1804:, who cleverly proposed that both Caesar and Pompey should disarm by giving up their commands concurrently; Cato, in a possibly apocryphal outburst related by Plutarch, exclaimed that the proposal was a Caesarian plot to take over the government. Such strong opposition would have been inconsistent with Cato's general policy of acting against concentrated power and would in addition have been premature. Regardless, the majority of senators viewed the proposal favourably, as mutual disarmament would bring down tensions and avert a possible civil war. Opposition to Curio's proposal highlighted that Pompey's term in Spain was still relatively recent, having been granted in 52 BC, making it unjustifiable to strip Pompey of his command so soon. However, the vast majority of the senate (370 to 22) accepted Curio's compromise. Cato's vote on this important matter is unrecorded, though most historians believe Cato voted against it, probably to pressure Caesar to fold. Some historians, however, such as Helga Botermann, believe that letters from Seneca may suggest that Cato voted in favour.
1567:. Reasons for the appointment are divided: the traditional view is that Clodius wanted Cato away on business; other historians have suggested that doing so was instead an attempt to forge a political alliance or that Cato allowed Clodius to send Cicero into exile for the appointment. Accounts of public reactions to the appointment also were divided: Cicero, for example, praised Cato for accepting it, as, even though Cicero rejected the annexation, he believed Cato to be the right person for the job; on the other hand, Plutarch reports that Cato was forced by law to go. Modern historians also see another reason: there was little productive to do in Rome when triumviral allies controlled all the major magistracies; leaving for Cyprus would allow Cato to buttress his reputation as an honest governor while waiting for the political winds to shift.
1149:
901:
1907:
1209:, then praetor-elect, countered with a proposal to imprison the conspirators, which started to gain the support of the house. Cato spoke two or three speeches after Caesar. According to Sallust, among other things he argued that the senate was being too soft against enemies of the state, that it was folly to await the ultimate test of the conspirators' guilt β the overthrow of the state β because the very proof of their guilt would make it impossible to enforce the laws, and that precedent and religious scruples demanded severe action. In Sallust's depiction, both Cato and Caesar make appeals to precedent and
1245:
1993:
also pushed Pompey away from the various olive branches and compromises before the civil war. Up to the last, when Pompey was close to accepting an offer where Caesar would give up all his legions except one and provinces except
Illyricum, Cato played on Pompey's paranoia by painting Pompey as a Caesarian mark. To the extent that Caesar may have feared prosecution, conviction, and exile β a claim no longer accepted without controversy β Cato was one of the few pushing strongly for Caesar's political destruction via prosecution.
1687:, were elected in July 53 BC. During their truncated terms, they seem only to have tried to pass one bill, to introduce a delay between magistracy and governorship of five years: doing so reduced the ability for consuls to select their own provinces and made it more difficult to borrow money, to be repaid from provincial earnings, by delaying those provincial earnings. Cato was probably one of the co-authors and major supporters of the proposal; it was, however, defeated before the people and panned by younger senators.
1080:β approached him about marrying Cato's younger half-sister Servilia. This was likely part of Lucullus' attempt to win allies in his bid for a triumph against Mithridates, which had been stymied by Pompey's supporters, who wanted to permit Pompey (then in Asia) to return and claim all the credit. Cato agreed and after the marriage, during his quaestorship, he helped Lucullus (by this point in the second or third year of campaigning for a triumph) in browbeating his opponents into eventually granting a triumph in 63 BC.
1748:
1723:
Ramsey, however, conceive of the choice in political terms: the obstructive tribunes wanted to prosecute Milo for
Clodius' murder, which could not happen if he were elected to the consulship and gained legal immunity. Electing Pompey alone would stabilise the city and, by precluding Milo's election, ensure Milo could be brought to trial. While a clear departure from tradition, it allowed Pompey to be brought on side while also restoring order to the city without handing Pompey unlimited power.
1137:
1309:
from campaign. The law may have been aimed at Caesar, who would take up in the following year a governorship in Spain, where he would have opportunities to campaign against the
Spanish tribes. Cato may also have been involved in the passage of a law requiring candidates at elections to make their official declarations of candidacy in person before an official within the city; such a law precluded a general from holding a military command and standing for office, as entering the
49:
1826:, to Cato's surprise. Cato's political strategy pushed Caesar into a position where the only way out of political extinction would be civil war. When Caesar chose civil war, Cato's demeanour shifted and he quickly started to push for a negotiated settlement. When news of Caesar's rapid advance south reached Rome, Pompey made the decision to flee Italy for the eastern provinces and to use the fleet to contain Caesar to Italy before retaking the peninsula.
1438:, per the law passed during Cato's tribunate. Caesar requested dispensation from the law from the senate β such dispensations were normal β but Cato proceeded to filibuster the request. In response, Caesar surprisingly gave up his triumph to stand for the consulship. Cato and his allies had tried to disincentivise Caesar's campaign by assigning the next year's consuls to an unimportant job in Italy. They also sought to get an opponent β Cato's son-in-law
1305:; Nepos fled Rome to Pompey in the east and Caesar backed down. Suetonius and Plutarch then assert that Nepos, Caesar, or both were removed from their offices; modern scholars do not believe these assertions, as the senate during the republic had no such powers. More contemporaneous sources imply that the senate may have moved to ratify Nepos' departure from the city (tribunes were legally forbidden from leaving the city), which Cato likely objected to.
1618:, his brother-in-law. After the triumvirs distributed bribes and used violence to force the other candidates from the elections, Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls for 55 BC and took office immediately. At those elections, Cato stood for the praetorship against Publius Vatinius; he secured support among the initial voters, so Pompey interrupted the elections to give more bribes and remove known Catonian voters. Vatinius was then elected.
1463:
omens and preclude a vote, until one morning they were assaulted in the street and driven off, pelted with manure. The bill then passed. Added to Caesar's bill was the requirement that senators swear to uphold the law or face punishment; Cato and an ally refused, until Cicero gave a face-saving argument that Cato's presence at Rome would serve the republic far more than his exile, leading them to take the oath on the last day before the deadline.
1808:
the weeks before the start of the war in early
January 49 BC, Cato, Pompey, and their allies had hardened their political position to the point where they were unwilling to offer any concessions at all. Cato continued to push Pompey and others to maintain a hard line, rejecting all proposed compromises, in the hope that Caesar would back down. On the 7th of January, 49 BC, the senate was sufficiently frightened and browbeaten to pass a
1670:
opponent to pool resources to bribe voters and support the sitting consuls' assignment to desirable provinces. When one of the participants disclosed the plot to the senate, all were charged with electoral corruption, with the largest loss falling on the consul
Domitius (Cato's brother-in-law). In response to the scandal, the senate delayed elections for an inquiry, but tribunes started to bring vetoes against various electoral proposals.
1299:, forced their way to the front and Cato then sat between Nepos and Caesar. When Nepos directed the bill to be read, he vetoed it; when Nepos started to read it himself, Cato snatched the draft from his hands; when Nepos started to recite it from memory, Thermus put his hand over Nepos' mouth to stop him from speaking. A fight accordingly broke out in the Forum. In response to the violence, the senate passed a
343:
1793:(here meaning "task") was complete and, therefore, he and his army should return home. Such attempts were vetoed by Caesar's allies in the tribunate and also opposed by Pompey. The next year, 50 BC, the senate was starting to move in earnest to discuss termination of Caesar's command; in response, Caesar tried to secure new allies with bribes, including one of the consuls elected for the year,
1094:) in Rome as one of the urban quaestors. The complexity of Roman financial law and the treasury's record-keeping had caused the relatively junior Roman aristocrats to delegate much of the work to the treasury staff, resulting in widespread corruption. Cato started his term by prosecuting a number of the clerks and firing a number of others; even after one was acquitted after intervention from
2232:
1774:
and popularity. Cato continued to arrange opposition to Caesar and continued to spread the view that Caesar was a tyrant-in-making, which by 51 BC became a common view among the senatorial elite. However, by this point, events began to spiral out of Cato's control, as the initiative moved towards Cato's allies who, unlike Cato, were willing to go to any length to destroy Caesar.
1221:; Cato viewed executing traitors as consistent with ancient Roman tradition. While Caesar's speech β due to the fact he was praetor-elect and would soon assume a presidency of one of the permanent courts β seemed to imply he would as a judge support a prosecution for murder, Cato's counter-arguments convinced the senators to act aggressively and decisively by playing on their fears.
1666:
down corruption would have been a self-inflicted financial wound. Similarly unpopular was Cato's reaction to Caesar's victories over the Gauls and
Germans. On receipt of reports that Caesar had attacked during a truce but won a victory in which he killed some 430 thousand Germans, Cato objected to it as a sacrilege and demanded Caesar's surrender to the Germans. None joined him.
1710:, who also was standing for the consulship. Their months-long clashes, along with tribunician obstruction against the holding of elections, led again to calls for Pompey as dictator. After the year 52 started with no magistrates and Clodius was murdered by Milo after a chance encounter outside of Rome, the level of violence increased; among other things, the
1850:. Upon his arrival there, Plutarch relates that Cato admitted that Cicero's more moderate policy, advocating compromise with Caesar, had been correct: " distress at the consequences of his own hard-line policies... may have been weigh heavily on him". He was then sent to Asia Minor to organise transport ships; but finding no need for himself, he induced
1830:
was discussed. That the peace offers were decisively rejected by the hard-liners who wanted to defeat Caesar militarily indicates that Cato by this point had lost control of his coalition. He attempted to have the senate give Pompey overall command, but the senate chose to divide command among various generals, whom Caesar then defeated in detail.
964:, but Scipio broke off the match, after which Cato was betrothed. However, some time later, Scipio changed his mind and Lepidus evidently decided that a match with Scipio was more desirable. The two were married shortly after. Cato was angry and threatened a lawsuit against his uncle to enforce the engagement, but was dissuaded by his friends.
1527:, which detailed specific financial and administrative duties for governors to prevent extortion and embezzlement by provincial governors. His opposition to Caesar's legislative programme was likely focused only on those bills which would benefit Caesar personally, which β unlike passing land reform laws β suppressing corruption would not do.
3779:, pp. 39β40, adding that he did so almost incognito but also chastised local magistrates for being inhospitable to Romans if not recognised. This may not have been entirely fair: "if he did not act like other Roman elites and telegraph his high status, how were provincials to recognise him as someone deserving of particular attention?"
1225:
as incriminating evidence comes from this episode; it may, if historical, show how suspicious Cato was of Caesar's motives. The source of the enmity was both political and personal: historians speculate various reasons, from political opposition to envy of Caesar's social and political success (by this time he had already been elected
1013:. Although the army was defeated twice in battle, Cato's valour was recognised. Although the consul Gellius recommended Cato for awards, he publicly declined them and indicated that he thought Gellius' standards for military achievement too low; news of this implicit rebuke made its way back to Rome and buttressed Cato's reputation.
1727:
trial; Cato made clear his vote for acquittal, but β even with Cicero defending β Milo was condemned regardless. However, Cato had not succeeded in bringing Pompey fully into the senatorial fold: Pompey during his consulship supported the so-called "law of the ten tribunes" which granted Caesar the right to stand for the consulship
1338:, the anti-graft provisions of then-existing laws applied only to senators, meaning that bribing the non-senatorial jurors was legal. Cato's push against bribery was opposed by some of his normal allies, such as Cicero, who believed that it undermined senatorial government in alienating the equestrians, and was eventually dropped.
5094:, pp. 159β160. However, dismissing the theory that Cato sacrificed Cicero for Cyprus. Drogula also adds that Cato would likely have wanted the appointment so to have propraetorian rank, including curule insignia, and that Cato might have accepted so to prevent other, less scrupulous, candidates from plundering the province.
1288:(the sacred boundary of the city). Cato strongly opposed both. When Nepos initially presented the bill, Cato tried to talk him down as a friend but was unsuccessful, returning to invective after Nepos refused. The senate, at Cato's urging, voted down the bills; Nepos moved to bring them before the popular assemblies regardless.
1604:: Caesar would, for Pompey, bring Clodius to heel; both Pompey and Crassus would receive prestigious military commands following a dual consulship; and Caesar would be renewed in Gaul. Without the ability to win elections outright, the three allies decided to postpone the elections into the new year, force the election of an
5154:, pp. 164β167. "Cato's haul... was... impressive, but some well-informed senators may have wondered why it was not bigger... would still receive high praise for honesty so long as his profiteering was restrained... unusual efforts to run up the prices in his auctions to cover over his own discreet embezzlement".
1866:. He had opposed the proposals that Pompey should chase Caesar down after his withdrawal from Dyrrhachium. Left behind in command at Dyrrhachium, also possibly for political reasons to remove critics (including Cicero) from decision-making following a prospective Pompeian victory, Cato received news of the defeat from
940:. Cato may have been expected to defend the monument β such monuments extolled the families of those who built them β but the column may not have actually been part of the Basilica. Regardless, Cato used the opportunity to enter public life with an appearance defending his family's honour and reputation, showing his
1121:, was entering fraudulent records; Cato apparently stormed back to erase them before the end of his term. He also spent an enormous amount of money β some five talents, about four per cent of his inheritance β to make copies of all the treasury archives from Sulla to his own day so that he could keep them on hand.
