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130:
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380:, dark-green, alternate and simple with a coarsely-serrated margin, varying from 3 to 10 centimetres (1 to 4 inches) in length. In autumn, leaves turn various shades of yellow, orange and red. Hornbeam saplings, stressed trees, and the lower branches of mature trees may exhibit
1358:
The complete encyclopedia of trees of the world : the ultimate reference and identification guide to more than 1300 of the most spectacular, best-loved and unusual trees around the globe, with 3000 specially commissioned illustrations, maps and
1432:
Forest, F.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Lupia, R.; Bruneau, A.; Crane, P. R. (2005). "Teasing apart molecular- versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: a case study in the birch family (Betulaceae)".
1339:
1511:
1580:
1956:
1995:
1143:
billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it.
1904:
1728:
445:; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving
1969:
1917:
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2139:
449:. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10β30 seeds are on each seed catkin.
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is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the
1106:
1974:
414:). Female flowers give way to distinctive clusters of winged seeds that somewhat resemble the hops-like seeds of ironwood.
1982:
1603:
1666:
874:
564:
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2070:
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1257:
The world encyclopedia of trees: a reference and identification guide to 1300 of the world's most significant trees
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2000:
129:
1779:
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1589:
2075:
1397:(Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America".
969:
369:
trees with a natural, rounded form growing 4.5β9 metres (15β30 feet) tall and wide; the exemplar speciesβthe
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The smooth, gray trunk and larger branches of a mature tree exhibit a distinctive muscle-like fluting.
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2010:
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regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly
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334:, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscled appearance of the trunk and limbs.
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2018:
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410:, produced in spring. Male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (
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to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.
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The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels,
1500:. 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235.
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actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required.
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1055:. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in
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The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional
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Dai, J.; Sun, B.; Xie, S.; Lin, Z.g; Wu, J.; Dao, K. (2013). "A new species of
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842:β Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
1865:
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377:
87:
31:
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592:β European hornbeam - Europe to Western Asia; naturalized in North America.
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341:, is the original Latin name for the European species, although some
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1234:(Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1300:"The Genera of Betulaceae in the Southeastern United States"
1655:
Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754.
1537:(Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China".
1340:"Hornbeam, American (Musclewood) | Nebraska Forest Service"
457:
Formerly some taxonomists segregated them with the genera
406:
family, hornbeam flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous
549:. The fossil record of the genus extends back to the
373:βreaches a maximum height of 32 m (105 ft).
1719:
1717:
1799:
1361:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 10 September 2021.
308:derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to
1688:"2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps"
1385:Pigg, K.B.; Manchester, S.R.; Wehr, W.C. (2003). "
316:, "tree" (cognate with Dutch ββBoomββ and German
557:of northwestern North America, with the species
1492:
1490:
1113:(recorded on European hornbeam) as well as the
625:β Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan
1176:
1174:
1733:Eichhorn, Markus; Haran, Brady (2011-12-01).
1037:β China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina
288:. The 30β40 species occur across much of the
8:
1139:, giving rise to the name "ironwood". Dried
1065:can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.
1015:β Chonowski's hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
1047:The 30β40 species occur across much of the
603:β American hornbeam - Eastern North America
1787:
1651:Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam,
1477:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1380:
1378:
1190:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
563:described from fossil fruits found in the
110:
20:
1518:. Rogers Trees and Shrubs. Archived from
1315:
1081:Hornbeams are used as food plants by the
1026:β Korean hornbeam, - China, Korea, Japan
361:European hornbeam in Germany, during May
1399:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1170:
1582:English Names for Korean Native Plants
1281:"Carpinus caroliniana - Plant Finder"
501:are often grouped into two subgenera
7:
2063:EC30B96A-FF8F-FFC1-5605-8A47FC27FC87
2011:358214d0-c5a3-4161-a5dd-b3d4c4a1bee6
796:Z.C.Chen ex Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang
765:β southern China, northern Indochina
658:β Nepal, Himalayas of northern India
743:β Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea
485:. However, modern botanists place
365:Hornbeams are small, slow-growing,
1766:Eichhorn, Markus (December 2011).
337:The botanical name for the genus,
14:
1690:. Biota of North America Program.
1632:Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289,
699:Blume β Japanese hornbeam - Japan
1640:Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753.
