356:). Jerez Defense Committee's immediate goal was similar to similar organizations in other towns across Spain: arrest right wing sympathizers in the town to prevent similar uprisings in their own towns. The committee in Jerez would arrest 137 members of the right. While there were no deaths initially on the left, eight members of the right died. The details of how they died were not documented. By 18 September 1936 though, Jerez fell and sixty dead were taken from the streets of the town.
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463:. They published the first edition of their magazine in Madrid in 1986. Bruguera played a critical role behind the scenes, finding resources to support the magazine, assisting in finding distribution channels for the magazine, and providing ideas for content. The magazine represented second wave feminism.
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Subsequently, Bruguera was then moved from prison to prison, with stays in prisons in
Salamanca, Valladolid, Saturrarán and Santander. Seeking better pay and more opportunities, she requested a transfer to a prison in Madrid. While in the Madrid prison, she first made contact with women with whom she
304:
As a child, Bruguera worked in a small grocery store run by her mother. This meant she had little time to for formal education in a school. Instead, the grocery store became her school of informal learning. While working at the store, her mother also taught her embroidery. Her obsession with learning
380:
Bruguera's life was spared, and she was then taken to Jerez where she, for eight days alongside her son, she was hospitalized before being moved to a prison in
Badajoz for a period of a year. While her son was allowed to stay with her for the first nine months of her incarceration so she could nurse
414:
that saw
Bruguera's mother and partner killed. He had been released from prison himself, a few months before his sister. The brother and sister then rented a small apartment in Madrid. Bruguera tried to establish a new life for herself, but also keep involved with her previous political activities.
413:
Bruguera was released from a Madrid prison in 1946, after having spent eight years and one month behind bars. Following her release, she regained custody of her son and was able to reconnect with her brother, Antonio, who, like
Bruguera and their father, had been arrested at the same time and event
359:
Bruguera and her family escaped the massacre by fascists of Jerez's
Republican left. Her father escaped to the Republican area near Badajoz. Bruguera and other family members tried to cross the border into Portugal. People from Huelva and Badajoz had all taken to the road to do the same thing. Many
392:
After a year in the
Badajoz prison, Bruguera was tried. She was subsequently given a death sentence in December 1937 that was later commuted to thirty years in prison. Time was taken off her sentence as a result of her work sewing and embroidering. She found herself moving among several
452:
During the mid-1980s, Bruguera was also connecting with other like minded anarcho-feminists in Madrid in this period. During this same period, CNT was splintering into different factions. Bruguera aligned herself with one of the factions. This faction, already active with the
396:
While in prison, Bruguera suffered a third blow when she learned of the death of her father. He was killed on 17 November 1939 in
Badajoz. He had been captured shortly before his death while fighting on the front. Bruguera's health also started to deteriorate while in prison.
360:
found themselves in the
Coitadinha refugee camp near Noudar on the Portuguese side of the border. Others found themselves in a camp near Mourão. While not Spain, Portugal was not viewed as entirely safe either as Portugal was viewed as looking after the
371:
members patrolling the countryside discovered her, murdering
Torrado and Elisa Pérez, along with others in the group. Her father escaped, eventually joining Republican soldiers on the front. Her brother also escaped, only to be captured soon after.
196:. With the border being closed, she travelled with family to a plot of land owned by her partner. There, her partner and mother would be killed, her brother and father had a narrow escape, and Burguera and her newborn son were captured.
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Following the death of Franco on 20 November 1975, Bruguera could be more open with her activism. She also began to be recognised for her efforts for the first time, especially among anarchist and feminist media organisations.
