1189:, which uses equally-spaced parallel vertical lines of longitude and parallel latitude lines spaced farther apart as they get farther away from the equator. By this construction, courses of constant bearing are conveniently represented as straight lines for navigation. The same property limits its value as a general-purpose world map because regions are shown as increasingly larger than they actually are the further from the equator they are. Mercator is also credited as the first to use the word "atlas" to describe a collection of maps. In the later years of his life, Mercator resolved to create his Atlas, a book filled with many maps of different regions of the world, as well as a chronological history of the world from the Earth's creation by God until 1568. He was unable to complete it to his satisfaction before he died. Still, some additions were made to the Atlas after his death, and new editions were published after his death.
1264:
styli to prick holes along the drawn lines, trace along them with colored chalk, and then engrave the map. Lines going in the same direction are carved at the same time, and then the plate is turned to carve lines going in a different direction. To print from the finished plate, ink is spread over the metal surface and scraped off such that it remains only in the etched channels. Then the plate is pressed forcibly against the paper so that the ink in the channels is transferred to the paper. The pressing is so forceful that it leaves a "plate mark" around the border of the map at the edge of the plate, within which the paper is depressed compared to the margins. Copper and other metals were expensive at the time, so the plate was often reused for new maps or melted down for other purposes.
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information. Either way, many maps of the
Renaissance left the publisher without being colored, a practice that continued all the way into the 1800s. However, most publishers accepted orders from their patrons to have their maps or atlases colored if they wished. Because all coloring was done by hand, the patron could request simple, cheap color, or more expensive, elaborate color, even going so far as silver or gold gilding. The simplest coloring was merely outlines, such as of borders and along rivers. Wash color meant painting regions with inks or watercolors. Limning meant adding silver and gold leaf to the map to illuminate lettering, heraldic arms, or other decorative elements.
1260:
are advantages to using relief to make maps. For one, a printmaker doesn't need a press because the maps could be developed as rubbings. Woodblock is durable enough to be used many times before defects appear. Existing printing presses can be used to create the prints rather than having to create a new one. On the other hand, it is hard to achieve fine detail with the relief technique. Inconsistencies in linework are more apparent in woodcut than in intaglio. To improve quality in the late fifteenth century, a style of relief craftsmanship developed using fine chisels to carve the wood, rather than the more commonly used knife.
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1070:(which he learned through contemporary accounts from Arab merchants and explorers) with the information he inherited from the classical geographers, he was able to write detailed descriptions of a multitude of countries. Along with the substantial text he had written, he created a world map influenced mostly by the Ptolemaic conception of the world, but with significant influence from multiple Arab geographers. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries. The map was divided into seven
755:
1892:, and other map elements to find ways to portray the information so that the map reader can interpret the map as intended. Guided by these experiments, the cartographer settles on a design and creates the map, whether in physical or electronic form. Once finished, the map is delivered to its audience. The map reader interprets the symbols and patterns on the map to draw conclusions and perhaps to take action. By the spatial perspectives they provide, maps help shape how we view the world.
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1218:, maps were used to impress viewers and establish the owner's reputation as sophisticated, educated, and worldly. Because of this, towards the end of the Renaissance, maps were displayed with equal importance of painting, sculptures, and other pieces of art. In the sixteenth century, maps were becoming increasingly available to consumers through the introduction of printmaking, with about 10% of Venetian homes having some sort of map by the late 1500s.
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2179:(CaGIS), promotes in the U.S. research, education, and practice to improve the understanding, creation, analysis, and use of maps and geographic information. The society serves as a forum for the exchange of original concepts, techniques, approaches, and experiences by those who design, implement, and use cartography, geographical information systems, and related geospatial technologies.
1941:: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.
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1983:: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of
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as intermediaries, managed to work a treaty which placed the Amur River as the border between the
Eurasian powers, and opened up trading relations between the two. This treaty's significance draws from the interaction between the two sides, and the intermediaries who were drawn from a wide variety of
1900:
Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these
1324:
was created by a
Chinese cartographer. Historians have put its date of creation around 1620, but there is debate in this regard. This map's significance draws from historical misconceptions of East Asian cartography, the main one being that East Asians did not do cartography until Europeans arrived.
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In intaglio, lines are engraved into workable metals, typically copper but sometimes brass. The engraver spreads a thin sheet of wax over the metal plate and uses ink to draw the details. Then, the engraver traces the lines with a stylus to etch them into the plate beneath. The engraver can also use
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A map has a purpose and an audience. Its purpose may be as broad as teaching the major physical and political features of the entire world, or as narrow as convincing a neighbor to move a fence. The audience may be as broad as the general public or as narrow as a single person. Mapmakers use design
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which show shaded relief. Before such software existed, cartographers had to draw shaded relief by hand. One cartographer who is respected as a master of hand-drawn shaded relief is the Swiss professor Eduard Imhof whose efforts in hill shading were so influential that his method became used around
1259:
In woodcut, the map image is created as a relief chiseled from medium-grain hardwood. The areas intended to be printed are inked and pressed against the sheet. Being raised from the rest of the block, the map lines cause indentations in the paper that can often be felt on the back of the map. There
1667:
Before 1749, maps of the
African continent had African kingdoms drawn with assumed or contrived boundaries, with unknown or unexplored areas having drawings of animals, imaginary physical geographic features, and descriptive texts. In 1748, Jean B. B. d'Anville created the first map of the African
1279:
Lettering in mapmaking is important for denoting information. Fine lettering is difficult in woodcut, where it often turned out square and blocky, contrary to the stylized, rounded writing style popular in Italy at the time. To improve quality, mapmakers developed fine chisels to carve the relief.
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In the late 1400s to the late 1500s, Rome, Florence, and Venice dominated map-making and trade. It started in
Florence in the mid-to late 1400s. Map trade quickly shifted to Rome and Venice but then was overtaken by atlas makers in the late 16th century. Map publishing in Venice was completed with
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In medieval times, written directions of how to get somewhere were more common than the use of maps. With the
Renaissance, cartography began to be seen as a metaphor for power. Political leaders could lay claim to territories through the use of maps, and this was greatly aided by the religious and
1580:
in 2005 as a development of the virtual globe EarthViewer 3D (2004), which revolutionised accessibility of accurate world maps, as well as access to satellite and aerial imagery. These advances brought more accuracy to geographical and location-based data and widened the range of applications for
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In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were produced manually, with brushes and parchment; so they varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the
1755:
A third type of map is known as an "orienteering," or special purpose map. This type of map falls somewhere between thematic and general maps. They combine general map elements with thematic attributes in order to design a map with a specific audience in mind. Oftentimes, the type of audience an
1659:
Maps furthered imperialism and colonization of Africa in practical ways by showing basic information like roads, terrain, natural resources, settlements, and communities. Through this, maps made
European commerce in Africa possible by showing potential commercial routes and made natural resource
1644:
A common belief is that science heads in a direction of progress, and thus leads to more accurate representations of maps. In this belief, European maps must be superior to others, which necessarily employed different map-making skills. "There was a 'not cartography' land where lurked an army of
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The first use of color in map-making cannot be narrowed down to one reason. There are arguments that color started as a way to indicate information on the map, with aesthetics coming second. There are also arguments that color was first used on maps for aesthetics but then evolved into conveying
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In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many
1560:
such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose
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The cartographic process spans many stages, starting from conceiving the need for a map and extending all the way through its consumption by an audience. Conception begins with a real or imagined environment. As the cartographer gathers information about the subject, they consider how that
1808:, letting the reader know whether a station is north or south of the river. That and the topology of station order and interchanges between train lines are all that is left of the geographic space. Yet those are all a typical passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfills its purpose.
2185:(NACIS), A North American-based cartography society that is aimed at improving communication, coordination and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information. Their members are located worldwide and the meetings are on an annual basis
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Due to the paucity of information and the immense difficulty of surveying during the period, mapmakers frequently plagiarized material without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, a famous map of North
America known as the "Beaver Map" was published in 1715 by
1660:
extraction possible by depicting locations of resources. Such maps also enabled military conquests and made them more efficient, and imperial nations further used them to put their conquests on display. These same maps were then used to cement territorial claims, such as at the
1550:
provided efficient, precise methods for mapping physical features, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, watersheds, and topography. The United States
Geological Survey has devised multiple new map projections, notably the Space Oblique Mercator for interpreting satellite
1346:
practically universally used copper plate intaglio, having abandoned the fragile, coarse woodcut technology. Use of map projections evolved, with the double hemisphere being very common and
Mercator's prestigious navigational projection gradually making more appearances.
969:
on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even before this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in
1652:. According to deconstructionist models, cartography was used for strategic purposes associated with imperialism and as instruments and representations of power during the conquest of Africa. The depiction of Africa and the low latitudes in general on the
1267:
Whether woodcut or intaglio, the printed map is hung out to dry. Once dry, it is usually placed in another press to flatten the paper. Any type of paper that was available at the time could be used to print the map, but thicker paper was more durable.