1531:
making it difficult for the three allies to use mob tactics out of fear that they might validate the opposition's rumours. The senators cowed into assent to Caesar's policies started to filter out of Caesar's camp β though this did not mean they became
Catonians β leading to another reshuffling of alliances.
3280:
Use of the term "First
Triumvirate" rejected by some modern scholars, who view it as a modern anachronism which "is misleading in equating the position of the 50s with the official triumvirate of Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian". Similarly, "it is almost impossible to use the phrase 'First Triumvirate'
1880:
from his promagistracy and was the senior consular present; Cicero declined, preferring instead to return home and seek Caesar's pardon. Allowing defectors to leave peacefully, Cato loaded his men and set sail for Egypt via Cyrene. But learning of Pompey's death at the hands of the
Ptolemies and that
1829:
When Caesar offered peace terms on 23 January that he would be willing to lay down his command and stand for a consulship in person in return for amnesty and Pompey's departure to Spain, Cicero relates that Cato strongly supported the plan and forced himself into the war council at which the proposal
1773:
The First
Triumvirate had been formed to get around Cato's obstructionism. From around 52 BC onwards, Cato tried to separate Pompey from Caesar. For some time, Pompey tried to keep his options open, but was eventually won over that his pre-eminence was incompatible with Caesar's rising influence
1678:
Repeated tribunician vetoes prevented elections to be held in 54 for the magistrates for 53 BC. The ancient sources believe that the delays were artificially created to justify the creation of Pompey as dictator, calls which Cato and senators such as Marcus Junius Brutus, strongly opposed. After
1570:
After arriving in Cyprus and announcing annexation, the local king β a Roman ally β there killed himself rather than suffer the indignity of deposition. Cato then personally catalogued and solicited bids on all the royal possessions. In doing so, he demonstrated great diligence, but alienated some of
1530:
Throughout the consulship, Cato and his allies also produced a substantive amount of propaganda meant to discredit Caesar and his triumviral allies by branding them tyrants, a message reinforced by the violence visited upon Bibulus to secure passage of the agrarian law; the campaign was successful in
886:
He also started to adopt a pattern of ostentatious public antiquarianism. To that end, he adopted an austere lifestyle where he refused to travel long distances on horseback (preferring to walk), travelled the city barefoot, and wore only a toga without a tunic. His sartorial choices were modelled on
1833:
Pompey assigned Cato to Sicily to raise men and supplies. Pompey may have wanted to keep Cato and his gloomy attitude on the civil war away from the actual fighting. Another reconstruction, however, places Cato at the centre of an abortive strategy to blockade Italy to starve Caesar out by stripping
1807:
Cato's years of advocacy against Caesar had inculcated a confrontational anti-Caesarian policy among younger senators, hoping that a united senatorial front would force Caesar to fold. The success of his strategy of branding Caesar a tyrant convinced many senators to choose war over negotiations. By
1224:
Cato and his political allies also saw in the Catilinarian crisis an opportunity to ruin Caesar's career, if not have him killed, by falsely incriminating him in it. The famous story of Cato's misinterpreting a love letter from Servilia (Cato's half-sister and wife of consul-elect Silanus) to Caesar
1064:
later that year. He spent substantial time familiarising himself with the laws related to the office β largely on administration of state finances both in Rome and in the provinces β and may have been angling to engage in reforms of state treasury operations. He was easily elected and took office on
1988:
Many scholars believe that Cato's political strategy before 49 BC contributed significantly in starting the civil war that was the proximate cause of the collapse of the Roman republic, even if he did not intend for conflict. While his strategy β convincing senators that Caesar was a threat to
1980:
The traditional political culture of the middle republic was one built around aristocratic compromise, political debate, and reform. The extent of Cato's obstruction broke down the traditional republican norms of compromise and discussion; escalation in response to that obstruction proved dangerous
1942:
belief that a truly free man would never become a slave. After he demanded his sword, which had been removed from his room, his family and friends begged him not to kill himself. Dismissing them, he asked for a report on the ships fleeing the city. Satisfied that all was well, he stabbed himself in
1738:
being summoned by the people, to defend the republic from Caesar and Pompey. He was defeated after running an austere campaign. Erich Gruen summarises: he "distribute no cash and promise no favours; the campaign seem to have been designed to win admiration rather than votes". Cicero complained that
1722:
With a political impasse and anarchy in the streets, Cato and Bibulus proposed making Pompey sole consul (i.e. consul without a colleague). Plutarch and others report that this was to deny Pompey a dictatorship while also establishing a functioning government. Some modern historians, such as John T
1260:
Cato's first action on entering his tribunate in December 63 BC was to propose a law expanding the grain dole. He brought the bill with the support of the senate late in the year, according to Plutarch, to calm discontent in the city and strengthen the senate's political position. The law more
1930:
Cato, garrisoning Utica, received news of the defeat three days later, which drove the city into a panic. Knowing that the city would likely defect, Cato evacuated any Roman citizens who wished to flee. He also sent an embassy consisting of his family and allies, headed by one of Caesar's kinsmen,
1918:
after convincing Metellus Scipio to spare the town's inhabitants when they attempted to defect to Caesar. He successfully expanded the city's defences, raised troops, and stockpiled supplies while waiting for Caesar's eventual arrival. During his time in Africa, however, Cato became convinced that
1587:
By the time Cato returned from Cyprus, Clodius and Pompey had turned on each other and Cicero had been recalled from exile with Pompey's support. Cicero's gratitude and debt to Pompey had him support Pompey's ambitions: shortly after his return, Cicero proposed a prestigious and wide-ranging grain
1393:
After his tribunate, Caesar left for Spain and Pompey returned to Rome in February 61 BC. Pompey divorced his wife, Mucia, the half-sister of Metellus Nepos, partly due to her adultery and partly to distance himself from the riots for which Metellus Nepos was blamed, and asked to marry one of
1368:
Moreover, his archaic mannerisms also helped him gain influence among the senators and the people. According to Fred Drogula, a classicist, by making "himself into a living example of the old-fashioned Roman... tapped into the deep vein of patriotism and conservatism that ran through the blood of
1992:
During most of his political career, he consistently obstructed powerful military figures to the fullest extent possible. This uncompromising position had him push strongly, before the civil war, for further confrontation with Caesar, seemingly to pressure Caesar to back down. Cato and his allies
1726:
Pompey's sole consulship was a turning point in the republic. He convened a trial, with the jury intimidated by his soldiers, in which Milo was charged with public disorder. Cato was one of the jurors and two of his allies helped conduct the trial, which may indicate a compromise to bring Milo to
1665:
Cato also brought legislation to clamp down on electoral bribery by requiring that all candidates submit detailed financial records. But the bill, although passed by the senate, was unpopular among the people and defeated. Bribes for votes were a regular stream of income for many people; shutting
1308:
Later, Cato, with another fellow tribune named Lucius Marius, passed a law establishing penalties for military commanders who misrepresented the number of enemies or Roman soldiers killed in battles and required commanders to swear as to the accuracy of the numbers in their reports when returning
1669:
That year also proved that Cato's push for stronger anti-bribery legislation had both been a failure and was deeply needed. As interest rates doubled as candidates borrowed to finance bribes, a deal was struck between the two conservative sitting consuls, a triumviral supporter, and a triumviral
1661:
bribe from Ptolemy XII Auletes to invade Egypt and place him back on the throne. Gabinius was forced into exile. Of the many prosecutions brought against triumviral supporters, Gabinius' was the only one successful. Cato may also have tendentiously interpreted the jurisdiction of his corruption
1639:
to extend Caesar's command, but again failed. At this time, Plutarch reports β if not an injection of imaginative foreshadowing β that Cato moved to split Pompey from Caesar rather than opposing the united triumvirate. At the end of the year, Pompey was to assume his command in Spain but decided
1462:
Bibulus, called to a public debate on the bill, offered no substantive reasons for opposition before exclaiming, in frustration, "You will not have this law this year, not even should you all want it!" Thereafter, Cato and Bibulus entered the forum every morning to declare unfavourable religious
1445:
Cato's successful opposition to Pompey and Crassus seemed to forebode poorly for Caesar's chance on his entrance to the consulship. Faced with this obstructionism and his need to make a success of his consulship, Caesar responded by forming an alliance with Pompey and Crassus, today known as the
692:
His political influence was rooted in his moralist principles and his embodiment of Roman traditions that appealed to both senators and the innately conservative Roman voter. He was criticised by contemporaries and by modern historians for being too uncompromising in obstructing Caesar and other
2005:
Some scholars point to how Cato acted in ways profoundly inconsistent with Stoic tenets: his anger at the breaking of his betrothal to Aemilia Lepida, breakdown over the death of his half-brother Caepio, his visible despair at the sight of casualties from the civil wars, etc. For such scholars,
1458:
Caesar's consular year started with his bringing a bill before the senate to distribute public lands to poor citizens and Pompey's veterans. Well written, brought in the traditional manner, and deferential to the senate's prerogatives, Cato lacked any real justification to oppose it; he settled
1235:
father or that Caesar was purchasing sexual favours from Servilia's daughter. At the same time, it is easy to see contemporary parallels between Caesar and Catiline: Caesar had likely supported Catiline's bids for the consulship; Caesar, like Catiline, was buried under massive debts; Caesar too
1947:
Cato drew his sword from its sheath and stabbed himself below the breast. His thrust, however, was somewhat feeble... he did not at once dispatch himself... His servants heard the noise and cried out, and his son at once ran in, together with his friends... physician went to him and tried to
1922:
When Cato pushed for a strategy of attrition against Caesar, Metellus Scipio accused Cato of cowardice for being unwilling to risk battle. Around this time, Cato privately confided that the war was hopeless and that he would abandon Rome regardless of the victor. Metellus Scipio ignored Cato's
1653:
were elected. Cato was returned for a praetorship and allotted the presidency of the extortion court. Opponents of the triumvirs immediately brought a number of prosecutions against the triumvirs' allies; almost all were acquitted "in large part because the complex network of connections among
1648:
Pompey and Crassus' consulship, while a short-term success, was unsuccessful in the long-run. The elections for the magistrates for 54 BC were a victory for Cato and his allies. Without violence to force a decision in their favour, the electorate reacted coldly to the triumvirs' favoured
1599:
By 56 BC, the triumviral coalition was faring poorly. With Pompey attacked both by the conservative Cato-aligned senators and by Clodius β who was himself an independent operator β Pompey was forced to double down in his alliance with the other triumvirs. Added was the threat of Caesar's
895:
By adopting the archaic style of dress found on statues of Rome's ancient heroes, he sought to present himself as the ideal of Roman virtue. This presentation of tradition was sure to appeal to the conservative senators... but there was also a strong popular appeal in Cato's unique behaviour.
676:
in 52 BC as a practical matter and to draw Pompey from his alliance with Caesar. In this, he was successful. He and his political allies advocated a policy of confrontation and brinksmanship with Caesar; though it seemed that Cato never advocated for actual civil war, this policy greatly
1401:
In doing so, he drew a wedge between Pompey and the senate. His anti-Pompeian policy was likely a political error: Pompey was then seeking to reconcile with the senate; Cato's refusal forced Pompey to look for alternative allies to provide promised retirement lands to his veterans and secure
1372:
For Fred Drogula, Cato's posturing as "the voice of the ancestors enabled him to push or shame others into agreeing with his opinions", which also helped to make up for his meagre financial resources in an expensive political environment where large bribes paid to voters was a normal part of
891:
He was raised in a wealthy aristocratic house that is not known to have departed from mainstream contemporary culture... He made a deliberate decision to break with the norms of his peers... faced daunting challenges in his intended political career he leveraged his strongest asset β his
1350:
and then the proscriptions, had destroyed a great number of senatorial families. Because of the great bloodletting of previous decades and a growing trend toward semi-retirement rather than active political life after leaving office, by 65 BC, the number of active senior leaders β
1128:. According to Plutarch's biography, he "taught men that a city can be rich without treating its citizens unjustly" and "brought the quaestorship into greater esteem than the senate, so that everybody thought and said that Cato had given the quaestorship the dignity of the consulship".
6359:, pp. 4β5. "He supported and influenced the tactics that ultimately pushed Caesar into marching on Rome... while Cato was not solely responsible... he did play a decisive or even essential role in creating the conditions that made those decisions possible or even probable".
1571:
his friends in the meantime, receiving them poorly and treating them with suspicion. Cato's loss of his account books, low amount recovered from Cyprus, and over-preparation on his return to Rome could indicate that he engaged in some modest embezzlements or allowed his nephew,
1384:
tactics and eventually form his alliance with Pompey and Crassus. In the years after his tribunate, many of the other leading conservative senators died or retired. Cato then assumed a loose leadership of the more conservative wing of senators, further bolstering his influence.
1198:), he convened the senate and put the matter before it, almost certainly to diffuse responsibility. The matter of killing the conspirators was a novel one: while the use of deadly force against citizens under arms was generally accepted, summarily executing prisoners was not.
