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10,000. The group was the largest dairy producer in the country and a leader in the national agribusiness sector. The success of his enterprises made
Ravalomanana a wealthy man. In the mandatory self-disclosure of wealth submitted to the High Constitutional Court in 2000 by all presidential candidates, Ravalomanana declared ownership of 27 properties valued at over two billion Malagasy francs. He owned 90 per cent of Tiko Inc., 80 per cent of Tiko Agri and 50 per cent of Tiko Oil Products, a portfolio worth 13.1 billion Malagasy francs, and declared 77 million Malagasy francs in annual revenues. Vivier (2007) demonstrates that the valuation of Ravalomanana's holdings and his annual revenue in particular were significantly underestimated.
342:
farmers' access to markets. The establishment of the independent anti-corruption agency BIANCO, and the adoption of diverse supporting policies resulted in a decline in governmental corruption. Opposition members criticized
Ravalomanana in the later period of his presidency, accusing him of increasing authoritarianism and the mixing of public and private interests. In addition, the benefits of the country's growth were not evenly spread, leading to increased wealth inequality, inflation and a decline in purchasing power for the lower and middle classes. In 2008 a controversial land lease agreement with Korean agricultural firm
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more efficiently as well as the farmers and other small businesspeople targeted by the initiative. Furthermore, his own companies tended to be awarded most of the government contracts for which they bid, although this occurred transparently and legally, due to a weak legal framework around conflict of interest. Critics condemned his tendency to make unilateral decisions and disregard the views of his entourage, a number of whom resigned or were dismissed. Many joined an opposition movement that had gained considerable strength by late 2007.
479:. As Tiko continued to grow, the entrepreneur began incorporating imported ingredients such as powdered milk from South Africa (constituting 80 per cent of the composition of Tiko dairy products) and surplus butter from Europe, further improving the profitability of his business and enabling additional diversification. Tiko Group first concentrated exclusively on the production of dairy products before expanding into fruit juices, ice cream, cooking oil and carbonated beverages. The Tiko slogan printed on many of the group's products,
2615:
787:. Rajoelina rejected Ravalomanana's offer on 15 March to hold a national referendum. The following day, the army stormed the Ambohitsorohitra Palace and captured the Central Bank. Hours later, Ravalomanana transferred his power to a group of senior army personnel. Ravalomanana later declared he had been forced at gunpoint to relinquish power. A military council would have been charged with organizing elections within 24 months and re-writing the constitution for the "Fourth Republic". However, Vice Admiral
510:, Ravalomanana provided significant financial contributions to the Ratsirahonana campaign in return for tax exemptions on his edible oil products for a period of five years. The profits he consequently earned were reinvested to create the Magro wholesale company in 1998. By 2001, over a dozen principal warehouses throughout the country enabled widespread distribution of Tiko products to urban and rural areas, with a flagship warehouse in the Akorandrano neighborhood of Antananarivo.
491:
591:
747:
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901:
383:, the candidate of Marc Ravalomanana's camp. Upon attempting to return to Madagascar in October 2014 he was arrested, having been sentenced in absentia to lifelong hard labour for abuses of power by the Rajoelina administration. After his sentence was lifted and he was freed from house arrest in May 2015, Ravalomanana announced the re-opening of the Tiko business group and was re-elected the president of TIM.
963:
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socialist ideology and replace it with a firmly capitalist, market-driven economic environment. The new head of state moved away from reliance on its principal trading partner, France, and cultivated relationships with partners such as
Germany, the United States and South Korea as part of his strategy for Madagascar's economic development. In 2004 the World Bank approved his administration's
80:
935:
502:, Ratsiraka obstructed Ravalomanana's plans to build a farm stocked with imported high-yield milk cows. Ravalomanana overcame the objection by breeding high-yield cows locally, thereby further boosting Tiko production. Later that same year, Ratsiraka's daughters began competing with Tiko by importing and reselling vegetable oil under the brand name "Eden". When
634:
thousands of new primary schools and additional classrooms were constructed, older buildings were renovated and tens of thousands of new primary teachers were recruited and trained. Primary school fees were eliminated and kits containing basic school supplies were distributed to primary students. Logging in protected areas was outlawed until
January 2009.
27:
528:
Presidential office in May 2002. During his time as mayor, he balanced the city's budget and improved its water quality and waste management, and drew criticism for an urban-restoration project that demolished houses that were still being lived in. He has been described as one of the most popular mayors in
Antananarivo's history.
487:
Rakotonirina, then-Minister of
Finance Rakotovao Razakaboana, and another minister, Justin Rarivoson. By the mid-1980s, the profitability of his Tiko enterprise enabled Ravalomanana to purchase a costly villa formerly owned by French colonial governor Leon Reallon in the central Faravohitra neighborhood of Antananarivo.