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What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of
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zones, with detailed descriptions of each zone. As part of this work, a smaller, circular map depicting the south on top and Arabia in the center was made. Al-Idrisi also made an estimate of the circumference of the world, accurate to within 10%.
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for mapping the surface. The use of satellites and space telescopes now allows researchers to map other planets and moons in outer space. Advances in electronic technology ushered in another revolution in cartography: ready availability of
1641:" understanding of the map as early as the 17th century. An example of this understanding is that " reality can be expressed in mathematical terms; that systematic observation and measurement offer the only route to cartographic truth…".
778:(Italy), dated to the 4th millennium BCE, geometric patterns consisting of dotted rectangles and lines are widely interpreted in archaeological literature as depicting cultivated plots. Other known maps of the ancient world include the
1803:
is an iconic example. Although the most widely used map of "The Tube," it preserves little of reality: it varies scale constantly and abruptly, it straightens curved tracks, and it contorts directions. The only topography on it is the
1328:
In 1689, representatives of the Russian tsar and Qing Dynasty met near the border town of Nerchinsk, which was near the disputed border of the two powers, in eastern Siberia. The two parties, with the Qing negotiation party bringing
2130:, technologies allow for the creation and distribution of maps by people without proper cartographic training are readily available. This has led to maps that ignore cartographic conventions and are potentially misleading.
1166:. This was an equal-area, heart-shaped world map projection (generally called a cordiform projection) that was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Over time, other iterations of this map type arose; most notable are the
1015:('maps of the world') are the medieval European maps of the world. About 1,100 of these are known to have survived: of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts, and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents.
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1846:, has vastly simplified the process of map creation and increased the palette of design options available to cartographers. This has led to a decreased focus on production skill, and an increased focus on quality
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1105:, from the 15th century to the 17th century, European cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their own based on explorers' observations and new
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model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon).
1174:. The Werner projection places its standard parallel at the North Pole; a sinusoidal projection places its standard parallel at the equator; and the Bonne projection is intermediate between the two.
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There are technical and cultural aspects to producing maps. In this sense, maps can sometimes be said to be biased. The study of bias, influence, and agenda in making a map is what comprise a map's
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by Carl Moreland and David Bannister – complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers (archived 2 February 2007)
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has been interpreted as imperialistic and as symbolic of subjugation due to the diminished proportions of those regions compared to higher latitudes where the European powers were concentrated.
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is a very general type of map, the kind one might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational information.
1363:, published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. By the late 18th century, mapmakers often credited the original publisher with something along the lines of, "After " in the map's title or
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classes. As the volume of geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data.
1535:, make possible maps with fine details, which do not distort in shape and which resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which further speeded up map production.
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Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as
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elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired
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Another motive for deliberate errors is cartographic "vandalism": a mapmaker wishing to leave their mark on the work. Mount Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on the
1325:
The map's depiction of trading routes, a compass rose, and scale bar points to the culmination of many map-making techniques incorporated into Chinese mercantile cartography.
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in New Caledonia is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from other new editions.
1726:" maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail. Many private mapping companies have also produced thematic map series.
1722:(USGS) are a standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile) "
1634:. A central tenet of deconstructionism is that maps have power. Other assertions are that maps are inherently biased and that we search for metaphor and rhetoric in maps.
2086:" to help the copyright owner identify infringement if the error appears in competitors' maps. The latter often come in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or misspelled "
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inaccurate, heretical, subjective, valuative, and ideologically distorted images. Cartographers developed a 'sense of the other' in relation to nonconforming maps."
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or other celestial bodies. While all projections distort the surface, cartographers strategically control how and where distortion occurs For example, the popular
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Arcà, Andrea (2004). "The topographic engravings of the Alpine rock-art: fields, settlements, and agricultural landscapes". In Chippindale, C.; Nash, G. (eds.).
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The early modern period saw the convergence of cartographical techniques across Eurasia and the exchange of mercantile mapping techniques via the Indian Ocean.
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and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
1975:: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.
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in 2004, a global digital counter-map that allowed anyone to contribute and use new spatial data without complex licensing agreements; and the launch of
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spatially located variables onto existing maps has created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also
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1925:: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the
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In the early years of the new millennium, three key technological advances transformed cartography: the removal of Selective Availability in the
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1949:: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several
770:(previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. Among the prehistoric alpine rock carvings of
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1784:). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to form topographic maps is to use computer software to generate
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Stone, Jeffrey C. (1988). "Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S. 13. Pp 57.
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1608:, from which it can be extracted on demand. These tools lead to increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally.
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Intaglio lettering did not suffer the troubles of a coarse medium and so was able to express the looping cursive that came to be known as
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in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.
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map in the early 1970s. It is believed to be the work of draftsman Richard Ciacci. The fiction was not discovered until two years later.
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orienteering map is made for is in a particular industry or occupation. An example of this kind of map would be a municipal utility map.
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4468:. Vol. 2, Book 3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. Chicago and London:
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2567:"A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city, and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past"
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2599:"A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük 'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory"
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was one of the first cartographers to use the printing press to make maps more widely available. Optical technology, such as the
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1572:(GPS) in May 2000, which improved locational accuracy for consumer-grade GPS receivers to within a few metres; the invention of
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colonial expansion of Europe. The Holy Land and other religious places were the most commonly mapped during the Renaissance.
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In a rare move, Ortelius credited mapmakers who contributed to the atlas, the list of which grew to 183 individuals by 1603.
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reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the 1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the
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information is structured and how that structure should inform the map's design. Next, the cartographers experiment with
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Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1997). "Projection methods in Chinese, Korean and Japanese star maps". In Andersen, Johannes (ed.).
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supports in the UK the practising cartographer and encourages and maintains a high standard of cartographic illustration
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Perdue, Peter C. (2010). "Boundaries and Trade in the Early Modern World: Negotiations at Nerchinsk and Beijing".
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involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward specific audiences. A couple of examples might be a
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Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of
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4445:. Vol. 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Chicago and London:
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1284:. There were custom-made reverse punches that were also used in metal engraving alongside freehand lettering.
4422:. Vol. 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago and London:
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Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization.
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Kennelly, Patrick (2006). "A Uniform Sky Illumination Model to Enhance Shading of Terrain and Urban Areas".
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1959:: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as
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period (14th – 12th centuries BCE). The oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE
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The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Mediaeval Europe and the Mediterranean
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directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy).
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does not distort angles on the surface, but it makes regions near the poles appear larger than they are.
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allowed the mass production of maps and the creation of accurate reproductions from more accurate data.
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Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of
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945:, geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the
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Woodward, David. "Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and Coloring in the European Renaissance".
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436:
360:
173:
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3754:
Bassett, J. T. (1994). "Cartography and Empire Building in the Nineteenth-Century West Africa".
3597:
2474: – Publishing project in the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
6807:
1863:
principles to guide them in constructing a map that is effective for its purpose and audience.
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5017:
4877:
4707:
4168:
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4025:
3864:
3773:
3674:"A Profession Less Ordinary? Reflections on the Life, Death and Resurrection of Cartography"
3641:
3631:
3563:
3516:
3460:
3393:
3144:
2818:
2612:
2514:
2451:
2397:, also known as Cartographic relief depiction – Representation of surface shape on maps
2382:
2167:(BCS) a registered charity in the UK dedicated to exploring and developing the world of maps
2095:
1964:
1505:
1482:
1330:
1197:
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1950:
1921:
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1611:
1201:
1159:
1155:
934:
431:
370:
287:
282:
277:
272:
113:
106:
6165:
3313:
Carlton, Genevieve (2011). "Worldly Consumer: The Demand for Maps in Renaissance Italy".
3238:
3208:
1772:
description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of
789:, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy
3860:
3769:
3382:
Delano-Smith, Catherine (2005). "Stamped Signs on Manuscripts Maps in the Renaissance".
7649:
7568:
7558:
7422:
7417:
7176:
7166:
7065:
7011:
6976:
6917:
6872:
6771:
6756:
6650:
6625:
6579:
6533:
6528:
6364:
6296:
6129:
6037:
6009:
6004:
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5698:
5693:
5658:
5578:
5520:
5381:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5027:
4973:
4173:
4146:
4120:
3712:"Harley, J. B. (1989). "Deconstructing the Map". Cartographica, Vol. 26, No. 2. pp 1-5"
2773:
2771:
2445:
2385: – Application of animation to add a temporal component to a map displaying change
1984:
1749:
1631:
1547:
1493:
1360:
1356:
930:
843:
685:
456:
399:
297:
250:
230:
200:
4147:"The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping"
2807:
Smith, Catherine Delano (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the World".
1271:
Both relief and intaglio were used about equally by the end of the fifteenth century.