1635:, Cato again repeated his tactic of filibustering until his opponents had him arrested so he could claim to be poorly treated. To avoid a repeat of this embarrassment, at later debates, his attendance was barred by armed mobs. He tried similar obstructive tactics against the
1380:, especially for such a junior senator with no claims to military victory. He also was instrumental in uniting the senate, even at this earlier stage in his career, against Caesar; his success in his anti-Caesarian politics, however, forced Caesar to adopt more aggressive
6347:, p. 496. "The break between need never have occurred. It was consciously fostered by Curio for his purposes, by the Marcelli and the Catonians for theirs. The aim was not to generate civil war... but their tactics created a situation that rapidly got out of hand".
1373:
campaigning. His principled stands also found themselves well taken in a senate which sought to portray itself as morally upright. It, however, made him a difficult ally or potential ally: he would accept few deviations from what he saw as traditional Roman principles.
1369:
every Roman citizen... disagreeing with seemed to be a rejection of Roman tradition and therefore of Rome itself". His antiquarianism and birth to a family that had produced consuls more than a century into the past also helped win prestige among the senatorial elite.
1363:
were not a political party, Cato was not joining a specific group of senators linked by a particular social or political outlook, but was claiming a prominent place among those who championed the traditional conduct of politics and the senate's claim to lead the state.
1109:
and was acting as a prosecutor in court, in challenging the legal immunity and payments given to men who had received bounties for killings during the Sullan proscriptions. He also changed procedures to ensure that the treasury archives rejected fraudulent documents.
2006:
Cato's actions fit into the mould of a traditional Roman acting in line with traditional Roman values rather than Stoic ones. On the other hand, others point out that Cato's contemporaries noted his Stoic behaviours and positions explicitly. Cicero lampooned it in
727:("new man") and the first of the family to be elected to the consulship. The elder Cato was famed for his austerity and traditional Roman values, which was affected for political reasons and meant to embellish his reputation as "the foremost representative of the
1466:
With a sufficient portion of the public on Caesar's side after Bibulus' embarrassing display of obstinate obstructionism and Bibulus' self-confinement to his home, Caesar moved rapidly to pass further legislation. Over the first half of the year, he passed laws:
1554:
Pulcher had been elected during Caesar's consulship as one of the plebeian tribunes of 58 BC. Also in office were a number of triumvirate-friendly magistrates, including both consuls. In March of that year, Clodius promulgated a bill annexing the island of
1694:, had died the previous year, Pompey's support of Caesar continued: he lent a legion from Spain to Gaul at Caesar's request (a deal Cato condemned for bypassing the senate and treating public legions as personal property). Also in 53, news arrived of Crassus'
814:
1981:
to the republic and ran contrary to its ethos. His policies with regard to stopping powerful politicians such as Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus alienated β through its very success β them from the rest of the senatorial class, leading to the formation of their
1414:, who had become one of Pompey's enemies after Pompey's divorce of Celer's half-sister, Mucia. Celer, along with Cato and Lucullus, then proceeded successfully to obstruct Pompey's agenda through the year. In this year, he also opposed a plan to renegotiate
1028:
Marcus Rubrius, where he earned the respect of the soldiers by sharing their burdens and treating them justly. He insisted on walking, refusing to ride a horse. Over a winter, he travelled to Pergamum and became the patron of a Greek Stoic philosopher named
784:β one of the Italian leaders during the Social war β once threatened to hang Cato out of a window unless he voiced support for Italian citizenship (Cato supposedly remained silent), and a claim that Cato asked his tutor for a sword with which to assassinate
956:(a daughter of Mamercus Lepidus). The reasons were unclear: because of his close relations to Mamercus Lepidus, the match would not have been very useful politically in building new alliances; he may have been motivated by love or by the large size of the
1261:
than doubled the number of people receiving subsidised grain, placed a considerable burden on the republic's finances, and possibly made Cato one of the most generous politicians in the history of the grain dole. His grain bill also showed that the
1442:β elected as Caesar's consular colleague, including by ignoring their own anti-bribery positions when matching the enormous bribes paid out by Caesar and his allies. In the end, both Caesar and Bibulus were elected as consuls for 59 BC.
1996:
Posthumously, Cato's opposition to Caesar was cast in predominantly ideological terms, with Cato serving as a heroic symbol of republican values amid its collapse. His life was also appropriated by Augustus as a symbol of republican values.
1948:
replace his bowels, which remained uninjured, and to sew up the wound. Accordingly, when Cato recovered and became aware of this, he pushed the physician away, tore his bowels with his hands, rent the wound still more, and so died.
1838:, he abandoned the island β apparently, according to Cicero, without giving battle, even though his forces were sufficient to resist. Regardless, after further Caesarian landings under Curio, Cato would have been forced to retreat.
665:. He opposed, with varying success, Caesar's legislative programme during Caesar's first consulship in 59 BC. Leaving for Cyprus the next year, he was praised for his honest administration and after his return was elected as
1459:
instead for filibustering. For the whole of January, he prevented the senate from acting on the bill and was dragged to prison at Caesar's orders before being released. Caesar moved instead to bring the matter before the people.
660:
and force generals to give up their armies and commands before standing in elections. He also frustrated Pompey's ambitions by opposing a bill brought by Pompey's allies to transfer the military command to Pompey against the
3791:, pp. 41β42. " had not yet held the quaestorship or entered the senate... it is difficult to imagine that Pompey would have shown the extreme respect that Plutarch imagines Cato commanded even as a young man". See also
1044:(living without passions), he spared no expense to organise lavish funeral ceremonies. After the end of his military commission, he travelled through Asia Minor and through Galatia. Before returning to Rome, he also visited
5069:, p. 158. "Cicero and Plutarch believed that was the reason", adding also accepting the appointment also would have made it difficult for Cato to then deny the legitimacy of Clodius' legislation or predicate adoption.
779:
Stories of Cato's early childhood are broadly unreliable and told mainly to suggest that Cato's character as an adult had been established in childhood. They include claims that Cato was a poor student, a dubious tale that
1160:
In 63 BC, Cato stood for the plebeian tribunate of 62 BC. After his election but before his term started in December, he opposed granting additional honours to Pompey, engaged in an unsuccessful prosecution of
1278:, proposed two bills to grant Pompey additional honours. The first would transfer command of the (nearly completed) campaign against Catiline in northern Italy to Pompey. The second would have allowed Pompey to stand
1989:
the republic and wanted to make himself king β was successful, that success backfired when those senators then gambled everything on defeating Caesar, whom they saw as an existential threat to liberty, in civil war.
1698:
and death at the hands of the Parthians in Syria. While Plutarch reports this made a confrontation between Caesar and Pompey inevitable, their alliance did not immediately break down, even after Pompey's marriage to
1854:
to take Pompey's side and left his family there before returning to Pompey in Greece, where he declined command of naval forces, citing Bibulus' senior consular status. After the indecisive Pompeian victory at the
1613:
The consuls of 56 BC resigned without replacement at the close of their terms; the republic started 55 BC without magistrates. At untimely elections in late January marred by mob violence, Cato supported
1144:), for his canvass for the plebeian tribunate of 62 BC. These cups, filled with food or drinks, were distributed in the streets to the people, and bore an inscription supporting the candidate to the election.
1433:
The return of Caesar from Spain in June of 60 BC forced Caesar too to choose: he either could enter the city and give up his command to stand for the consulship or he would retain the command in hopes for a
543:
1319:(military command authority). This law may have been aimed at Pompey, who was thought to desire another consulship on his return, or Caesar, to force him to choose between the consulship and military glory.
1893:
and had Metellus Scipio put in command. While the recorded reasons were that Cato believed that Metellus Scipio had both consular dignity and a name that would inspire the soldiers, as the inheritor of the
4230:, p. 65. "When it was proposed that Pompey be recalled... to quell the Catilinarian conspiracy... Cato vowed in public that Pompey would enter the city with armed troops only over his dead body".
1355:, that is, former consuls β in the senate had fallen to just nine. Cato's pro-senatorial beliefs and oratorical skills positioned him in taking an active role in leading more conservative senators:
1192:
arrested the conspirators within the city and proposed executing them without trial, a violation of citizen rights to appeal. While Cicero could have done this on his own authority (augmented by a
1500:
Cato and his allies continued to resist these bills, but were unsuccessful. Plutarch reports Cato was again dragged to prison for his opposition, but this may be apocryphal. He also opposed the
3481:, pp. 24β25. Re Poppaedius Silo: "Cato's uncle Livius was powerful and friendly to the Italians, so it is unthinkable that his Italian guest would offer any serious threat to his family".
3281:
without adopting some version of the view that it was a kind of conspiracy against the republic... Nomenclature matters... I eschew the traditional 'First Triumvirate' altogether". See also
1575:, to engage in usurious moneylending or embezzlement on his behalf. His administration of Cyprus, was, however, well regarded on his reputation for honesty alone. Upon his return, he held a
1406:
elected as consul for 60 BC: to do this, he distributed enormous bribes among the voters. In response, Cato again championed legislation banning bribery (proposed by a tribune named
1739:
while the state needed him, Cato was unwilling or unable to set aside his scruples so to actually win a consular election; after his defeat, Cato did not stand for the consulship again.
1394:
Cato's nieces. The alliance proposal reflected Cato's recognition as a major political player; Cato rejected the offer, indicating that he likely had already made up his mind to oppose
1236:
hailed from an ancient patrician clan that had fallen on hard times; and Caesar too would have been forced into exile or bankrupt obscurity if he were to fail in his political career.
536:
7798:
6383:. "Another theme is how Cato's inflexibility and obstructionism helped to destroy the republic he claimed to defend. In this respect, Drogula's Cato is a traditional one". See also
1734:
With starting success in forcing a break between Pompey and Caesar, Cato stood for the consulship of 51 BC. He reportedly did so out of a claim of public duty, in the vein of
4969:, p. 139, adding that Cato likely suggested inclusion of one of his own proposals to protect free communities, which was included, but never later referred to the law as a
887:
statues of Rome's legendary founders and heroes, who were depicted wearing togas alone, rather than any philosophical inclinations. These choices were deliberate and political:
1966:
Cato's death triggered a series of eulogies, of which both Cicero and Brutus were authors, starting to identify Cato as a great Stoic philosopher. Caesar responded with an
805:. This was a prestigious honour, for which he was likely selected on the initiative of his uncle Mamercus Lepdius, and it put Cato into the centre of the senatorial elite.
529:
3989:, pp. 56β57. Drogula dismisses Plutarch's "fable" that he did not intend to stand for the tribunate after his quaestorship but was convinced otherwise after passing
3421:, p. 23. See also n. 3, which explains that his new guardian is not stated, but suggested by Cato's familiarity with Sulla, who was Mamercus Lepidus' father-in-law.
1213:: Caesar calls executing the subdued conspirators "a new type of punishment" and attempted to draw Cato into contradicting his great-grandfather's lenient stance on the
2496:
2124:
859:, he received his inheritance, which immediately made him a wealthy citizen (though modest among the elite). Plutarch reports around this time, he also began to study
710:
207:
1539:
Following Caesar's consulship and departure to Gaul, opponents of Caesar started to move to question the legal validity of his legislative actions. They also brought
5570:, pp. 211β212. "Pompey's new connection with Scipio did not signify... a break from Caesar. Rather, Pompey was attempting to broaden his network of supporters".
3990:
1275:
6371:, p. 5. "It is one of the great paradoxes of Roman history that Cato's efforts to protect the republic unintentionally but directly contributed to collapse".
7833:
3841:
2884:
2156:
2054:
978:
961:
186:
633:, his scrupulous honesty and professed respect for tradition gave him a political following which he mobilised against powerful generals of his day, including
1430:. Cato's success in opposing Pompey and Crassus' agendas forced them to recalculate; for both men, these were vital promises they had made to key supporters.
2210:
1801:
1679:
Cato praised Pompey on his civic-mindedness in publicly refusing a possible dictatorship, the political situation stabilised and two conservative consuls,
1330:. When Clodius was acquitted on charges of sacrilege, apparently due to jury tampering via bribery, Cato moved to correct a loophole in the law. While the
1296:
1938:
After righting the city's financial accounts and disbursing the remaining monies to the city's inhabitants, Cato discussed with his friends at dinner the
3829:
Plutarch or his source has shaped the story in line with Cato's later opposition to Pompey and the theme of Cato's virtue as a source of shame to others.
2511:
2134:
1615:
1410:), which was defeated, in part because the voters liked receiving payments for their votes. At the elections, Pompey's legate was successful, as well as
986:
753:
6438:
6171:, p. 291, adding that Cato apparently responded by offering to lead an expeditionary force to retake Italy; Metellus Scipio rejected it as a joke.
977:
had consular ancestors, it had not been successful in reaching the consulship after the end of the second century BC. By her, he later had a son,
689:, he preferred to take his own life rather than beg or receive Caesar's pardon. His suicide turned him into a martyr for and a symbol of the Republic.