762:
to lease half the island's arable land for South Korean cultivation of corn and palm oil, and the
November 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet at a cost of 60 million U.S. dollars. Within a week, Rajoelina met with twenty of Madagascar's most prominent opposition leaders (referred in the press
601:
Upon election to the presidency, Ravalomanana sought to mitigate the negative economic impact of the eight-month political standoff with
Ratsiraka, which had cost Madagascar millions of dollars He enacted a series of new laws, policies and reforms that sought to efface remaining traces of Ratsiraka's
569:
October 2001 polls showed
Ravalomanana ahead of Ratsiraka. Following the December election, official results put Ravalomanana in first place, with 46 per cent, against Ratsiraka's 40 per cent; without a majority. Ravalomanana, claiming to have won a majority in the first round, refused to participate
466:
was approved, and in 1982 he founded the Tiko company. The representative of the World Bank to
Madagascar at the time, Jose Bronfman, secured the loan with exceptionally favorable reimbursement conditions that enabled Ravalomanana to sell his products at a lower cost than other small dairy producers,
778:
Popular disapproval of Ravalomanana intensified, conflicts between pro-Rajoelina demonstrators and security forces continued over the following weeks, resulting in several additional deaths. On 11 March, following a declaration of neutrality by army leadership, pro-opposition soldiers from the Army
763:
as the "Club of 20"), to develop a joint statement demanding that the Ravalomanana administration improves its adherence to democratic principles. The demand was broadcast at a press conference, where Rajoelina promised to dedicate a politically open public space in the capital, which he would call
657:
and dramatic inflation early in Ravalomanana's presidency as evidence of a failure to reduce poverty. Ravalomanana's critics remarked that the greatest beneficiary of his reforms and policies was the president himself, giving the example of road construction projects that enabled Tiko to distribute
513:
The Ratsiraka administration launched an inquiry into Tiko business practices in September 2000 and issued an executive decision in June 2001 that the company should be shut down for failure to adhere to a 1996 agreement requiring Tiko to create jobs and produce low-cost vegetable oil; this ruling
551:
who would draw upon his business to develop the country and played upon his youth (aged 52) and his non-alliance with the elderly "political dinosaurs" who had dominated politics over the previous three decades. His origins as a village farmer inspired support among rural voters, who made up over
518:
in Tiko back taxes, but all were either dismissed or ended in an out-of-court settlement; none resulted in a criminal conviction. At its height during the period of Ravalomanana's presidency, Tiko provided direct salaried employment to between 1,000 and 3,000 staff and indirect employment to over
770:
Beginning in January 2009, Rajoelina led a series of political rallies in downtown Antananarivo where he gave voice to the frustration that Ravalomanana's policies had triggered, particularly among the economically marginalized and members of the political opposition. On 3 February, Ravalomanana
633:
Consequently, the economy grew at an average annual rate of seven per cent throughout his presidency. Under his administration, hundreds of kilometers of roads were paved in formerly isolated rural areas. Dramatic improvements in education and health were also achieved under his administration.,
341:
During Ravalomanana's presidency, Madagascar made significant advances toward development targets and experienced an average of seven per cent growth per year. His administration oversaw the construction of thousands of new schools and health clinics. Road rehabilitation aided in improving rural
323:
He entered politics upon founding the Tiako Iarivo political party in 1999 and successfully ran for the position of mayor of Antananarivo, holding the position from 1999 to 2001. As mayor he improved sanitary and security conditions in the city. In August 2001 he announced his candidacy as an
570:
in a run-off and after a recount, on 29 April 2002 the High Constitutional Court declared that Ravalomanana had won 51.3 percent of the vote, enough for a narrow first-round victory. The court's decision was contested by Ratsiraka and his supporters. Some Ratsiraka supporters, mostly of the
486:
Ravalomanana cultivated political relationships to facilitate the continued growth of Tiko in spite of an economic climate non-conducive to free enterprise under the Socialist administration of Ratsiraka. Early support in the 1980s came from the Supreme Counselor of the Revolution Manandafy
437:
Upon completing his studies, Ravalomanana returned to Manjakandriana District, where he and his family began making and selling homemade yogurts, a common artisanal product in the highlands region. On his bicycle, he collected milk from farmers in neighboring towns, gradually increasing his
758:, stating that a Viva interview with exiled former head of state Didier Ratsiraka was "likely to disturb peace and security". This move catalyzed the political opposition and a public already dissatisfied with other recent actions undertaken by Ravalomanana, including a July 2008 deal with
699:
During his second term, Ravalomanana oversaw revisions to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Renamed the Madagascar Action Plan (MAP), this new strategy was intended to build on the successes of his first term to accelerate and expand national development. The plan focused on "the eight
527:
In 1999, Ravalomanana ran as an independent candidate in the local elections, spending over $ 110,000 on his campaign—a level of expense then unheard of in a Malagasy mayoral race. He was elected with 45 per cent of the votes. His tenure stretched from December 1999 to his ascent to the
810:
After coming to power, Rajoelina's HAT pursued legal action against Ravalomanana. On 2 June 2009, Ravalomanana was fined 70 million US dollars (42 million British pounds) and sentenced to four years in prison for alleged abuse of office which, according to HAT Justice Minister
652:
The benefits of economic growth during the Ravalomanana administration were not evenly distributed, leading to higher costs of living for all Malagasy and a deepening poverty among much of the population with fewer able to increase their wealth. Detractors indicate a decline in
2814:
829:
to hard labour for life for his role in the protests and ensuing deaths. Ravalomanana's Tiko Group faced heavy pressure from the transitional government, which in April 2009 demanded that the company pay 35 million US dollars in back taxes or risk being shut down.