7664:
7578:
7508:
7460:
7427:
7299:
7289:
7279:
7239:
7234:
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6857:
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6726:
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6594:
6448:
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6417:
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6014:
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5626:
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5402:
5132:
5098:
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4578:
4334:
4311:
4288:
4207:
4047:
3954:
3928:
3673:
3583:
3538:
3480:
3405:
3100:
2632:
2502:
2496:
2229:
1745:
1700:
1573:
1501:
1281:
1122:
1083:
942:
451:
441:
68:
and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of
62:(1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's
17:
4019:
3989:
3876:
3831:
2566:
1695:
7621:
7583:
7573:
7563:
7503:
7284:
7129:
7119:
7006:
6966:
6887:
6867:
6832:
6817:
6711:
6706:
6676:
6554:
5802:
5641:
5478:
5397:
5386:
5371:
5296:
5144:
5103:
5083:
4945:
4804:
4199:
3920:
3646:
2087:
1994:
1805:
1773:
1733:
1729:
1638:
1577:
1552:
1293:
1059:
847:
834:
775:
292:
4648:
4021:
Practical Handbook of Thematic Cartography: Principles, Methods, and Applications
3521:
3495:
3268:
2598:
684:
Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of
7186:
7114:
6991:
6877:
6847:
6776:
6701:
6671:
6609:
6564:
6103:
5967:
5731:
5683:
5678:
5619:
5421:
5411:
5113:
4929:
4600:
3961:
3507:
3397:
3384:
3315:
3132:
2809:
2490:
2457:
2427:
2348:
2127:
2073:
2011:
1532:
1528:
1380:
1352:
1215:
1010:
985:
and surrounding constellations. These charts may have been used for navigation.
946:
888:
883:
851:
365:
265:
220:
4164:
3868:
3133:"Between the Sinusoidal projection and the Werner: an alternative to the Bonne"
2448: – Application of information science methods in geography and geosciences
1485:
devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to
1150:
was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527).
878:. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the
7470:
7437:
7412:
7214:
7124:
6862:
6640:
6604:
6599:
6349:
6098:
5994:
5736:
5486:
5464:
5439:
5434:
5032:
4860:
4537:. Vol. 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment. Chicago and London:
3621:
2822:
2659:
A Guide to the prehistoric Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps, Bordighera
2616:
2544:
2158:(ICA), the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals, as well as the
1944:
1889:
1797:
1769:
1521:
1321:
903:
863:
771:
667:
473:
377:
345:
317:
235:
225:
215:
3575:
3530:
3472:
2844:
Finel, Irving (1995). "A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery".
2424: – Mapping practices and methods of analysis grounded in critical theory
709:
Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of
7402:
7347:
7332:
7304:
7274:
7201:
7134:
6944:
6912:
6513:
6488:
6369:
6354:
6088:
5984:
5708:
5530:
5510:
5473:
5469:
5187:
5073:
5012:
4491:. Vol. 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance. Chicago and London:
3891:
3272:
2538:
2415:
2388:
2083:
1910:
1509:
1460:
1240:
humanities and book publishing in mind, rather than just informational use.
1114:
1106:
982:
908:
810:
790:
736:
414:
31:
4182:
3496:"The Selden Map Rediscovered: A Chinese Map of East Asian Shipping Routes,
3337:
Woodward, David. "Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change".
2780:
Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies
886:
were essential in the Roman world, motivating the creation of maps, called
4560:. Vol. 5: Cartography in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London:
4029:
3464:
3149:
6339:
5482:
4514:. Vol. 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century. Chicago and London:
2532:
2400:
1843:
1831:
1800:
1622:
make it possible to create maps directly from measurements made on site.
1605:
1601:
1589:
1517:
1359:. De Fer, in turn, had copied images that were first printed in books by
1143:
1067:
971:
966:
859:
798:
740:
678:
340:
138:
133:
88:
2624:
2499: – Collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world
7495:
7372:
7342:
7158:
7139:
6812:
6324:
6108:
6093:
5922:
5646:
5515:
5459:
5443:
5376:
3567:
2830:
2036: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1777:
1741:
1513:
1478:
1405: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1249:
1118:
1071:
962:
926:
873:
855:
822:
814:
806:
663:
59:
3785:
3101:"Globes and Terrain Models – Geography and Maps: An Illustrated Guide"
825:). Another depicts Babylon as being north of the center of the world.
7362:
7229:
7209:
4661:
4145:
Adams, Aaron; Xiang, Chen; Weidong, Li; Zhang, Chuanrong (May 2020).
3990:"3.1 The Cartographic Process | GEOG 160: Mapping our Changing World"
3801:
Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection
2300:
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
1902:
1885:
1847:
1582:
1063:
1055:
1001:
818:
794:
2526: – system for producing lines for cartographic map compilations
2328:
Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science
1668:
continent that had blank spaces to represent the unknown territory.
1437:
A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer
5156:
3777:
3636:
2714:
2418: – Oval enclosing hieroglyphs of a royal name in Ancient Egypt
1136:
produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map (
7550:
7327:
7309:
7294:
7149:
7088:
6319:
4996:
3449:
Richards, John F. (1997). "Early Modern India and World History".
1926:
1909:
1870:
1821:
1705:
1694:
1686:
1459:
1432:
1151:
1077:
1017:
992:
958:
902:
827:
821:
and several cities, all, in turn, surrounded by a "bitter river" (
753:
53:
1256:, referring to the medium used to transfer the image onto paper.
1248:
There were two main printmaking technologies in the Renaissance:
7601:
7219:
6072:
3302:. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 11.
2493: – Map showing the location of a geographic area in context
2210:
Journals related to cartography, as well as GIS, GISc, include:
761:(I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE
7061:
6169:
5895:
5160:
4969:
4665:
3040:
2430: – Study and creation of maps of imagined places or events
6344:
5022:
2078:
Some maps contain deliberate errors or distortions, either as
2005:
1677:
1615:
1465:
1374:
673:
The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to:
659:
892:, that portrayed the world as experienced via the roads. The
653:
648:
642:
4239:
Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design
3607:, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
1221:
There were three main functions of maps in the Renaissance:
602:
626:
620:
5891:
1313:
Early modern Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography
611:
3300:
The Map and the Development of the History of Cartography
2517: – Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors
2511: – Cartography of solid objects outside of the Earth
1309:
Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography
658:, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using
614:
7057:
4965:
4362:
Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography
2519:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2462:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2441:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2432:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1158:
produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts.
2993:
Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India
2541: – Map of most or all of the surface of the Earth
2251:
KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information
3821:"Cartography and Visualization Part I: Types of Maps"
3358:
Woodward, David. "The Italian Map Trade: 1480-1650".
3298:
Harley, J.B. J.B. Harley & David Woodward (ed.).
1355:. This map is a close reproduction of a 1698 work by
623:
599:
2528:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2505: – Map that uses pictures to represent features
2412: – Mapping by communities to contest state maps
2405:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1854:
and practically useful for their intended purposes.
617:
608:
7592:
7549:
7494:
7436:
7371:
7318:
7248:
7200:
7157:
7095:
6930:
6800:
6664:
6618:
6542:
6441:
6410:
6403:
6310:
6204:
6081:
6023:
5950:
5929:
5790:
5759:
5722:
5600:
5591:
5549:
5501:
5362:
5237:
5230:
4938:
4922:
4893:
4870:
4848:
4841:
4813:
4787:
4731:
4700:
605:
37:"Cartographer" redirects here. For other uses, see
4649:Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography
4577:
3953:
3598:Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery
2963:. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 4.
2778:Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2009).
2342:ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems
1588:Today most commercial-quality maps are made using
1527:Advances in photochemical technology, such as the
44:"Cartographist" redirects here. For the song, see
4331:Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization
4018:Lambert, Nicolas; Zanin, Christine (2020-05-10).
2391: – Map distorting size to show another value
1997:, have their own design needs and best practices.
1780:or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see
2265:Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis
1125:, a German cartographer and advisor to the king
949:, dated back to the 4th century BCE, during the
4464:David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis, eds. (1998).
4073:"Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography"
2995:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 330.
2439: – Focus of attention on features in a map
2183:North American Cartographic Information Society
1789:the world despite it being so labor-intensive.
1581:cartography, for example in the development of
1142:) bearing the first use of the name "America."
854:in the 6th century BCE. In the 2nd century CE,
3848:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
2321:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information
2237:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
2177:Cartography and Geographic Information Society
1637:It is claimed that the Europeans promoted an "
911:map of the British Isles from a manuscript of
7073:
6181:
5907:
5767:Geographic data and information organizations
5172:
4981:
4677:
2547: – Arrangement of map elements on a page
1129:, made the oldest extant globe of the Earth.
571:
8:
3678:The Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers
1648:Depictions of Africa are a common target of
4441:J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1994).
4418:J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1992).
4283:Kraak, Menno-Jan; Ormeling, Ferjan (2002).
1492:Advances in mechanical devices such as the
1008:
893:
7080:
7066:
7058:
6407:
6188:
6174:
6166:
5914:
5900:
5892:
5597:
5234:
5179:
5165:
5157:
4988:
4974:
4966:
4845:
4684:
4670:
4662:
4285:Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data
2986:
2984:
2881:Berggren, J. L.; Jones, Alexander (2001).
