associations
3970:criticism of
3880:Leapfrogging
3863:linear model
3749:Team science
3739:Scientocracy
3662:Neo-colonial
3416:
3412:Anthropocene
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
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3101:
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3069:
3061:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2901:Science wars
2699:Epistemology
2630:Reflectivism
2590:Hermeneutics
2560:
2442:Declinations
2418:Antihumanism
2411:Perspectives
2355:
2319:Philistinism
2314:Antihumanism
2268:
2240:
2226:Nova Religio
2193:
2111:
2091:Hermeneutics
2046:
2039:
2024:
1863:Anthropology
1808:
1807:John Scott.
1803:
1787:
1782:
1761:cite journal
1746:
1737:
1728:
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1715:
1706:
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1655:
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1599:
1591:
1567:
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1551:
1532:
1526:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1409:
1272:Non-identity
1241:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
941:hermeneutics
926:
917:
913:
911:
887:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
848:
839:Georg Simmel
820:
799:
797:
754:
731:
715:
682:hermeneutics
676:
672:
666:
662:epistemology
649:
645:
641:
637:
631:
335:Hermeneutics
242:
223:Quantitative
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3980:theories of
3965:and society
3961:Technology
3955:transitions
3945:determinism
3940:convergence
3915:Technocracy
3697:controversy
3683:Scientific
3667:post-normal
3612:Metascience
3582:Consilience
3567:Antiscience
3432:Neo-Luddism
3427:Fuzzy logic
3256:Objectivity
3225:Karl Popper
3215:Thomas Kuhn
3195:Mario Bunge
2946:(1879–1884)
2881:(1909–1959)
2615:Metaphysics
2595:Historicism
2510:Demarcation
2505:Consilience
2428:Rationalism
2168:Work of art
2136:Metaphysics
2097:Historicism
1942:Visual arts
1868:Archaeology
1856:Disciplines
1719:Weber, Max
1675:10045/83987
1424:as ideology
1330:Reification
1325:Recognition
1209:Sohn-Rethel
1154:Kirchheimer
989:Major works
947:, in fact,
907:neo-Kantian
899:existential
800:verstehende
781:neo-Kantian
779:'), whilst
722:Montesquieu
408:Ethnography
308:Methodology
263:Fallibilism
211:Qualitative
181:Referencing
4210:Categories
4174:Philosophy
4118:Technology
4070:science of
4065:history of
3950:revolution
3858:disruptive
3848:Innovation
3843:Hype cycle
3788:Technology
3759:ecological
3732:skepticism
3722:misconduct
3707:enterprise
3525:scientific
3452:Positivism
3422:Empiricism
3404:Philosophy
3036:Ernst Mach
3031:Ernst Laas
3006:A. J. Ayer
2994:Proponents
2813:Philosophy
2610:Humanities
2554:Antitheses
2423:Empiricism
2400:Positivism
2129:Quadrivium
2054:Creativity
2020:Aesthetics
1947:Filmmaking
1932:Philosophy
1888:Literature
1849:Humanities
1518:References
1134:Horkheimer
929:subjective
816:subjective
646:negativism
583:Statistics
578:Simulation
516:Simulation
457:Interviews
420:Experiment
388:Case study
360:Pragmatism
278:Pragmatism
268:Positivism
258:Empiricism
69:newspapers
4025:Factor 10
3853:diffusion
3692:consensus
3687:community
3652:education
3492:Sociology
3467:Scientism
3346:Economics
