Knowledge (XXG)

Cato the Younger

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1804:, who cleverly proposed that both Caesar and Pompey should disarm by giving up their commands concurrently; Cato, in a possibly apocryphal outburst related by Plutarch, exclaimed that the proposal was a Caesarian plot to take over the government. Such strong opposition would have been inconsistent with Cato's general policy of acting against concentrated power and would in addition have been premature. Regardless, the majority of senators viewed the proposal favourably, as mutual disarmament would bring down tensions and avert a possible civil war. Opposition to Curio's proposal highlighted that Pompey's term in Spain was still relatively recent, having been granted in 52 BC, making it unjustifiable to strip Pompey of his command so soon. However, the vast majority of the senate (370 to 22) accepted Curio's compromise. Cato's vote on this important matter is unrecorded, though most historians believe Cato voted against it, probably to pressure Caesar to fold. Some historians, however, such as Helga Botermann, believe that letters from Seneca may suggest that Cato voted in favour. 1567:. Reasons for the appointment are divided: the traditional view is that Clodius wanted Cato away on business; other historians have suggested that doing so was instead an attempt to forge a political alliance or that Cato allowed Clodius to send Cicero into exile for the appointment. Accounts of public reactions to the appointment also were divided: Cicero, for example, praised Cato for accepting it, as, even though Cicero rejected the annexation, he believed Cato to be the right person for the job; on the other hand, Plutarch reports that Cato was forced by law to go. Modern historians also see another reason: there was little productive to do in Rome when triumviral allies controlled all the major magistracies; leaving for Cyprus would allow Cato to buttress his reputation as an honest governor while waiting for the political winds to shift. 1149: 901: 1907: 1209:, then praetor-elect, countered with a proposal to imprison the conspirators, which started to gain the support of the house. Cato spoke two or three speeches after Caesar. According to Sallust, among other things he argued that the senate was being too soft against enemies of the state, that it was folly to await the ultimate test of the conspirators' guilt – the overthrow of the state – because the very proof of their guilt would make it impossible to enforce the laws, and that precedent and religious scruples demanded severe action. In Sallust's depiction, both Cato and Caesar make appeals to precedent and 1245: 1993:
also pushed Pompey away from the various olive branches and compromises before the civil war. Up to the last, when Pompey was close to accepting an offer where Caesar would give up all his legions except one and provinces except Illyricum, Cato played on Pompey's paranoia by painting Pompey as a Caesarian mark. To the extent that Caesar may have feared prosecution, conviction, and exile – a claim no longer accepted without controversy – Cato was one of the few pushing strongly for Caesar's political destruction via prosecution.
1687:, were elected in July 53 BC. During their truncated terms, they seem only to have tried to pass one bill, to introduce a delay between magistracy and governorship of five years: doing so reduced the ability for consuls to select their own provinces and made it more difficult to borrow money, to be repaid from provincial earnings, by delaying those provincial earnings. Cato was probably one of the co-authors and major supporters of the proposal; it was, however, defeated before the people and panned by younger senators. 1080:– approached him about marrying Cato's younger half-sister Servilia. This was likely part of Lucullus' attempt to win allies in his bid for a triumph against Mithridates, which had been stymied by Pompey's supporters, who wanted to permit Pompey (then in Asia) to return and claim all the credit. Cato agreed and after the marriage, during his quaestorship, he helped Lucullus (by this point in the second or third year of campaigning for a triumph) in browbeating his opponents into eventually granting a triumph in 63 BC. 1748: 1723:
Ramsey, however, conceive of the choice in political terms: the obstructive tribunes wanted to prosecute Milo for Clodius' murder, which could not happen if he were elected to the consulship and gained legal immunity. Electing Pompey alone would stabilise the city and, by precluding Milo's election, ensure Milo could be brought to trial. While a clear departure from tradition, it allowed Pompey to be brought on side while also restoring order to the city without handing Pompey unlimited power.
1137: 1309:
from campaign. The law may have been aimed at Caesar, who would take up in the following year a governorship in Spain, where he would have opportunities to campaign against the Spanish tribes. Cato may also have been involved in the passage of a law requiring candidates at elections to make their official declarations of candidacy in person before an official within the city; such a law precluded a general from holding a military command and standing for office, as entering the
49: 1826:, to Cato's surprise. Cato's political strategy pushed Caesar into a position where the only way out of political extinction would be civil war. When Caesar chose civil war, Cato's demeanour shifted and he quickly started to push for a negotiated settlement. When news of Caesar's rapid advance south reached Rome, Pompey made the decision to flee Italy for the eastern provinces and to use the fleet to contain Caesar to Italy before retaking the peninsula. 1438:, per the law passed during Cato's tribunate. Caesar requested dispensation from the law from the senate – such dispensations were normal – but Cato proceeded to filibuster the request. In response, Caesar surprisingly gave up his triumph to stand for the consulship. Cato and his allies had tried to disincentivise Caesar's campaign by assigning the next year's consuls to an unimportant job in Italy. They also sought to get an opponent – Cato's son-in-law 1305:; Nepos fled Rome to Pompey in the east and Caesar backed down. Suetonius and Plutarch then assert that Nepos, Caesar, or both were removed from their offices; modern scholars do not believe these assertions, as the senate during the republic had no such powers. More contemporaneous sources imply that the senate may have moved to ratify Nepos' departure from the city (tribunes were legally forbidden from leaving the city), which Cato likely objected to. 1618:, his brother-in-law. After the triumvirs distributed bribes and used violence to force the other candidates from the elections, Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls for 55 BC and took office immediately. At those elections, Cato stood for the praetorship against Publius Vatinius; he secured support among the initial voters, so Pompey interrupted the elections to give more bribes and remove known Catonian voters. Vatinius was then elected. 1463:
omens and preclude a vote, until one morning they were assaulted in the street and driven off, pelted with manure. The bill then passed. Added to Caesar's bill was the requirement that senators swear to uphold the law or face punishment; Cato and an ally refused, until Cicero gave a face-saving argument that Cato's presence at Rome would serve the republic far more than his exile, leading them to take the oath on the last day before the deadline.
1808:
the weeks before the start of the war in early January 49 BC, Cato, Pompey, and their allies had hardened their political position to the point where they were unwilling to offer any concessions at all. Cato continued to push Pompey and others to maintain a hard line, rejecting all proposed compromises, in the hope that Caesar would back down. On the 7th of January, 49 BC, the senate was sufficiently frightened and browbeaten to pass a
1670:
opponent to pool resources to bribe voters and support the sitting consuls' assignment to desirable provinces. When one of the participants disclosed the plot to the senate, all were charged with electoral corruption, with the largest loss falling on the consul Domitius (Cato's brother-in-law). In response to the scandal, the senate delayed elections for an inquiry, but tribunes started to bring vetoes against various electoral proposals.
1299:, forced their way to the front and Cato then sat between Nepos and Caesar. When Nepos directed the bill to be read, he vetoed it; when Nepos started to read it himself, Cato snatched the draft from his hands; when Nepos started to recite it from memory, Thermus put his hand over Nepos' mouth to stop him from speaking. A fight accordingly broke out in the Forum. In response to the violence, the senate passed a 343: 1793:(here meaning "task") was complete and, therefore, he and his army should return home. Such attempts were vetoed by Caesar's allies in the tribunate and also opposed by Pompey. The next year, 50 BC, the senate was starting to move in earnest to discuss termination of Caesar's command; in response, Caesar tried to secure new allies with bribes, including one of the consuls elected for the year, 1094:) in Rome as one of the urban quaestors. The complexity of Roman financial law and the treasury's record-keeping had caused the relatively junior Roman aristocrats to delegate much of the work to the treasury staff, resulting in widespread corruption. Cato started his term by prosecuting a number of the clerks and firing a number of others; even after one was acquitted after intervention from 2232: 1774:
and popularity. Cato continued to arrange opposition to Caesar and continued to spread the view that Caesar was a tyrant-in-making, which by 51 BC became a common view among the senatorial elite. However, by this point, events began to spiral out of Cato's control, as the initiative moved towards Cato's allies who, unlike Cato, were willing to go to any length to destroy Caesar.
1221:; Cato viewed executing traitors as consistent with ancient Roman tradition. While Caesar's speech – due to the fact he was praetor-elect and would soon assume a presidency of one of the permanent courts – seemed to imply he would as a judge support a prosecution for murder, Cato's counter-arguments convinced the senators to act aggressively and decisively by playing on their fears. 1666:
down corruption would have been a self-inflicted financial wound. Similarly unpopular was Cato's reaction to Caesar's victories over the Gauls and Germans. On receipt of reports that Caesar had attacked during a truce but won a victory in which he killed some 430 thousand Germans, Cato objected to it as a sacrilege and demanded Caesar's surrender to the Germans. None joined him.
1710:, who also was standing for the consulship. Their months-long clashes, along with tribunician obstruction against the holding of elections, led again to calls for Pompey as dictator. After the year 52 started with no magistrates and Clodius was murdered by Milo after a chance encounter outside of Rome, the level of violence increased; among other things, the 1850:. Upon his arrival there, Plutarch relates that Cato admitted that Cicero's more moderate policy, advocating compromise with Caesar, had been correct: " distress at the consequences of his own hard-line policies... may have been weigh heavily on him". He was then sent to Asia Minor to organise transport ships; but finding no need for himself, he induced 1830:
was discussed. That the peace offers were decisively rejected by the hard-liners who wanted to defeat Caesar militarily indicates that Cato by this point had lost control of his coalition. He attempted to have the senate give Pompey overall command, but the senate chose to divide command among various generals, whom Caesar then defeated in detail.