2403: – large-scale thematic map of a city
1953:, such as size, shape, color, and pattern.
1850:, the attempt to craft maps that are both
870:– the world then known to Western society
782:"House of the Admiral" wall painting from
578:
564:
95:
75:
5818:National Council for Geographic Education
4172:
4121:"Openstreetmap.org Copyright Easter Eggs"
4024:(1 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 19–27.
3749:
3747:
3745:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3645:
3635:
3520:
3269:"Gillis Hooftman: Businessman and Patron"
3148:
2052:Learn how and when to remove this message
1830:Modern technology, including advances in
1604:. Spatial information can be stored in a
1421:Learn how and when to remove this message
4584:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4359:Ehrenberg, Ralph E. (October 11, 2005).
2679:. In Harley, J.B.; Woodward, D. (eds.).
2454: – Visualization of geospatial data
509:Library and information science software
4605:. New York/London: The Guilford Press.
3237:Britannica, Encyclopedia (2018-02-26).
3207:Britannica, Encyclopedia (2018-01-25).
3137:Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography
2557:
2126:With the emergence of the internet and
1204:, created the first true modern atlas,
1054:in 1154. By combining the knowledge of
87:
4833:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
4556:Roger J. P. Kain; et al. (eds.).
4533:Matthew Edney; Mary S. Pedley (eds.).
3896:International Cartographic Association
2307:International Journal of Digital Earth
2156:International Cartographic Association
2090:". Other names and forms for this are
1993:: Different kinds of maps, especially
1320:In the early seventeenth century, the
1231:Land surveying and property management
1121:enabled increasing accuracy. In 1492,
647:, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and
504:Geographic information system software
3615:
3613:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3377:
3375:
3332:
3330:
2961:Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics
7:
7612:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
6148:
5862:
4308:Interactive and Animated Cartography
3279:from the original on 1 November 2023
3178:"Map Projections in the Renaissance"
3047:from the original on 28 January 2018
2216:International Journal of Cartography
2034:adding citations to reliable sources
1691:Small section of an orienteering map
1403:adding citations to reliable sources
838:and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE
5874:
3622:"Map projections: A Working Manual"
3043:. Encyclopedia of World Biography.
2727:from the original on March 26, 2023
2481: – 1991 book by Mark Monmonier
1487:store and manipulate them digitally
4333:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
4310:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
3931:. pp. 22, 60, 131, 132, 135.
3494:Batchelor, Robert (January 2013).
2716:The figured landscapes of Rock-Art
2134:Professional and learned societies
745:Topographic mapping § History
25:
3157:from the original on 27 July 2018
3131:Bottomley, Henry (13 June 2003).
3041:"Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi"
2189:Canadian Cartographic Association
1225:General descriptions of the world
1109:techniques. The invention of the
27:Study and practice of making maps
7645:
7644:
7148:
6147:
6136:
6135:
6123:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5838:
5837:
5813:International Geography Olympiad
5138:
5127:
5126:
4913:Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)
4828:Early modern Iberian cartography
3196:from the original on 2013-12-04.
2672:Delano Smith, Catherine (1987).
2010:
1768:is primarily concerned with the
1683:General vs. thematic cartography
1379:
595:
7353:Human impact on the environment
4636:– a learning resource from the
4127:from the original on 2019-02-19
4054:from the original on 2023-12-22
4000:from the original on 2019-12-14
3902:from the original on 2018-09-04
3722:from the original on 2015-04-02
3654:from the original on 2011-05-17
3627:United States Geological Survey
3249:from the original on 2019-03-27
3219:from the original on 2018-07-27
3113:from the original on 2017-12-16
3082:from the original on 2018-07-27
2757:from the original on 2022-03-21
2694:from the original on 2011-11-07
2639:from the original on 2013-07-25
2579:from the original on 2019-11-20
2335:Geo-spatial Information Science
2021:needs additional citations for
1720:United States Geological Survey
1452:). It belongs to the so-called
1390:needs additional citations for
921:, using Greek numerals for its
900:is the only surviving example.
702:
7182:Climate variability and change
5526:Geographic information science
2883:Ptolemy's Geography By Ptolemy
2472:History of Cartography Project
2293:GIScience & Remote Sensing
2002:Deliberate cartographic errors
1836:geographic information systems
850:created maps from the time of
715:geographic information science
711:geographic information systems
1:
7607:Evolution of the Solar System
6212:Biological data visualization
5632:Geographic information system
4306:Peterson, Michael P. (1995).
4243:Pennsylvania State University
3890:Ormeling, F.J. (1986-12-31).
3826:Pennsylvania State University
3497:
3066:Parry, James (January 2004).
3027:History of the Moorish Empire
1782:Cartographic relief depiction
1600:and specialized illustration
1524:at night or the Sun at noon.
1442:
1036:in 1154. South is at the top.
783:
39:Cartographer (disambiguation)
7358:Evolutionary history of life
5559:Environmental social science
4823:Medieval Islamic cartography
4510:Mark Monmonier, ed. (2015).
4487:David Woodward, ed. (2007).
3522:10.1080/03085694.2013.731203
2535: – Study of place names
2165:British Cartographic Society
1047:produced his medieval atlas
654:
643:
58:A medieval depiction of the
6068:Precession of the equinoxes
4562:University of Chicago Press
4539:University of Chicago Press
4516:University of Chicago Press
4493:University of Chicago Press
4470:University of Chicago Press
4447:University of Chicago Press
4424:University of Chicago Press
4401:University of Chicago Press
4266:University of Chicago Press
4097:University of Chicago Press
3805:University of Chicago Press
3398:10.1080/0308569042000289842
3186:University of Chicago Press
3176:Snyder, John (2007-09-01).
2685:University of Chicago Press
2657:Bicknell, Clarence (1913).
2565:Kunzig, Robert (May 1999).
2437:Figure-ground in map design
1914:Areal distortion caused by
1760:Topographic vs. topological
1520:by measuring angles to the
989:Middle Ages and Renaissance
981:included depictions of the
957:, published in 1092 by the
7692:
7146:
6252:Mathematical visualization
4558:The History of Cartography
4535:The History of Cartography
4512:The History of Cartography
4489:The History of Cartography
4466:The History of Cartography
4443:The History of Cartography
4420:The History of Cartography
4397:The History of Cartography
4165:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034
3892:"Eduard Imhof (1895–1986)"
3869:10.1559/152304006777323118
3555:Eighteenth-Century Studies
3431:The History of Cartography
3361:The History of Cartography
3340:The History of Cartography
2965:Cambridge University Press
2936:Kluwer Academic Publishers
2934:. Vol. 11B. Norwell:
2887:Princeton University Press
2721:Cambridge University Press
2373:
2279:Journal of Spatial Science
2199:
2137:
2063:
1815:
1675:
1306:
1291:
929:and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's
734:
724:
649:
639:
43:
36:
29:
7630:
6247:Information visualization
6232:Educational visualization
6117:
5833:
5674:Global Positioning System
5197:
5122:
5064:
5041:
5003:
4237:MacEachren, A.M. (1994).
4204:Transit Maps of the World
4095:(2nd ed.). Chicago:
3925:Transit Maps of the World
2991:Sircar, D. C. C. (1990).
2823:10.1080/03085699608592846
2617:10.1017/S0066154600000727
2597:Meece, Stephanie (2006).
2244:Cartographic Perspectives
2140:Cartography organizations
1748:, divided into numerical
1570:Global Positioning System
1558:computers and peripherals
1464:Mapping can be done with
1228:Navigation and wayfinding
1200:, strongly encouraged by
1162:refined and promoted the
531:Qualitative data analysis
7617:Location in the Universe
7559:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
7258:List of sovereign states
6423:Charles-René de Fourcroy
6272:Scientific visualization
6199:of technical information
4576:Monmonier, Mark (1991).
4260:Monmonier, Mark (1993).
4091:Monmonier, Mark (1996).
3799:Monmonier, Mark (2004).
3672:Kent, Alexander (2014).
3452:Journal of World History
2959:Needham, Joseph (1971).
2864:"History of Cartography"
2223:The Cartographic Journal
2200:See also the categories
2171:Society of Cartographers
2160:ICA member organizations
2115:Boulder County, Colorado
1991:Map type-specific design
1875:The cartographic process
1858:Map purpose and audience
1786:digital elevation models
1744:or a shaded area map of
1139:Universalis Cosmographia
737:Surveying § History
681:or political boundaries.