4832:, p. 134, adding that while Bibulus fled, Cato "withdrew slowly from the tumult, constantly stopping to argue with those who were harassing him".
2791:
1763:, movements after that battle to Utica. Movement from Cyrene to Africa is striped. Cato may have travelled by land (per Plutarch) or by sea (per Dio).
1040:. He immediately went to see him but was unable to arrive before his brother's death. Cato was overwhelmed by grief and, ignoring Stoic principles of
757:
7843:
4242:, pp. 90β91, also emphasising the importance of informal friendships in Roman politics rather than "abstract political platforms or ideologies".
7838:
1778:
1101:
He also started the process of collecting on long-standing state debts and made prompt payments to state creditors. In doing so, he cooperated with
7813:
1346:
Cato was fortunate to emerge into politics when much of the senate was devoid of senior consular leadership. The previous Social War, followed by
1052:. Cato, according to Plutarch, received an exaggerated and deferential welcome from the proconsul, which most scholars doubt actually occurred.
1882:
1794:
1650:
1943:
the abdomen. The specific details of Cato's suicide were greatly embellished after his death, especially in Plutarch's account, which states:
1148:
7818:
1162:
1592:
for Caesar's Gallic victories. Cato also divorced his loving wife Marcia so he could β with her father's consent β marry her to his friend,
2761:
1095:
765:
31:
1450:. Caesar would play the junior partner and, as a middleman, ensure that Pompey and Crassus (who were themselves rivals) could cooperate.
7695:
3200:
2130:
2092:
737:
7409:
7241:
7190:
7057:
7020:
6933:
6862:
6814:
6761:
5472:
4305:
4173:
3814:
3600:
3011:
2110:
1932:
1906:
749:
714:
425:
213:
1518:
as well. Cato and his allies may also have engaged in a boycott of public business to cast doubt on the legitimacy of Caesar's acts.
7803:
7566:
2279:
2253:
2066:
593:
5297:, p. 183, adding that to do so, "Pompey... interrupted the election by claiming to have heard thunder, despite the clear sky".
4879:, p. 137, adding that Lucullus' opposition to Pompey's settlement was silenced after Caesar threatened a criminal prosecution.
900:
2013:
Modern scholars such as Kit Morell note that "the 'Stoic martyr' tradition has distorted or distracted from the historical Cato".
2203:
1411:
681:
in January 49 BC. During the civil war, he joined Pompey and tried to minimise the deaths of his fellow citizens. But after
6740:
6728:
6060:, 54.3β5, that Cato was considered but rejected from fear that he might turn the fleet against Pompey after a Pompeian victory.
2776:
2628:
2519:
1202:
5804:, p. 240. "Caesar was able to purchase with a bribe so large that it enabled Paullus to refurbish the Basilica Aemilia".
7783:
7352:
7316:
7287:
7260:
7163:
6843:
6710:
2394:
2387:
2257:
2118:
2086:
1684:
1166:
797:
741:
460:
310:
1395:
7086:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 8. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
2401:
1856:
652:
in 63 BC, he was praised for his honesty and incorruptibility in running Rome's finances. He passed laws during his
7823:
1735:
1563:, a friend of Pompey, β but after he was unable to take the post, Clodius promulgated a bill to appoint Cato instead as
752:. Moving in with Cato and his sister were a half-brother and two half-sisters from his mother Livia's first marriage to
359:
4052:
4852:
but Caesar would have argued that Bibulus' declarations were themselves invalid for not having been brought in person.
2784:
2769:
2196:
1654:
senators meant that the litigants could not be reduced to stark choices between two political parties or ideologies".
1292:
1249:
761:
236:
7079:
4844:, p. 140. Both the validity of Caesar's ignoring of the omen declarations and Bibulus' further issuance of them
2242:
4044:
1244:
7638:
7615:
7455:
1961:
1898:
that had defeated Hannibal, it is possible that Cato was simply unwilling to lead a fight against fellow citizens.
1691:
1511:
1021:
2261:
2246:
745:
7778:
7606:
7497:
7483:
2058:
2045:
1810:
1439:
1301:
1194:
1118:
1952:
Caesar is said to have responded to his death by lamenting that Cato's death meant Caesar could not pardon him.
1036:
During his service in Macedonia, he received the news that his beloved half-brother Caepio was ill and dying in
740:
were orphaned, probably before Cato was four years old, and the children were taken in by their maternal uncle,
4331:, pp. 94β95, adding that both authors may have been injecting imperial anachronisms into their narratives.
1680:
1403:
1205:, who was one of the consuls-elect, spoke first in favour of death, as did the rest of the former consuls. But
1181:
440:
6794:
Fantham, E (2003). "Three Wise Men and the End of the Roman Republic". In Cairns, Francis; Fantham, E (eds.).
1547:
assigning the provinces to Caesar, to stand charges, but the court proceedings were disrupted by a mob led by
7808:
7530:
7508:
2891:
2146:
2041:
1886:
1548:
1523:
1419:
1323:
982:
789:
781:
662:
492:
191:
1579:
glittering naval parade up the Tiber before starting a procession conveying the treasures to the treasury.
7704:
7539:
7402:
5309:, pp. 185β186, adding also that Cato engaged in obstructionist announcement of false religious omens.
3665:
2922:
2504:
1073:
395:
6964:
Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (2009). "A review of "Blood in the forum: the struggle for the Roman republic"".
7793:
7788:
1407:
1077:
1049:
1030:
170:
1768:
1752:
1188:. Upon discovery of an associated plot against the lives of the consuls and other magistrates in Rome,
697:
and the outbreak of civil war. The epithet "the Younger" distinguishes him from his great-grandfather,
678:
645:
455:
315:
1136:
7561:
2898:
2150:
2049:
1890:
1835:
1823:
1658:
1572:
1347:
1232:
1218:
769:
230:
86:
7039:
7488:
2166:
1863:
1472:
1117:, Plutarch reports that he discovered that his old friend and colleague in the urban quaestorship,
1033:
who, contradicting Cato the Elder's disdain for Greek philosophers, accompanied Cato back to Rome.
832:
748:
in 91 BC, Cato and his sister probably came into the household of his mother's older brother,
682:
355:
3806:
7828:
7725:
7217:
7124:
7116:
7063:
7026:
6989:
6687:
6655:
6647:
6517:
6509:
6466:
4937:
3835:
1662:
court so he could push through prosecutions he had yet been unable to do via normal legislation.
1593:
989:. His half-sisters' very favourable matches helped develop a strong network of political allies.
470:
465:
6798:. Papers of the Langford Latin Seminar. Cambridge: Francis Cairns Publications. pp. 96β117.
6482:"Caesar's alleged fear of prosecution and his "ratio absentis" in the approach to the civil war"
1747:
4051:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ch
1889:, he moved to join them. Discovering a fractured situation, he reconciled Metellus Scipio with
1714:
and the Basilica Porcia in the Forum was destroyed by fire in Clodius' makeshift funeral pyre.
7682:
7665:
7647:
7448:
7395:
7358:
7348:
7331:
7312:
7293:
7283:
7266:
7256:
7237:
7209:
7186:
7169:
7159:
7108:
7053:
7016:
6981:
6939:
6929:
6868:
6858:
6839:
6820:
6810:
6767:
6757:
6716:
6706:
6679:
6639:
6501:
6458:
5478:
5468:
4929:
4311:
4301:
4179:
4169:
3820:
3810:
3596:
1982:
1924:
1707:
1706:
The year also was rocked with political violence between the duelling mobs led by Clodius and
1695:
1447:
998:
933:
920:
raised by Cato's great-grandfather. It was Rome's first basilica; it burnt down in 52 BC.
864:
802:
694:
686:
517:
450:
305:
4848:
are legally dubious: Bibulus would have argued Caesar's votes were invalid because they were
1919:
victory for his own cause under Metellus Scipio would be accompanied by appalling reprisals.
17:
7735:
7557:
7504:
7100:
7045:
7008:
6973:
6631:
6493:
6450:
3802:
3588:
1782:
1700:
1540:
1515:
1227:
1017:
1006:
928:, a public building commissioned by his great-grandfather Cato the Elder during his term as
844:
653:
569:
319:
142:
130:
6427:, p. 495. "The view that Caesar feared... a prosecution... is dubious in the extreme".
7463:
6899:
1632:
1601:
1231:, beating out a family ally) to retaliation for malicious rumours of Caesar's having been
925:
906:
701:, who was viewed by ancient Romans in similar terms as embodying tradition and propriety.
415:
48:
7280:
Ardet ambitus: Untersuchungen zum PhΓ€nomen der Wahlbestechungen in der rΓΆmischen Republik
1657:
One case was that against Aulus Gabinius, who was convicted for receiving a ten thousand
7686:
7593:
7525:
7434:
5357:, p. 148. See also n. 115, dismissing the idea that Pulcher was a triumviral ally.
4384:
3207:
2316:
2080:
2028:
1915:
1867:
1834:
Italy of Sicilian grain supplies. But on 23 April, after being faced with a landing by
1711:
1560:
1507:
1153:
1010:
953:
912:
892:
great-grandfather's reputation as a champion of tradition β to enhance his own status.
718:
698:
622:
606:
563:
507:
476:
363:
272:
82:
68:
7306:
952:
Cato's first marriage was early in his twenties. He was first betrothed to his cousin
7772:
7720:
7678:
7492:
7128:
7067:
7030:
6993:
6659:
6521:
6470:
3237:
3004:
1435:
1206:
1140:
Propaganda cup of Cato (the cup to the left, the one to the right being dedicated to
1102:
773:
634:
482:
435:
117:
5534:, p. 209, specifically for reducing bribes and delaying commands, respectively.
971:, the daughter of an Atilius Serranus (the specific identity is unknown). While the
7740:
7700:
7651:
7633:
7229:
3580:
2915:
1814:
against Caesar, likely under the false pretences that Caesar was already invading.
1623:
1556:
1334:
in 70 BC had distributed the jury pool between senators, equestrians, and the
929:
872:
868:
813:
673:
618:
614:
3592:
1777:
Attempts to recall Caesar from Gaul started in earnest in 51 BC under consul
6833:
6804:
4163:
1291:
Nepos, along with his ally Caesar, convened the assembly at the Forum before the
625:. His conservative principles were focused on the preservation of what he saw as
7730:
7611:
7548:
7543:
7104:
6497:
6388:
3262:
2906:
2231:
1847:
1649:
candidates. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus β who had stood the previous year β and
1628:
1502:
1253:
973:
937:
917:
729:
626:
502:
375:
250:
6781:"Review of "Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic""
1600:
replacement in Gaul, setting up the renewal of the triumviral coalition at the
7479:
7156:
The legend of Cato Uticensis from the first century BC to the fifth century AD
6977:
6771:
6454:
1423:
1072:β one of the wealthiest men in Rome and long-time commander of troops against
1025:
723:
693:
powerful generals. Those tactics and their success led to the creation of the
657:
7213:
7112:
6985:
6952:
6943:
6872:
6780:
6683:
6643:
6505:
6462:
4933:
4379:, pp. 98β99, also noting that because elections occurred outside of the
4315:
4183:
3824:
1859:, Cato is said to have been greatly affected by the sight of the casualties.
1640:
against tradition to stay near Rome and govern entirely through his legates.
7602:
7521:
7297:
7270:
7173:
7091:
Ramsey, John T (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC?".
6720:
2010:, and also mentioned it in letters and contemporaneous philosophical texts.
1267:
1002:
410:
54:
7335:
1559:. The assignment of governor was initially slated for one of the consuls β
985:. Around this time he also secured an excellent marriage for his sister in
7377:
7362:
7049:
7012:
4295:
7691:
7597:
7584:
7575:
7570:
7419:
7075:
6700:
3943:
3941:
1968:
1939:
1876:
1606:
1489:
1327:
1315:
1284:
1177:
1141:
1090:
1069:
1061:
860:
649:
630:
497:
380:
136:
7120:
6513:
6481:
4941:
4917:
1610:, and hopefully in the chaos secure consulships for Pompey and Crassus.
1060:
Cato returned to Rome in early 65 BC and intended to stand for the
7674:
7669:
7660:
7656:
7620:
7441:
7221:
6691:
6668:
6620:"M. Porcius Cato and the Annexation and Early Administration of Cyprus"
3434:
2323:
2308:
1871:
1377:
1271:", but rather, that "the advocacy of corn distribution knew no party".
1185:
840:
666:
420:
292:
148:
98:
6651:
6619:
1005:, presumably to support his half-brother Caepio, who was serving as a
924:
His first appearance on the public stage was to oppose changes to the
7629:
7552:
7534:
6953:"Review of "Blood in the forum: the struggle for the Roman republic""
5642:, p. 215, calling the argument "ingenious" but expressing doubt.
3095:
2598:
2035:
1851:
1781:(Cato's former quaestorian colleague). After Caesar's victory at the
1214:
1189:
1124:
Cato gained an exemplary reputation for honesty in administering the
1045:
1037:
968:
823:
818:
638:
512:
430:
405:
390:
385:
278:
165:
7387:
6889:
Chilver, GEF; Griffin, MT. "Porcius Cato (2), Marcus, of Utica". In
801:, the board of priests in charge of consulting and interpreting the
7200:
Gordon, Hattie L (1933). "The Eternal Triangle, First Century BC".