964:, but Scipio broke off the match, after which Cato was betrothed. However, some time later, Scipio changed his mind and Lepidus evidently decided that a match with Scipio was more desirable. The two were married shortly after. Cato was angry and threatened a lawsuit against his uncle to enforce the engagement, but was dissuaded by his friends. 1527:, which detailed specific financial and administrative duties for governors to prevent extortion and embezzlement by provincial governors. His opposition to Caesar's legislative programme was likely focused only on those bills which would benefit Caesar personally, which – unlike passing land reform laws – suppressing corruption would not do. 3779:, pp. 39–40, adding that he did so almost incognito but also chastised local magistrates for being inhospitable to Romans if not recognised. This may not have been entirely fair: "if he did not act like other Roman elites and telegraph his high status, how were provincials to recognise him as someone deserving of particular attention?" 1225:
as incriminating evidence comes from this episode; it may, if historical, show how suspicious Cato was of Caesar's motives. The source of the enmity was both political and personal: historians speculate various reasons, from political opposition to envy of Caesar's social and political success (by this time he had already been elected
1013:. Although the army was defeated twice in battle, Cato's valour was recognised. Although the consul Gellius recommended Cato for awards, he publicly declined them and indicated that he thought Gellius' standards for military achievement too low; news of this implicit rebuke made its way back to Rome and buttressed Cato's reputation. 1727:
trial; Cato made clear his vote for acquittal, but – even with Cicero defending – Milo was condemned regardless. However, Cato had not succeeded in bringing Pompey fully into the senatorial fold: Pompey during his consulship supported the so-called "law of the ten tribunes" which granted Caesar the right to stand for the consulship
1338:, the anti-graft provisions of then-existing laws applied only to senators, meaning that bribing the non-senatorial jurors was legal. Cato's push against bribery was opposed by some of his normal allies, such as Cicero, who believed that it undermined senatorial government in alienating the equestrians, and was eventually dropped. 5094:, pp. 159–160. However, dismissing the theory that Cato sacrificed Cicero for Cyprus. Drogula also adds that Cato would likely have wanted the appointment so to have propraetorian rank, including curule insignia, and that Cato might have accepted so to prevent other, less scrupulous, candidates from plundering the province. 1288:(the sacred boundary of the city). Cato strongly opposed both. When Nepos initially presented the bill, Cato tried to talk him down as a friend but was unsuccessful, returning to invective after Nepos refused. The senate, at Cato's urging, voted down the bills; Nepos moved to bring them before the popular assemblies regardless. 1604:: Caesar would, for Pompey, bring Clodius to heel; both Pompey and Crassus would receive prestigious military commands following a dual consulship; and Caesar would be renewed in Gaul. Without the ability to win elections outright, the three allies decided to postpone the elections into the new year, force the election of an 5154:, pp. 164–167. "Cato's haul... was... impressive, but some well-informed senators may have wondered why it was not bigger... would still receive high praise for honesty so long as his profiteering was restrained... unusual efforts to run up the prices in his auctions to cover over his own discreet embezzlement". 1866:. He had opposed the proposals that Pompey should chase Caesar down after his withdrawal from Dyrrhachium. Left behind in command at Dyrrhachium, also possibly for political reasons to remove critics (including Cicero) from decision-making following a prospective Pompeian victory, Cato received news of the defeat from 940:. Cato may have been expected to defend the monument – such monuments extolled the families of those who built them – but the column may not have actually been part of the Basilica. Regardless, Cato used the opportunity to enter public life with an appearance defending his family's honour and reputation, showing his 1121:, was entering fraudulent records; Cato apparently stormed back to erase them before the end of his term. He also spent an enormous amount of money – some five talents, about four per cent of his inheritance – to make copies of all the treasury archives from Sulla to his own day so that he could keep them on hand. 1531:
making it difficult for the three allies to use mob tactics out of fear that they might validate the opposition's rumours. The senators cowed into assent to Caesar's policies started to filter out of Caesar's camp – though this did not mean they became Catonians – leading to another reshuffling of alliances.
3280:
Use of the term "First Triumvirate" rejected by some modern scholars, who view it as a modern anachronism which "is misleading in equating the position of the 50s with the official triumvirate of Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian". Similarly, "it is almost impossible to use the phrase 'First Triumvirate'
1880:
from his promagistracy and was the senior consular present; Cicero declined, preferring instead to return home and seek Caesar's pardon. Allowing defectors to leave peacefully, Cato loaded his men and set sail for Egypt via Cyrene. But learning of Pompey's death at the hands of the Ptolemies and that
1829:
When Caesar offered peace terms on 23 January that he would be willing to lay down his command and stand for a consulship in person in return for amnesty and Pompey's departure to Spain, Cicero relates that Cato strongly supported the plan and forced himself into the war council at which the proposal
1773:
The First Triumvirate had been formed to get around Cato's obstructionism. From around 52 BC onwards, Cato tried to separate Pompey from Caesar. For some time, Pompey tried to keep his options open, but was eventually won over that his pre-eminence was incompatible with Caesar's rising influence
1678:
Repeated tribunician vetoes prevented elections to be held in 54 for the magistrates for 53 BC. The ancient sources believe that the delays were artificially created to justify the creation of Pompey as dictator, calls which Cato and senators such as Marcus Junius Brutus, strongly opposed. After
1570:
After arriving in Cyprus and announcing annexation, the local king – a Roman ally – there killed himself rather than suffer the indignity of deposition. Cato then personally catalogued and solicited bids on all the royal possessions. In doing so, he demonstrated great diligence, but alienated some of
1530:
Throughout the consulship, Cato and his allies also produced a substantive amount of propaganda meant to discredit Caesar and his triumviral allies by branding them tyrants, a message reinforced by the violence visited upon Bibulus to secure passage of the agrarian law; the campaign was successful in
886:
He also started to adopt a pattern of ostentatious public antiquarianism. To that end, he adopted an austere lifestyle where he refused to travel long distances on horseback (preferring to walk), travelled the city barefoot, and wore only a toga without a tunic. His sartorial choices were modelled on
1833:
Pompey assigned Cato to Sicily to raise men and supplies. Pompey may have wanted to keep Cato and his gloomy attitude on the civil war away from the actual fighting. Another reconstruction, however, places Cato at the centre of an abortive strategy to blockade Italy to starve Caesar out by stripping
1807:
Cato's years of advocacy against Caesar had inculcated a confrontational anti-Caesarian policy among younger senators, hoping that a united senatorial front would force Caesar to fold. The success of his strategy of branding Caesar a tyrant convinced many senators to choose war over negotiations. By
1224:
Cato and his political allies also saw in the Catilinarian crisis an opportunity to ruin Caesar's career, if not have him killed, by falsely incriminating him in it. The famous story of Cato's misinterpreting a love letter from Servilia (Cato's half-sister and wife of consul-elect Silanus) to Caesar
1064:
later that year. He spent substantial time familiarising himself with the laws related to the office – largely on administration of state finances both in Rome and in the provinces – and may have been angling to engage in reforms of state treasury operations. He was easily elected and took office on
1988:
Many scholars believe that Cato's political strategy before 49 BC contributed significantly in starting the civil war that was the proximate cause of the collapse of the Roman republic, even if he did not intend for conflict. While his strategy – convincing senators that Caesar was a threat to
1980:
The traditional political culture of the middle republic was one built around aristocratic compromise, political debate, and reform. The extent of Cato's obstruction broke down the traditional republican norms of compromise and discussion; escalation in response to that obstruction proved dangerous
1942:
belief that a truly free man would never become a slave. After he demanded his sword, which had been removed from his room, his family and friends begged him not to kill himself. Dismissing them, he asked for a report on the ships fleeing the city. Satisfied that all was well, he stabbed himself in
1738:
being summoned by the people, to defend the republic from Caesar and Pompey. He was defeated after running an austere campaign. Erich Gruen summarises: he "distribute no cash and promise no favours; the campaign seem to have been designed to win admiration rather than votes". Cicero complained that
1722:
With a political impasse and anarchy in the streets, Cato and Bibulus proposed making Pompey sole consul (i.e. consul without a colleague). Plutarch and others report that this was to deny Pompey a dictatorship while also establishing a functioning government. Some modern historians, such as John T
1260:
Cato's first action on entering his tribunate in December 63 BC was to propose a law expanding the grain dole. He brought the bill with the support of the senate late in the year, according to Plutarch, to calm discontent in the city and strengthen the senate's political position. The law more
1930:
Cato, garrisoning Utica, received news of the defeat three days later, which drove the city into a panic. Knowing that the city would likely defect, Cato evacuated any Roman citizens who wished to flee. He also sent an embassy consisting of his family and allies, headed by one of Caesar's kinsmen,
1918:
after convincing Metellus Scipio to spare the town's inhabitants when they attempted to defect to Caesar. He successfully expanded the city's defences, raised troops, and stockpiled supplies while waiting for Caesar's eventual arrival. During his time in Africa, however, Cato became convinced that
1587:
By the time Cato returned from Cyprus, Clodius and Pompey had turned on each other and Cicero had been recalled from exile with Pompey's support. Cicero's gratitude and debt to Pompey had him support Pompey's ambitions: shortly after his return, Cicero proposed a prestigious and wide-ranging grain
1393:
After his tribunate, Caesar left for Spain and Pompey returned to Rome in February 61 BC. Pompey divorced his wife, Mucia, the half-sister of Metellus Nepos, partly due to her adultery and partly to distance himself from the riots for which Metellus Nepos was blamed, and asked to marry one of
1368:
Moreover, his archaic mannerisms also helped him gain influence among the senators and the people. According to Fred Drogula, a classicist, by making "himself into a living example of the old-fashioned Roman... tapped into the deep vein of patriotism and conservatism that ran through the blood of
1992:
During most of his political career, he consistently obstructed powerful military figures to the fullest extent possible. This uncompromising position had him push strongly, before the civil war, for further confrontation with Caesar, seemingly to pressure Caesar to back down. Cato and his allies
1726:
Pompey's sole consulship was a turning point in the republic. He convened a trial, with the jury intimidated by his soldiers, in which Milo was charged with public disorder. Cato was one of the jurors and two of his allies helped conduct the trial, which may indicate a compromise to bring Milo to
1665:
Cato also brought legislation to clamp down on electoral bribery by requiring that all candidates submit detailed financial records. But the bill, although passed by the senate, was unpopular among the people and defeated. Bribes for votes were a regular stream of income for many people; shutting
1308:
Later, Cato, with another fellow tribune named Lucius Marius, passed a law establishing penalties for military commanders who misrepresented the number of enemies or Roman soldiers killed in battles and required commanders to swear as to the accuracy of the numbers in their reports when returning
1669:
That year also proved that Cato's push for stronger anti-bribery legislation had both been a failure and was deeply needed. As interest rates doubled as candidates borrowed to finance bribes, a deal was struck between the two conservative sitting consuls, a triumviral supporter, and a triumviral
1661:
bribe from Ptolemy XII Auletes to invade Egypt and place him back on the throne. Gabinius was forced into exile. Of the many prosecutions brought against triumviral supporters, Gabinius' was the only one successful. Cato may also have tendentiously interpreted the jurisdiction of his corruption
1639:
to extend Caesar's command, but again failed. At this time, Plutarch reports – if not an injection of imaginative foreshadowing – that Cato moved to split Pompey from Caesar rather than opposing the united triumvirate. At the end of the year, Pompey was to assume his command in Spain but decided
1462:
Bibulus, called to a public debate on the bill, offered no substantive reasons for opposition before exclaiming, in frustration, "You will not have this law this year, not even should you all want it!" Thereafter, Cato and Bibulus entered the forum every morning to declare unfavourable religious
1445:
Cato's successful opposition to Pompey and Crassus seemed to forebode poorly for Caesar's chance on his entrance to the consulship. Faced with this obstructionism and his need to make a success of his consulship, Caesar responded by forming an alliance with Pompey and Crassus, today known as the
692:
His political influence was rooted in his moralist principles and his embodiment of Roman traditions that appealed to both senators and the innately conservative Roman voter. He was criticised by contemporaries and by modern historians for being too uncompromising in obstructing Caesar and other
2005:
Some scholars point to how Cato acted in ways profoundly inconsistent with Stoic tenets: his anger at the breaking of his betrothal to Aemilia Lepida, breakdown over the death of his half-brother Caepio, his visible despair at the sight of casualties from the civil wars, etc. For such scholars,
1458:
Caesar's consular year started with his bringing a bill before the senate to distribute public lands to poor citizens and Pompey's veterans. Well written, brought in the traditional manner, and deferential to the senate's prerogatives, Cato lacked any real justification to oppose it; he settled
1235:
father or that Caesar was purchasing sexual favours from Servilia's daughter. At the same time, it is easy to see contemporary parallels between Caesar and Catiline: Caesar had likely supported Catiline's bids for the consulship; Caesar, like Catiline, was buried under massive debts; Caesar too
1947:
Cato drew his sword from its sheath and stabbed himself below the breast. His thrust, however, was somewhat feeble... he did not at once dispatch himself... His servants heard the noise and cried out, and his son at once ran in, together with his friends... physician went to him and tried to
1922:
When Cato pushed for a strategy of attrition against Caesar, Metellus Scipio accused Cato of cowardice for being unwilling to risk battle. Around this time, Cato privately confided that the war was hopeless and that he would abandon Rome regardless of the victor. Metellus Scipio ignored Cato's
1653:
were elected. Cato was returned for a praetorship and allotted the presidency of the extortion court. Opponents of the triumvirs immediately brought a number of prosecutions against the triumvirs' allies; almost all were acquitted "in large part because the complex network of connections among
1648:
Pompey and Crassus' consulship, while a short-term success, was unsuccessful in the long-run. The elections for the magistrates for 54 BC were a victory for Cato and his allies. Without violence to force a decision in their favour, the electorate reacted coldly to the triumvirs' favoured
1599:
By 56 BC, the triumviral coalition was faring poorly. With Pompey attacked both by the conservative Cato-aligned senators and by Clodius – who was himself an independent operator – Pompey was forced to double down in his alliance with the other triumvirs. Added was the threat of Caesar's
895:
By adopting the archaic style of dress found on statues of Rome's ancient heroes, he sought to present himself as the ideal of Roman virtue. This presentation of tradition was sure to appeal to the conservative senators... but there was also a strong popular appeal in Cato's unique behaviour.