30:Not to be confused with
5782:National mapping agency
5747:Survey (human research)
5689:Participant observation
4241:. University Park: The
3994:www.e-education.psu.edu
3956:The Millennium Problems
3647:2027/mdp.39015034659410
3243:Encyclopedia Britannica
3213:Encyclopedia Britannica
2932:Highlights of Astronomy
2846:British Museum Magazine
2747:"The Nippur Expedition"
2206:Remote sensing journals
2070:Cartographic censorship
2066:Cartographic propaganda
1533:photochemical processes
1207:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
741:Cadastre § History
6843:Christopher R. Johnson
6395:Technical illustration
6282:Software visualization
5772:Geographical societies
5569:Landscape architecture
5051:History of cartography
4901:Map of Juan de la Cosa
4206:. New York, New York:
3960:. New York, New York:
3952:Devlin, Keith (2002).
3927:. New York, New York:
3710:Harley, J. B. (1992).
3630:. Professional Paper.
3015:Woodward, p. 286
2524:Scribing (cartography)
2467:History of cartography
2376:Outline of cartography
2286:Geocarto International
1972:Typography or labeling
1918:
1876:
1852:aesthetically pleasing
1827:
1801:London Underground map
1714:
1703:
1692:
1612:Field-rugged computers
1563:digital raster graphic
1473:
1457:
1098:
1037:
1009:
1005:
938:
894:
839:
762:
727:History of cartography
410:Inferential statistics
356:Descriptive statistics
303:Human subject research
73:
7338:Biogeochemical cycles
7263:dependent territories
6737:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
6550:Edward Walter Maunder
6474:Charles Joseph Minard
6292:User interface design
6267:Product visualization
6048:Earth's gravity field
6043:Earth's energy budget
5564:Environmental studies
5536:Statistical geography
5417:Environmental science
5056:List of cartographers
4951:Points of the compass
4030:10.1201/9780429291968
3620:Snyder, John (1987).
3465:10.1353/jwh.2005.0071
3209:"Mercator Projection"
3150:10.4000/cybergeo.3977
3025:Scott, S. P. (1904).
2784:John Wiley & Sons
2751:University of Chicago
2509:Planetary cartography
2486:List of cartographers
2064:Further information:
1913:
1896:Aspects of map design
1874:
1825:
1709:
1698:
1690:
1592:of three main types:
1538:In the 20th century,
1463:
1436:
1254:copper-plate intaglio
1168:sinusoidal projection
1081:
1021:
996:
951:Warring States period
906:
831:
757:
731:List of cartographers
194:Philosophical schools
57:
18:Mapping (cartography)
7386:Computer cartography
7110:Prebiotic atmosphere
7017:Scientific modelling
6992:Information graphics
6732:Clifford A. Pickover
6682:William S. Cleveland
6590:Henry Norris Russell
6575:Howard G. Funkhouser
6519:Florence Nightingale
6484:Francis Amasa Walker
6380:Statistical graphics
6302:Volume visualization
6277:Social visualization
5963:Computer cartography
5777:Geoscience societies
5742:Interview (research)
5714:Land change modeling
5615:Computer cartography
5593:Techniques and tools
5451:Earth system science
4732:By country or region
4599:Wood, Denis (1992).
4580:How to Lie with Maps
4093:How to Lie with Maps
4071:Jill Saligoe-Simmel,
2723:. pp. 318–349.
2479:How to Lie with Maps
2422:Critical cartography
2356:Revista Cartográfica
2030:improve this article
1867:Cartographic process
1730:Thematic cartography
1399:improve this article
1344:Enlightenment period
1338:Age of Enlightenment
1134:Martin Waldseemüller
979:cartography of India
896:Tabula Peutingeriana
759:Valcamonica rock art
519:Reference management
469:Scientific modelling
211:Critical rationalism
7529:Geologic time scale
7250:Culture and society
7105:Atmosphere of Earth
6997:Information science
6960:in computer science
6752:Sheelagh Carpendale
6687:George G. Robertson
6524:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
6459:André-Michel Guerry
6335:Graph of a function
6330:Engineering drawing
6082:Related disciplines
5823:Spatial citizenship
5808:Geographers on Film
5798:Geography education
5408:Atmospheric science
4907:Cantino planisphere
4856:Ptolemy's world map
4367:National Geographic
4329:Slocum, T. (2003).
3861:2006CGISc..33...21K
3770:1994GeoRv..84..316B
3757:Geographical Review
3596:"Map Imitation" in
3239:"Gerardus Mercator"
3106:Library of Congress
3029:. pp. 461–462.
2687:. pp. 54–101.
2395:Terrain cartography
2272:Transactions in GIS
2113:that appeared on a
1931:Mercator projection
1916:Mercator projection
1818:Cartographic design
1776:showing elevation.
1699:Topographic map of
1654:Mercator projection
1303:Early modern period
1244:Printing technology
1187:Mercator projection
1127:John II of Portugal
955:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao
868:Ptolemy's world map
499:Argument technology
49:(Purity Ring album)
7524:Geological history
7398:Geodetic astronomy
7037:Volume cartography
6801:Early 21st century
6697:Catherine Plaisant
6692:Bruce H. McCormick
6646:Mary Eleanor Spear
6636:Arthur H. Robinson
6570:Arthur Lyon Bowley
6543:Early 20th century
6390:Technical drawings
6262:Molecular graphics
6237:Flow visualization
6227:Data visualization
6130:Geodesy portal
5980:Geodetic astronomy
5704:Statistical survey
5654:Geologic modelling
5493:Quaternary science
4658:, Newberry Library
4654:2011-10-26 at the
4632:2007-03-10 at the
4078:2018-12-20 at the
3603:2018-10-24 at the
3568:10.1353/ecs.0.0187
3072:Saudi Aramco World
2202:Geography journals
2111:continental divide
2096:fictitious entries
1919:
1877:
1828:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1620:laser rangefinders
1540:aerial photography
1474:
1458:
1439:Fernão Vaz Dourado
1177:In 1569, mapmaker
1099:
1045:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1038:
1034:Roger II of Sicily
1030:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1006:
939:
840:
763:
493:Tools and software
437:Secondary research
361:Discourse analysis
74:
7658:
7657:
7594:Planetary science
7514:Extremes on Earth
7481:Signal processing
7055:
7054:
7032:Visual perception
6982:Graphic organizer
6955:Computer graphics
6926:
6925:
6908:Martin Wattenberg
6883:Hanspeter Pfister
6838:Martin Krzywinski
6762:Jock D. Mackinlay
6742:Thomas A. DeFanti
6665:Late 20th century
6585:Ejnar Hertzsprung
6287:Technical drawing
6163:
6162:
5889:
5888:
5755:
5754:
5587:
5586:
5574:Landscape ecology
5394:Coastal geography
5154:
5153:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4612:978-0-89862-493-9
4602:The Power of Maps
4591:978-0-226-53421-3
4548:978-0-226-31633-8
4525:978-0-226-53469-5
4502:978-0-226-90733-8
4479:978-0-226-90728-4
4456:978-0-226-31637-6
4433:978-0-226-31635-2
4410:978-0-226-31633-8
4380:978-0-7922-6525-2
4344:978-0-13-035123-4
4321:978-0-13-079104-7
4298:978-0-13-088890-7
4275:978-0-226-53417-6
4252:978-0-89291-214-8
4217:978-0-14-311265-5
4106:978-0-226-53421-3
4039:978-0-429-29196-8
3975:978-0-465-01730-0
3938:978-0-14-311265-5
3002:978-81-208-0690-0
2974:978-0-521-07060-7
2945:978-0-7923-5556-4
2793:978-1-4051-9146-3
2604:Anatolian Studies
2572:Discover Magazine
2363:Terrae Incognitae
2196:Academic journals
2149:learned societies
2062:
2061:
2054:
1840:graphics software
1662:Berlin Conference
1650:deconstructionism
1544:satellite imagery
1470:laser rangefinder
1431:
1430:
1423:
1179:Gerardus Mercator
1164:Werner projection
1089:Sebastian Münster
925:: 52–63°N of the
880:Greek geographers
866:. This contained
588:
587:
554:Philosophy portal
462:Systematic review
447:Literature review
405:Historical method
388:Social experiment
323:Scientific method
308:Narrative inquiry
159:Interdisciplinary
153:Research strategy
16:(Redirected from
7683:
7648:
7647:
7541:History of Earth
7192:Paleoclimatology
7152:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7059:
7042:Volume rendering
7027:Visual analytics
7022:Spatial analysis
7002:Misleading graph
6853:David McCandless
6828:Gordon Kindlmann
6792:Alfred Inselberg
6787:Leland Wilkinson
6722:Michael Friendly
6656:Howard T. Fisher
6619:Mid 20th century
6560:W. E. B. Du Bois
6464:William Playfair
6454:Adolphe Quetelet
6428:Joseph Priestley
6411:Pre-19th century
6408:
6375:Skeletal formula
6242:Geovisualization
6217:Chemical imaging
6190:
6183:
6176:
6167:
6151:
6150:
6139:
6138:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6058:Gravity of Earth
5990:Gravity of Earth
5916:
5909:
5902:
5893:
5877:
5876:
5865:
5864:
5853:
5841:
5840:
5669:Geovisualization
5598:
5541:Spatial analysis
5426:Paleoclimatology
5235:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5158:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5069:Animated mapping
5046:Early world maps
5018:Geovisualization
4990:
4983:
4976:
4967:
4923:Contemporary age
4894:Early Modern age
4878:Tabula Rogeriana
4846:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4663:
4616:
4595:
4583:
4565:
4552:
4529:
4506:
4483:
4460:
4437:
4414:
4384:
4348:
4325:
4302:
4279:
4256:
4221:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4088:
4082:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3830:. Archived from
3816:
3810:
3808:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3751:
3740:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3617:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3524:
3502:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3425:
3410:
3409:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3267:Derde, Katrien.