6635:
3664:, the last Atilius to reach the consulship during the republic was
1785:, he argued the rationale for Caesar's standing for the consulship
7642:
7588:
7579:
7512:
7232:; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Cato the Younger, Rome's Iron Man".
6824:
5482:
3438:
3099:
1935:, to seek pardon for themselves. Cato himself prepared for death.
1905:
1746:
1243:
1147:
1135:
957:
899:
848:
836:
828:
812:
785:
7328:
A Roman post-mortem: an inquest on the fall of the Roman Republic
6754:
Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
1402:
ratification of his eastern settlements. He first sought to have
1376:
By the end of his tribunate, he was remarkably popular among the
648:, Cato served in a number of political offices. During his urban
7516:
6328:
6326:
7391:
831:
which describes the death of Socrates. The statue was begun by
7381:
4899:
4897:
2225:
1514:
for five years. Alone, he also opposed Caesar's assignment to
6926:
Blood in the forum : the struggle for the Roman republic
1282:
for the consulship of 61 BC and to lead troops into the
3668:
in 106 BC. Atilia may have been that Atilius' daughter.
3338:
3336:
1521:
Cato, however, supported one bill Caesar brought forth, the
1156:
of Cicero, then consul, speaking against Catiline, at right.
6747:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
6735:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
3441:
and not the praetor killed in the war's inciting incident.
1910:
A 1797 depiction of Cato's death by Pierre Narcisse GuΓ©rin.
584:
578:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6209:
6207:
6194:
6192:
6179:
6177:
6128:
6126:
6022:
6020:
5911:
5909:
5824:
5822:
5761:
5759:
5734:
5732:
5189:
5187:
4860:
4858:
4813:
4811:
4786:
4784:
1759:, movements from Rome to the Battle of Pharsalus. In
1322:
Near the end of 62 BC, a scandal occurred involving
7038:
Pina Polo, Francisco; DΓaz FernΓ‘ndez, Alejandro (2019).
6391:
der Aristokratie'" (the Don Quixote of the aristocracy).
5254:
5252:
5250:
4471:
4469:
4265:
4263:
4250:
4248:
3901:
3899:
3700:
3698:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3612:
3357:, p. 18. Cato the Elder was consul in 195 BC.
1184:, led a rebellion against the state, raising an army in
936:
proposed moving a column that impeded their view of the
7084:
Plutarch Lives: Sertorius and Eumenes; Phocion and Cato
6597:
6595:
1874:
and asked Cicero to take command because he still held
1256:. The ruins visible today date to the time of Tiberius.
4168:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 113.
7278:
Nadig, Peter (1997). "Der jΓΌngere Cato und ambitus".
6796:
Caesar against liberty? Perspectives on his autocracy
4206:, pp. 386, 500 (on "populares" and "optimates").
744:. After Drusus' death and the resulting start of the
594:
575:
6526:
Highly dubious territory of a planned prosecution...
3799:
Pompey, Cato, and the governance of the Roman Empire
1923:
relatively pacific advice and engaged in a decisive
1295:. Cato and one of his allies, another tribune named
581:
7713:
7472:
7426:
3433:, p. 34. The specific Caepio was probably the
1048:, who was then supervising the final stages of the
1016:A few years later, in 67 BC, he stood for the
572:
298:
288:
265:
246:
223:
200:
179:
158:
123:
112:
104:
94:
75:
61:
39:
4192:were not the sole preserve of so-called populares.
960:. Aemilia Lepida had previously been betrothed to
6699:Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; et al. (2004).
4281:
1870:. In the aftermath of the defeat, he decamped to
1265:was not the exclusive preserve of the so-called "
944:, and connecting himself to his famous ancestor.
795:Around the age of 16, Cato was inducted into the
756:. Cato was especially close to his half-brother,
5467:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 50.
4918:"The Intended Date of Caesar's Return from Gaul"
997:In 72 BC, Cato volunteered to fight in the
821:. He is about to kill himself while reading the
601:; 95 BC β April 46 BC), also known as
6475:There was never a 'plot' to put Caesar on trial
6387:, n. 2. "Compare... Mommsen's portrait of 'Der
1945:
1357:
1326:'s sacrilegious intrusion into secret rites to
1020:. After winning election, he was dispatched to
889:
6053:, p. 284. Drogula dismisses the claim in
5079:
3342:
1846:After retreating, Cato fled to join Pompey at
1631:so he could fight a war of choice against the
27:Roman statesman, general and writer (95β46 BC)
7799:Ancient Roman politicians who died by suicide
7403:
6853:Hornblower, Simon; et al., eds. (2012).
6537:
6412:
6332:
4751:
2204:
1588:commission and proposed extraordinarily long
1426:tactics, unheedful of alienating the wealthy
1088:Cato was assigned to the state treasury (the
962:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica
629:in decline. A noted orator and a follower of
537:
8:
7347:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
6838:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1418:tax collection contracts in Asia brought by
721:β this Cato's great-grandfather β who was a
7382:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic
6242:
6054:
4300:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
4297:Crisis management during the Roman Republic
3662:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic
2260:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7410:
7396:
7388:
7255:(1st American ed.). New York: Knopf.
3840:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2211:
2197:
2189:
1506:which assigned to Caesar the provinces of
1165:, and took part in a famous debate on the
687:his own cause's defeat by Caesar in Africa
544:
530:
337:
47:
36:
7093:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte
6857:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
6835:The last generation of the Roman republic
6672:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte
6669:"Cato the Younger in the East in 66 B.C."
6486:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte
5330:
3807:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755142.001.0001
3358:
3315:
2280:Learn how and when to remove this message
1274:One of the other tribunes of the plebs,
1105:, who had then just completed a term as
910:was a small building to the left of the
7236:. New York: Penguin. pp. 134β151.
6601:
6586:
6574:
6561:
6549:
6400:
6384:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6317:
6281:
6269:
6257:
6230:
6213:
6198:
6183:
6168:
6156:
6144:
6132:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6011:
5999:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5951:
5939:
5927:
5915:
5900:
5888:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5840:
5828:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5750:
5738:
5723:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5651:
5639:
5615:
5603:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5543:
5531:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5366:
5318:
5306:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5241:
5205:
5193:
5178:
5151:
5139:
5127:
5115:
5103:
5091:
5066:
5042:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4966:
4954:
4903:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4841:
4829:
4817:
4802:
4790:
4775:
4763:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4412:
4400:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4269:
4254:
4239:
4215:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4038:
4026:
4002:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3932:
3905:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3792:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3689:
3677:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3618:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3354:
3327:
3308:
3273:
2178:
1717:
1478:ratifying Pompey's eastern settlements,
354:
7041:The Quaestorship in the Roman Republic
6305:
6293:
5663:
5627:
5591:
5229:
5054:
4739:
4424:
3833:
3318:, p. 606, for all offices listed.
1914:Cato was given command of the city of
1883:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
7834:Family of Servilia (mother of Brutus)
6756:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6745:The magistrates of the Roman republic
6733:The magistrates of the Roman republic
6705:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6424:
6344:
5711:
5354:
5342:
5258:
5217:
4523:
4227:
4203:
4014:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3106:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2853:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2807:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2702:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2457:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
1927:, where his forces were annihilated.
1822:Caesar did not back down and instead
1718:Pompey's sole consulship (52 BC)
855:Shortly after his induction into the
7:
7282:(in German). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
6905:
6890:
6881:
2258:adding citations to reliable sources
7345:Party politics in the age of Caesar
5163:
3947:
3917:
709:Cato was born in 95 BC, the son of
7181:Goodman, Rob; Soni, Jimmy (2012).
7005:Julius Caesar and the Roman People
6919:(PhD). University College, Dublin.
6917:Cato the Younger: Myth and Reality
6702:The Romans, from village to empire
4188:Moreover, policies focused on the
3012:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)
1621:At the debate that year about the
1453:
817:Statue of Cato the Younger in the
750:Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus
25:
7253:Heroes: A History of Hero Worship
6951:Phillips, Darryl A (2009-08-23).
6880:Badian, E. "tribuni aerarii". In
1627:to grant Crassus the province of
1596:, in part to cement an alliance.
1543:, the tribune who had passed the
7330:. Sydney: Australasian Medical.
7185:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
7147:The political thought of Sallust
6741:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
6729:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
3991:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos
2230:
1454:Caesar's consulship (59 BC)
1412:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer
568:
341:
7839:Characters in the Divine Comedy
6855:The Oxford classical dictionary
3660:, p. 33. According to the
3285:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome
2629:Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus
2141:Marcus Porcius Cato "Uticensis"
7814:Senators of the Roman Republic
7080:"The Life of Cato the Younger"
7007:. Cambridge University Press.
7003:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021).
6809:. Princeton University Press.
6480:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2007).
6437:Ehrhardt, C. T. H. R. (1995).
4165:Politics in the Roman republic
2395:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus
2388:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus
2119:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus
2087:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus
1685:Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus
1098:, Cato refused to rehire him.
798:quindecimviri sacris faciundis
461:Assassination of Julius Caesar
311:Second Catilinarian Conspiracy
1:
7251:Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (2004).
7149:. Cambridge University Press.
6966:History: Reviews of New Books
5465:Brutus: the noble conspirator
4282:Momigliano & Lintott 2012
3593:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e213360
2099:
772:) and become the mistress of
760:, and his elder half-sister,
18:Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis
7844:People of Caesar's civil war
7819:Suicides by sharp instrument
6898:Momigliano, A; Lintott, A. "
6624:The Journal of Roman Studies
3287:. W.W. Norton. p. 278.
1862:Cato was not present at the
1751:Cato's movements during the
1736:Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
1485:tax farmers for Crassus, and
1396:Pompey's eastern settlements
677:contributed to the start of
656:in 62 BC to expand the
7311:. Oxford University Press.
7105:10.25162/historia-2016-0017
6779:Morrell, Kit (2021-02-05).
6498:10.25162/historia-2007-0013
4387:, where military authority
4041:, pp. 72β73. See also
3795:, p. 41 n. 68, citing
2074:Descent from Cato the Elder
2031:, but engagement called off
1789:was gone and that Caesar's
1616:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
1293:Temple of Castor and Pollux
1250:Temple of Castor and Pollux
987:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
875:under a certain Demetrius.
843:marble. It was finished by
53:Inscribed bronze bust from
30:For other individuals, see
7860:
7456:On the Malice of Herodotus
7343:Taylor, Lily Ross (1949).
6957:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
6785:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
5080:Chilver & Griffin 2012
4294:Golden, Gregory K (2013).
4162:Mouritsen, Henrik (2017).
3801:. Oxford. pp. 16β17.
3579:FΓΆrtsch, Reinhard (2006).
3343:Chilver & Griffin 2012
1972:, which has not survived.
1962:Legacy of Cato the Younger
1959:
1800:Among Caesar's allies was
1766:
1565:pro quaestore pro praetore
871:under a Philostratus, and
29:
7749:
6978:10.1080/03612750903328502
6901:senatus consultum ultimum
6455:10.1017/S0066477400000927
5463:Tempest, Kathryn (2017).
4973:so to deny Caesar credit.
4916:Jameson, Shelagh (1970).
4055:– via LacusCurtius.
3169:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3104:
3059:
3057:
3008:
2967:
2965:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2616:
2614:
2603:
2581:
2579:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2508:
2501:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2425:
2423:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2320:
2313:
2186:As part of Brutus' family
2098:Marcus Porcius Cato (pr.
2059:Second Battle of Philippi
2046:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
1811:senatus consultum ultimum
1779:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1742:
1690:While Caesar's daughter,
1440:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
1302:senatus consultum ultimum
1195:senatus consultum ultimum
1119:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1084:Quaestorship (63 BC)
839:, 1792β1835) using white
663:Catilinarian conspirators
332:
260:
256:
46:
7804:Correspondents of Cicero
6803:Flower, Harriet (2010).
6752:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
6667:Bellemore, Jane (1995).
2512:Quintus Servilius Caepio
2065:Second (and third) wife
1902:Final campaign and death
1885:was still in command in
1681:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
1644:Praetorship (54 BC)
1313:vitiated promagisterial
1297:Quintus Minucius Thermus
1009:in the consular army of
764:, who would later marry
754:Quintus Servilius Caepio
717:. He was descended from
7714:Translators and editors
7154:Goar, Robert J (1987).
3993:on a road outside Rome.
3201:Manius Aemilius Lepidus
2792:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio
1795:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1651:Appius Claudius Pulcher
1549:Publius Clodius Pulcher
1524:lex Iulia de repetundis
1420:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1324:Publius Clodius Pulcher
1201:Cato's brother-in-law,
1178:Lucius Sergius Catilina
1173:Catilinarian conspiracy
1167:Catilinarian conspiracy
1113:On his last day in the
1065:5 December 65 BC.
948:Marriages and alliances
782:Quintus Poppaedius Silo
758:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio
7158:. Bruxelles: Latomus.