514:
was overturned by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2002. A number of lawsuits have been filed over Ravalomanana's business practices, including a court judgment on the eve of the 2001 presidential election requiring the payment of between 200 and 363 billion
420:
public primary school, located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Imerinkasinina. He walked this distance daily, often departing early with baskets of watercress to sell to train passengers at the nearby station. He completed his upper primary private school in
2804:
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Ravalomanana's announcement sparked retaliatory actions by the Ratsiraka administration, resulting in frequent defamatory attacks in the press and a court judgment fining him 300 billion Malagasy francs (55.6 million
617:
were tripled on the island from 1.6 million hectares (6,200 sq mi) to 6 million hectares (23,000 sq mi) – ten per cent of the country's land surface – over five years. In 2004 he established the
552:
four-fifths of the population. Many voters wished to see established in Madagascar in place of corrupt power networks dominated by nepotism. The Council of Christian Churches of Madagascar (FFKM) rallied behind Ravalomanana.
783:. Over the next several days the army deployed forces to enable the opposition to occupy key ministries, the chief of military police transferred his loyalty to Rajoelina and the army sent tanks against the presidential
1524:
370:
to organize national elections. In December 2012 he declared he would not present himself as a candidate, then a precondition to the elections being viewed as legitimate by the international community. TGV candidate
2351:
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that began in January 2009 and ended two months later with Ravalomanana's resignation under pressure and Rajoelina taking control with military support in a power transfer viewed by the international community as a
2834:
881:
Ravalomanana is a fervent Christian. As a young adult he gradually took on increasingly responsible leadership roles within his church community. In 2000 he was elected vice-president of the FJKM.
467:
which gradually put his most significant competitors out of business. Bronfman later left his post at the World Bank to become a principal investor in the company, joined by private investors from
338:(TIM) was founded in 2002 to support Ravalomanana's presidency and came to dominate legislative and local elections. He was re-elected in December 2006, again with a majority in the first round.
2261:
855:
Marc Ravalomanana was candidate at the Malagasy presidential elections 2018. He qualified for the 2nd round, with 35,35 % of the votes. The 2nd round he lost with 44.34% of votes against
328:. He then took office as president in 2002 amidst a dispute over election results in which he successfully pressed his claim to have won a majority in the first round. Under the leadership of
823:
The former head of state was in exile in Swaziland at the time, having been prevented from returning to Madagascar the previous month. Additionally, on 28 August, Ravalomanana was sentenced
645:), the national trading corporation, provided Ravalomanana the opportunity to purchase both entities, which he incorporated under Tiko. He also created a public roads construction company,
566:(TIM), and in speeches the candidate delivered in urban and rural areas across the island, by his considerable personal wealth and the airplane and seven helicopters registered to Tiko.
2829:
1580:
775:. Rajoelina incited demonstrators on 7 February to occupy the president's office. The presidential guard opened fire on the advancing crowd, killing 31 and wounding more than 200.
320:, Ravalomanana first rose to prominence as the founder and CEO of the vast dairy conglomerate TIKO, later launching successful wholesaler MAGRO and several additional companies.
975:
721:
As construction of schools and hiring of teachers continued in Ravalomanana's second term, additional measures were adopted to improve education quality, including a shift to
700:
commitments": accountable governance, more extensive and interconnected infrastructure, agriculture based rural development, family planning and health (particularly fighting
1554:
841:
in order to end the ongoing political crisis. On 10 December 2012, Ravalomanana announced that he would not participate in the elections, and encouraged Rajoelina to follow.
815:, included the December 2008 purchase of a presidential jet worth $ 60 million. Razanamahasoa claimed Ravalomanana "mixed public interests with his personal interests".