676:
in 52 BC as a practical matter and to draw Pompey from his alliance with Caesar. In this, he was successful. He and his political allies advocated a policy of confrontation and brinksmanship with Caesar; though it seemed that Cato never advocated for actual civil war, this policy greatly
1401:
In doing so, he drew a wedge between Pompey and the senate. His anti-Pompeian policy was likely a political error: Pompey was then seeking to reconcile with the senate; Cato's refusal forced Pompey to look for alternative allies to provide promised retirement lands to his veterans and secure
1372:
For Fred Drogula, Cato's posturing as "the voice of the ancestors enabled him to push or shame others into agreeing with his opinions", which also helped to make up for his meagre financial resources in an expensive political environment where large bribes paid to voters was a normal part of
891:
He was raised in a wealthy aristocratic house that is not known to have departed from mainstream contemporary culture... He made a deliberate decision to break with the norms of his peers... faced daunting challenges in his intended political career he leveraged his strongest asset – his
1350:
and then the proscriptions, had destroyed a great number of senatorial families. Because of the great bloodletting of previous decades and a growing trend toward semi-retirement rather than active political life after leaving office, by 65 BC, the number of active senior leaders –
1128:. According to Plutarch's biography, he "taught men that a city can be rich without treating its citizens unjustly" and "brought the quaestorship into greater esteem than the senate, so that everybody thought and said that Cato had given the quaestorship the dignity of the consulship". 6359:, pp. 4–5. "He supported and influenced the tactics that ultimately pushed Caesar into marching on Rome... while Cato was not solely responsible... he did play a decisive or even essential role in creating the conditions that made those decisions possible or even probable". 1571:
his friends in the meantime, receiving them poorly and treating them with suspicion. Cato's loss of his account books, low amount recovered from Cyprus, and over-preparation on his return to Rome could indicate that he engaged in some modest embezzlements or allowed his nephew,
1384:
tactics and eventually form his alliance with Pompey and Crassus. In the years after his tribunate, many of the other leading conservative senators died or retired. Cato then assumed a loose leadership of the more conservative wing of senators, further bolstering his influence.
1198:), he convened the senate and put the matter before it, almost certainly to diffuse responsibility. The matter of killing the conspirators was a novel one: while the use of deadly force against citizens under arms was generally accepted, summarily executing prisoners was not. 1635:, Cato again repeated his tactic of filibustering until his opponents had him arrested so he could claim to be poorly treated. To avoid a repeat of this embarrassment, at later debates, his attendance was barred by armed mobs. He tried similar obstructive tactics against the 1380:, especially for such a junior senator with no claims to military victory. He also was instrumental in uniting the senate, even at this earlier stage in his career, against Caesar; his success in his anti-Caesarian politics, however, forced Caesar to adopt more aggressive 6347:, p. 496. "The break between need never have occurred. It was consciously fostered by Curio for his purposes, by the Marcelli and the Catonians for theirs. The aim was not to generate civil war... but their tactics created a situation that rapidly got out of hand". 1373:
campaigning. His principled stands also found themselves well taken in a senate which sought to portray itself as morally upright. It, however, made him a difficult ally or potential ally: he would accept few deviations from what he saw as traditional Roman principles.
1369:
every Roman citizen... disagreeing with seemed to be a rejection of Roman tradition and therefore of Rome itself". His antiquarianism and birth to a family that had produced consuls more than a century into the past also helped win prestige among the senatorial elite.
1363:
were not a political party, Cato was not joining a specific group of senators linked by a particular social or political outlook, but was claiming a prominent place among those who championed the traditional conduct of politics and the senate's claim to lead the state.
1109:
and was acting as a prosecutor in court, in challenging the legal immunity and payments given to men who had received bounties for killings during the Sullan proscriptions. He also changed procedures to ensure that the treasury archives rejected fraudulent documents.
2006:
Cato's actions fit into the mould of a traditional Roman acting in line with traditional Roman values rather than Stoic ones. On the other hand, others point out that Cato's contemporaries noted his Stoic behaviours and positions explicitly. Cicero lampooned it in
727:("new man") and the first of the family to be elected to the consulship. The elder Cato was famed for his austerity and traditional Roman values, which was affected for political reasons and meant to embellish his reputation as "the foremost representative of the 1466:
With a sufficient portion of the public on Caesar's side after Bibulus' embarrassing display of obstinate obstructionism and Bibulus' self-confinement to his home, Caesar moved rapidly to pass further legislation. Over the first half of the year, he passed laws:
1554:
Pulcher had been elected during Caesar's consulship as one of the plebeian tribunes of 58 BC. Also in office were a number of triumvirate-friendly magistrates, including both consuls. In March of that year, Clodius promulgated a bill annexing the island of
1694:, had died the previous year, Pompey's support of Caesar continued: he lent a legion from Spain to Gaul at Caesar's request (a deal Cato condemned for bypassing the senate and treating public legions as personal property). Also in 53, news arrived of Crassus' 814: 1981:
to the republic and ran contrary to its ethos. His policies with regard to stopping powerful politicians such as Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus alienated – through its very success – them from the rest of the senatorial class, leading to the formation of their
1414:, who had become one of Pompey's enemies after Pompey's divorce of Celer's half-sister, Mucia. Celer, along with Cato and Lucullus, then proceeded successfully to obstruct Pompey's agenda through the year. In this year, he also opposed a plan to renegotiate 1028:
Marcus Rubrius, where he earned the respect of the soldiers by sharing their burdens and treating them justly. He insisted on walking, refusing to ride a horse. Over a winter, he travelled to Pergamum and became the patron of a Greek Stoic philosopher named
784:– one of the Italian leaders during the Social war – once threatened to hang Cato out of a window unless he voiced support for Italian citizenship (Cato supposedly remained silent), and a claim that Cato asked his tutor for a sword with which to assassinate 956:(a daughter of Mamercus Lepidus). The reasons were unclear: because of his close relations to Mamercus Lepidus, the match would not have been very useful politically in building new alliances; he may have been motivated by love or by the large size of the 1261:
than doubled the number of people receiving subsidised grain, placed a considerable burden on the republic's finances, and possibly made Cato one of the most generous politicians in the history of the grain dole. His grain bill also showed that the
1442:– elected as Caesar's consular colleague, including by ignoring their own anti-bribery positions when matching the enormous bribes paid out by Caesar and his allies. In the end, both Caesar and Bibulus were elected as consuls for 59 BC. 1996:
Posthumously, Cato's opposition to Caesar was cast in predominantly ideological terms, with Cato serving as a heroic symbol of republican values amid its collapse. His life was also appropriated by Augustus as a symbol of republican values.
1948:
replace his bowels, which remained uninjured, and to sew up the wound. Accordingly, when Cato recovered and became aware of this, he pushed the physician away, tore his bowels with his hands, rent the wound still more, and so died.
1838:, he abandoned the island – apparently, according to Cicero, without giving battle, even though his forces were sufficient to resist. Regardless, after further Caesarian landings under Curio, Cato would have been forced to retreat. 665:. He opposed, with varying success, Caesar's legislative programme during Caesar's first consulship in 59 BC. Leaving for Cyprus the next year, he was praised for his honest administration and after his return was elected as 1459:
instead for filibustering. For the whole of January, he prevented the senate from acting on the bill and was dragged to prison at Caesar's orders before being released. Caesar moved instead to bring the matter before the people.
660:
and force generals to give up their armies and commands before standing in elections. He also frustrated Pompey's ambitions by opposing a bill brought by Pompey's allies to transfer the military command to Pompey against the
3791:, pp. 41–42. " had not yet held the quaestorship or entered the senate... it is difficult to imagine that Pompey would have shown the extreme respect that Plutarch imagines Cato commanded even as a young man". See also 1044:(living without passions), he spared no expense to organise lavish funeral ceremonies. After the end of his military commission, he travelled through Asia Minor and through Galatia. Before returning to Rome, he also visited 5069:, p. 158. "Cicero and Plutarch believed that was the reason", adding also accepting the appointment also would have made it difficult for Cato to then deny the legitimacy of Clodius' legislation or predicate adoption. 779:
Stories of Cato's early childhood are broadly unreliable and told mainly to suggest that Cato's character as an adult had been established in childhood. They include claims that Cato was a poor student, a dubious tale that
1160:
In 63 BC, Cato stood for the plebeian tribunate of 62 BC. After his election but before his term started in December, he opposed granting additional honours to Pompey, engaged in an unsuccessful prosecution of
1278:, proposed two bills to grant Pompey additional honours. The first would transfer command of the (nearly completed) campaign against Catiline in northern Italy to Pompey. The second would have allowed Pompey to stand 1989:
the republic and wanted to make himself king – was successful, that success backfired when those senators then gambled everything on defeating Caesar, whom they saw as an existential threat to liberty, in civil war.