6924:Marin, Pamela (2009).
6915:Marin, Pamela (2005).
6832:Gruen, Erich (1995) .
6618:Badian, Ernst (1965).
6439:"Crossing the Rubicon"
3666:Gaius Atilius Serranus
2923:Gaius Cassius Longinus
2777:Decimus Junius Silanus
2057:, later killed in the
1950:
1911:
1802:Gaius Scribonius Curio
1764:
1366:
1257:
1203:Decimus Junius Silanus
1163:Lucius Licinius Murena
1157:
1145:
1132:Tribunate (62 BC)
1074:Mithridates VI Eupator
921:
898:
863:under the philosopher
852:
851:, 1784 β Paris, 1855).
672:He supported Pompey's
613:), was an influential
610:
7784:1st-century BC Romans
7326:Syme, Ronald (1950).
7305:Syme, Ronald (1939).
7202:The Classical Journal
7050:10.1515/9783110666410
7013:10.1017/9781108943260
6928:. London: Continuum.
3797:Morrell, Kit (2017).
2185:
2177:All information from
2127:(pl. tr. 99 BC)
1909:
1857:Battle of Dyrrhachium
1767:Further information:
1750:
1408:Marcus Aufidius Lurco
1342:Senatorial leadership
1247:
1152:An 1889 depiction by
1151:
1139:
1078:Third Mithridatic War
1050:Third Mithridatic War
903:
816:
809:Political development
711:his homonymous father
79:April 46 BC (aged 49)
7308:The Roman Revolution
6403:, pp. 257, 259.
5903:, pp. 266, 273.
5867:, pp. 260, 272.
5273:, pp. 180, 182.
4610:, pp. 109, 112.
3437:killed fighting the
3283:Beard, Mary (2015).
2899:Marcus Junius Brutus
2762:Marcus Junius Brutus
2520:Marcus Livius Drusus
2402:Marcus Livius Drusus
2254:improve this section
2135:Domitius Ahenobarbus
2050:Marcus Junius Brutus
1956:Legacy and reception
1933:Lucius Julius Caesar
1891:Publius Attius Varus
1836:Gaius Asinius Pollio
1573:Marcus Junius Brutus
1389:Before the civil war
1219:Third Macedonian War
932:in 184 BC. The
790:Sulla's proscription
766:Marcus Junius Brutus
742:Marcus Livius Drusus
7824:Suicides in Tunisia
7489:Alexander the Great
7378:Marcus Porcius Cato
7234:Lives of the Stoics
7183:Rome's Last Citizen
6540:, pp. 262β263.
6308:, pp. 144β145.
6120:, pp. 287β288.
6096:, pp. 286β287.
6041:, pp. 283β284.
6002:, pp. 280β281.
5978:, pp. 278β279.
5816:, pp. 241β242.
5753:, pp. 230β231.
5630:, pp. 314β315.
5510:, pp. 207β208.
5441:, pp. 203β204.
5381:, pp. 190β193.
5321:, pp. 186β187.
5021:, pp. 154β155.
4985:, pp. 141β144.
4906:, pp. 137β138.
4754:, pp. 119β120.
4706:, pp. 121β122.
4658:, pp. 115β116.
4646:, pp. 111β112.
4598:, pp. 107β108.
4439:, pp. 104β105.
3923:, pp. 120β121.
3445:, p. 34 n. 40.
2885:Marcus Porcius Cato
2497:Marcus Porcius Cato
2167:Lucius Porcius Cato
2157:Marcus Porcius Cato
2125:Marcus Porcius Cato
2095:(cos. 118 BC)
2093:Marcus Porcius Cato
2083:(cos. 195 BC)
2081:Marcus Porcius Cato
2055:Marcus Porcius Cato
2044:, married first to
1864:Battle of Pharsalus
1824:crossed the Rubicon
1637:lex Licinia Pompeia
1535:Cyprus (58 BC)
1473:Ptolemy XII Auletes
979:Marcus Porcius Cato
967:He instead married
833:Jean-Baptiste Roman
557:Marcus Porcius Cato
350:Part of a series on
208:Marcus Porcius Cato
187:Marcus Porcius Cato
95:Cause of death
32:Marcus Porcius Cato
7726:Arthur Hugh Clough
7145:Earl, D C (1961).
6538:Morstein-Marx 2021
6413:Morstein-Marx 2021
6333:Morstein-Marx 2021
6320:, pp. 4, 127.
5678:, pp. 218β19.
4752:Morstein-Marx 2021
4045:"Bellum Catilinae"
3330:, pp. 23, 22.
2219:Brutus family tree
2113:(cos. 114 BC)
2111:Gaius Porcius Cato
2089:(pr. 152 BC)
1912:
1896:Cornelii Scipiones
1769:Caesar's Civil War
1765:
1743:Caesar's civil war
1594:Quintus Hortensius
1583:Return from Cyprus
1404:one of his legates
1258:
1158:
1146:
1096:one of the censors
1068:Around this time,
1018:military tribunate
981:, and a daughter,
922:
853:
736:He and his sister
654:plebeian tribunate
646:Caesar's civil war
471:Battle of Philippi
466:Second Triumvirate
456:Caesar's Civil War
316:Caesar's Civil War
7766:
7765:
7753:Comparison extant
7683:Tiberius Gracchus
7449:De genio Socratis
4514:, pp. 54β55.
4463:, pp. 51β52.
4140:, pp. 86β87.
4116:, pp. 81β82.
4092:, pp. 77β78.
4068:, pp. 73β74.
4043:Sallust (1921) .
4029:, pp. 68β69.
3893:, pp. 50β51.
3881:, pp. 44β45.
3857:, pp. 43β44.
3743:, pp. 37β38.
3719:, pp. 35β36.
3692:, pp. 33β34.
3648:, pp. 32β33.
3585:Brill's New Pauly
3581:"Basilica Porcia"
3569:, pp. 30β31.
3557:, pp. 29β30.
3509:, pp. 26β27.
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3216:
3215:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2169:(cos. 89 BC)
2159:(died 42 BC)
2143:(pr. 54 BC)
2103: 92 BC
1925:battle at Thapsus
1842:Greece and Africa
1818:Flight from Italy
1708:Titus Annius Milo
1475:as Egyptian king,
1448:First Triumvirate
1348:Sulla's civil war
1056:Entry to politics
934:plebeian tribunes
865:Antipater of Tyre
803:Sibylline Oracles
695:First Triumvirate
554:
553:
518:Theatre of Pompey
451:First Triumvirate
336:
335:
306:Third Servile War
16:(Redirected from
7851:
7779:Cato the Younger
7736:Philemon Holland
7625:Cato the Younger
7505:Aratus of Sicyon
7412:
7405:
7398:
7389:
7366:
7339:
7322:
7301:
7274:
7247:
7225:
7196:
7177:
7150:
7132:
7087:
7071:
7034:
6997:
6960:
6947:
6920:
6909:
6894:
6885:
6876:
6849:
6828:
6799:
6788:
6775:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6695:
6663:
6630:(1/2): 110β121.
6605:
6599:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6477:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6217:
6211:
6202:
6196:
6187:
6181:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4853:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3293:
3291:
3278:
3231:(2): 2nd spouse
3226:(1): 1st spouse
3223:
3222:
3102:
2634:
2607:Cato the Younger
2297:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2234:
2226:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2121:(pr. ? BC)
2104:
2101:
1976:Political legacy
1783:Battle of Alesia
1762:
1758:
1701:Cornelia Metella
1541:Publius Vatinius
1516:Transalpine Gaul
1481:bailing out the
1228:pontifex maximus
1007:military tribune
993:Military service
916:(in red) in the
827:, a dialogue of
669:for 54 BC.
627:old Roman values
621:during the late
603:Cato the Younger
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
546:
539:
532:
345:
344:
338:
324:
143:Plebeian tribune
131:Military tribune
89:, Roman Republic
51:
41:Cato the Younger
37:
21:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7745:
7709:
7696:Aemilius Paulus
7468:
7464:Pseudo-Plutarch
7422:
7416:
7374:
7369:
7355:
7342:
7325:
7319:
7304:
7290:
7277:
7263:
7250:
7244:
7228:
7199:
7193:
7180:
7166:
7153:
7144:
7140:
7138:Further reading
7135:
7090:
7074:
7060:
7037:
7023:
7002:
6963:
6950:
6936:
6923:
6914:
6897:
6888:
6879:
6865:
6852:
6846:
6831:
6817:
6806:Roman republics
6802:
6793:
6778:
6764:
6751:
6739:
6727:
6713:
6698:
6666:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6600:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6572:
6568:
6560:
6556:
6548:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6479:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6331:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6241:
6237:
6229:
6220:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6190:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6155:
6151:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4856:
4850:contra auspicia
4840:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4308:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4176:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3832:
3817:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3259:
3236:β : assassin of
3217:
3094:
3092:
2632:
2627:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2251:
2235:
2220:
2217:
2188:
2183:
2102:
2076:
2024:
2019:
2003:
1985:in 59 BC.
1978:
1964:
1958:
1904:
1844:
1820:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1720:
1676:
1646:
1633:Parthian Empire
1602:Luca Conference
1585:
1537:
1456:
1398:and proposals.
1391:
1344:
1336:tribuni aerarii
1263:lex frumentaria
1242:
1233:Cato's nephew's
1175:
1134:
1086:
1058:
995:
950:
926:Basilica Porcia
907:basilica Porcia
884:
811:
770:the tyrannicide
768:(the father of
707:
683:Pompey's defeat
674:sole consulship
595:
571:
567:
550:
416:Clodius Pulcher
342:
328:
320:
284:
261:Military career
242:
219:
196:
175:
154:
90:
80:
71:
66:
57:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7857:
7855:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7809:Porcii Catones
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7771:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7756:Four unpaired
7754:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7698:
7689:
7687:Gaius Gracchus
7672:
7663:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7627:
7618:
7609:
7600:
7591:
7582:
7573:
7564:
7555:
7546:
7537:
7528:
7526:Cato the Elder
7519:
7502:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7452:
7438:
7435:Parallel Lives
7430:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7373:
7372:External links
7370:
7368:
7367:
7353:
7340:
7323:
7317:
7302:
7288:
7275:
7261:
7248:
7243:978-0525541875
7242:
7226:
7208:(8): 574β578.
7197:
7192:978-0312681234
7191:
7178:
7164:
7151:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7099:(3): 298β324.
7088:
7072:
7059:978-3110666410
7058:
7044:. De Gruyter.
7035:
7022:978-1108943260
7021:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6961:
6935:978-1441129154
6934:
6921:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6895:
6886:
6864:978-0199545568
6863:
6850:
6844:
6829:
6816:978-0691140438
6815:
6800:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6763:978-0190869021
6762:
6749:
6737:
6725:
6711:
6696:
6678:(3): 376β379.
6664:
6636:10.2307/297434
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6591:
6589:, p. 299.
6579:
6577:, p. 299.
6566:
6564:, p. 310.
6554:
6552:, p. 308.
6542:
6530:
6492:(2): 159β178.
6429:
6417:
6415:, p. 306.
6405:
6393:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6335:, p. 312.
6322:
6310:
6298:
6286:
6284:, p. 307.
6274:
6272:, p. 296.
6262:
6260:, p. 295.
6250:
6235:
6233:, p. 294.
6218:
6216:, p. 293.
6203:
6201:, p. 292.
6188:
6186:, p. 291.
6173:
6161:
6159:, p. 290.
6149:
6147:, p. 301.
6137:
6135:, p. 289.
6122:
6110:
6108:, p. 287.
6098:
6086:
6084:, p. 286.
6074:
6072:, p. 285.
6062:
6043:
6031:
6029:, p. 283.
6016:
6014:, p. 282.
6004:
5992:
5990:, p. 280.
5980:
5968:
5966:, p. 278.
5956:
5954:, p. 277.
5944:
5942:, p. 276.
5932:
5930:, p. 275.
5920:
5918:, p. 267.
5905:
5893:
5891:, p. 262.
5881:
5879:, p. 273.
5869:
5857:
5855:, p. 257.
5845:
5843:, p. 256.
5833:
5831:, p. 243.
5818:
5806:
5794:
5792:, p. 234.
5782:
5780:, p. 233.
5770:
5768:, p. 231.
5755:
5743:
5741:, p. 288.
5728:
5726:, p. 229.
5716:
5714:, p. 156.
5704:
5702:, p. 226.
5692:
5690:, p. 219.
5680:
5668:
5666:, p. 151.
5656:
5654:, p. 216.
5644:
5632:
5620:
5618:, p. 214.
5608:
5606:, p. 213.
5596:
5594:, p. 300.
5584:
5582:, p. 211.
5572:
5560:
5558:, p. 210.
5548:
5546:, p. 209.
5536:
5524:
5522:, p. 208.
5512:
5500:
5498:, p. 207.
5488:
5474:978-0300180091
5473:
5455:
5453:, p. 204.
5443:
5431:
5429:, p. 199.
5419:
5417:, p. 198.
