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that normally are shed, and is a term most commonly applied to plant leaves. The underlying physiological mechanism is that trees transfer water and sap from the roots to the leaves through their vascular cells, but in some trees as autumn begins, the veins carrying the sap slowly close until a layer
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layer completely closes off the vein allowing the tree to rid itself of the leaf. Leaf marcescence is most often seen on juvenile plants and may disappear as the tree matures. It also may not affect the entire tree; sometimes leaves persist only on scattered branches. Marcescence is most obvious in
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Marcescent leaves may be retained indefinitely and do not break off until mechanical forces (wind for instance) cause the dry and brittle petioles to snap. The evolutionary reasons for marcescence are not clear, theories include: protection of leaf buds from winter desiccation, and as a delayed
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Species that display marcescence, such as beech and oak, have adapted to retaining their leaves for prolonged periods to thrive in difficult growing media. When growth is most vulnerable In the early stages of spring, they benefit from the compost provided by the newly dropped and
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remains alive over the winter. Many other trees may have marcescent leaves in seasons where an early freeze kills the leaves before the abscission layer develops or completes development. Diseases or pests can also kill leaves before they can develop an abscission layer.
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Others theorize that leaves which remain on a tree due to marcescence allow the tree to trap snow during the winter months. By using their dead leaves to collect additional snow, trees are able to provide themselves more water in spring when the snow begins to melt.
1229:
Angst, Šárka; Cajthaml, Tomáš; Angst, Gerrit; Ĺ imáčková, Hana; Brus, JiĹ™Ă; Frouz, Jan (September 2017). "Retention of dead standing plant biomass (marcescence) increases subsequent litter decomposition in the soil organic layer".
229:
Marcescent leaves may protect some species from water stress or temperature stress. For example, in tropical alpine environments a wide variety of plants in different plant families and different parts of the world have evolved a
238:, characterized by evergreen rosettes growing above marcescent leaves. Examples of plants for which the marcescent leaves have been confirmed to improve survival, help water balance, or protect the plant from cold injury are
203:, which normally eat the twigs and their nutritious buds. Dead, dry leaves make the twigs less nutritious and less palatable. They are also more noisy when browsed, thereby potentially deterring browsers.
162:-like crown of marcescent leaves under new growth that may persist for years before being shed. In some species only juveniles retain dead leaves and marcescence in palms is considered a primitive trait.
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the leaves are exposed to. Because some marcescent species' leaves do not decompose well, the increased photodegradation may allow them to decompose better once they finally fall off the tree.
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in the marcescent leaves, with the figs possibly subsequently strangling the palms. Palm genera with taxa having marcescent leaf bases and attracting epiphytic fig growth include
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leaves, allowing them to outcompete species that have already dropped theirs. It is suggested that such variations can significantly impact their success in such conditions.
452:
1293:
Goldstein, Guillermo; Meinzer, Frederick (November 1983). "Influence of insulating dead leaves and low temperatures on water balance in an Andean giant rosette plant".
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thereby enhancing their nutrient supply, but in trapping nutrient-rich detritus, palms with marcescent leaf bases are also more likely to allow the germination of
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to describe a mushroom which (unlike most species, described as "putrescent") can dry out, but later revive and continue to disperse spores. Genus
1144:
Svendsen, Claus R. (Spring 2001). "Effects of marcescent leaves on winter browsing by large herbivores in northern temperate deciduous forests".
130:). All oak trees may display foliage marcescence, even species that are known to fully drop leaves when the tree is mature. Marcescent leaves of
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Smith, Alan P. (1979). "Function of Dead Leaves in
Espeletia schultzii (Compositae), and Andean Caulescent Rosette Species".
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source of nutrients or moisture-conserving mulch when the leaves finally fall and decompose in spring.
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trees that retain leaves through the winter. Several trees normally have marcescent leaves such as
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from marcescent trees indicates that keeping the leaves above ground may increase the amount of
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One possible advantage of marcescent leaves is that they may deter feeding of large
1267:"Why Do Some Leaves Persist On Beech and Oak Trees Well Into Winter? | Winter 2010"
1209:"Why Do Some Leaves Persist On Beech and Oak Trees Well Into Winter? | Winter 2010"
1117:
A revision of
Collybia s.l. in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada
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215:
155:
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712:(2nd ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. xxxviii, xliii.
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Marcescent species are found in the following (incomplete) list of plant genera:
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Hoshaw, Robert W.; Guard, Arthur T. (1949). "Abscission of
Marcescent Leaves of
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is well known for this feature, which was considered taxonomically important by
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767:"Abscission and Marcescence in the Woods | Vermont Center for Ecostudies"
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748:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 685.
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Berkley, Earl E. (1931). "Marcescent Leaves of
Certain Species of
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1398:"Palm Tree Susceptibility to Hemi-Epiphytic Parasitism by Ficus"
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Tropical
Forests: Botanical Dynamics, Speciation & Diversity
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196:
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1072:
Genera
Palmarum: the evolution and classification of palms
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Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and
Systematics
1366:
Bramwell, David; Caujapé-Castells, Juli (2011-07-21).
