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44:, also known as Huamanga. She married Mariano Bellido when she was 15 years old. Her husband and one of her sons were fighting for independence, and she passed on information about Spanish troop movements, dictating and signing her letters as she was illiterate. After one of her letters was intercepted by the Spanish she was captured and interrogated, but said she would rather die than betray her country: "no estoy aquí para informar a ustedes, sino para sacrificarme por la causa de la libertad". She was shot by the Spanish on 11 May 1822.
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161:, in the southern highlands, which became a Stronghold of the royalists, whose forces were mostly made up of Indians who were forcibly recruited from Cusco. La Serna sent its forces to the central highlands, to subdue the "insurgents", as they called the patriots. These forces of repression were commanded by General José Carratalá, and Colonel Juan Loriga. Carratalá was in charge of the repression in the
231:
she was taken to the pampas or
Plazuela del Arco where the firing squad awaited her. After being admonished for the last time, to reveal the secrets of the movement, which was promised for her life. She rejected the proposal without hesitation and resigned to suffering the last torture. She knelt waited for death with her gaze directed to heaven. At the time of martyrdom, she was over 60 years old.
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them of the movements and the enemy's plans. Information that
Mariano immediately communicated to the patriot Quirós. Thanks to one of those letters, the patriotic guerrillas were able to leave the town of Quilcamachay, on 29 March 1822. The next day the town was occupied by the royalists, and there one of Maria’s letters was found, carelessly forgotten in a guerrilla's jacket.
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Although the discovered letter was only signed with the heroine's middle name, the royalists soon identified who the sender was. Maria was arrested on 30 March in
Huamanga. Carratalá did not even hesitate to torture her. But she completely refused to give names and repeatedly gave the same answer: "I
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Tomorrow the force marches from this city to take the one that exists there and other people, who defend the cause of freedom. Inform the Chief of that force, Mr. Quirós, and try to flee immediately to
Huancavelica, where our cousins the Negretes is; because if a misfortune should happen to you (God
230:
Guarded by forces of the royal garrison, María was carried in a procession around the
Huamanguina square. On each corner an officer read the side of the sentence handed down by Carratalá, justifying his action "as an example for anybody else trying to rebel against the king and lord of Peru". Then
192:
Surely it was the example of the husband and her children that prompted María Andrea to also work for the liberating cause, from the city of
Huamanga. As she did not know how to write, she dictated to a trusted friend named Matías Madrid, the letters that she sent to her husband in order to inform
117:
She is considered a
Peruvian heroine, and oral tradition has created several myths about her. It is said that General Carratala, in an attempt to persuade her to talk, ordered soldiers to burn down her home where her daughters lived, but that they were saved because local people warned them to
280:
She died at the age of 44, she was a
Peruvian heroine and a martyr for the independence of Peru. She said before she died that her execution be ordered. María Parado de Bellido flatly refused to give names, she was subjected to intense interrogation to expose the names of committed patriots.
184:(central coast), but after the defeat of these forces in the battle of La Macacona (near Ica), he remained in Huamanga and concentrated all his efforts on exterminating the Quirós guerrillas, in which the husband and children of María Parado de Bellido were active.
122:; and that after her execution a priest claimed her body and buried it in consecrated ground at the church of La Merced. It has been said that "Bellido has become a figure of near mythical proportions deeply interwoven with the Peruvian sense of nationhood".
60:, where she would have been born, to be more exact, in the current district of Paras. There is also no consensus as to the year of her birth. Some sources place it in the year 1777 and others in 1761, but they all agree on the same date: 5 July.
238:
friars in their temple, a few blocks from the place of execution, while her daughters were left to their fate and they found refuge in a church. Then several confusing versions about her family emerged. The only verifiable thing is what
263:
284:
Peruvian heroine from the time of independence. Mariano
Bellido and her sons acted as couriers for the patriot army in the Huamanga region. Her main mission was to report on the movements of the royalist troops.
109:
patriots led by Quiroz Lazón, who were active in
Cangallo. Her husband and her other son, Mariano, also began to collaborate with those montoneros who acted in coordination with the regular forces of General
146:, retreated to the mountains, while most of the cities from the coast joined the realistic defense. Obedience to it was also growing in the central highlands, represented by the guerrillas leading the
274:
Despite the lack of biographical data, Maria’s fame has spread beyond her native land. An example is the famous American writer Carleton Beals who wrote about her in his book Fire on the Andes.
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98:. They had seven children: Gregoria, Andrea, Mariano, Tomás, María, Leandra and Bartola. Both her husband and their sons collaborated from 1820 with the patriotic forces.
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For his part, the journalist Aurelio Miró Quesada, on a visit he made to the heroine's house in Ayacucho, also praised her in his book Costa, sierra y Montaña.
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Carratalá established his headquarters in the city of Huamanga. One of its objectives was to link up with the royalist forces fighting the patriotic forces in
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56:, in the southern highlands of Peru. However, the priest Carlos Cárdenas claimed to have discovered her baptismal certificate in the parish of
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173:. He carried out his goals ruthlessly. Whole villages were burned and devastated, and its inhabitants massacred. One of those towns was
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established a grace pension for the surviving daughters of heroin. The fate of her husband and her children who participated in the
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Her childhood was like that of all the girls of her time, who did not receive instructions and only prepared for marital tasks.