802:
before a crowd of 40,000 supporters, a transfer of power that was considered illegitimate and unconstitutional by the international community and described as a coup d'état.
2355:
2308:
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In the later half of his second term, Ravalomanana was criticized by domestic and international observers, who accused him of increasing authoritarianism and corruption.
952:
725:
as the language of instruction in grades one to five, expansion of primary schools to house grades six and seven for greater access to lower secondary schooling In the
1606:
980:
582:
Antananarivo, initiating a months-long period of sporadic ethnic and political violence until Ratsiraka's July 2002 concession of the race and exile to France.
295:
1494:
1436:
2056:
1826:
1796:
560:) in relation to his management of Tiko, which were later settled out of court. These attacks were denounced by spokesmen for Ravalomanana's campaign,
2819:
2265:
1308:(in French). Présidence de la République: Archives de la présidence de M. Jacques Chirac 1995–2007. Agence France-Presse. 18 July 2005. Archived from
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36:
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From 2009 to 2012 Ravalomanana lived in exile in South Africa, where he was engaged in active negotiations with Rajoelina and former heads of state
2201:
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On 18 November 2006, Ravalomanana's jet was forced to divert from Madagascar's capital during a return trip from Europe following reports of
2322:"Vom Umgang mit dem Berlusconi Afrikas: Kommentar zu den Reaktionen der Afrikanischen Union und des Westens auf den Umsturz auf Madagaskar"
1765:
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Marc Ravalomanana was born on 12 December 1949 in the village of Imerinkasinina, 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Antananarivo in
2794:
2623:
2537:
1937:
1224:
1055:
1034:
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announced on 18 March that the council would transfer power directly to Rajoelina, making him president of the opposition-dominated
346:, the purchase of a costly presidential jet and the closure of media channels owned by opposition leader and mayor of Antananarivo,
1690:
637:
Also after being elected in 2002, Ravalomanana remained a prominent player in the private sector. The 2003 privatisation of SINPA (
2799:
2567:
2082:
1973:
603:
309:
2321:
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1356:
2809:
2779:
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838:
741:
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351:
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627:
614:
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913:
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to further expand his business, but this request was denied, souring his view of France. His subsequent request to the
350:, strengthened popular disapproval of his policies. Rajoelina rallied popular support for the opposition, leading to a
2824:
2681:
772:
623:
410:
1443:
1498:
2060:
1834:
1525:"Managing for results in primary education in Madagascar: Evaluating the impact of selected workflow interventions"
996:
1804:
1305:
454:
884:
Ravalomanana owns media group Malagasy Broadcasting System (MBS), which operates radio and television stations.
2709:
547:
Ravalomanana ran for president in the election to be held on 16 December. His campaign promoted his image as a
426:
372:
2417:
2286:
1716:
2504:
812:
780:
687:. According to official results, he won the election with 54.79 per cent of the vote in the first round. In
626:
agreed to write off half Madagascar's debt. In 2005 Madagascar became the first country to benefit from the
425:. After completing his primary studies he attended the Swedish missionary-run technical secondary school in
392:
95:
2105:
2789:
2774:
2386:
1181:
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/181041468914450341/pdf/586120NEWS0Ban10BOX354960B007101-86.pdf
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334:
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121:
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158:
2309:
Afrique Madagascar: Marc Ravalomanana officialise sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle - RFI
2441:
The Political Crisis of March 2009 in Madagascar: A Case Study of Conflict and Conflict Mediation
2410:"Madagascar's President Invests in U.S. University Education for 24 Students as 'Future Leaders'"
1884:
422:
396:
258:
1773:
490:
2575:
2444:
1879:
1874:
1741:. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. June 2010. Archived from
1285:
1220:
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722:
590:
444:
395:. Ravalomanana's parents worked as peddlers before opening a small shop in a rural village in
304:
236:
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production and clientele. He opened his first yogurt and cheese production center in 1977 in
2666:
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1212:
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1106:
654:
595:
367:
146:
2262:"Madagascar: Marc Ravalomanana ne sera pas candidat à la prochaine élection présidentielle"
1026:
Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar – Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956–2002)
2724:
2719:
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2514:
1387:"Report from Africa: Madagascar Naturellement: Birth Control Is My Environmental Priority"
856:
784:
755:
666:
499:
347:
1951:
1331:
1694:
746:
2714:
2470:
1523:
Lassibille, Gerard; Tan, Jee-Peng; Jesse, Cornelia; Nguyen, Trang Van (6 August 2010).