441: in) long, held in a leafy
345:derive it from the Celtic for a
128:
2076:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:13480-1
1539:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1304:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
1285:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1708:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1232:New Flora of the British Isles
1:
1210:. Cambridge University Press
730:Z. Qiang Lu & J. Quan Liu
402:As with other members of the
1135:Hornbeams yield a very hard
710:β Taiwan, southeastern China
392:(leafdrop) is delayed until
2140:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1107:Svensson's copper underwing
920:β Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang
875:Klondike Mountain Formation
741:(Siebold & Zucc.) Blume
689:(H.J.P.Winkl.) H.J.P.Winkl.
614:β Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei
565:Klondike Mountain Formation
2158:
1735:"The Hornbeam's Heartbeat"
1481:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1194:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
942:β Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou
384:βwhere leaves wither with
119:European hornbeam foliage
1703:Miscellaneous Publication
1674:Altervista Flora Italiana
1559:10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1
1259:. London?: Lorenz Books.
993:β Mexico, Central America
254:
247:
125:Scientific classification
123:
118:
109:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
1780:University of Nottingham
1743:University of Nottingham
1590:Korea National Arboretum
1473:L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)"
1447:10.1600/0363644053661850
1298:Furlow, John J. (1990).
1186:L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)"
1043:Distribution and habitat
863:Pigg, Manchester, &
809:β Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
785:S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao
304:The common English name
970:Carpinus tengshongensis
421:about 3β6 millimetres (
1317:10.5962/bhl.part.24925
1078:
1020:Carpinus turczaninovii
903:Carpinus purpurinervis
847:Carpinus paohsingensis
781:Carpinus mengshanensis
770:Carpinus luochengensis
715:Carpinus kweichowensis
534:ancestor somewhere in
530:likely evolved from a
362:
312:) and the Old English
2032:Paleobiology Database
1592:. 2015. p. 400.
1255:Cutler, Tony (2020).
1076:
634:K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin
417:The fruit is a small
360:
1710:. 1972. p. 297.
1619:Korea Forest Service
1009:Carpinus tschonoskii
958:Carpinus shimenensis
947:Carpinus shensiensis
925:Carpinus rankanensis
814:Carpinus monbeigiana
792:Carpinus microphylla
726:Carpinus langaoensis
597:Carpinus caroliniana
569:Republic, Washington
522:phylogentic analysis
1551:2013PSyEv.299..643D
1208:The Names of Plants
1089:species, including
987:Carpinus tropicalis
836:Carpinus orientalis
759:Carpinus londoniana
674:Carpinus hebestroma
630:Carpinus dayongiana
294:Northern Hemisphere
275:trees in the plant
1206:Gledhill D. 1985.
1157:. It is sometimes
1121:C. currucipennella
1079:
991:(Donn.Sm.) Lundell
936:Carpinus rupestris
914:Carpinus putoensis
909:β Guizhou, Guangxi
892:Carpinus pubescens
881:Carpinus polyneura
831:β Sichuan, Guizhou
825:Carpinus omeiensis
803:Carpinus mollicoma
748:Carpinus lipoensis
737:Carpinus laxiflora
704:Carpinus kawakamii
669:β Sichuan, Guangxi
579:Accepted species:
363:
260:Siebold & Zucc
2122:
2121:
2019:Open Tree of Life
1793:Taxon identifiers
1599:978-89-97450-98-5
1514:Carpinus fangiana
1435:Systematic Botany
1004:β Yunnan, Guizhou
829:Hu & W.P.Fang
721:β Guizhou, Yunnan
696:Carpinus japonica
685:Carpinus henryana
663:Carpinus fangiana
608:Carpinus chuniana
489:in the subfamily
371:European hornbeam
332:Fagus grandifolia
325:American hornbeam
266:
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1739:test-tube.org.uk
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1669:Carpinus betulus
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1602:. Archived from
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1498:Carpinus betulus
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1062:Carpinus betulus
1036:
1031:Carpinus viminea
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998:Carpinus tsaiana
992:
975:
963:
953:β Gansu, Shaanxi
952:
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898:β China, Vietnam
897:
887:β southern China
886:
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859:Carpinus perryae
852:
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732:β Shaanxi, China
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691:β southern China
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652:Carpinus faginea
646:
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619:Carpinus cordata
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586:Carpinus betulus
560:Carpinus perryae
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27:Temporal range:
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524:has shown that
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1609:on 25 May 2017
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1522:on 2011-07-15.