215:
and
Bruguera became a couple shortly after her release. During this same period, Bruguera rejoined CNT, including clandestine meetings. As CNT splintered, Bruguera found herself within a feminist faction, going on to found the
968:
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that made activism even more difficult. Bruguera participated in clandestine meetings of CNT. In 1976, Lobo died and Bruguera through herself into organizing the Health Committee of CNT. Around this time, along with
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Burguera avoided the death penalty, and had was given a 30-year prison sentence that was reduced because of her prison labor. She was separated from her son, with authorities changing his name to that of a
367:
Given the limited options with the border being closes, Bruguera and her family traveled to a plot of land owned by Francisco Torrado. While there, Bruguera gave birth with assistance from her mother.
381:
him, Antonio was eventually separated from her. He was sent to live with Torrado's parents. A new regulation from the Spanish government had come down that all children were to be named after
389:
being brought into government as a nationalist force. The result was Antonio had his name changed to Francisco, a change that along with the forced separation was a great blow to Bruguera.
479:. At an emotional ceremony attended by family members and compatriots, her life struggle to assist other women and workers was viewed as being part of her generous to devotion to others.
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prisons, including one at the convento de la Madres Oblatas de Badajoz. While she refused to work for nuns at convent run prisons, she continued utilizing her embroidery skills.
345:
started in July 1936. Burguera was a 21-year-old at the time, and pregnant with Antonio as a result of her relationship with Francisco Torrado. Antonio would be her only child.
246:
Bruguera was an anarcho-syndicalist militant woman who served as an indefatigable fighter for her beliefs until her death in Madrid in 1992. Early on, she was involved with
51:
María Bruguera Pérez, born on 6 November 1915 in Jerez de los Caballeros (Spain) and died in Madrid on 26 December 1992, was a feminist activist and a Spanish anarchist.
421:. The pair would subsequently become involved, and moved into together. The relationship with Lobo gave Bruguera new energy to participate in the left wing struggle in
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while working as an apprentice in Seville in the cork industry. At the time of Bruguera's birth, her home town was predominantly socialist with a
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297:(CNT) had organised the majority of peasants and workers in the Badajoz region by the end of the 1920s. Her father served as the President of
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325:, a women's artistic group she had initially admired. Working with Ni Dios Ni Amo, she brought their programming activities to local
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Sentenciados. La represión franquista a través de la justicia militar y los consejos de guerra en la provincia de Badajoz. 1937–1950
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No. 14 published in 1993 was dedicated in her honour. It would be one of its final editions, dissolving not long after her death.
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thinking among political circles, it took time and the community had to self-teach themselves about the movement's teachings.
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301:. In her youth, there was no CNT and associated union in Jerez for her father to be affiliated with at that time.
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Following her death on 26 December 1992 of natural causes, her body was cremated and her ashes laid to rest at
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208:. After a little over eight years behind bars, Bruguera was released from a Madrid prison in 1946.
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came to her town. She was joined in promoting Juventudes Libertarias by her brother Antonio and
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Her family held deep anarchist convictions as a result of her father having had contact with
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166:(6 November 1913 – 26 December 1992) was an anarcho-syndicalist who died in Madrid in 1992.
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in July 1936. Pregnant with what would be her only child, she initially headed towards the
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on 6 November 1915 to Antonio Bruguera and Elisa Pérez. Her father''s parents hailed from
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as a child led her to spend her last years of school at a local folk high school (
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177:(CNT) area. By the age of nine, she was getting politically involved by joining
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250:(CNT), fighting for workers' rights. Later, Bruguera became affiliated with the
807:"La CGT recoge en una exposición el papel de la mujer en el anarquismo español"
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Mujeres de papel: de Hola! a Vogue : la prensa femenina en la actualidad
752:"Las revistas de Mujeres Libres y Mujeres Libertias ya Están en Nuestra Web"
271:
707:(in Spanish). Confederación General del Trabajo de Andalucía (CGT.A). 2014
627:"MARIA BRUGUERA PEREZ – ANARQUISTA Y DEL GRUPO DE TEATRO "NI DIOS NI AMO""
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21:
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228:) with them. From this group, Bruguera would also go on to found the
96:
574:(in Spanish). Confederación General del Trabajo de Andalucía (CGT.A)
680:, Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo, Madrid, 2001,
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Her father and brother quickly joined the Jerez Defense Committee (
201:
78:
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The late 1950s and early 1960s saw severe repression of CNT by
169:
Bruguera came from a family of deep anarchist convictions in a
254:(CGT). She was often affiliated with the anarchist movement.