711:
515:
407:
192:
2146:
2074:
1977:
704:), strong economic growth, environmental protection, and the traditional principle of
665:
underway in Antananarivo and shooting near the airport. The attempted coup by General
506:
declared himself a candidate in the 1997 presidential elections against Ratsiraka and
2763:
2329:
2007:
1667:
1360:
579:
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476:
403:
329:
313:
126:
2815:
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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2030:
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On 13 December 2008, the government closed Viva TV, owned by mayor of Antananarivo
468:
317:
1717:"Madagascar Action Plan 2007–2012: A Bold And Exciting Plan For Rapid Development"
873:
Marc Ravalomanana ran as a candidate at the 2023 Malagasy presidential elections.
449:("Tiko Palace"), where he would build the first Tiko factory several years later.
1999:
1200:
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1024:
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1914:
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507:
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79:
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With the military's backing Rajoelina was sworn in as president on 21 March at
2700:
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906:
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622:(BIANCO), leading to a decline in government corruption. That same year, the
463:
459:
2379:"Marc Ravalomanana: "Etre décoré d'"Honoris causa" constitue un engagement""
1947:
968:
575:
1216:
1160:
2264:(in French). Radio France Internationale. 15 December 2012. Archived from
1540:
308:; born 12 December 1949) is a Malagasy politician who served as the sixth
2287:
Elections à Madagascar – Un second tour pour départager les ex-présidents
701:
439:
1942:
1309:
940:
472:
332:, Ravalomanana's prime minister from 2002 to 2007, the political party
1549:
1281:
The Tragedy of Madagascar: An Island Nation Confronts the 21st Century
2805:
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean
759:
343:
2166:
2164:
1693:(in French). High Constitutional Court of Madagascar. Archived from
729:, English was added to Malagasy and French as an official language.
1211:(Madagascar, les urnes et la rue). Paris: Karthala Editions: 5–17.
1047:
Madagascar sous Ravalomanana: La vie politique malgache depuis 2001
1007:
589:
489:
2075:"Southern African Nations Refuse to Recognize Madagascar Leader"
1357:"Madagascar: Former president sentenced to five years in prison"
683:
Ravalomanana ran for a second term in the presidential election
557:
2533:
2443:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield.
2106:"Madagascar Army-Backed Leadership Change Denounced by EU, U.S"
2034:
1910:
1852:
20:
1581:"09Antananarivo266: Ravalomanana's Tiko Group under pressure"
771:
dismissed Rajoelina as mayor of Antananarivo and appointed a
1691:"Resultats de l'election presidentielle du 03 decembre 2006"
2835:
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Madagascar
639:
Societe d'lnteret National Malgache des Produits Agricoles
2354:. Government of Mauritius. 13 March 2007. Archived from
2000:"Madagascar: Speech of His Excellency Marc Ravalomanana"
1875:"Report: Madagascan opposition takes financial ministry"
1666:. United Nations. IRIN. 11 December 2006. Archived from
1332:"Marc Ravalomanana | Biography & Facts | Britannica"
1135:
1133:
710:(solidarity). The plan's targets were aligned with the
630:, a new development fund managed by the United States.
48:
1306:"Madagascar : biographie de M. Marc Ravalomanana"
1199:
Raison-Jourde, Francoise; Raison, Jean-Pierre (2002).
833:
Both Ravalomanana and Rajoelina were requested by the
641:), the state agricultural corporation, and SOMACODIS (
2059:. Agence France-Presse. 21 March 2009. Archived from
1938:"Madagascar leader offers referendum to solve crisis"
1607:"Madagascar: Voter apathy as election day approaches"
2699:
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2145:. Voice of America. 2 November 2009. Archived from
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316:family in Imerinkasinina, near the capital city of
277:
252:
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140:
112:
93:
70:
1664:"Ravalomanana likely to win presidential election"
2232:"Exiled Madagascan leader Ravalomanana sentenced"
1689:Haute Cour Constitutionnelle (25 December 2006).
953:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1489:
1487:
1096:
1094:
750:Political protests in Antananarivo, January 2009
594:Ravalomanana and former U.S. Secretary of State
2521:as President of the High Transitional Authority
1574:
1572:
1495:"Madagascar: Opinion divided over Ravalomanana"
1092:
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1088:
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1080:
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1074:
643:Société Malgache de Collecte et de Distribution
1609:. IRIN Africa. 1 December 2006. Archived from
1518:
1516:
1497:. IRIN Africa. 1 December 2006. Archived from
1437:"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar"
1029:(in French). Antananarivo: Karthala Editions.
2830:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2545:
981:Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean
8:
1766:"The Breadbasket of South Korea: Madagascar"
1739:"Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum"
1380:
1378:
1201:"Ravalomanana et la troisieme independence?"
498:In 1997, under the pretext of concern about
2031:"Q&A: Madagascar presidential election"
1435:Bachelard, Jerome; Marcus, Richard (2011).
795:(HAT) that he had appointed weeks earlier.