1698:
and death at the hands of the Parthians in Syria. While Plutarch reports this made a confrontation between Caesar and Pompey inevitable, their alliance did not immediately break down, even after Pompey's marriage to
1854:
to take Pompey's side and left his family there before returning to Pompey in Greece, where he declined command of naval forces, citing Bibulus' senior consular status. After the indecisive Pompeian victory at the
1613:
The consuls of 56 BC resigned without replacement at the close of their terms; the republic started 55 BC without magistrates. At untimely elections in late January marred by mob violence, Cato supported
1144:), for his canvass for the plebeian tribunate of 62 BC. These cups, filled with food or drinks, were distributed in the streets to the people, and bore an inscription supporting the candidate to the election. 1433:
The return of Caesar from Spain in June of 60 BC forced Caesar too to choose: he either could enter the city and give up his command to stand for the consulship or he would retain the command in hopes for a
543: 1319:(military command authority). This law may have been aimed at Pompey, who was thought to desire another consulship on his return, or Caesar, to force him to choose between the consulship and military glory. 1893:
and had Metellus Scipio put in command. While the recorded reasons were that Cato believed that Metellus Scipio had both consular dignity and a name that would inspire the soldiers, as the inheritor of the
4230:, p. 65. "When it was proposed that Pompey be recalled... to quell the Catilinarian conspiracy... Cato vowed in public that Pompey would enter the city with armed troops only over his dead body". 1355:, that is, former consuls – in the senate had fallen to just nine. Cato's pro-senatorial beliefs and oratorical skills positioned him in taking an active role in leading more conservative senators: 1192:
arrested the conspirators within the city and proposed executing them without trial, a violation of citizen rights to appeal. While Cicero could have done this on his own authority (augmented by a
1500:
Cato and his allies continued to resist these bills, but were unsuccessful. Plutarch reports Cato was again dragged to prison for his opposition, but this may be apocryphal. He also opposed the
3481:, pp. 24–25. Re Poppaedius Silo: "Cato's uncle Livius was powerful and friendly to the Italians, so it is unthinkable that his Italian guest would offer any serious threat to his family". 3281:
without adopting some version of the view that it was a kind of conspiracy against the republic... Nomenclature matters... I eschew the traditional 'First Triumvirate' altogether". See also
1575:, to engage in usurious moneylending or embezzlement on his behalf. His administration of Cyprus, was, however, well regarded on his reputation for honesty alone. Upon his return, he held a 1406:
elected as consul for 60 BC: to do this, he distributed enormous bribes among the voters. In response, Cato again championed legislation banning bribery (proposed by a tribune named
1739:
while the state needed him, Cato was unwilling or unable to set aside his scruples so to actually win a consular election; after his defeat, Cato did not stand for the consulship again.
1394:
Cato's nieces. The alliance proposal reflected Cato's recognition as a major political player; Cato rejected the offer, indicating that he likely had already made up his mind to oppose
1236:
hailed from an ancient patrician clan that had fallen on hard times; and Caesar too would have been forced into exile or bankrupt obscurity if he were to fail in his political career.
536: 7798: 6383:. "Another theme is how Cato's inflexibility and obstructionism helped to destroy the republic he claimed to defend. In this respect, Drogula's Cato is a traditional one". See also 1734:
With starting success in forcing a break between Pompey and Caesar, Cato stood for the consulship of 51 BC. He reportedly did so out of a claim of public duty, in the vein of
4969:, p. 139, adding that Cato likely suggested inclusion of one of his own proposals to protect free communities, which was included, but never later referred to the law as a 887:
statues of Rome's legendary founders and heroes, who were depicted wearing togas alone, rather than any philosophical inclinations. These choices were deliberate and political:
1966:
Cato's death triggered a series of eulogies, of which both Cicero and Brutus were authors, starting to identify Cato as a great Stoic philosopher. Caesar responded with an
805:. This was a prestigious honour, for which he was likely selected on the initiative of his uncle Mamercus Lepdius, and it put Cato into the centre of the senatorial elite. 529: 3989:, pp. 56–57. Drogula dismisses Plutarch's "fable" that he did not intend to stand for the tribunate after his quaestorship but was convinced otherwise after passing 3421:, p. 23. See also n. 3, which explains that his new guardian is not stated, but suggested by Cato's familiarity with Sulla, who was Mamercus Lepidus' father-in-law. 1213:: Caesar calls executing the subdued conspirators "a new type of punishment" and attempted to draw Cato into contradicting his great-grandfather's lenient stance on the 2496: 2124: 859:, he received his inheritance, which immediately made him a wealthy citizen (though modest among the elite). Plutarch reports around this time, he also began to study 710: 207: 1539:
Following Caesar's consulship and departure to Gaul, opponents of Caesar started to move to question the legal validity of his legislative actions. They also brought
5570:, pp. 211–212. "Pompey's new connection with Scipio did not signify... a break from Caesar. Rather, Pompey was attempting to broaden his network of supporters". 3990: 1275: 6371:, p. 5. "It is one of the great paradoxes of Roman history that Cato's efforts to protect the republic unintentionally but directly contributed to collapse". 7833: 3841: 2884: 2156: 2054: 978: 961: 186: 633:, his scrupulous honesty and professed respect for tradition gave him a political following which he mobilised against powerful generals of his day, including 1430:. Cato's success in opposing Pompey and Crassus' agendas forced them to recalculate; for both men, these were vital promises they had made to key supporters. 2210: 1801: 1679:
Cato praised Pompey on his civic-mindedness in publicly refusing a possible dictatorship, the political situation stabilised and two conservative consuls,
1330:. When Clodius was acquitted on charges of sacrilege, apparently due to jury tampering via bribery, Cato moved to correct a loophole in the law. While the 1296: 1938:
After righting the city's financial accounts and disbursing the remaining monies to the city's inhabitants, Cato discussed with his friends at dinner the
3829:
Plutarch or his source has shaped the story in line with Cato's later opposition to Pompey and the theme of Cato's virtue as a source of shame to others.
2511: 2134: 1615: 1410:), which was defeated, in part because the voters liked receiving payments for their votes. At the elections, Pompey's legate was successful, as well as 986: 753: 6438: 6171:, p. 291, adding that Cato apparently responded by offering to lead an expeditionary force to retake Italy; Metellus Scipio rejected it as a joke. 977:
had consular ancestors, it had not been successful in reaching the consulship after the end of the second century BC. By her, he later had a son,
689:, he preferred to take his own life rather than beg or receive Caesar's pardon. His suicide turned him into a martyr for and a symbol of the Republic. 4832:, p. 134, adding that while Bibulus fled, Cato "withdrew slowly from the tumult, constantly stopping to argue with those who were harassing him". 2791: 1763:, movements after that battle to Utica. Movement from Cyrene to Africa is striped. Cato may have travelled by land (per Plutarch) or by sea (per Dio). 1040:. He immediately went to see him but was unable to arrive before his brother's death. Cato was overwhelmed by grief and, ignoring Stoic principles of 757: 7843: 4242:, pp. 90–91, also emphasising the importance of informal friendships in Roman politics rather than "abstract political platforms or ideologies". 7838: 1778: 1101:
He also started the process of collecting on long-standing state debts and made prompt payments to state creditors. In doing so, he cooperated with
7813: 1346:
Cato was fortunate to emerge into politics when much of the senate was devoid of senior consular leadership. The previous Social War, followed by
1052:. Cato, according to Plutarch, received an exaggerated and deferential welcome from the proconsul, which most scholars doubt actually occurred. 1882: 1794: 1650: 1943:
the abdomen. The specific details of Cato's suicide were greatly embellished after his death, especially in Plutarch's account, which states:
1148: 7818: 1162: 1592:
for Caesar's Gallic victories. Cato also divorced his loving wife Marcia so he could – with her father's consent – marry her to his friend,
2761: 1095: 765: 31: 1450:. Caesar would play the junior partner and, as a middleman, ensure that Pompey and Crassus (who were themselves rivals) could cooperate. 7695: 3200: 2130: 2092: 737: 7409: 7241: 7190: 7057: 7020: 6933: 6862: 6814: 6761: 5472: 4305: 4173: 3814: 3600: 3011: 2110: 1932: 1906: 749: 714: 425: 213: 1518:
as well. Cato and his allies may also have engaged in a boycott of public business to cast doubt on the legitimacy of Caesar's acts.
7803: 7566: 2279: 2253: 2066: 593: 5297:, p. 183, adding that to do so, "Pompey... interrupted the election by claiming to have heard thunder, despite the clear sky". 4879:, p. 137, adding that Lucullus' opposition to Pompey's settlement was silenced after Caesar threatened a criminal prosecution. 900: 2013:
Modern scholars such as Kit Morell note that "the 'Stoic martyr' tradition has distorted or distracted from the historical Cato".
2203: 1411: 681:
in January 49 BC. During the civil war, he joined Pompey and tried to minimise the deaths of his fellow citizens. But after
6740: 6728: 6060:, 54.3–5, that Cato was considered but rejected from fear that he might turn the fleet against Pompey after a Pompeian victory. 2776: 2628: 2519: 1202: 5804:, p. 240. "Caesar was able to purchase with a bribe so large that it enabled Paullus to refurbish the Basilica Aemilia". 7783: 7352: 7316: 7287: 7260: 7163: 6843: 6710: 2394: 2387: 2257: 2118: 2086: 1684: 1166: 797: 741: 460: 310: 1395: 7086:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 8. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. 2401: 1856: 652:
in 63 BC, he was praised for his honesty and incorruptibility in running Rome's finances. He passed laws during his
7823: 1735: 1563:, a friend of Pompey, – but after he was unable to take the post, Clodius promulgated a bill to appoint Cato instead as 752:. Moving in with Cato and his sister were a half-brother and two half-sisters from his mother Livia's first marriage to 359: 4052: 4852:
but Caesar would have argued that Bibulus' declarations were themselves invalid for not having been brought in person.
2784: 2769: 2196: 1654:
senators meant that the litigants could not be reduced to stark choices between two political parties or ideologies".
1292: 1249: 761: 236: 7079: 4844:, p. 140. Both the validity of Caesar's ignoring of the omen declarations and Bibulus' further issuance of them 2242: 4044: 1244: 7638: 7615: 7455: 1961: 1898:
that had defeated Hannibal, it is possible that Cato was simply unwilling to lead a fight against fellow citizens.
1691: 1511: 1021: 2261: 2246: 745: 7778: 7606: 7497: 7483: 2058: 2045: 1810: 1439: 1301: 1194: 1118: 1952:
Caesar is said to have responded to his death by lamenting that Cato's death meant Caesar could not pardon him.