969:
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
457:, would be at the forefront of the founding of the magazine
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and Lobo's sisters, Bruguera would become involved with the
204:
because of changes in law demanding children be named after
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Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
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Esbozo de una Enciclopedia histórica del anarquismo español
181:. She also became involved with the women's theater group
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425:. She also continued as an activist inside the CNT.
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28: and the second or maternal family name is
289:political setup. While her father shared his
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313:). By the age of nine, she left school when
417:Bruguera soon connected with CNT militant,
188:Burguera was a 21-year-old at start of the
929:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo members
299:Casa del Pueblo de Jerez de los Caballeros
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664:.Diputación de Badajoz, PREMEX, (2015).
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785:(in Spanish). Icaria Editorial.
274:through he himself was born in
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477:La Almudena de Madrid Cemetery
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939:Spanish women trade unionists
779:Ayala, Juana Gallego (1990).
760:(in Spanish). 27 January 2019
919:20th-century Spanish writers
813:(in Spanish). 1 October 2018
633:(in Spanish). Archived from
20:, the first or paternal
944:Spanish trade union leaders
660:Chaves Rodríguez, Candela:
401:would later go on to found
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994:20th-century Spanish women
354:Comité de Defensa de Jerez
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572:todos (...) los nombres _
194:Spanish-Portuguese border
108:Cementerio de la Almudena
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447:Comité de Mujeres Libres
226:Comité de Mujeres Libres
984:Spanish Anti-Francoists
964:Spanish women activists
914:Spanish revolutionaries
705:Todos (..) los nombres_
471:Death and commemoration
455:Committee of Free Women
439:Committee of Free Women
385:. This was a result of
264:Jerez de los Caballeros
218:Committee of Free Women
75:Jerez de los Caballeros
701:"MARÍA BRUGUERA PEREZ"
568:"María Bruguera Pérez"
566:Acosta Bono, Gonzalo.
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362:Nationalists interests
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315:Juventudes Libertarias
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179:Juventudes Libertarias
979:Spanish anti-fascists
924:Spanish women writers
262:Bruguera was born in
136:Spanish republicanism
954:20th-century tailors
904:Second-wave feminism
230:second wave feminist
173:dominated town in a
164:María Bruguera Pérez
61:María Bruguera Pérez
39:María Bruguera Pérez
637:on 18 February 2019
483:Mujeres Libertarias
460:Mujeres Libertarias
311:universidad popular
291:anarcho-syndicalism
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148:anarcho-syndicalism
757:Solidaridad Obrera
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319:Francisco Torrado
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815:. Retrieved
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91:(1992-12-26)
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18:Spanish name
899:1992 deaths
894:1913 births
817:17 February
764:17 February
711:17 February
641:17 February
578:17 February
387:Catholicism
339:coup d'état
287:corporatist
276:Extremadura
268:Palafrugell
157:Elisa Pérez
114:Citizenship
878:Categories
489:References
242:Background
232:magazine,
67:1913-11-06
856:Anarchism
272:Catalonia
868:Feminism
682:page 103
327:comarcas
144:feminism
132:Movement
26:Bruguera
16:In this
830:Portals
443:Spanish
350:Spanish
307:Spanish
222:Spanish
22:surname
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383:saints
154:Mother
97:Madrid
844:Spain
258:Youth
202:saint
117:Spain
79:Spain
30:Pérez
819:2019
787:ISBN
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713:2019
686:(es)
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580:2019
337:The
171:PSOE
86:Died
57:Born
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122:Era
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