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3068:"Mapping Arabia"
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2915:. Archived from
2907:
2901:
2900:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2866:. Archived from
2860:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2562:
2529:
2520:
2515:Seafloor mapping
2463:
2452:Geovisualization
2442:
2433:
2406:
2383:Animated mapping
2098:, and copyright
2057:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2014:
2006:
1965:visual hierarchy
1951:visual variables
1834:, the advent of
1678:Map § Types
1506:Hartmann Schedel
1483:magnetic storage
1481:and much later,
1451:
1447:
1444:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1383:
1375:
1198:Abraham Ortelius
1181:first published
1172:Bonne projection
1111:magnetic compass
1103:Age of Discovery
1050:Tabula Rogeriana
1025:Tabula Rogeriana
1014:
899:
862:on cartography,
813:, surrounded by
788:
785:
657:
652:
651:
646:
641:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
580:
573:
566:
526:Science software
425:Cultural mapping
393:Quasi-experiment
383:Field experiment
351:Content analysis
246:Critical realism
164:Multimethodology
99:
76:
21:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7626:
7588:
7545:
7536:Geologic record
7490:
7476:Plate tectonics
7466:Mineral physics
7446:Earth structure
7432:
7367:
7314:
7244:
7196:
7153:
7144:
7091:
7086:
7056:
7051:
7047:Information art
6987:Imaging science
6932:
6922:
6903:Fernanda Viégas
6898:Moritz Stefaner
6823:Jessica Hullman
6796:
6767:Alan MacEachren
6717:Ben Shneiderman
6660:
6614:
6538:
6437:
6399:
6312:
6306:
6257:Medical imaging
6200:
6194:
6164:
6159:
6124:
6122:
6113:
6077:
6063:Plate tectonics
6038:Coriolis effect
6033:Chandler wobble
6025:
6019:
5946:
5925:
5920:
5890:
5885:
5829:
5786:
5751:
5718:
5637:Distributed GIS
5583:
5545:
5497:
5430:Palaeogeography
5358:
5226:
5193:
5185:
5155:
5150:
5118:
5109:Topographic map
5060:
5037:
4999:
4994:
4964:
4955:
4934:
4918:
4889:
4866:
4842:Individual maps
4837:
4809:
4783:
4727:
4696:
4690:
4656:Wayback Machine
4638:British Library
4634:Wayback Machine
4627:Mapping History
4623:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4575:
4555:
4549:
4532:
4526:
4509:
4503:
4486:
4480:
4463:
4457:
4440:
4434:
4417:
4411:
4395:, eds. (1987).
4387:
4381:
4358:
4345:
4328:
4322:
4305:
4299:
4282:
4276:
4259:
4253:
4236:
4228:
4226:Further reading
4218:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4080:Wayback Machine
4070:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3605:Wayback Machine
3595:
3591:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3427:
3426:
3413:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:. p. 569.
2958:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2938:. p. 714.
2929:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:. p. 147.
2777:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2683:. Vol. 1.
2676:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2527:
2518:
2461:
2440:
2431:
2410:Counter-mapping
2404:
2378:
2372:
2258:Journal of Maps
2208:
2198:
2142:
2138:Main category:
2136:
2107:Rocky Mountains
2076:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2027:
2015:
2004:
1922:Map projections
1898:
1869:
1860:
1826:Illustrated map
1820:
1814:
1794:topological map
1766:topographic map
1762:
1738:corn production
1724:Ordnance Survey
1685:
1680:
1674:
1639:epistemological
1628:
1449:
1445:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1384:
1373:
1340:
1334:nationalities.
1315:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1246:
1202:Gillis Hooftman
1160:Johannes Werner
1156:Battista Agnese
1052:(Book of Roger)
1042:Arab geographer
997:Copy (1472) of
991:
977:Early forms of
935:Fortunate Isles
907:A 14th-century
787: 1600 BCE
786:
752:
747:
733:
725:Main articles:
723:
686:map projections
598:
594:
584:
548:
547:
494:
486:
485:
432:Phenomenography
371:Autoethnography
336:
328:
327:
288:Grounded theory
283:Critical theory
278:Art methodology
273:Action research
268:
258:
257:
196:
186:
185:
154:
146:
145:
109:
107:Research design
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7689:
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7679:
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7642:
7637:
7631:
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7627:
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7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7569:Atlantic Ocean
7566:
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7544:
7543:
7538:
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7498:
7492:
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7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7451:Fluid dynamics
7448:
7442:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7423:Geopositioning
7420:
7418:Remote Sensing
7415:
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7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7389:
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7377:
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7197:
7195:
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7189:
7184:
7179:
7177:Climate change
7174:
7172:Energy balance
7169:
7167:Climate system
7163:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7142:
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7062:
7053:
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7044:
7039:
7034:
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7024:
7019:
7014:
7012:Patent drawing
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6977:Graphic design
6974:
6969:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6952:
6947:
6942:
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6934:
6928:
6927:
6924:
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6921:
6920:
6918:Hadley Wickham
6915:
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6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6873:Tamara Munzner
6870:
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6804:
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6798:
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6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6772:David Goodsell
6769:
6764:
6759:
6757:Cynthia Brewer
6754:
6749:
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6729:
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6709:
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6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6651:Edgar Anderson
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6626:Jacques Bertin
6622:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6580:John B. Peddle
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6534:Francis Galton
6531:
6529:Toussaint Loua
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6509:Georg von Mayr
6506:
6501:
6499:Matthew Sankey
6496:
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6365:Sankey diagram
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6297:Visual culture
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6027:
6021:
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6018:
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6012:
6010:Geopositioning
6007:
6005:Remote Sensing
6002:
6000:Photogrammetry
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
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5954:
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5706:
5701:
5699:Remote sensing
5696:
5694:Photogrammetry
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5659:Geomathematics
5656:
5651:
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5606:
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5582:
5581:
5579:Time geography
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
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5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:Geoinformatics
5518:
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5498:
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5382:Phytogeography
5379:
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5119:
5117:
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5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5094:Nautical chart
5091:
5089:Linguistic map
5086:
5081:
5079:Choropleth map
5076:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
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5028:Map projection
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4756:
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4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4646:
4640:
4622:
4621:External links
4619:
4618:
4617:
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4596:
4590:
4567:
4566:
4553:
4547:
4530:
4524:
4507:
4501:
4484:
4478:
4461:
4455:
4438:
4432:
4415:
4409:
4393:David Woodward
4385:
4379:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4326:
4320:
4303:
4297:
4280:
4274:
4262:Mapping It Out
4257:
4251:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4137:
4112:
4105:
4099:. p. 51.
4083:
4064:
4038:
4010:
3981:
3974:
3944:
3937:
3912:
3882:
3837:
3834:on 2018-09-11.
3819:Dutton, John.
3811:
3807:. p. 152.
3791:
3778:10.2307/215456
3764:(3): 316–335.
3741:
3732:
3695:
3664:
3637:10.3133/pp1395
3609:
3589:
3562:(3): 341–356.
3544:
3486:
3459:(2): 197–209.
3441:
3411:
3371:
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3326:
3305:
3290:
3259:
3229:
3199:
3168:
3123:
3092:
3058:
3032:
3017:
3008:
3001:
2980:
2973:
2951:
2944:
2922:
2919:on 2009-10-30.
2902:
2895:
2873:
2870:on 2006-05-02.
2855:
2836:
2799:
2792:
2767:
2738:
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2464:
2455:
2449:
2446:Geoinformatics
2443:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2374:Main article:
2371:
2368:
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2338:
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2324:
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2314:Geoinformatica
2310:
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2186:
2180:
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2162:
2135:
2132:
2060:
2059:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1985:graphic design
1976:
1968:
1954:
1942:
1938:Generalization
1934:
1897:
1894:
1882:generalization
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1816:Main article:
1813:
1810:
1761:
1758:
1684:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1664:of 1884–1885.