2552:
2538:
2530:
2459:
2328:(in German). Bonn, Germany. Archived from
1257:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1105:(in French). Jeune Afrique. Archived from
1101:Geslin, Jean-Dominique (15 January 2007).
1050:(in French). Paris: Editions L'Harmattan.
979:Grand Commander of the Most Distinguished
67:
1797:"Andry Rajoelina réunit le "Club des 20""
1548:
1142:"Madagascar: un conflit d'entrepreneurs?"
16:President of Madagascar from 2002 to 2009
1827:"Madagascar opposition leader in hiding"
1579:US Department of State (11 April 2009).
1468:Bureau of African Affairs (3 May 2011).
1359:. IRIN. 17 December 2003. Archived from
837:(SADC) to renounce participation in the
781:forced the army chief of staff to resign
745:
2127:"A coup that is not yet irreversible".
1535:(2). Oxford University Press: 303–329.
1070:
574:, cut off routes from the port city of
452:Ravalomanana solicited a loan from the
312:from 2002 to 2009. Born into a farming
2131:. 28 March – 3 April 2009. p. 56.
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1103:"Ravalomanana le PDG de la République"
835:Southern African Development Community
182:14 November 1999 – 6 May 2002
1278:Adams, Nathaniel (25 November 2022).
303:
7:
1976:. BBC. 16 March 2009. Archived from
1634:"Madagascar general urges overthrow"
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
839:2013 Malagasy presidential elections
108:5 July 2002 – 17 March 2009
49:move details into the article's body
2352:"Mauritius celebrates national day"
2172:"Madagascar sentences ex-president"
1907:"Madagascar police defy government"
1764:Walt, Vivienne (23 November 2008).
869:2023 Malagasy presidential election
851:2018 Malagasy presidential election
679:2006 Malagasy presidential election
543:2001 Malagasy presidential election
494:Distribution airplane owned by Tiko
326:December 2001 presidential election
2085:from the original on 21 March 2009
1974:"Madagascar soldiers seize palace"
779:stormed the army headquarters and
620:Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption
402:Ravalomanana's family origins are
14:
2624:Democratic Republic of Madagascar
2377:R, Herimanda (13 December 2007).
2208:. 21 January 2012. Archived from
2057:"Madagascar's Rajoelina sworn in"
1849:"'Civil war looms' in Madagascar"
1632:Hogg, Johnny (18 November 2006).
951:Grand Cross Special Class of the
691:he won 75.39 per cent of voters.
455:Agence Française de Développement
416:From age five he began attending
2820:Tiako I Madagasikara politicians
2613:
2561:
2439:Ratsimbaharison, Adrien (2017).
2238:. 28 August 2010. Archived from
1936:Lough, Richard (15 March 2009).
1385:Ravalomanana, Marc (Fall 2006).
1140:Pellerin, Mathieu (March 2009).
974:
961:
946:
933:
917:Grand Cross, First Class of the
912:
899:
859:with 55,66 % of the votes.
604:Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
78:
25:
1913:. 12 March 2009. Archived from
1583:. Leak Overflow. Archived from
1442:. Freedom House. Archived from
1002:Honorary Doctorate of Law from
267:
2143:"Madagascar President Resigns"
1833:. 7 March 2009. Archived from
1529:The World Bank Economic Review
742:2009 Malagasy political crisis
1:
2701:Fourth Republic of Madagascar
2408:Bruton, Lynne (12 May 2008).
2178:. 3 June 2009. Archived from
2104:Tighe, Paul (20 March 2009).
1470:"Background Note: Madagascar"
1396:. Peace Corps. Archived from
673:Presidential election of 2006
669:was ultimately unsuccessful.
537:Presidential election of 2001
324:independent candidate in the
2643:Third Republic of Madagascar
2202:"Ravalomanana returns to SA"
1004:Abilene Christian University
919:National Order of Madagascar
800:Mahamasina Municipal Stadium
736:Confrontation with Rajoelina
716:Millennium Development Goals
628:Millennium Challenge Account
2682:High Transitional Authority
2385:(in French). Archived from
1803:(in French). Archived from
863:Presidential elections 2023
845:Presidential elections 2018
793:High Transitional Authority
624:International Monetary Fund
406:, the island's largest and
379:in January 2014, defeating
2851:
1472:. U.S. Department of State
1044:Vivier, Jean-Loup (2007).
997:University of Antananarivo
866:
848:
739:
676:
540:
408:most politically prominent
2738:
2611:
2511:
2502:
2494:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2462:
1795:R.C. (17 December 2008).
1023:Galibert, Didier (2009).
305:[raˌvaluˈmananə̥]
285:
210:
175:
101:
89:
77:
2795:Presidents of Madagascar
2568:Presidents of Madagascar
1284:. John Hunt Publishing.