1036:
During his service in Macedonia, he received the news that his beloved half-brother Caepio was ill and dying in
740:
were orphaned, probably before Cato was four years old, and the children were taken in by their maternal uncle,
4331:, pp. 94–95, adding that both authors may have been injecting imperial anachronisms into their narratives. 1680: 1403: 1205:, who was one of the consuls-elect, spoke first in favour of death, as did the rest of the former consuls. But 1181: 440: 6794:
Fantham, E (2003). "Three Wise Men and the End of the Roman Republic". In Cairns, Francis; Fantham, E (eds.).
1547:
assigning the provinces to Caesar, to stand charges, but the court proceedings were disrupted by a mob led by
7808: 7530: 7508: 2891: 2146: 2041: 1886: 1548: 1523: 1419: 1323: 982: 789: 781: 662: 492: 191: 1579:
glittering naval parade up the Tiber before starting a procession conveying the treasures to the treasury.
7704: 7539: 7402: 5309:, pp. 185–186, adding also that Cato engaged in obstructionist announcement of false religious omens. 3665: 2922: 2504: 1073: 395: 6964:
Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (2009). "A review of "Blood in the forum: the struggle for the Roman republic"".
7793: 7788: 1407: 1077: 1049: 1030: 170: 1768: 1752: 1188:. Upon discovery of an associated plot against the lives of the consuls and other magistrates in Rome, 697:
and the outbreak of civil war. The epithet "the Younger" distinguishes him from his great-grandfather,
678: 645: 455: 315: 1136: 7561: 2898: 2150: 2049: 1890: 1835: 1823: 1658: 1572: 1347: 1232: 1218: 769: 230: 86: 7039: 7488: 2166: 1863: 1472: 1117:, Plutarch reports that he discovered that his old friend and colleague in the urban quaestorship, 1033:
who, contradicting Cato the Elder's disdain for Greek philosophers, accompanied Cato back to Rome.
832: 748:
in 91 BC, Cato and his sister probably came into the household of his mother's older brother,
682: 355: 3806: 7828: 7725: 7217: 7124: 7116: 7063: 7026: 6989: 6687: 6655: 6647: 6517: 6509: 6466: 4937: 3835: 1662:
court so he could push through prosecutions he had yet been unable to do via normal legislation.
1593: 989:. His half-sisters' very favourable matches helped develop a strong network of political allies. 470: 465: 6798:. Papers of the Langford Latin Seminar. Cambridge: Francis Cairns Publications. pp. 96–117. 6482:"Caesar's alleged fear of prosecution and his "ratio absentis" in the approach to the civil war" 1747: 4051:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ch 1889:, he moved to join them. Discovering a fractured situation, he reconciled Metellus Scipio with 1714:
and the Basilica Porcia in the Forum was destroyed by fire in Clodius' makeshift funeral pyre.
7682: 7665: 7647: 7448: 7395: 7358: 7348: 7331: 7312: 7293: 7283: 7266: 7256: 7237: 7209: 7186: 7169: 7159: 7108: 7053: 7016: 6981: 6939: 6929: 6868: 6858: 6839: 6820: 6810: 6767: 6757: 6716: 6706: 6679: 6639: 6501: 6458: 5478: 5468: 4929: 4311: 4301: 4179: 4169: 3820: 3810: 3596: 1982: 1924: 1707: 1706:
The year also was rocked with political violence between the duelling mobs led by Clodius and
1695: 1447: 998: 933: 920:
raised by Cato's great-grandfather. It was Rome's first basilica; it burnt down in 52 BC.
864: 802: 694: 686: 517: 450: 305: 4848:
are legally dubious: Bibulus would have argued Caesar's votes were invalid because they were
1919:
victory for his own cause under Metellus Scipio would be accompanied by appalling reprisals.
17: 7735: 7557: 7504: 7100: 7045: 7008: 6973: 6631: 6493: 6450: 3802: 3588: 1782: 1700: 1540: 1515: 1227: 1017: 1006: 928:, a public building commissioned by his great-grandfather Cato the Elder during his term as 844: 653: 569: 319: 142: 130: 6427:, p. 495. "The view that Caesar feared... a prosecution... is dubious in the extreme". 7463: 6899: 1632: 1601: 1231:, beating out a family ally) to retaliation for malicious rumours of Caesar's having been 925: 906: 701:, who was viewed by ancient Romans in similar terms as embodying tradition and propriety. 415: 48: 7280:
Ardet ambitus: Untersuchungen zum PhΓ€nomen der Wahlbestechungen in der rΓΆmischen Republik
1657:
One case was that against Aulus Gabinius, who was convicted for receiving a ten thousand
7686: 7593: 7525: 7434: 5357:, p. 148. See also n. 115, dismissing the idea that Pulcher was a triumviral ally. 4384: 3207: 2316: 2080: 2028: 1915: 1867: 1834:
Italy of Sicilian grain supplies. But on 23 April, after being faced with a landing by
1711: 1560: 1507: 1153: 1010: 953: 912: 892:
great-grandfather's reputation as a champion of tradition – to enhance his own status.
718: 698: 622: 606: 563: 507: 476: 363: 272: 82: 68: 7306: 952:
Cato's first marriage was early in his twenties. He was first betrothed to his cousin
7772: 7720: 7678: 7492: 7128: 7067: 7030: 6993: 6659: 6521: 6470: 3237: 3004: 1435: 1206: 1140:
Propaganda cup of Cato (the cup to the left, the one to the right being dedicated to
1102: 773: 634: 482: 435: 117: 5534:, p. 209, specifically for reducing bribes and delaying commands, respectively. 971:, the daughter of an Atilius Serranus (the specific identity is unknown). While the 7740: 7700: 7651: 7633: 7229: 3580: 2915: 1814:
against Caesar, likely under the false pretences that Caesar was already invading.
1623: 1556: 1334:
in 70 BC had distributed the jury pool between senators, equestrians, and the
929: 872: 868: 813: 673: 618: 614: 3592: 1777:
Attempts to recall Caesar from Gaul started in earnest in 51 BC under consul
6833: 6804: 4163: 1291:
Nepos, along with his ally Caesar, convened the assembly at the Forum before the
625:. His conservative principles were focused on the preservation of what he saw as 7730: 7611: 7548: 7543: 7104: 6497: 6388: 3262: 2906: 2231: 1847: 1649:
candidates. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus – who had stood the previous year – and
1628: 1502: 1253: 973: 937: 917: 729: 626: 502: 375: 250: 6781:"Review of "Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic"" 1600:
replacement in Gaul, setting up the renewal of the triumviral coalition at the
7479: 7156:
The legend of Cato Uticensis from the first century BC to the fifth century AD
6977: 6771: 6454: 1423: 1072:– one of the wealthiest men in Rome and long-time commander of troops against 1025: 723: 693:
powerful generals. Those tactics and their success led to the creation of the
657: 7213: 7112: 6985: 6952: 6943: 6872: 6780: 6683: 6643: 6505: 6462: 4933: 4379:, pp. 98–99, also noting that because elections occurred outside of the 4315: 4183: 3824: 1859:, Cato is said to have been greatly affected by the sight of the casualties. 1640:
against tradition to stay near Rome and govern entirely through his legates.
7602: 7521: 7297: 7270: 7173: 7091:
Ramsey, John T (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC?".
6720: 2010:, and also mentioned it in letters and contemporaneous philosophical texts. 1267: 1002: 410: 54: 7335: 1559:. The assignment of governor was initially slated for one of the consuls – 985:. Around this time he also secured an excellent marriage for his sister in 7377: 7362: 7049: 7012: 4295: 7691: 7597: 7584: 7575: 7570: 7419: 7075: 6700: 3943: 3941: 1968: 1939: 1876: 1606: 1489: 1327: 1315: 1284: 1177: 1141: 1090: 1069: 1061: 860: 649: 630: 497: 380: 136: 7120: 6513: 6481: 4941: 4917: 1610:, and hopefully in the chaos secure consulships for Pompey and Crassus. 1060:
Cato returned to Rome in early 65 BC and intended to stand for the
7674: 7669: 7660: 7656: 7620: 7441: 7221: 6691: 6668: 6620:"M. Porcius Cato and the Annexation and Early Administration of Cyprus" 3434: 2323: 2308: 1871: 1377: 1271:", but rather, that "the advocacy of corn distribution knew no party". 1185: 840: 666: 420: 292: 148: 98: 6651: 6619: 1005:, presumably to support his half-brother Caepio, who was serving as a 924:
His first appearance on the public stage was to oppose changes to the
7629: 7552: 7534: 6953:"Review of "Blood in the forum: the struggle for the Roman republic"" 5642:, p. 215, calling the argument "ingenious" but expressing doubt. 3095: 2598: 2035: 1851: 1781:(Cato's former quaestorian colleague). After Caesar's victory at the 1214: 1189: 1124:
Cato gained an exemplary reputation for honesty in administering the
1045: 1037: 968: 823: 818: 638: 512: 430: 405: 390: 385: 278: 165: 7387: 6889:
Chilver, GEF; Griffin, MT. "Porcius Cato (2), Marcus, of Utica". In
801:, the board of priests in charge of consulting and interpreting the 7200:
Gordon, Hattie L (1933). "The Eternal Triangle, First Century BC".
6635: 3664:, the last Atilius to reach the consulship during the republic was 1785:, he argued the rationale for Caesar's standing for the consulship 7642: 7588: 7579: 7512: 7232:; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Cato the Younger, Rome's Iron Man". 6824: 5482: 3438: 3099: 1935:, to seek pardon for themselves. Cato himself prepared for death. 1905: 1746: 1243: 1147: 1135: 957: 899: 848: 836: 828: 812: 785: 7328:
A Roman post-mortem: an inquest on the fall of the Roman Republic
6754:
Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
1402:
ratification of his eastern settlements. He first sought to have
1376:
By the end of his tribunate, he was remarkably popular among the
648:, Cato served in a number of political offices. During his urban 7516: 6328: 6326: 7391: 831:
which describes the death of Socrates. The statue was begun by
7381: 4899: 4897: 2225: 1514:
for five years. Alone, he also opposed Caesar's assignment to
6926:
Blood in the forum : the struggle for the Roman republic
1282:
for the consulship of 61 BC and to lead troops into the
3668:
in 106 BC. Atilia may have been that Atilius' daughter.
3338: 3336: 1521:
Cato, however, supported one bill Caesar brought forth, the
1156:
of Cicero, then consul, speaking against Catiline, at right.
6747:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. 6735:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association. 3441:
and not the praetor killed in the war's inciting incident.
1910:
A 1797 depiction of Cato's death by Pierre Narcisse GuΓ©rin.
584: 578: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6209: 6207: 6194: 6192: 6179: 6177: 6128: 6126: 6022: 6020: 5911: 5909: 5824: 5822: 5761: 5759: 5734: 5732: 5189: 5187: 4860: 4858: 4813: 4811: 4786: 4784: 1759:, movements from Rome to the Battle of Pharsalus. In  1322:
Near the end of 62 BC, a scandal occurred involving
7038:
Pina Polo, Francisco; DΓ­az FernΓ‘ndez, Alejandro (2019).