1632:deconstruction
1627:
1626:Deconstruction
1624:
1548:remote sensing
1494:printing press
1429:
1428:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1361:Louis Hennepin
1357:Nicolas de Fer
1339:
1336:
1304:
1301:
1292:Main article:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
990:
987:
953:. In the book
931:Prime Meridian
844:ancient Greeks
751:
748:
722:
719:
707:
706:
699:
696:
693:generalization
689:
682:
586:
585:
583:
582:
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560:
557:
556:
550:
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459:
457:Scoping review
454:
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412:
407:
402:
400:Field research
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298:Historiography
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251:Subtle realism
248:
238:
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231:Postpositivism
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223:
218:
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208:
206:Constructivism
203:
201:Antipositivism
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3:
2:
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7579:Pacific Ocean
7577:
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7509:Earth science
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7497:
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7487:
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7482:
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7474:
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7462:
7461:Magnetosphere
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
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7428:Virtual globe
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7399:
7396:
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7393:Earth's orbit
7391:
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7300:World history
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7296:
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7290:World economy
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6972:Graph drawing
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6893:Claudio Silva
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6858:Mauro Martino
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6782:Michael Maltz
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6747:George Furnas
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6727:Howard Wainer
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6631:Rudolf Modley
6629:
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6595:Max O. Lorenz
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6504:Charles Booth
6502:
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6479:Luigi Perozzo
6477:
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6472:
6470:
6469:August Kekulé
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
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6449:Charles Dupin
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
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6433:Gaspard Monge
6431:
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6418:Edmond Halley
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6228:
6225:
6223:
6222:Crime mapping
6220:
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6215:
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6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6197:Visualization
6191:
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6016:
6015:Virtual globe
6013:
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5975:Earth's orbit
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5664:Geostatistics
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5627:Geochronology
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5456:Geomorphology
5454:
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5403:Earth science
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5133:Category:Maps
5125:
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5115:
5112:
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5107:
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5102:
5100:
5099:Pictorial map
5097:
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4884:Catalan Atlas
4882:
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4779:United States
4777:
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4340:
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4335:Prentice Hall
4332:
4327:
4323:
4317:
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4312:Prentice Hall
4309:
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4300:
4294:
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4289:Prentice Hall
4286:
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4267:
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4235:
4234:
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4232:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4208:Penguin Books
4205:
4201:
4200:Ovenden, Mark
4197:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
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4152:Public Health
4148:
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3948:
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3930:
3929:Penguin Books
3926:
3922:
3921:Ovenden, Mark
3916:
3913:
3901:
3897:
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2534:
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2525:
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2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:Pictorial map
2501:
2498:
2497:OpenStreetMap
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
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2473:
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2230:Cartographica
2227:
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2213:
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2207:
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2195:
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2056:
2053:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2019:This section
2017:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1995:thematic maps
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:symbolization
1883:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
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1841:
1837:
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1824:
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1811:
1809:
1807:
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1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:contour lines
1771:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:Ohio counties
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1712:Sierra Nevada
1708:
1702:
1701:Easter Island
1697:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1669:
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1586:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1574:OpenStreetMap
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1553:ground tracks
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
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1488:
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1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1388:This section
1386:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:Modern period
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1282:cancellaresca
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1196:cartographer
1195:
1192:In 1570, the
1190:
1188:
1185:based on his
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:cartographer
1153:
1149:
1146:cartographer
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:Martin Behaim
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:Europa regina
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1004:of the world.
1003:
1000:
999:St. Isidore's
995:
988:
986:
984:
980:
975:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:ancient China
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
905:
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
885:
882:into Arabic.
881:
877:
875:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
837:
836:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
781:
777:
774:(France) and
773:
769:
760:
756:
750:Ancient times
749:
746:
742:
738:
732:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
704:
700:
697:
694:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
675:
674:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
645:
637:
636:Ancient Greek
631:
592:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
559:
558:
555:
552:
551:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
520:
517:
515:
514:Bibliometrics
512:
511:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
490:
489:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:Meta-analysis
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Bibliometrics
440:
439:
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
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398:
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389:
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364:
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359:
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352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Phenomenology
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
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98:
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93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:
71:
67:
66:
61:
56:
50:
48:
40:
33:
19:
7622:Solar System
7584:Oceanography
7574:Indian Ocean
7564:Arctic Ocean
7504:Age of Earth
7456:Geomagnetism
7380:
7130:Thermosphere
7120:Stratosphere
7007:Neuroimaging
6967:CPK coloring
6950:Color coding
6939:
6888:Hans Rosling
6868:Miriah Meyer
6833:Aaron Koblin
6818:Jeffrey Heer
6712:Edward Tufte
6707:Pat Hanrahan
6677:Nigel Holmes
6555:Otto Neurath
6494:Oliver Byrne
6442:19th century
6152:
6140:
6121:
5957:
5878:
5866:
5854:
5842:
5803:Geo-literacy
5760:Institutions
5642:Internet GIS
5609:
5602:Quantitative
5479:Soil science
5398:Oceanography
5387:Zoogeography
5372:Biogeography
5247:Agricultural
5145:Portal:Atlas
5143:
5131:
5104:Thematic map
5084:Geologic map
5007:
4946:Compass rose
4701:By continent
4692:
4643:Antique Maps
4601:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4557:
4534:
4511:
4488:
4465:
4442:
4419:
4396:
4389:J. B. Harley
4361:
4352:
4351:
4330:
4307:
4284:
4261:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4203:
4193:Bibliography
4159:(3): 36–37.
4156:
4150:
4140:
4129:. Retrieved
4115:
4092:
4086:
4067:
4056:. Retrieved
4020:
4013:
4002:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3955:
3947:
3924:
3915:
3904:. Retrieved
3895:
3885:
3855:(1): 21–36.
3852:
3846:
3840:
3832:the original
3824:
3814:
3800:
3794:
3761:
3755:
3735:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3688:24 September
3686:. Retrieved
3684:(1, 2): 7–16
3681:
3677:
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3625:
3592:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3515:(1): 37–63.
3512:
3506:
3489:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3435:
3429:
3389:
3383:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3262:
3251:. Retrieved
3242:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3212:
3202:
3184:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3140:
3136:
3126:
3115:. Retrieved
3104:
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3075:
3071:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3035:
3026:
3020:
3011:
2992:
2960:
2954:
2931:
2925:
2917:the original
2911:
2905:
2882:
2876:
2868:the original
2858:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2779:
2759:. Retrieved
2750:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2715:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2680:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2641:. Retrieved
2608:
2602:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2570:
2560:
2477:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2145:Professional
2143:
2125:
2121:Sandy Island
2119:
2104:
2088:trap streets
2077:
2048:
2039:
2028:Please help
2023:verification
2020:
1990:
1979:
1971:
1956:
1945:
1937:
1920:
1899:
1878:
1861:
1829:
1806:River Thames
1791:
1763:
1754:
1728:
1716:
1666:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1610:
1587:
1578:Google Earth
1567:
1537:
1529:lithographic
1526:
1491:
1475:
1453:
1417:
1408:
1397:Please help
1392:verification
1389:
1349:
1342:Maps of the
1341:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1297:
1294:Map coloring
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1191:
1176:
1148:Diogo Ribero
1137:
1131:
1100:
1094:Cosmographia
1092:
1082:
1060:Indian Ocean
1048:
1039:
1023:
1011:Mappae mundi
1007:
976:
954:
947:State of Qin
940:
917:
887:
871:
841:
835:Bedolina Map
833:
805:. One shows
764:
708:
672:
662:. Combining
590:
589:
419:
293:Hermeneutics
181:Quantitative
69:
64:
46:
7671:Cartography
7381:Cartography
7320:Environment
7187:Climatology
7115:Troposphere
6940:Cartography
6878:Ade Olufeko
6848:Manuel Lima
6777:Kwan-Liu Ma
6702:Stuart Card
6672:Borden Dent
6610:Erwin Raisz
6565:Henry Gantt
6104:Mathematics
5968:Web mapping
5958:Cartography
5880:WikiProject
5732:Ethnography
5724:Qualitative
5684:Map algebra
5679:Hydrography
5620:Web mapping
5610:Cartography
5422:Climatology
5412:Meteorology
5267:Development
5114:Weather map
5008:Cartography
4930:Cassini map
4863:(Sec. V BC)
4849:Ancient age
4769:Switzerland
4759:New Zealand
4693:Cartography
4264:. Chicago:
3964:. pp.
3962:Basic Books
3828:E-Education
3803:. Chicago:
3508:Imago Mundi
3501: 1619
3385:Imago Mundi
3316:Imago Mundi
2817:: 209–211.
2810:Imago Mundi
2731:December 2,
2698:December 2,
2491:Locator map
2458:Geo warping
2428:Fantasy map
2349:Imago Mundi
2128:Web mapping
2100:easter eggs
2092:paper towns
2074:Trap street
1957:Composition
1770:topographic
1710:Relief map
1454:plane chart
1450: 1580
1446: 1520
1353:Herman Moll
1216:Renaissance
1028:, drawn by
889:itinerarium
852:Anaximander
797:, from the
776:Valcamonica
591:Cartography
366:Ethnography
266:Methodology
221:Fallibilism
169:Qualitative
139:Referencing
7665:Categories
7486:Tomography
7471:Seismology
7438:Geophysics
7413:Navigation
7305:Time zones
7270:In culture
7215:Antarctica
7202:Continents
7125:Mesosphere
7097:Atmosphere
6863:John Maeda
6641:John Tukey
6605:Harry Beck
6600:Fritz Kahn
6350:Photograph
6099:Geophysics
5995:Navigation
5942:Geodesists
5737:Geopoetics
5551:Integrated
5487:Edaphology
5465:Glaciology
5440:Geophysics
5435:Geobiology
5322:Settlement
5312:Population
5282:Historical
5252:Behavioral
5212:Philosophy
5033:Topography
4871:Middle age
4861:Soleto Map
4369:. p.