5407:
5405:, p. 196.
5395:
5393:, p. 195.
5383:
5371:
5369:, p. 190.
5359:
5347:
5345:, p. 148.
5335:
5333:, p. 215.
5331:Broughton 1952
5323:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5285:, p. 182.
5275:
5263:
5261:, p. 147.
5246:
5244:, p. 179.
5234:
5232:, p. 150.
5222:
5220:, p. 146.
5210:
5208:, p. 173.
5198:
5196:, p. 172.
5183:
5181:, p. 168.
5171:
5156:
5144:
5142:, p. 164.
5132:
5130:, p. 163.
5120:
5118:, p. 162.
5108:
5106:, p. 161.
5096:
5084:
5071:
5059:
5057:, p. 110.
5047:
5045:, p. 158.
5035:
5033:, p. 152.
5023:
5011:
5009:, p. 153.
4999:
4997:, p. 144.
4987:
4975:
4959:
4957:, p. 138.
4947:
4928:(3): 638β660.
4908:
4893:
4891:, p. 137.
4881:
4869:
4867:, p. 136.
4854:
4834:
4822:
4820:, p. 132.
4807:
4805:, p. 131.
4795:
4793:, p. 130.
4780:
4778:, p. 128.
4768:
4766:, p. 126.
4756:
4744:
4742:, p. 148.
4732:
4730:, p. 125.
4720:
4718:, p. 121.
4708:
4696:
4694:, p. 120.
4684:
4682:, p. 119.
4672:
4670:, p. 117.
4660:
4648:
4636:
4634:, p. 111.
4624:
4622:, p. 110.
4612:
4600:
4588:
4586:, p. 107.
4576:
4574:, p. 106.
4564:
4562:, p. 101.
4552:
4550:, p. 100.
4540:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4502:, p. 105.
4492:
4480:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4415:, p. 104.
4405:
4393:
4385:Campus Martius
4369:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4321:
4307:978-1107055902
4306:
4286:
4274:
4259:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4190:commoda populi
4175:978-1107031883
4174:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4031:
4019:
4017:, p. 245.
4007:
3995:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3953:, p. 121.
3937:
3925:
3910:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3816:978-0191071249
3815:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3650:
3638:
3623:
3608:
3602:978-9004122598
3601:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3361:, p. 339.
3359:Broughton 1951
3347:
3332:
3320:
3316:Broughton 1952
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
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3208:Aemilia Lepida
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2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2317:Cato the Elder
2314:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2222:
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2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2138:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2032:
2029:Aemilia Lepida
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2002:
1999:
1977:
1974:
1960:Main article:
1957:
1954:
1903:
1900:
1868:Titus Labienus
1843:
1840:
1819:
1816:
1744:
1741:
1719:
1716:
1675:
1672:
1645:
1642:
1590:supplicationes
1584:
1581:
1561:Aulus Gabinius
1536:
1533:
1508:Cisalpine Gaul
1498:
1497:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1455:
1452:
1390:
1387:
1343:
1340:
1276:Metellus Nepos
1241:
1238:
1174:
1171:
1154:Cesare Maccari
1133:
1130:
1085:
1082:
1057:
1054:
1011:Lucius Gellius
994:
991:
954:Aemilia Lepida
949:
946:
913:curia Hostilia
883:
879:Embodying the
877:
810:
807:
719:Cato the Elder
706:
703:
699:Cato the Elder
552:
551:
549:
548:
541:
534:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
508:Curia Hostilia
505:
500:
495:
486:
485:
480:
477:Bellum Siculum
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
444:
443:
441:Marcus Agrippa
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
367:
366:
352:
351:
347:
346:
334:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
313:
308:
302:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
283:
282:
276:
273:Roman Republic
269:
267:
263:
262:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
241:
240:
234:
227:
225:
221:
220:
218:
217:
211:
204:
202:
198:
197:
195:
194:
189:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
162:
160:
156:
155:
153:
152:
146:
140:
134:
127:
125:
121:
120:
116:Opposition to
114:
113:Known for
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
81:
77:
73:
72:
69:Roman Republic
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7856:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7721:Jacques Amyot
7719:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7493:Julius Caesar
7490:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7465:
7462:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7413:
7408:
7406:
7401:
7399:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7281:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7230:Holiday, Ryan
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
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6954:
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6896:
6892:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6782:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6296:, p. 65.
6295:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6047:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5169:, p. 88.
5168:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4538:, p. 55.
4537:
4532:
4529:
4526:, p. 55.
4525:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4490:, p. 54.
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:, p. 52.
4477:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4451:, p. 51.
4450:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4403:, p. 98.
4402:
4397:
4394:
4391:be exercised.
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4367:, p. 97.
4366:
4361:
4358:
4355:, p. 96.
4354:
4349:
4346:
4343:, p. 95.
4342:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4272:, p. 93.
4271:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4257:, p. 92.
4256:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4218:, p. 89.
4217:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4155:
4152:, p. 87.
4151:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4128:, p. 85.
4127:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4104:, p. 79.
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4080:, p. 75.
4079:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4008:
4005:, p. 68.
4004:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3977:, p. 48.
3976:
3971:
3968:
3965:, p. 47.
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:, p. 46.
3934:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3908:, p. 45.
3907:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3869:, p. 44.
3868:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3767:, p. 39.
3766:
3761:
3758:
3755:, p. 38.
3754:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3734:
3731:, p. 36.
3730:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3707:, p. 35.
3706:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3680:, p. 33.
3679:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3636:, p. 32.
3635:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3621:, p. 31.
3620:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3545:, p. 29.
3544:
3539:
3536:
3533:, p. 28.
3532:
3527:
3524:
3521:, p. 27.
3520:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3497:, p. 26.
3496:
3491:
3488:
3485:, p. 25.
3484:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3469:, p. 25.
3468:
3463:
3460:
3457:, p. 34.
3456:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3409:, p. 23.
3408:
3403:
3400:
3397:, p. 19.
3396:
3391:
3388:
3385:, p. 18.
3384:
3379:
3376:
3373:, p. 14.
3372:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3289:Gang of Three
3286:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3174:
3171:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3093:Descendant of
3066:
3064:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3006:
3005:Junia Secunda
2974:
2972:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2745:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2608:
2600:
2588:
2586:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2482:
2479:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2373:
2371:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2281:
2273:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2239:This section
2237:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1248:Ruins of the
1246:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:Julius Caesar
1204:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1107:curule aedile
1104:
1103:Julius Caesar
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
914:
909:
908:
902:
897:
893:
888:
882:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:quindecimviri
850:
846:
845:François Rude
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:Louvre Museum
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
799:
793:
791:
787:
783:
777:
775:
774:Julius Caesar
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
731:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
635:Julius Caesar
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
589:
565:
561:
558:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
527:
525:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
484:
483:War of Actium
481:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
442:
439:
437:
436:Sextus Pompey
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
340:
339:
331:
325:
323:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
301:
297:
294:
291:
287:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
268:
264:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
239:(half-sister)
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
226:
222:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
203:
199:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
157:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
119:
118:Julius Caesar
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
7794:46 BC deaths
7789:95 BC births
7757:
7741:Thomas North
7701:Themistocles
7652:Gaius Marius
7624:
7496:
7440:
7433:
7344:
7327:
7307:
7279:
7252:
7233:
7205:
7201:
7182:
7155:
7146:
7096:
7092:
7083:
7040:
7004:
6972:(1): 28β29.
6969:
6965:
6956:
6925:
6916:
6900:
6854:
6834:
6805:
6795:
6784:
6753:
6744:
6732:
6701:
6675:
6671:
6627:
6623:
6602:Morrell 2021
6587:Drogula 2019
6582:
6575:Drogula 2019
6569:
6562:Drogula 2019
6557:
6550:Drogula 2019
6545:
6533:
6525:
6489:
6485:
6474:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6401:Drogula 2019
6396:
6385:Morrell 2021
6381:Morrell 2021
6376:
6369:Drogula 2019
6364:
6357:Drogula 2019
6352:
6340:
6318:Drogula 2019
6313:
6301:
6289:
6282:Drogula 2019
6277:
6270:Drogula 2019
6265:
6258:Drogula 2019
6253:
6244:
6238:
6231:Drogula 2019
6214:Drogula 2019
6199:Drogula 2019
6184:Drogula 2019
6169:Drogula 2019
6164:
6157:Drogula 2019
6152:
6145:Drogula 2019
6140:
6133:Drogula 2019
6118:Drogula 2019
6113:
6106:Drogula 2019
6101:
6094:Drogula 2019
6089:
6082:Drogula 2019
6077:
6070:Drogula 2019
6065:
6056:
6051:Drogula 2019
6046:
6039:Drogula 2019
6034:
6027:Drogula 2019
6012:Drogula 2019
6007:
6000:Drogula 2019
5995:
5988:Drogula 2019
5983:
5976:Drogula 2019
5971:
5964:Drogula 2019
5959:
5952:Drogula 2019
5947:
5940:Drogula 2019
5935:
5928:Drogula 2019
5923:
5916:Drogula 2019
5901:Drogula 2019
5896:
5889:Drogula 2019
5884:
5877:Drogula 2019
5872:
5865:Drogula 2019
5860:
5853:Drogula 2019
5848:
5841:Drogula 2019
5836:
5829:Drogula 2019
5814:Drogula 2019
5809:
5802:Drogula 2019
5797:
5790:Drogula 2019
5785:
5778:Drogula 2019
5773:
5766:Drogula 2019
5751:Drogula 2019
5746:
5739:Drogula 2019
5724:Drogula 2019
5719:
5707:
5700:Drogula 2019
5695:
5688:Drogula 2019
5683:
5676:Drogula 2019
5671:
5659:
5652:Drogula 2019
5647:
5640:Drogula 2019
5635:
5623:
5616:Drogula 2019
5611:
5604:Drogula 2019
5599:
5587:
5580:Drogula 2019
5575:
5568:Drogula 2019
5563:
5556:Drogula 2019
5551:
5544:Drogula 2019
5539:
5532:Drogula 2019
5527:
5520:Drogula 2019
5515:
5508:Drogula 2019
5503:
5496:Drogula 2019
5491:
5464:
5458:
5451:Drogula 2019
5446:
5439:Drogula 2019
5434:
5427:Drogula 2019
5422:
5415:Drogula 2019
5410:
5403:Drogula 2019
5398:
5391:Drogula 2019
5386:
5379:Drogula 2019
5374:
5367:Drogula 2019
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5319:Drogula 2019
5314:
5307:Drogula 2019
5302:
5295:Drogula 2019
5290:
5283:Drogula 2019
5278:
5271:Drogula 2019
5266:
5242:Drogula 2019
5237:
5225:
5213:
5206:Drogula 2019
5201:
5194:Drogula 2019
5179:Drogula 2019
5174:
5164:
5159:
5152:Drogula 2019
5147:
5140:Drogula 2019
5135:
5128:Drogula 2019
5123:
5116:Drogula 2019
5111:
5104:Drogula 2019
5099:
5092:Drogula 2019
5087:
5074:
5067:Drogula 2019
5062:
5050:
5043:Drogula 2019
5038:
5031:Drogula 2019
5026:
5019:Drogula 2019
5014:
5007:Drogula 2019
5002:
4995:Drogula 2019
4990:
4983:Drogula 2019
4978:
4970:
4967:Drogula 2019
4962:
4955:Drogula 2019
4950:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4904:Drogula 2019
4889:Drogula 2019
4884:
4877:Drogula 2019
4872:
4865:Drogula 2019
4849:
4845:
4842:Drogula 2019
4837:
4830:Drogula 2019
4825:
4818:Drogula 2019
4803:Drogula 2019
4798:
4791:Drogula 2019
4776:Drogula 2019
4771:
4764:Drogula 2019
4759:
4747:
4735:
4728:Drogula 2019
4723:
4716:Drogula 2019
4711:
4704:Drogula 2019
4699:
4692:Drogula 2019
4687:
4680:Drogula 2019
4675:
4668:Drogula 2019
4663:
4656:Drogula 2019
4651:
4644:Drogula 2019
4639:
4632:Drogula 2019
4627:
4620:Drogula 2019
4615:
4608:Drogula 2019
4603:
4596:Drogula 2019
4591:
4584:Drogula 2019
4579:
4572:Drogula 2019
4567:
4560:Drogula 2019
4555:
4548:Drogula 2019
4543:
4536:Drogula 2019
4531:
4519:
4512:Drogula 2019
4507:
4500:Drogula 2019
4495:
4488:Drogula 2019
4483:
4476:Drogula 2019
4461:Drogula 2019
4456:
4449:Drogula 2019
4444:
4437:Drogula 2019
4432:
4420:
4413:Drogula 2019
4408:
4401:Drogula 2019
4396:
4388:
4380:
4377:Drogula 2019
4372:
4365:Drogula 2019
4360:
4353:Drogula 2019
4348:
4341:Drogula 2019
4336:
4329:Drogula 2019
4324:
4296:
4289:
4277:
4270:Drogula 2019
4255:Drogula 2019
4240:Drogula 2019
4235:
4223:
4216:Drogula 2019
4211:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4164:
4157:
4150:Drogula 2019
4145:
4138:Drogula 2019
4133:
4126:Drogula 2019
4121:
4114:Drogula 2019
4109:
4102:Drogula 2019
4097:
4090:Drogula 2019
4085:
4078:Drogula 2019
4073:
4066:Drogula 2019
4061:
4048:
4039:Drogula 2019
4034:
4027:Drogula 2019
4022:
4010:
4003:Drogula 2019
3998:
3987:Drogula 2019
3982:
3975:Drogula 2019
3970:
3963:Drogula 2019
3958:
3948:
3933:Drogula 2019
3928:
3918:
3913:
3906:Drogula 2019
3891:Drogula 2019
3886:
3879:Drogula 2019
3874:
3867:Drogula 2019
3862:
3855:Drogula 2019
3850:
3828:
3798:
3793:Drogula 2019
3789:Drogula 2019
3784:
3777:Drogula 2019
3772:
3765:Drogula 2019
3760:
3753:Drogula 2019
3748:
3741:Drogula 2019
3736:
3729:Drogula 2019
3724:
3717:Drogula 2019
3712:
3705:Drogula 2019
3690:Drogula 2019
3685:
3678:Drogula 2019
3673:
3661:
3658:Drogula 2019
3653:
3646:Drogula 2019
3641:
3634:Drogula 2019
3619:Drogula 2019
3584:
3574:
3567:Drogula 2019
3562:
3555:Drogula 2019
3550:
3543:Drogula 2019
3538:
3531:Drogula 2019
3526:
3519:Drogula 2019
3514:
3507:Drogula 2019
3502:
3495:Drogula 2019
3490:
3483:Drogula 2019
3479:Drogula 2019
3474:
3467:Drogula 2019
3462:
3455:Drogula 2019
3450:
3443:Drogula 2019
3431:Drogula 2019
3426:
3419:Drogula 2019
3414:
3407:Drogula 2019
3402:
3395:Drogula 2019
3390:
3383:Drogula 2019
3378:
3371:Drogula 2019
3366:
3355:Drogula 2019
3350:
3328:Drogula 2019
3323:
3311:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3248:
2916:Junia Tertia
2606:
2276:
2267:
2252:Please help
2240:
2179:Drogula 2019
2176:
2140:
2034:First wife,
2022:Cato himself
2012:
2007:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1895:
1875:
1861:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1809:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1712:senate house
1705:
1689:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1636:
1624:lex Trebonia
1622:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1482:
1471:recognising
1465:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1432:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1226:
1223:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1176:
1159:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1087:
1067:
1062:quaestorship
1059:
1041:
1035:
1015:
996:
972:
966:
951:
941:
923:
911:
905:
894:
890:
885:
880:
873:Peripatetism
869:Epicureanism
856:
854:
822:
796:
794:
778:
735:
728:
722:
708:
691:
671:
650:quaestorship
643:
615:conservative
602:
559:
556:
555:
487:
475:
445:
400:
370:
356:Ancient Rome
321:
151:(54 BC)
145:(62 BC)
139:(64 BC)
133:(67 BC)
7731:John Dryden
7612:Philopoemen
7549:Demosthenes
6389:Don Quixote
6306:Flower 2010
6294:Flower 2010
5664:Flower 2010
5628:Ramsey 2016
5592:Ramsey 2016
5230:Flower 2010
5055:Badian 1965
4846:in absentia
4740:Flower 2010
4425:Badian 2012
3263:Porcia gens
2907:Junia Prima
2633:adopted son
2270:April 2015
2181:, Preface.