995:Honorary Doctorate from
610:(Madagascar Naturally).
608:Madagascar Naturellement
483:("Made in Madagascar").
373:Hery Rajaonarimampianina
2800:Malagasy businesspeople
2505:President of Madagascar
813:Christine Razanamahasoa
685:held on 3 December 2006
615:protected natural areas
393:Manjakandriana District
310:President of Madagascar
247:TIM (I Love Madagascar)
96:President of Madagascar
2810:Mayors of Antananarivo
2780:People from Analamanga
2320:Möllers, Hein (2009).
1719:. United Nations. 2006
1217:10.3917/polaf.086.0005
1161:10.3917/polaf.113.0152
767:("Democracy Square").
765:Place de la democratie
751:
598:
495:
2488:Patrick Ramiaramanana
2478:Mayor of Antananarivo
749:
689:Antananarivo Province
593:
523:Mayor of Antananarivo
504:Norbert Ratsirahonana
493:
462:for 1.5 million
205:Patrick Ramiaramanana
170:Mayor of Antananarivo
132:Charles Rabemananjara
2785:Malagasy Protestants
2063:on 19 February 2014.
1837:on 19 February 2014.
1831:Agence France-Presse
1613:on 22 September 2012
1501:on 22 September 2012
1261:Vivier (2007), p. 27
1249:Vivier (2007), p. 26
1127:Vivier (2007), p. 13
727:Constitution of 2007
572:Betsimisaraka people
335:Tiako I Madagasikara
122:Tantely Andrianarivo
84:Ravalomanana in 2017
2710:Rajaonarimampianina
2389:on 13 December 2013
2358:on 15 November 2012
2332:on 16 December 2013
1557:on 11 February 2012
1541:10.1093/wber/lhq009
1205:Politique Africaine
1149:Politique Africaine
789:Hyppolite Ramaroson
647:Asa Lalana Malagasy
563:Tiako iMadagasikara
381:Jean-Louis Robinson
159:Hyppolite Ramaroson
2825:Exiled politicians
2463:Political offices
2420:on 1 February 2013
2383:Madagascar Tribune
1885:Xinhua News Agency
1807:on 19 October 2013
1801:Madagascar Tribune
1776:on 7 December 2008
1587:on 26 January 2016
1403:on 2 November 2013
1394:WorldView Magazine
1336:www.britannica.com
1312:on 9 February 2011
1109:on 26 January 2012
773:special delegation
752:
599:
496:
259:Lalao Ravalomanana
2752:
2751:
2576:Malagasy Republic
2528:
2527:
2524:
2512:Succeeded by
2485:Succeeded by
2450:978-1-4422-7235-4
2268:on 5 January 2013
2242:on 7 October 2013
2081:. 19 March 2009.
2037:. 22 October 2013
1745:on 28 August 2008
1291:978-1-78904-875-9
442:on land he named
397:Tamatave Province
377:elected president
292:Marc Ravalomanana
289:
288:
237:French Madagascar
72:Marc Ravalomanana
66:
65:
45:length guidelines
2842:
2744:
2617:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2518:
2498:Didier Ratsiraka
2495:Preceded by
2468:Preceded by
2460:
2455:
2454:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:. Archived from
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2212:on 23 April 2012
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:on 23 March 2012
2168:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1980:on 18 March 2009
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1917:on 15 March 2009
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:. Archived from
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:on 14 April 2012
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:on 20 March 2012
1640:. Archived from
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1553:. Archived from
1552:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1275:
1262:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1196:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1098:
1061:
1040:
990:Honorary degrees
978:
967:
965:
964:
950:
939:
937:
936:
916:
905:
903:
902:
893:National honours
877:Other activities
760:Daewoo Logistics
655:purchasing power
596:Condoleezza Rice
368:Didier Ratsiraka
352:popular uprising
307:
302:
298:
271:
269:
235:Imerinkasinina,
233:
230:12 December 1949
229:
227:
215:Personal details
201:
189:
180:
163:
155:
147:Didier Ratsiraka
143:
115:
106:
82:
68:
61:
58:
52:
43:Please read the
29:
28:
21:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2730:R. Ravalomanana
2695:
2676:
2672:M. Ravalomanana
2637:
2618:
2609:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2517:
2515:Andry Rajoelina
2508:
2500:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2458:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2149:on 29 June 2012
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2108:. Bloomberg L.P
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2011:. 31 March 2009
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1954:on 6 March 2016
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1887:. 12 March 2009
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1855:. 11 March 2009
1847:
1846:
1842:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1363:on 13 June 2011
1355:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1022:
1017:
1015:Further reading
992:
962:
960:
934:
932:
929:
927:Foreign honours
900:
898:
895:
890:
879:
871:
865:
857:Andry Rajoelina
853:
847:
821:
808:
806:Post-presidency
785:Iavoloha Palace
756:Andry Rajoelina
744:
738:
697:
681:
675:
667:Andrianafidisoa
588:
545:
539:
534:
525:
516:Malagasy francs
500:mad cow disease
435:
389:
348:Andry Rajoelina