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320:""Les femmes, ces libératrices" ou la participation des femmes dans les luttes pour l'indépendence de l'Amérique latine"
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She married, at the age of 15, with Mariano Bellido, a business man who around 1820 worked in the postal section of the
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32:(5 July 1777 – 11 May 1822) was an indigenous Peruvian revolutionary during the struggle for independence from Spain.
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escape; that she paused outside the church of Santo Domingo, on the way to her execution, to kneel and pray to the
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266:. In 1975 a Peruvian postage stamp bore her portrait as part of a set of stamps for "Year of Peruvian Women".
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631:"El ascenso social de un bandolero: Cayetano Quirós y la independencia peruana, 1820–1822"
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540:"El ascenso social de un bandolero: Cayetano Quirós y la independencia peruana, 1820–1822"
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Various historians agree that María Parado de Bellido was born in Huamanga, then called
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forbid) it would be a pain for your family, and especially for your wife.
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463:"Arenales, Juan Antonio Álvarez de (1770–1831) | Encyclopedia.com"
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360:
Negotiating Cultures: Eugenio Barba and the Intercultural Debate
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when it passed through Huamanga in 1820, and then he joined the
825:"María Parado de Bellido, heroína indígena de la Independencia"
326:(in French). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 76–77.
576:"The Royalist Regime in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1820–1824"
415:"Biografía de María Parado de Bellido corta y resumida ✏️"
692:"Database search – Gendering Latin American Independence"
874:"El Día de la Acción Heroica de María Parado de Bellido"
925:
813:(in Spanish). CIMAS DE AMERICA - REVISTA DE OCCIDENTE.
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It is said that her corpse was buried for alms by the
488:"María Parado de Bellido. Una vida anónima y heroica"
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occupied by the Liberation Army commanded by General
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Her son Tomás joined the patriotic ranks of General
438:"Biography of María Bellido Parado de (1761-1822)"
25:Painting of Maria Prado de Bellido, Artist unknown
848:"María Parado de Bellido o cuatro veces libertad"
295:("The shooting of ...) by Consuelo Cisneros, 1929
218:wrote it!”. Finally, Carratalá ordered her
138:and proclaimed the independence of Peru in the
991:Peruvian people of indigenous peoples descent
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142:in 1821. The royalists, under the command of
8:
363:. Manchester University Press. p. 207.
262:) by Consuelo Cisnero (1929) is held in the
717:"Heroínas en la guerra de la Independencia"
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938:
846:Cabrera, Elina; erson (22 February 2017).
793:Fuego sobre los Andes: (Fire on the Andes)
254:in Callao Province of Peru. The painting
920:This Peruvian biographical article is a
807:AURELIO, MIRO QUESADA (1 January 1969).
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293:Fusilamiento de Maria Parado de Bellido
256:Fusilamiento de María Parado de Bellido
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514:"Biografia de María Parado de Bellido"
196:This was the text of said letter:
7:
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63:Her parents were Fernando Parado, a
250:She is commemorated in the name of
71:vian descent, and Jacinta Jayo, an
16:Peruvian independence revolutionary
924:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
436:TheBiography.us; TheBiography.us.
264:National Museum of the Archaeology
14:
580:Journal of Latin American Studies
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252:María Parado de Bellido District
126:Efforts for the liberation cause
103:Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales
723:(in Spanish). 24 September 2017
1:
322:. In Serme, Jean-Marc (ed.).
157:La Serna was established in
981:18th-century Peruvian women
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1006:Viceroyalty of Peru people
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413:grecia (31 October 2020).
766:"Maria Parado de Bellido"
667:"Maria Parado de Bellido"
592:10.1017/S0022216X99005465
392:"María Parado de Bellido"
996:Peruvian revolutionaries
880:(in Spanish). 5 May 2016
790:Beals, Carleton (1942).
770:Natalia Sobrevilla Perea
671:Natalia Sobrevilla Perea
574:Fisher, John R. (2000).
518:www.biografiasyvidas.com
394:(in Spanish). Adonde.com
144:Viceroy José de la Serna
986:Executed Peruvian women
810:Costa, Sierra y montana
764:natalia (9 June 2020).
665:natalia (9 June 2020).
30:María Parado de Bellido
852:Mujeres de la Historia
796:(in Spanish). Zig-zag.
646:Cite journal requires
629:Miranda, Jair (2018).
555:Cite journal requires
538:Miranda, Jair (2018).
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199:Huamanga, 26 May 1822
48:Birth and early years
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1011:Peruvian people stubs
318:André, Nelly (2015).
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163:Parinacochas Province
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696:www.nottingham.ac.uk
467:www.encyclopedia.com
357:Watson, Ian (2002).
324:1812 in the Americas
188:Patriotic Activities
743:"Peru (page 21/55)"
492:Fundación BBVA Perú
260:The Shooting of ...
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270:Portraits
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220:execution
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