2038:(divorced)
2027:Engaged to
1848:Dyrrhachium
1787:in absentia
1729:in absentia
1545:lex Vatinia
1503:lex Vatinia
1494:lex agraria
1332:lex Aurelia
1280:in absentia
1254:Roman Forum
1211:mos maiorum
1031:Athenodorus
974:gens Atilia
918:Roman Forum
881:mos maiorum
730:mos maiorum
503:Curia Julia
251:gens Porcia
7773:Categories
7616:Flamininus
7509:Artaxerxes
7484:Coriolanus
7480:Alcibiades
7354:0520012577
7318:0192803204
7289:3631312954
7262:1400043999
7165:2870311370
6906:OCD (2012)
6891:OCD (2012)
6882:OCD (2012)
6845:0520022386
6825:2009004551
6772:1090168108
6712:0195118758
6443:Antichthon
6425:Gruen 1995
6345:Gruen 1995
5712:Gruen 1995
5483:2017948509
5355:Gruen 1995
5343:Gruen 1995
5259:Gruen 1995
5218:Gruen 1995
4524:Gruen 1995
4228:Gruen 1995
4204:Gruen 1995
4015:Gruen 1995
3299:References
2048:, then to
2008:Pro Murena
2001:As a stoic
1755:. In
1424:filibuster
1359:Since the
1353:consulares
1240:As tribune
1217:after the
1180:, a noble
1026:propraetor
746:Social war
724:novus homo
705:Early life
658:grain dole
611:Cato Minor
281:(49β46 BC)
275:(72β49 BC)
266:Allegiance
108:Politician
105:Occupation
7829:Optimates
7679:Cleomenes
7666:Sertorius
7639:Poplicola
7634:Agesilaus
7607:Marcellus
7603:Pelopidas
7540:Demetrius
7522:Aristides
7418:Works of
7214:0009-8353
7129:252459421
7113:0018-2311
7068:203212723
7031:242729962
6994:143532622
6986:0361-2759
6944:676697226
6873:959667246
6684:0018-2311
6660:154379114
6644:0075-4358
6522:159090397
6506:0018-2311
6471:142429003
6463:0066-4774
6449:: 30β41.
6248:, 70.5β6.
6245:Cat. Min.
6057:Cat. Min.
4971:lex Julia
4934:0023-8856
4316:842919750
4184:961266598
3836:cite book
3825:975487048
3587:. Brill.
3304:Citations
2241:does not
2149:(wife of
2133:(wife of
1791:provincia
1753:civil war
1512:Illyricum
1483:publicani
1428:publicani
1416:publicani
1382:popularis
1361:optimates
1268:populares
1182:patrician
1022:Macedonia
1003:Spartacus
679:civil war
560:Uticensis
493:Caesareum
411:Cleopatra
224:Relatives
55:Volubilis
7705:Camillus
7692:Timoleon
7598:Lycurgus
7585:Lysander
7576:Lucullus
7571:Pericles
7420:Plutarch
7298:38452231
7271:57002010
7174:16507746
7121:45019234
7078:(1919).
7076:Plutarch
6743:(1952).
6731:(1951).
6721:52728992
6514:25598386
4942:41527732
4381:pomerium
3257:See also
2785:Servilia
2770:Servilia
1983:alliance
1969:Anticato
1877:imperium
1607:interrex
1577:de facto
1490:Campania
1378:nobility
1328:Bona Dea
1316:imperium
1311:pomerium
1285:pomerium
1215:Rhodians
1142:Catiline
1126:aerarium
1115:aerarium
1091:aerarium
1070:Lucullus
1042:apatheia
1001:against
861:Stoicism
762:Servilia
631:Stoicism
623:Republic
498:Comitium
381:Augustus
364:Republic
358:and the
237:Servilia
233:(nephew)
216:(mother)
210:(father)
180:Children
137:Quaestor
7670:Eumenes
7661:Theseus
7657:Romulus
7648:Pyrrhus
7621:Phocion
7531:Crassus
7442:Moralia
7380:in the
7336:8393156
7222:3290030
6692:4436387
6611:Sources
5078:See eg
4922:Latomus
4383:on the
4053:52.2β36
4049:Sallust
2324:Licinia
2309:Salonia
2262:removed
2247:sources
1872:Corcyra
1492:to his
1488:adding
1436:triumph
1252:in the
1186:Etruria
1076:in the
841:Carrara
788:during
667:praetor
644:Before
619:senator
488:Places
446:Events
426:Lepidus
421:Crassus
396:Cassius
371:People
362:of the
322:†
293:Praetor
201:Parents
159:Spouses
149:Praetor
99:Suicide
7630:Pompey
7567:Fabius
7562:Brutus
7553:Cicero
7544:Antony
7535:Nicias
7363:407173
7361:
7351:
7334:
7315:
7296:
7286:
7269:
7259:
7240:
7220:
7212:
7189:
7172:
7162:
7127:
7119:
7111:
7066:
7056:
7029:
7019:
6992:
6984:
6942:
6932:
6904:". In
6871:
6861:
6842:
6823:
6813:
6770:
6760:
6719:
6709:
6690:
6682:
6658:
6652:297434
6650:
6642:
6520:
6512:
6504:
6469:
6461:
6243:Plut.
6055:Plut.
5481:
5471:
4940:
4932:
4314:
4304:
4182:
4172:
3823:
3813:
3599:
3435:legate
3249:Notes:
3238:Caesar
3096:Pompey
2892:Porcia
2599:Atilia
2151:Brutus
2147:Porcia
2131:Porcia
2067:Marcia
2042:Porcia
2036:Atilia
2017:Family
1887:Africa
1852:Rhodes
1761:
1757:
1696:defeat
1659:talent
1557:Cyprus
1190:Cicero
1046:Pompey
1038:Thrace
1024:under
983:Porcia
969:Atilia
942:pietas
930:censor
824:Phaedo
738:Porcia
639:Pompey
617:Roman
513:Rostra
431:Pompey
406:Cicero
391:Caesar
386:Brutus
376:Antony
318:
279:Pompey
247:Family
231:Brutus
192:Porcia
171:Marcia
166:Atilia
124:Office
87:Africa
7758:Lives
7643:Solon
7589:Sulla
7580:Cimon
7513:Galba
7473:Lives
7427:Works
7218:JSTOR
7125:S2CID
7117:JSTOR
7064:S2CID
7027:S2CID
6990:S2CID
6688:JSTOR
6656:S2CID
6648:JSTOR
6518:S2CID
6510:JSTOR
6467:S2CID
4938:JSTOR
4389:could
3439:Marsi
3269:Notes
3100:Sulla
2505:Livia
1940:Stoic
1916:Utica
1692:Julia
1674:Chaos
1629:Syria
1422:with
958:dowry
938:Forum
849:Dijon
837:Paris
829:Plato
786:Sulla
715:Livia
607:Latin
564:Utica
562:("of
214:Livia
83:Utica
65:95 BC
7703:and
7694:and
7681:and
7675:Agis
7668:and
7659:and
7650:and
7641:and
7632:and
7623:and
7614:and
7605:and
7596:and
7594:Numa
7587:and
7578:and
7569:and
7560:and
7558:Dion
7551:and
7542:and
7533:and
7524:and
7517:Otho
7511:and
7498:life
7491:and
7482:and
7359:OCLC
7349:ISBN
7332:OCLC
7313:ISBN
7294:OCLC
7284:ISBN
7267:OCLC
7257:ISBN
7238:ISBN
7210:ISSN
7187:ISBN
7170:OCLC
7160:ISBN
7109:ISSN
7054:ISBN
7017:ISBN
6982:ISSN
6940:OCLC
6930:ISBN
6869:OCLC
6859:ISBN
6840:ISBN
6821:LCCN
6811:ISBN
6768:OCLC
6758:ISBN
6717:OCLC
6707:ISBN
6680:ISSN
6640:ISSN
6502:ISSN
6459:ISSN
5479:LCCN
5469:ISBN
5167:2019
4930:ISSN
4312:OCLC
4302:ISBN
4180:OCLC
4170:ISBN
3951:2019
3921:2019
3842:link
3821:OCLC
3811:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3098:and
2245:any
2243:cite
1683:and
1510:and
904:The
713:and
685:and
637:and
598:-toe
401:Cato
360:fall
299:Wars
289:Rank
76:Died
62:Born
7101:doi
7046:doi
7009:doi
6974:doi
6632:doi
6573:Eg
6494:doi
6451:doi
5165:QRR
3949:QRR
3919:QRR
3803:doi
3589:doi
3107:son
2779:(2)
2764:(1)
2601:(1)
2514:(1)
2499:(2)
2326:(1)
2311:(2)
2256:by
999:war
733:".
596:KAY
566:";
7775::
7685:/
7677:/
7515:/
7507:/
7357:.
7292:.
7265:.
7216:.
7206:28
7204:.
7168:.
7123:.
7115:.
7107:.
7097:65
7095:.
7082:.
7062:.
7052:.
7025:.
7015:.
6988:.
6980:.
6970:38
6968:.
6955:.
6938:.
6867:.
6819:.
6783:.
6766:.
6715:.
6686:.
6676:44
6674:.
6654:.
6646:.
6638:.
6628:55
6626:.
6622:.
6594:^
6524:.
6516:.
6508:.
6500:.
6490:56
6488:.
6484:.
6478:.
6473:.
6465:.
6457:.
6447:29
6445:.
6441:.
6325:^
6221:^
6206:^
6191:^
6176:^
6125:^
6019:^
5908:^
5821:^
5758:^
5731:^
5477:.
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