6391:
der Aristokratie'" (the Don Quixote of the aristocracy).
5254: 5252: 5250: 4471: 4469: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4248: 3901: 3899: 3700: 3698: 3629: 3627: 3614: 3612: 3357:, p. 18. Cato the Elder was consul in 195 BC. 1184:, led a rebellion against the state, raising an army in 936:
proposed moving a column that impeded their view of the
7084:
Plutarch Lives: Sertorius and Eumenes; Phocion and Cato
6597: 6595: 1874:
and asked Cicero to take command because he still held
1256:. The ruins visible today date to the time of Tiberius. 4168:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. 7278:
Nadig, Peter (1997). "Der jΓΌngere Cato und ambitus".
6796:
Caesar against liberty? Perspectives on his autocracy
4206:, pp. 386, 500 (on "populares" and "optimates"). 744:. After Drusus' death and the resulting start of the 594: 575: 6526:
Highly dubious territory of a planned prosecution...
3799:
Pompey, Cato, and the governance of the Roman Empire
1923:
relatively pacific advice and engaged in a decisive
1295:. Cato and one of his allies, another tribune named 581: 7713: 7472: 7426: 3433:, p. 34. The specific Caepio was probably the 1048:, who was then supervising the final stages of the 1016:A few years later, in 67 BC, he stood for the 572: 298: 288: 265: 246: 223: 200: 179: 158: 123: 112: 104: 94: 75: 61: 39: 4192:were not the sole preserve of so-called populares. 960:. Aemilia Lepida had previously been betrothed to 6699:Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; et al. (2004). 4281: 1870:. In the aftermath of the defeat, he decamped to 1265:was not the exclusive preserve of the so-called " 944:, and connecting himself to his famous ancestor. 795:Around the age of 16, Cato was inducted into the 756:. Cato was especially close to his half-brother, 5467:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 50. 4918:"The Intended Date of Caesar's Return from Gaul" 997:In 72 BC, Cato volunteered to fight in the 821:. He is about to kill himself while reading the 601:; 95 BC – April 46 BC), also known as 6475:There was never a 'plot' to put Caesar on trial 6387:, n. 2. "Compare... Mommsen's portrait of 'Der 1945: 1357: 1326:'s sacrilegious intrusion into secret rites to 1020:. After winning election, he was dispatched to 889: 6053:, p. 284. Drogula dismisses the claim in 5079: 3342: 1846:After retreating, Cato fled to join Pompey at 1631:so he could fight a war of choice against the 27:Roman statesman, general and writer (95–46 BC) 7799:Ancient Roman politicians who died by suicide 7403: 6853:Hornblower, Simon; et al., eds. (2012). 6537: 6412: 6332: 4751: 2204: 1588:commission and proposed extraordinarily long 1426:tactics, unheedful of alienating the wealthy 1088:Cato was assigned to the state treasury (the 962:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica 629:in decline. A noted orator and a follower of 537: 8: 7347:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6838:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1418:tax collection contracts in Asia brought by 721:– this Cato's great-grandfather – who was a 7382:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic 6242: 6054: 4300:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. 4297:Crisis management during the Roman Republic 3662:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic 2260:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7410: 7396: 7388: 7255:(1st American ed.). New York: Knopf. 3840:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2211: 2197: 2189: 1506:which assigned to Caesar the provinces of 1165:, and took part in a famous debate on the 687:his own cause's defeat by Caesar in Africa 544: 530: 337: 47: 36: 7093:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte 6857:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. 6835:The last generation of the Roman republic 6672:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte 6669:"Cato the Younger in the East in 66 B.C." 6486:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte 5330: 3807:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755142.001.0001 3358: 3315: 2280:Learn how and when to remove this message 1274:One of the other tribunes of the plebs, 1105:, who had then just completed a term as 910:was a small building to the left of the 7236:. New York: Penguin. pp. 134–151. 6601: 6586: 6574: 6561: 6549: 6400: 6384: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6317: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6230: 6213: 6198: 6183: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5750: 5738: 5723: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5651: 5639: 5615: 5603: 5579: 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5241: 5205: 5193: 5178: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5066: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4966: 4954: 4903: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4802: 4790: 4775: 4763: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4412: 4400: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4269: 4254: 4239: 4215: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4038: 4026: 4002: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3932: 3905: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3792: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3689: 3677: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3618: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3354: 3327: 3308: 3273: 2178: 1717: 1478:ratifying Pompey's eastern settlements, 354: 7041:The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic 6305: 6293: 5663: 5627: 5591: 5229: 5054: 4739: 4424: 3833: 3318:, p. 606, for all offices listed. 1914:Cato was given command of the city of 1883:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio 7834:Family of Servilia (mother of Brutus) 6756:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6745:The magistrates of the Roman republic 6733:The magistrates of the Roman republic 6705:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6424: 6344: 5711: 5354: 5342: 5258: 5217: 4523: 4227: 4203: 4014: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2921: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2853: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2807: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2702: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2457: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 1927:, where his forces were annihilated. 1822:Caesar did not back down and instead 1718:Pompey's sole consulship (52 BC) 855:Shortly after his induction into the 7: 7282:(in German). Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 6905: 6890: 6881: 2258:adding citations to reliable sources 7345:Party politics in the age of Caesar 5163: 3947: 3917: 709:Cato was born in 95 BC, the son of 7181:Goodman, Rob; Soni, Jimmy (2012). 7005:Julius Caesar and the Roman People 6919:(PhD). University College, Dublin. 6917:Cato the Younger: Myth and Reality 6702:The Romans, from village to empire 4188:Moreover, policies focused on the 3012:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) 1621:At the debate that year about the 1453: 817:Statue of Cato the Younger in the 750:Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus 25: 7253:Heroes: A History of Hero Worship 6951:Phillips, Darryl A (2009-08-23). 6880:Badian, E. "tribuni aerarii". In 1627:to grant Crassus the province of 1596:, in part to cement an alliance. 1543:, the tribune who had passed the 7330:. Sydney: Australasian Medical. 7185:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 7147:The political thought of Sallust 6741:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 6729:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 3991:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos 2230: 1454:Caesar's consulship (59 BC) 1412:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer 568: 341: 7839:Characters in the Divine Comedy 6855:The Oxford classical dictionary 3660:, p. 33. According to the 3285:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome 2629:Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus 2141:Marcus Porcius Cato "Uticensis" 7814:Senators of the Roman Republic 7080:"The Life of Cato the Younger" 7007:. Cambridge University Press. 7003:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). 6809:. Princeton University Press. 6480:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2007). 6437:Ehrhardt, C. T. H. R. (1995). 4165:Politics in the Roman republic 2395:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus 2388:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus 2119:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus 2087:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus 1685:Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus 1098:, Cato refused to rehire him. 798:quindecimviri sacris faciundis 461:Assassination of Julius Caesar 311:Second Catilinarian Conspiracy 1: 7251:Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (2004). 7149:. Cambridge University Press. 6966:History: Reviews of New Books 5465:Brutus: the noble conspirator 4282:Momigliano & Lintott 2012 3593:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e213360 2099: 772:) and become the mistress of 760:, and his elder half-sister, 18:Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis 7844:People of Caesar's civil war 7819:Suicides by sharp instrument 6898:Momigliano, A; Lintott, A. " 6624:The Journal of Roman Studies 3287:. W.W. Norton. p. 278. 1862:Cato was not present at the 1751:Cato's movements during the 1736:Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 1485:tax farmers for Crassus, and 1396:Pompey's eastern settlements 677:contributed to the start of 656:in 62 BC to expand the 7311:. Oxford University Press. 7105:10.25162/historia-2016-0017 6779:Morrell, Kit (2021-02-05). 6498:10.25162/historia-2007-0013 4387:, where military authority 4041:, pp. 72–73. See also 3795:, p. 41 n. 68, citing 2074:Descent from Cato the Elder 2031:, but engagement called off 1789:was gone and that Caesar's 1616:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 1293:Temple of Castor and Pollux 1250:Temple of Castor and Pollux 987:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 875:under a certain Demetrius. 843:marble. It was finished by 53:Inscribed bronze bust from 30:For other individuals, see 7860: 7456:On the Malice of Herodotus 7343:Taylor, Lily Ross (1949). 6957:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 6785:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 5080:Chilver & Griffin 2012 4294:Golden, Gregory K (2013). 4162:Mouritsen, Henrik (2017). 3801:. Oxford. pp. 16–17. 3579:FΓΆrtsch, Reinhard (2006). 3343:Chilver & Griffin 2012 1972:, which has not survived. 1962:Legacy of Cato the Younger 1959: 1800:Among Caesar's allies was 1766: 1565:pro quaestore pro praetore 871:under a Philostratus, and 29: 7749: 6978:10.1080/03612750903328502 6901:senatus consultum ultimum 6455:10.1017/S0066477400000927 5463:Tempest, Kathryn (2017). 4973:so to deny Caesar credit. 4916:Jameson, Shelagh (1970). 4055:– via LacusCurtius. 