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1441:(1): 118β133.
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1411:10.1086/376816
1405:(5): 807β822.
1395:Palaeocarpinus
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1931:iNaturalist
1825:Wikispecies
1776:Brady Haran
1588:. Pocheon:
1359:photographs
1344:nfs.unl.edu
1310:(1): 1β67.
1111:winter moth
1087:Lepidoptera
1057:Mesoamerica
818:Hand.-Mazz.
491:Coryloideae
382:marcescence
376:Leaves are
353:Description
224:Coryloideae
220:Subfamily:
168:Angiosperms
2129:Categories
1768:"Hornbeam"
1748:2012-12-30
1613:8 December
1216:0521366755
1165:References
1125:C. ostryae
1116:Coleophora
787:β Shandong
520:However,
495:Betulaceae
483:Corylaceae
412:monoecious
390:abscission
367:understory
286:Betulaceae
214:Betulaceae
1772:Test Tube
1155:windmills
1141:heartwood
1049:temperate
974:W.C.Cheng
918:W.C.Cheng
798:β Guangxi
776:β Guangxi
774:J.Y.Liang
754:β Guizhou
513:subgenus
505:subgenus
378:deciduous
290:temperate
269:Hornbeams
138:Kingdom:
2135:Carpinus
2096:VASCAN:
2089:40001762
2084:Tropicos
1831:Carpinus
1810:Wikidata
1801:Carpinus
1778:for the
1727:and the
1653:Carpinus
1638:Carpinus
1567:16941126
1535:Carpinus
1471:Carpinus
1455:86080433
1419:19802370
1391:Carpinus
1326:43782230
1230:(2010).
1184:Carpinus
1159:coppiced
1085:of some
978:Pliocene
931:β Taiwan
871:Ypresian
851:W.Y.Hsia
680:β Taiwan
555:Ypresian
544:Carpinus
532:Carpinus
511:Carpinus
507:Carpinus
503:Carpinus
499:Carpinus
487:Carpinus
481:family,
479:separate
453:Taxonomy
339:Carpinus
306:hornbeam
281:Carpinus
273:hardwood
249:Synonyms
235:Carpinus
210:Family:
181:Eudicots
99:Ypresian
24:Hornbeam
1962:1321456
1949:13480-1
1910:2875770
1816:Q158513
1547:Bibcode
1387:Corylus
1069:Ecology
964:β Hunan
940:A.Camus
896:Burkill
885:Franch.
853:β China
647:β Korea
636:β Hunan
575:Species
542:making
477:) in a
460:Corylus
436:⁄
426:⁄
408:catkins
230:Genus:
204:Fagales
200:Order:
142:Plantae
2045:PLANTS
2024:619397
2008:NZOR:
1897:105705
1884:105705
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1393:, and
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1137:timber
1109:, and
1083:larvae
1013:Maxim.
962:C.J.Qi
929:Hayata
867:, 2003
752:Y.K.Li
708:Hayata
678:Yamam.
656:Lindl.
601:Walter
538:subg.
527:Ostrya
470:Ostrya
467:) and
465:hazels
394:spring
386:autumn
194:Rosids
103:Recent
2058:Plazi
2050:CARPI
2037:55066
2001:12989
1975:19503
1957:IRMNG
1936:54769
1871:1CIPG
1858:44522
1845:8VVZD
1607:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1563:S2CID
1451:S2CID
1415:S2CID
1322:JSTOR
1148:piano
1053:China
1024:Hance
840:Mill.
645:Nakai
623:Blume
443:bract
404:birch
277:genus
188:Clade
175:Clade
162:Clade
149:Clade
2071:POWO
1996:NCBI
1970:ITIS
1944:IPNI
1923:2112
1918:GRIN
1905:GBIF
1866:EPPO
1634:ιΉ
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1615:2016
1594:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1131:Uses
1123:and
865:Wehr
509:and
388:but
347:yoke
323:The
318:Baum
314:beam
310:horn
271:are
38:Preκ
2107:WFO
2099:952
1983:NBN
1892:FoC
1879:FNA
1853:EoL
1840:CoL
1671:L."
1555:doi
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