4131:2018-12-06
4058:2023-10-17
4004:2019-12-14
3906:2018-07-27
3726:2015-03-24
3658:2018-07-27
3438:: 591–610.
3368:: 773–790.
3323:: 123–126.
3283:11 October
3253:2018-07-27
3223:2018-07-27
3117:2017-12-29
3086:2018-07-27
2761:2015-01-14
2643:2008-12-02
2583:2011-07-08
2553:References
2545:Map layout
2080:propaganda
1890:typography
1842:, and the
1812:Map design
1750:choropleth
1676:See also:
1522:North Star
1448: – c.
1411:March 2024
1322:Selden map
1307:See also:
1194:Brabantian
1144:Portuguese
1066:, and the
961:scientist
864:Geographia
858:wrote his
791:Babylonian
772:Mount Bego
768:Çatalhöyük
735:See also:
713:(GIS) and
703:map design
668:aesthetics
541:Statistics
536:Simulation
474:Simulation
415:Interviews
378:Experiment
346:Case study
318:Pragmatism
236:Pragmatism
226:Positivism
216:Empiricism
7403:Geomatics
7348:Ecosystem
7333:Biosphere
7295:Etymology
7275:Earth Day
7225:Australia
7135:Exosphere
6945:Chartjunk
6913:Bang Wong
6808:Polo Chau
6514:John Snow
6489:John Venn
6370:Schematic
6355:Pictogram
6089:Astronomy
6053:Geodynamo
6026:phenomena
6024:Physical
5985:Geomatics
5951:Subfields
5791:Education
5709:Surveying
5531:Geomatics
5511:Geodesign
5503:Technical
5474:Limnology
5470:Hydrology
5349:Strategic
5332:Transport
5307:Political
5297:Marketing
5257:Cognitive
5188:Geography
5074:Cartogram
5013:Geography
4800:Jerusalem
4764:Palestine
4708:The World
4231:Mapmaking
4048:219413999
3584:159638846
3576:1086-315X
3539:127283174
3531:0308-5694
3481:143582665
3473:1527-8050
3406:140557612
3392:: 59–62.
3273:KU Leuven
3078:: 20–37.
2912:Geography
2633:160549260
2539:World map
2416:Cartouche
2389:Cartogram
2151:include:
2084:watermark
2082:or as a "
2042:June 2022
1946:Symbology
1672:Map types
1585:devices.
1510:telescope
1365:cartouche
1275:Lettering
1132:In 1507,
1115:telescope
1107:surveying
983:pole star
923:graticule
918:Geography
909:Byzantine
811:Euphrates
803:Babylonia
174:Art-based
70:Geography
65:Geography
32:Cartogram
7650:Category
7602:The Moon
6931:Related
6340:Ideogram
6142:Category
5930:Overview
5844:Category
5483:Pedology
5364:Physical
5327:Regional
5317:Religion
5302:Military
5292:Language
5287:Internet
5272:Economic
5262:Cultural
5231:Branches
5202:Glossary
4939:See also
4652:Archived
4630:Archived
4570:Meanings
4202:(2007).
4183:32416476
4125:Archived
4076:Archived
4052:Archived
3998:Archived
3923:(2007).
3900:Archived
3877:12196808
3720:Archived
3716:Passages
3652:Archived
3601:Archived
3277:Archived
3247:Archived
3217:Archived
3191:Archived
3155:Archived
3111:Archived
3080:Archived
3045:Archived
2852:: 26–27.
2755:Archived
2725:Archived
2689:Archived
2637:Archived
2625:20065543
2611:: 1–16.
2577:Archived
2533:Toponymy
2401:City map
2370:See also
1961:grouping
1844:Internet
1832:printing
1736:showing
1606:database
1602:software
1590:software
1518:latitude
1498:quadrant
1170:and the
1072:climatic
1068:Far East
967:star map
860:treatise
793:city of
717:(GISc).
679:toponyms
655:graphein
341:Analysis
134:Argument
124:Question
119:Proposal
89:Research
81:a series
79:Part of
7676:Geodesy
7640:History
7635:Outline
7496:Geology
7408:Gravity
7373:Geodesy
7343:Ecology
7159:Climate
7140:Weather
6813:Ben Fry
6325:Diagram
6154:Commons
6109:Physics
6094:Geology
5937:History
5923:Geodesy
5868:Commons
5647:Web GIS
5516:Geodesy
5460:Geology
5444:Geodesy
5377:Ecology
5354:Tourism
5222:Outline
5207:History
4815:History
4788:By city
4774:Ukraine
4754:Jamaica
4353:History
4174:7203028
3966:162–163
3857:Bibcode
3766:Bibcode
3347:: 3–24.
3161:27 July
2831:1151277
1903:gestalt
1778:Terrain
1742:Indiana
1734:dot map
1514:sextant
1502:vernier
1479:compass
1331:Jesuits
1250:woodcut
1214:In the
1152:Italian
1119:sextant
1101:In the
1097:", 1570
972:printed
963:Su Song
959:Chinese
933:at the
927:equator
913:Ptolemy
874:Ecumene
856:Ptolemy
823:Oceanus
815:Assyria
809:on the
807:Babylon
799:Kassite
721:History
664:science
650:γράφειν
644:chartēs
634:; from
420:Mapping
335:Methods
241:Realism
129:Writing
60:Ecumene
47:Shrines
7551:Oceans
7519:Future
7363:Nature
7285:Symbol
7230:Europe
7210:Africa
6933:topics
6404:People
6311:Image
6205:Fields
5856:Portal
5344:Social
5277:Health
5191:topics
4915:(1544)
4909:(1502)
4903:(1500)
4886:(1375)
4880:(1154)
4795:Dublin
4744:France
4723:Europe
4713:Africa
4695:topics
4609:
4588:
4545:
4522:
4499:
4476:
4453:
4430:
4407:
4377:
4341:
4318:
4295:
4272:
4249:
4214:
4181:
4171:
4103:
4046:
4036:
3972:
3935:
3875:
3786:215456
3784:
3582:
3574:
3537:
3529:
3479:
3471:
3404:
3051:27 Jul
2999:
2971:
2942:
2893:
2829:
2790:
2631:
2623:
2072:, and
1980:Layout
1848:design
1798:Beck's
1618:, and
1583:satnav
1546:, and
1500:, and
1064:Europe
1058:, the
1056:Africa
1002:TO map
974:form.
848:Romans
819:Urartu
795:Nippur
780:Minoan
743:, and
640:χάρτης
481:Survey
114:Ethics
7328:Biome
7310:World
7089:Earth
6385:Table
6320:Chart
6313:types
5337:Urban
5239:Human
5217:Index
4997:Atlas
4749:India
4739:China
4044:S2CID
3873:S2CID
3782:JSTOR
3580:S2CID
3535:S2CID
3477:S2CID
3402:S2CID
3194:(PDF)
3181:(PDF)
2827:JSTOR
2692:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2629:S2CID
2621:JSTOR
2191:(CCA)
1927:Earth
1288:Color
1183:a map
884:Roads
7280:Flag
7220:Asia
6360:Plot
6073:Tide
4805:York
4718:Asia
4607:ISBN
4586:ISBN
4543:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4497:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4428:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4375:ISBN
4339:ISBN
4316:ISBN
4293:ISBN
4270:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4212:ISBN
4179:PMID
4101:ISBN
4034:ISBN
3970:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3690:2015
3572:ISSN
3527:ISSN
3469:ISSN
3285:2023
3163:2018
3053:2018
2997:ISBN
2969:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2733:2014
2700:2014
2204:and
2147:and
1963:and
1838:and
1531:and
1468:and
1311:and
1252:and
1117:and
1091:'s "
1040:The
1032:for
1022:The
965:, a
846:and
842:The
832:The
729:and
660:maps
6345:Map
5023:Map
4371:256
4169:PMC
4161:doi
4157:183
4026:doi
3865:doi
3774:doi
3642:hdl
3632:doi
3564:doi
3517:doi
3461:doi
3394:doi
3145:doi
3141:241
2819:doi
2613:doi
2032:by
1740:in
1616:GPS
1598:GIS
1594:CAD
1466:GPS
1401:by
1087:in
941:In
915:'s
603:ɑːr
7667::
5472:/
5458:/
5442:/
5428:/
5424:/
5410:/
5396:/
4541:.
4518:.
4495:.
4472:.
4449:.
4426:.
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