3169: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3104: 3059: 3057: 3008: 2967: 2965: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2756: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2662: 2658: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2581: 2579: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2508: 2501: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2425: 2423: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2354: 2320: 2313: 2186:As part of Brutus' family 2098:Marcus Porcius Cato (pr. 2059:Second Battle of Philippi 2046:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus 1811:senatus consultum ultimum 1779:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 1742: 1690:While Caesar's daughter, 1440:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus 1302:senatus consultum ultimum 1195:senatus consultum ultimum 1119:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 1084:Quaestorship (63 BC) 839:, 1792–1835) using white 663:Catilinarian conspirators 332: 260: 256: 46: 7804:Correspondents of Cicero 6803:Flower, Harriet (2010). 6752:Drogula, Fred K (2019). 6667:Bellemore, Jane (1995). 2512:Quintus Servilius Caepio 2065:Second (and third) wife 1902:Final campaign and death 1885:was still in command in 1681:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus 1644:Praetorship (54 BC) 1313:vitiated promagisterial 1297:Quintus Minucius Thermus 1009:in the consular army of 764:, who would later marry 754:Quintus Servilius Caepio 717:. He was descended from 7714:Translators and editors 7154:Goar, Robert J (1987). 3993:on a road outside Rome. 3201:Manius Aemilius Lepidus 2792:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio 1795:Lucius Aemilius Paullus 1651:Appius Claudius Pulcher 1549:Publius Clodius Pulcher 1524:lex Iulia de repetundis 1420:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1324:Publius Clodius Pulcher 1201:Cato's brother-in-law, 1178:Lucius Sergius Catilina 1173:Catilinarian conspiracy 1167:Catilinarian conspiracy 1113:On his last day in the 1065:5 December 65 BC. 948:Marriages and alliances 782:Quintus Poppaedius Silo 758:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio 7158:. Bruxelles: Latomus. 6924:Marin, Pamela (2009). 6915:Marin, Pamela (2005). 6832:Gruen, Erich (1995) . 6618:Badian, Ernst (1965). 6439:"Crossing the Rubicon" 3666:Gaius Atilius Serranus 2923:Gaius Cassius Longinus 2777:Decimus Junius Silanus 2057:, later killed in the 1950: 1911: 1802:Gaius Scribonius Curio 1764: 1366: 1257: 1203:Decimus Junius Silanus 1163:Lucius Licinius Murena 1157: 1145: 1132:Tribunate (62 BC) 1074:Mithridates VI Eupator 921: 898: 863:under the philosopher 852: 851:, 1784 – Paris, 1855). 672:He supported Pompey's 613:), was an influential 610: 7784:1st-century BC Romans 7326:Syme, Ronald (1950). 7305:Syme, Ronald (1939). 7202:The Classical Journal 7050:10.1515/9783110666410 7013:10.1017/9781108943260 6928:. London: Continuum. 3797:Morrell, Kit (2017). 2185: 2177:All information from 2127:(pl. tr. 99 BC) 1909: 1857:Battle of Dyrrhachium 1767:Further information: 1750: 1408:Marcus Aufidius Lurco 1342:Senatorial leadership 1247: 1152:An 1889 depiction by 1151: 1139: 1078:Third Mithridatic War 1050:Third Mithridatic War 903: 816: 809:Political development 711:his homonymous father 79:April 46 BC (aged 49) 7308:The Roman Revolution 6403:, pp. 257, 259. 5903:, pp. 266, 273. 5867:, pp. 260, 272. 5273:, pp. 180, 182. 4610:, pp. 109, 112. 3437:killed fighting the 3283:Beard, Mary (2015). 2899:Marcus Junius Brutus 2762:Marcus Junius Brutus 2520:Marcus Livius Drusus 2402:Marcus Livius Drusus 2254:improve this section 2135:Domitius Ahenobarbus 2050:Marcus Junius Brutus 1956:Legacy and reception 1933:Lucius Julius Caesar 1891:Publius Attius Varus 1836:Gaius Asinius Pollio 1573:Marcus Junius Brutus 1389:Before the civil war 1219:Third Macedonian War 932:in 184 BC. The 790:Sulla's proscription 766:Marcus Junius Brutus 742:Marcus Livius Drusus 7824:Suicides in Tunisia 7489:Alexander the Great 7378:Marcus Porcius Cato 7234:Lives of the Stoics 7183:Rome's Last Citizen 6540:, pp. 262–263. 6308:, pp. 144–145. 6120:, pp. 287–288. 6096:, pp. 286–287. 6041:, pp. 283–284. 6002:, pp. 280–281. 5978:, pp. 278–279. 5816:, pp. 241–242. 5753:, pp. 230–231. 5630:, pp. 314–315. 5510:, pp. 207–208. 5441:, pp. 203–204. 5381:, pp. 190–193. 5321:, pp. 186–187. 5021:, pp. 154–155. 4985:, pp. 141–144. 4906:, pp. 137–138. 4754:, pp. 119–120. 4706:, pp. 121–122. 4658:, pp. 115–116. 4646:, pp. 111–112. 4598:, pp. 107–108. 4439:, pp. 104–105. 3923:, pp. 120–121. 3445:, p. 34 n. 40. 2885:Marcus Porcius Cato 2497:Marcus Porcius Cato 2167:Lucius Porcius Cato 2157:Marcus Porcius Cato 2125:Marcus Porcius Cato 2095:(cos. 118 BC) 2093:Marcus Porcius Cato 2083:(cos. 195 BC) 2081:Marcus Porcius Cato 2055:Marcus Porcius Cato 2044:, married first to 1864:Battle of Pharsalus 1824:crossed the Rubicon 1637:lex Licinia Pompeia 1535:Cyprus (58 BC) 1473:Ptolemy XII Auletes 979:Marcus Porcius Cato 967:He instead married 833:Jean-Baptiste Roman 557:Marcus Porcius Cato 350:Part of a series on 208:Marcus Porcius Cato 187:Marcus Porcius Cato 95:Cause of death 32:Marcus Porcius Cato 7726:Arthur Hugh Clough 7145:Earl, D C (1961). 6538:Morstein-Marx 2021 6413:Morstein-Marx 2021 6333:Morstein-Marx 2021 6320:, pp. 4, 127. 5678:, pp. 218–19. 4752:Morstein-Marx 2021 4045:"Bellum Catilinae" 3330:, pp. 23, 22. 2219:Brutus family tree 2113:(cos. 114 BC) 2111:Gaius Porcius Cato 2089:(pr. 152 BC) 1912: 1896:Cornelii Scipiones 1769:Caesar's Civil War 1765: 1743:Caesar's civil war 1594:Quintus Hortensius 1583:Return from Cyprus 1404:one of his legates 1258: 1158: 1146: 1096:one of the censors 1068:Around this time, 1018:military tribunate 981:, and a daughter, 922: 853: 736:He and his sister 654:plebeian tribunate 646:Caesar's civil war 471:Battle of Philippi 466:Second Triumvirate 456:Caesar's Civil War 316:Caesar's Civil War 7766: 7765: 7753:Comparison extant 7683:Tiberius Gracchus 7449:De genio Socratis 4514:, pp. 54–55. 4463:, pp. 51–52. 4140:, pp. 86–87. 4116:, pp. 81–82. 4092:, pp. 77–78. 4068:, pp. 73–74. 4043:Sallust (1921) . 4029:, pp. 68–69. 3893:, pp. 50–51. 3881:, pp. 44–45. 3857:, pp. 43–44. 3743:, pp. 37–38. 3719:, pp. 35–36. 3692:, pp. 33–34. 3648:, pp. 32–33. 3585:Brill's New Pauly 3581:"Basilica Porcia" 3569:, pp. 30–31. 3557:, pp. 29–30. 3509:, pp. 26–27. 3254: 3253: 3243: 3242: 3216: 3215: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2169:(cos. 89 BC) 2159:(died 42 BC) 2143:(pr. 54 BC) 2103: 92 BC 1925:battle at Thapsus 1842:Greece and Africa 1818:Flight from Italy 1708:Titus Annius Milo 1475:as Egyptian king, 1448:First Triumvirate 1348:Sulla's civil war 1056:Entry to politics 934:plebeian tribunes 865:Antipater of Tyre 803:Sibylline Oracles 695:First Triumvirate 554: 553: 518:Theatre of Pompey 451:First Triumvirate 336: 335: 306:Third Servile War 16:(Redirected from 7851: 7779:Cato the Younger 7736:Philemon Holland 7625:Cato the Younger 7505:Aratus of Sicyon 7412: 7405: 7398: 7389: 7366: 7339: 7322: 7301: 7274: 7247: 7225: 7196: 7177: 7150: 7132: 7087: 7071: 7034: 6997: 6960: 6947: 6920: 6909: 6894: 6885: 6876: 6849: 6828: 6799: 6788: 6775: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6695: 6663: 6630:(1/2): 110–121. 6605: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6477: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6217: 6211: 6202: 6196: 6187: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4853: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3293: 3291: 3278: 3231:(2): 2nd spouse 3226:(1): 1st spouse 3223: 3222: 3102: 2634: 2607:Cato the Younger 2297: 2296: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2234: 2226: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2190: 2121:(pr. ? BC) 2104: 2101: 1976:Political legacy 1783:Battle of Alesia 1762: 1758: 1701:Cornelia Metella 1541:Publius Vatinius 1516:Transalpine Gaul 1481:bailing out the 1228:pontifex maximus 1007:military tribune 993:Military service 916:(in red) in the 827:, a dialogue of 669:for 54 BC. 627:old Roman values 621:during the late 603:Cato the Younger 597: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 546: 539: 532: 345: 344: 338: 324: 143:Plebeian tribune 131:Military tribune 89:, Roman Republic 51: 41:Cato the Younger 37: 21: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7745: 7709: 7696:Aemilius Paulus 7468: 7464:Pseudo-Plutarch 7422: 7416: 7374: 7369: 7355: 7342: 7325: 7319: 7304: 7290: 7277: 7263: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7199: 7193: 7180: 7166: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7138:Further reading 7135: 7090: 7074: 7060: 7037: 7023: 7002: 6963: 6950: 6936: 6923: 6914: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6865: 6852: 6846: 6831: 6817: 6806:Roman republics 6802: 6793: 6778: 6764: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6713: 6698: 6666: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6479: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6220: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4856: 4850:contra auspicia 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4308: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4176: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3832: 3817: 3796: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3236:†: assassin of 3217: 3094: 3092: 2632: 2627: 2286: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2251: 2235: 2220: 2217: 2188: 2183: 2102: 2076: 2024: 2019: 2003: 1985:in 59 BC. 1978: 1964: 1958: 1904: 1844: 1820: 1771: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1720: 1676: 1646: 1633:Parthian Empire 1602:Luca Conference 1585: 1537: 1456: 1398:and proposals. 1391: 1344: 1336:tribuni aerarii 1263:lex frumentaria 1242: 1233:Cato's nephew's 1175: 1134: 1086: 1058: 995: 950: 926:Basilica Porcia 907:basilica Porcia 884: 811: 770:the tyrannicide 768:(the father of 707: 683:Pompey's defeat 674:sole consulship 595: 571: 567: 550: 416:Clodius Pulcher 342: 328: 320: 284: 261:Military career 242: 219: 196: 175: 154: 90: 80: 71: 66: 57: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7809:Porcii Catones 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7771: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7756:Four unpaired 7754: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7698: 7689: 7687:Gaius Gracchus 7672: 7663: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7573: 7564: 7555: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7526:Cato the Elder 7519: 7502: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7438: 7435:Parallel Lives 7430: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7373: 7372:External links 7370: 7368: 7367: 7353: 7340: 7323: 7317: 7302: 7288: 7275: 7261: 7248: 7243:978-0525541875 7242: 7226: 7208:(8): 574–578. 7197: 7192:978-0312681234 7191: 7178: 7164: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7099:(3): 298–324. 7088: 7072: 7059:978-3110666410 7058: 7044:. De Gruyter. 7035: 7022:978-1108943260 7021: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6961: 6935:978-1441129154 6934: 6921: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6895: 6886: 6864:978-0199545568 6863: 6850: 6844: 6829: 6816:978-0691140438 6815: 6800: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6763:978-0190869021 6762: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6711: 6696: 6678:(3): 376–379. 6664: 6636:10.2307/297434 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6591: 6589:, p. 299. 6579: 6577:, p. 299. 6566: 6564:, p. 310. 6554: 6552:, p. 308. 6542: 6530: 6492:(2): 159–178. 6429: 6417: 6415:, p. 306. 6405: 6393: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6335:, p. 312. 6322: 6310: 6298: 6286: 6284:, p. 307. 6274: 6272:, p. 296. 6262: 6260:, p. 295. 6250: 6235: 6233:, p. 294. 6218: 6216:, p. 293. 6203: 6201:, p. 292. 6188: 6186:, p. 291. 6173: 6161: 6159:, p. 290. 6149: 6147:, p. 301. 6137: 6135:, p. 289. 6122: 6110: 6108:, p. 287. 6098: 6086: 6084:, p. 286. 6074: 6072:, p. 285. 6062: 6043: 6031: 6029:, p. 283. 6016: 6014:, p. 282. 6004: 5992: 5990:, p. 280. 5980: 5968: 5966:, p. 278. 5956: 5954:, p. 277. 5944: 5942:, p. 276. 5932: 5930:, p. 275. 