300:
294:
273:
270: 1974)
265:
261:
243:Political party
234:
231:
225:
223:
199:
187:
181:
176:
161:
153:
141:
136:
113:
107:
102:
85:
73:
62:
56:
53:
42:
39:may be too long
34:This article's
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2703:(2014–present)
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2474:
2471:Guy Razanamasy
2469:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2431:
2400:
2369:
2343:
2312:
2301:
2290:
2279:
2253:
2223:
2193:
2160:
2134:
2119:
2096:
2066:
2048:
2022:
1991:
1965:
1928:
1898:
1880:People's Daily
1866:
1840:
1818:
1787:
1756:
1730:
1708:
1681:
1655:
1624:
1598:
1568:
1512:
1483:
1460:
1449:on 8 June 2012
1414:
1374:
1348:
1323:
1297:
1290:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1225:
1184:
1173:
1129:
1120:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1041:
1035:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1000:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
958:
957:
956:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
894:
891:
889:
886:
878:
875:
867:Main article:
864:
861:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
820:
817:
807:
804:
740:Main article:
737:
734:
712:United Nations
696:
693:
677:Main article:
674:
671:
587:
584:
578:to the mostly
541:Main article:
538:
535:
533:
530:
524:
521:
434:
431:
388:
385:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
263:
257:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
193:Guy Razanamasy
190:
184:
183:
173:
172:
165:
164:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
124:
118:
116:
114:Prime Minister
110:
109:
99:
98:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
71:
64:
63:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2847:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Merina people
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Living people
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Ratsirahonana
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Ratsimandrava
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2414:Business Wire
2411:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2129:The Economist
2123:
2120:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2008:allAfrica.com
2001:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1670:on 4 May 2007
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1569:
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200:Succeeded by
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154:Succeeded by
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37:lead section
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18:
2770:1949 births
2684:(2009–2014)
2645:(1992–2010)
2590:Ramanantsoa
2112:13 December
2041:14 December
1958:13 December
1561:10 February
1407:13 December
1155:: 152–165.
826:in absentia
695:Second term
606:, entitled
508:Albert Zafy
427:Ambatomanga
418:Anjeva Gara
387:Early years
364:Albert Zafy
357:coup d'état
188:Preceded by
142:Preceded by
2764:Categories
2509:2002–2009
2482:1999–2002
2336:17 January
2326:Afrika Süd
2272:17 January
1749:22 January
1550:10986/4523
1341:8 February
1066:References
907:Madagascar
707:fihavanana
586:First term
532:Presidency
464:US dollars
460:World Bank
226:1949-12-12
57:March 2021
2720:Rajoelina
2715:Rakotovao
2691:Rajoelina
2667:Ratsiraka
2652:Ratsiraka
2633:Ratsiraka
2626:(1975–92)
2605:Ratsiraka
2585:Tsiranana
2578:(1958–75)
2424:25 August
2393:25 August
1948:Swissinfo
1859:2 January
1811:6 October
1476:24 August
1453:25 August
1316:24 August
969:Mauritius
301:Malagasy:
178:In office
104:In office
47:and help
2236:BBC News
2176:BBC News
2153:17 March
2089:20 March
2083:Archived
2079:VOA News
1984:18 March
1921:18 March
1891:18 March
1638:BBC News
1367:25 April
723:Malagasy
702:HIV/AIDS
576:Tamative
475:and the
440:Sambaina
278:Children
162:(acting)
2015:14 July
1943:Reuters
1723:26 July
1113:25 June
941:Germany
888:Honours
473:Germany
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2745:Acting
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2362:7 July
2246:6 July
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2206:News24
2186:3 June
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1505:6 July
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1232:8 July
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663:a coup
580:Merina
404:Merina
344:Daewoo
314:Merina
253:Spouse
2725:Ntsay
1447:(PDF)
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1401:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1145:(PDF)
1008:Texas
819:Exile
613:The
558:Euros
447:-Tiko
266:(
262:
168:48th
2657:Zafy
2445:ISBN
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2188:2009
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1986:2009
1960:2013
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1369:2010
1343:2024
1318:2012
1286:ISBN
1234:2012
1221:ISBN
1168:2013
1115:2012
1052:ISBN
1031:ISBN
445:Rova
375:was
366:and
296:GCSK
220:Born
94:6th
2298:HCC
2035:BBC
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