3277:Verstehen
3263:Phronesis
3251:Knowledge
3235:Max Weber
3055:Criticism
2803:Sociology
2741:Modernism
2719:pluralism
2704:anarchism
2600:Historism
2520:Induction
2433:Scientism
2201:Humanitas
2113:Humanitas
2102:Historism
2064:Criticism
1957:Sculpture
1692:199061702
1684:1337-401X
1633:pp. 20–25
1533:Sociology
1420:scientism
1287:Privatism
1262:Dialectic
1169:Löwenthal
1159:Kompridis
933:objective
881:Max Weber
843:verstehen
761:sociology
738:Karl Marx
734:Hegelians
698:sociology
216:Art-based
4145:Scholars
4140:Journals
4130:Category
4104:Portals
3985:transfer
3975:dynamics
3925:feminist
3727:priority
3712:literacy
3672:rhetoric
3638:Science
3602:Logology
3298:Category
2714:nihilism
2709:idealism
2639:Related
2515:Evidence
2252:Academia
2221:Leonardo
2189:Daedalus
2177:Journals
2141:Ontology
2030:The arts
1952:Painting
1898:Rhetoric
1450:See also
1179:McCarthy
1164:Kuhlmann
1149:Kracauer
1124:Habermas
1114:GrĂĽnberg
1099:Benjamin
964:a series
962:Part of
903:Durkheim
878:—
873:a priori
863:and the
823:concepts
771:such as
383:Analysis
176:Argument
136:Research
128:a series
126:Part of
4198:Society
4186:Science
4160:Portals
4108:Science
3790:studies
3702:dissent
3642:citizen
3559:studies
3557:Science
3504:Social
3369:History
3178:Critics
2903:(1990s)
2897:(1980s)
2891:(1960s)
2871:(1890s)
2724:realism
2656:(1830s)
2644:in the
2307:Related
2242:more...
2124:Trivium
2074:Culture
2048:Bildung
1990:Medical
1975:Digital
1925:Theatre
1878:History
1219:Wingert
1214:Wellmer
1204:Schmidt
1199:Pollock
1189:Neumann
1174:Marcuse
1129:Honneth
833:" and "
812:symbols
712:History
654:methods
462:Mapping
377:Methods
283:Realism
171:Writing
83:scholar
4002:Policy
3935:change
3868:system
3717:method
3657:normal
3170:(1986)
3162:(1980)
3154:(1978)
3146:(1968)
3138:(1964)
3130:(1963)
3122:(1962)
3114:(1960)
3106:(1951)
3098:(1942)
3090:(1936)
3082:(1934)
3074:(1923)
3066:(1909)
2986:(2001)
2978:(1959)
2970:(1936)
2962:(1927)
2954:(1886)
2938:(1869)
2930:(1848)
2922:(1830)
2858:Method
2731:Holism
2662:(1927)
2163:Wisdom
2095:
2035:Beauty
2008:Themes
1995:Public
1985:Health
1893:Poetry
1794:
1690:
1682:
1629:
1608:, 321.
1579:
1539:
1482:Holism
1282:Praxis
1139:Jaeggi
1089:Adorno
966:on the
890:Simmel
808:values
688:, and
640:(also
523:Survey
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3270:Truth
1920:Music
1915:Dance
1798:p. 22
1688:S2CID
1144:Kluge
1119:Geuss
1109:Forst
1104:Fromm
804:norms
90:JSTOR
76:books
3873:user
3776:STEM
3677:wars
2079:High
1792:ISBN
1774:help
1680:ISSN
1627:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1194:Offe
1184:Negt
1094:Apel
931:and
897:and
763:and
62:news
1905:Law
1670:hdl
1660:doi
1606:131
744:of
648:or
632:In
45:by
4212::
1765::
1763:}}
1759:{{
1686:.
1678:.
1668:.
1656:27
1654:.
1650:.
1638:^
1575:.
1426:.
924:.
810:,
806:,
795:.
704:,
700:,
696:,
684:,
677:by
673:on
644:,
636:,
130:on
4162::
3330:e
3323:t
3316:v
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
1841:e
1834:t
1827:v
1776:)
1772:(
1755:.
1694:.
1672::
1662::
1612:]
1585:.
1573:4
1545:.
1399:e
1392:t
1385:v
1072:"
1066:"
621:e
614:t
607:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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