5920: 5918:, p. 267. 5905: 5893: 5891:, p. 262. 5881: 5879:, p. 273. 5869: 5857: 5855:, p. 257. 5845: 5843:, p. 256. 5833: 5831:, p. 243. 5818: 5806: 5794: 5792:, p. 234. 5782: 5780:, p. 233. 5770: 5768:, p. 231. 5755: 5743: 5741:, p. 288. 5728: 5726:, p. 229. 5716: 5714:, p. 156. 5704: 5702:, p. 226. 5692: 5690:, p. 219. 5680: 5668: 5666:, p. 151. 5656: 5654:, p. 216. 5644: 5632: 5620: 5618:, p. 214. 5608: 5606:, p. 213. 5596: 5594:, p. 300. 5584: 5582:, p. 211. 5572: 5560: 5558:, p. 210. 5548: 5546:, p. 209. 5536: 5524: 5522:, p. 208. 5512: 5500: 5498:, p. 207. 5488: 5474:978-0300180091 5473: 5455: 5453:, p. 204. 5443: 5431: 5429:, p. 199. 5419: 5417:, p. 198. 5407: 5405:, p. 196. 5395: 5393:, p. 195. 5383: 5371: 5369:, p. 190. 5359: 5347: 5345:, p. 148. 5335: 5333:, p. 215. 5331:Broughton 1952 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5285:, p. 182. 5275: 5263: 5261:, p. 147. 5246: 5244:, p. 179. 5234: 5232:, p. 150. 5222: 5220:, p. 146. 5210: 5208:, p. 173. 5198: 5196:, p. 172. 5183: 5181:, p. 168. 5171: 5156: 5144: 5142:, p. 164. 5132: 5130:, p. 163. 5120: 5118:, p. 162. 5108: 5106:, p. 161. 5096: 5084: 5071: 5059: 5057:, p. 110. 5047: 5045:, p. 158. 5035: 5033:, p. 152. 5023: 5011: 5009:, p. 153. 4999: 4997:, p. 144. 4987: 4975: 4959: 4957:, p. 138. 4947: 4928:(3): 638–660. 4908: 4893: 4891:, p. 137. 4881: 4869: 4867:, p. 136. 4854: 4834: 4822: 4820:, p. 132. 4807: 4805:, p. 131. 4795: 4793:, p. 130. 4780: 4778:, p. 128. 4768: 4766:, p. 126. 4756: 4744: 4742:, p. 148. 4732: 4730:, p. 125. 4720: 4718:, p. 121. 4708: 4696: 4694:, p. 120. 4684: 4682:, p. 119. 4672: 4670:, p. 117. 4660: 4648: 4636: 4634:, p. 111. 4624: 4622:, p. 110. 4612: 4600: 4588: 4586:, p. 107. 4576: 4574:, p. 106. 4564: 4562:, p. 101. 4552: 4550:, p. 100. 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4502:, p. 105. 4492: 4480: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4415:, p. 104. 4405: 4393: 4385:Campus Martius 4369: 4357: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4307:978-1107055902 4306: 4286: 4274: 4259: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4190:commoda populi 4175:978-1107031883 4174: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4031: 4019: 4017:, p. 245. 4007: 3995: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3953:, p. 121. 3937: 3925: 3910: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3816:978-0191071249 3815: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3650: 3638: 3623: 3608: 3602:978-9004122598 3601: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3361:, p. 339. 3359:Broughton 1951 3347: 3332: 3320: 3316:Broughton 1952 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3208:Aemilia Lepida 3205: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2317:Cato the Elder 2314: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2238: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2138: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2032: 2029:Aemilia Lepida 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2002: 1999: 1977: 1974: 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1903: 1900: 1868:Titus Labienus 1843: 1840: 1819: 1816: 1744: 1741: 1719: 1716: 1675: 1672: 1645: 1642: 1590:supplicationes 1584: 1581: 1561:Aulus Gabinius 1536: 1533: 1508:Cisalpine Gaul 1498: 1497: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1455: 1452: 1390: 1387: 1343: 1340: 1276:Metellus Nepos 1241: 1238: 1174: 1171: 1154:Cesare Maccari 1133: 1130: 1085: 1082: 1057: 1054: 1011:Lucius Gellius 994: 991: 954:Aemilia Lepida 949: 946: 913:curia Hostilia 883: 879:Embodying the 877: 810: 807: 719:Cato the Elder 706: 703: 699:Cato the Elder 552: 551: 549: 548: 541: 534: 526: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 508:Curia Hostilia 505: 500: 495: 486: 485: 480: 477:Bellum Siculum 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 444: 443: 441:Marcus Agrippa 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 367: 366: 352: 351: 347: 346: 334: 333: 330: 329: 327: 326: 313: 308: 302: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 283: 282: 276: 273:Roman Republic 269: 267: 263: 262: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 234: 227: 225: 221: 220: 218: 217: 211: 204: 202: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 183: 181: 177: 176: 174: 173: 168: 162: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 146: 140: 134: 127: 125: 121: 120: 116:Opposition to 114: 113:Known for 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69:Roman Republic 67: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7856: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721:Jacques Amyot 7719: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7493:Julius Caesar 7490: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230:Holiday, Ryan 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6299: 6296:, p. 65. 6295: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5169:, p. 88. 5168: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4538:, p. 55. 4537: 4532: 4529: 4526:, p. 55. 4525: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4490:, p. 54. 4489: 4484: 4481: 4478:, p. 52. 4477: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4451:, p. 51. 4450: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4403:, p. 98. 4402: 4397: 4394: 4391:be exercised. 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4367:, p. 97. 4366: 4361: 4358: 4355:, p. 96. 4354: 4349: 4346: 4343:, p. 95. 4342: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4272:, p. 93. 4271: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4257:, p. 92. 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4218:, p. 89. 4217: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4155: 4152:, p. 87. 4151: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4131: 4128:, p. 85. 4127: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4104:, p. 79. 4103: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4080:, p. 75. 4079: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4005:, p. 68. 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3977:, p. 48. 3976: 3971: 3968: 3965:, p. 47. 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3935:, p. 46. 3934: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3908:, p. 45. 3907: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3869:, p. 44. 3868: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3767:, p. 39. 3766: 3761: 3758: 3755:, p. 38. 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3731:, p. 36. 3730: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3707:, p. 35. 3706: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3680:, p. 33. 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3636:, p. 32. 3635: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3621:, p. 31. 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3545:, p. 29. 3544: 3539: 3536: 3533:, p. 28. 3532: 3527: 3524: 3521:, p. 27. 3520: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3497:, p. 26. 3496: 3491: 3488: 3485:, p. 25. 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3469:, p. 25. 3468: 3463: 3460: 3457:, p. 34. 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3409:, p. 23. 3408: 3403: 3400: 3397:, p. 19. 3396: 3391: 3388: 3385:, p. 18. 3384: 3379: 3376: 3373:, p. 14. 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3289:Gang of Three 3286: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3174: 3171: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3093:Descendant of 3066: 3064: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3006: 3005:Junia Secunda 2974: 2972: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2819: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2745: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2608: 2600: 2588: 2586: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2482: 2479: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2433: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2373: 2371: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2281: 2273: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2239:This section 2237: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2168: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1248:Ruins of the 1246: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Julius Caesar 1204: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1107:curule aedile 1104: 1103:Julius Caesar 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 992: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 975: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 947: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 919: 915: 914: 909: 908: 902: 897: 893: 888: 882: 878: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857:quindecimviri 850: 846: 845:FranΓ§ois Rude 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825: 820: 819:Louvre Museum 815: 808: 806: 804: 800: 799: 793: 791: 787: 783: 777: 775: 774:Julius Caesar 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 731: 726: 725: 720: 716: 712: 704: 702: 700: 696: 690: 688: 684: 680: 675: 670: 668: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 635:Julius Caesar 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599: 589: 565: 561: 558: 547: 542: 540: 535: 533: 528: 527: 525: 524: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 484: 483:War of Actium 481: 479: 478: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 447: 442: 439: 437: 436:Sextus Pompey 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348: 340: 339: 331: 325: 323: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 301: 297: 294: 291: 287: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 268: 264: 259: 255: 252: 249: 245: 239:(half-sister) 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 226: 222: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 203: 199: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 182: 178: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 161: 157: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 126: 122: 119: 118:Julius Caesar 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 88: 84: 78: 74: 70: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 38: 33: 19: 7794:46 BC deaths 7789:95 BC births 7757: 7741:Thomas North 7701:Themistocles 7652:Gaius Marius 7624: 7496: 7440: 7433: 7344: 7327: 7307: 7279: 7252: 7233: 7205: 7201: 7182: 7155: 7146: 7096: 7092: 7083: 7040: 7004: 6972:(1): 28–29. 6969: 6965: 6956: 6925: 6916: 6900: 6854: 6834: 6805: 6795: 6784: 6753: 6744: 6732: 6701: 6675: 6671: 6627: 6623: 6602:Morrell 2021 6587:Drogula 2019 6582: 6575:Drogula 2019 6569: 6562:Drogula 2019 6557: 6550:Drogula 2019 6545: 6533: 6525: 6489: 6485: 6474: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6401:Drogula 2019 6396: 6385:Morrell 2021 6381:Morrell 2021 6376: 6369:Drogula 2019 6364: 6357:Drogula 2019 6352: 6340: 6318:Drogula 2019 6313: 6301: 6289: 6282:Drogula 2019 6277: 6270:Drogula 2019 6265: 6258:Drogula 2019 6253: 6244: 6238: 6231:Drogula 2019 6214:Drogula 2019 6199:Drogula 2019 6184:Drogula 2019 6169:Drogula 2019 6164: 6157:Drogula 2019 6152: 6145:Drogula 2019 6140: 6133:Drogula 2019 6118:Drogula 2019 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Index

Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis
Marcus Porcius Cato

Volubilis
Roman Republic
Utica
Africa
Suicide
Julius Caesar
Military tribune
Quaestor
Plebeian tribune
Praetor
Atilia
Marcia
Marcus Porcius Cato
Porcia
Marcus Porcius Cato
Livia
Brutus
Servilia
gens Porcia
Roman Republic
Pompey
Praetor
Third Servile War
Second Catilinarian Conspiracy
Caesar's Civil War

Ancient Rome

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