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from the original on 2021-12-21(video with narration).
16:
Retention of dead plant organs that normally are shed
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And in the following (incomplete) list of families:
991:"When Leaves Don't Leave » Arnold Arboretum"
794:"When Leaves Don't Leave » Arnold Arboretum"
889:"Species of Oaks That Retain Their Dead Leaves"
71:) leafing out before dropping marcescent leaves
51:Typical partial marcescence on a mature beech (
969:. University of California Press. p. 51.
256:The litter-trapping marcescent leaf crowns of
1099:Moore, Harold Emery; Uhl, Natalie W. (1982).
708:Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur (2018).
8:
1372:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
124:as in some but not all species of willows (
1069:Dransfield, John; Uhl, Natalie W. (2008).
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1211:. Center for Northern Woodlands Education
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183:in his 1838 classification of the fungi.
1105:. New York Botanical Garden. p. 69.
1271:Center for Northern Woodlands Education
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1134:(1838) Uppsala: Typographia Academica
142:layer in the spring. The base of the
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1115:See introduction to Roy E. Halling "
1102:Major Trends of Evolution in Palms
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1048:. Csiro Publishing. p. 160.
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341:Marcescence in various species.
138:) complete development of their
1132:Epicrisis systematis mycologici
1021:. Academic Press. p. 161.
1015:L.B. Holm-Nielsen, ed. (1989).
963:Addicott, Fredrick T. (1982).
710:Flora of the Pacific Northwest
1:
1369:The Biology of Island Floras
1307:10.1111/1365-3040.ep11589230
1396:Kramer, Gregory T. (2011).
1295:Plant, Cell and Environment
1462:
1193:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1244:10.1007/s11104-017-3318-6
397:Dendrosenecio kilimanjari
43:) with marcescent foliage
1404:. University of Florida.
1075:. Kew Pub. p. 294.
214:Some experimentation on
1087:marcescent in immature
745:Encyclopædia Britannica
875:Flora of North America
72:
58:
44:
30:
1265:Woodlands, Northern.
460:Acoelorraphe wrightii
418:Espeletia grandiflora
158:form a skirt-like or
78:is the withering and
64:
50:
36:
22:
1427:at Wikimedia Commons
247:Espeletia timotensis
87:of cells called the
1337:1979Biotr..11...43S
1170:Griffith, R. 2014.
1042:Dowe, John (2010).
527:Phoenix canariensis
376:Livistona chinensis
739:"Marcescent"
540:Marcescent species
355:Hyphaene dichotoma
236:caulescent rosette
181:Elias Magnus Fries
73:
59:
45:
31:
1423:Media related to
1379:978-1-139-49780-0
1082:978-1-84246-182-2
1055:978-0-643-10185-2
1028:978-0-08-098445-2
976:978-0-520-04288-9
922:Botanical Gazette
914:Quercus palustris
865:George W. Argus.
824:Botanical Gazette
719:978-0-29574-288-5
262:palms accumulate
136:Quercus palustris
120:), or marcescent
26:Fagus grandifolia
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1425:Marcescence
1129:E. M. Fries
918:Q. coccinea
679:Persistence
232:growth form
209:decomposing
160:shuttlecock
80:persistence
76:Marcescence
29:) in winter
1435:Categories
1325:Biotropica
1276:2017-11-04
1215:2017-11-16
1001:2017-11-16
966:Abscission
898:2017-11-16
804:2017-11-16
776:2017-11-16
695:References
662:Salicaceae
657:Betulaceae
642:Asteraceae
506:intermedia
423:Asteraceae
402:Asteraceae
294:Copernicia
195:, such as
193:herbivores
187:Advantages
167:marcescent
140:abscission
89:abscission
1158:A92803144
684:Evergreen
637:Arecaceae
599:Hamamelis
594:(beeches)
583:Espeletia
569:hornbeams
532:Arecaceae
502:Hamamelis
465:Arecaceae
381:Arecaceae
360:Arecaceae
312:Livistona
268:epiphytic
243:schultzii
241:Espeletia
176:Marasmius
165:The term
94:deciduous
65:Red Oak (
1252:25926164
1189:cite web
1181:Archived
950:83740327
852:84953073
673:See also
647:Fagaceae
564:Carpinus
486:Fagaceae
444:Fagaceae
306:Hyphaene
264:detritus
171:mycology
122:stipules
118:Carpinus
114:hornbeam
1353:2388171
1333:Bibcode
1177:YouTube
942:2472663
844:2471297
820:Quercus
611:Quercus
439:Quercus
330:Syagrus
318:Phoenix
288:Caryota
276:Attalea
144:petiole
132:pin oak
102:Quercus
40:Quercus
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