259:
37:
162:, who were appointed to administer the counties. Though owing loyalty to the Carolingian monarch, the counts became largely autonomous. Out of the welter of counties in the march, many would be absorbed by more powerful counties, leading to the predominance of the County of Barcelona, from which, along with its vassal counties, would emerge the
510:
The local population of the
Spanish March was diverse. The majority were Hispano-Romans (Goths) and Basques but there were also Muslims, and Jews from Septimania who repopulated the Frankish conquered easternmost territories of present-day northern Spain and a small portion of southern France. The
330:(in current-day Catalonia), a region that could act as a buffer zone against Umayyad expansionism. The peace treaty was sealed with the marriage of the Dukeâs daughter to Munuza. However, Munuza was defeated by an Umayyad military expedition in 731 during another Umayyad expansion.
511:
area changed with the fortunes of the empires and the feudal ambitions of the counts appointed to administer the counties. As
Frankish imperial power waned, the rulers of the March of Hispania became independent fiefs. Most of the region would later become part of Catalonia.
442:
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, fulfilled the
Carolingian goal of extending the defensive boundaries of the empire beyond Septimania, creating a strong barrier between the Umayyad Caliphate and Francia, besides tightening control over the Duchy of Vasconia by establishing the
497:
broke away from the
Spanish March, with the County of Aragon following suit shortly thereafter in 820. The counties to the south, which were used by the Moors to enter and overrun Visigothic Septimania in 719, became, at this point, a natural extension of the
282:
bypassed the
Pyrenees by marching along the Mediterranean coast to conquer Septimania and established a fortified base at the city of Narbonne. Umayyad control of this frontier province was secured by offering the local population generous terms,
387:
was now under the grip of the new
Carolingian king, Charlemagne, and access to al-Andalus was open to him despite sporadic rebellions in Vasconia over the next two decades (Basques subdued in 790 by Charlemagne's new loyal strongman in Toulouse,
661:
in the
Pyrenees provides a fairly typical example of a lordship of the region, as Andorra is the only part of the Spanish March that was never incorporated into either France or Spain, a feat mentioned in its national anthem,
788:
612:
grants (the first ones were in
Septimania) were given personally by the Carolingian king, so that they reinforced loyalty to central power, to counterbalance the local power exercised by the march's counts.
95:
sometimes refers to a group of early
Iberian and trans-Pyrenean lordships or counts coming under Frankish rule. As time passed, these lordships merged or gained independence from Frankish imperial rule.
604:
and in economic and military terms as a mechanism to entice settlers to a depopulated border region. Such self-sufficient landholders would aid the counts in providing armed men to defend the
Frankish
1381:
236:
have sometimes been depicted as being within the Spanish March, but formally they were not. However, they came under Carolingian overlordship between 794 and 806 as part of the
596:
in deserted or abandoned areas. This included special rights and immunities that allowed considerable independence from the imperial control. Historians have interpreted the
522:
then became the principal representatives of Frankish authority in the Spanish March. The march included various outlying smaller territories, each ruled by a lesser
772:(1980). "On the role of the Jews in the establishment of the Spanish March (768-814)". In SolĂ -SolĂ©, JosĂ© MarĂa; Silverman, Joseph H.; Armistead, Samuel G. (eds.).
489:
The death of Charlemagne (814) was followed by a scene of open revolt and Carolingian setbacks around the Pyrenees. After being defeated by the Moors in the 816
881:
654:, although the change of dynasty may have played a part in that decision; meanwhile other counties maintained links with the Frankish crown for a longer time.
980:
620:, heavily agrarian entities to be self-sufficient. Each was ruled by a small hereditary military elite. For example, the first Count of Barcelona
474:). After subduing the Basques to the north of the Pyrenees (790), Frankish overlordship expanded to the upper Ebro (794) and Pamplona (798), when
860:
222:
1195:
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Both Aquitaine and Septimania were still out of Frankish control after Charles's death, but Pepin the Short was determined to subdue
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140:
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was not incorporated into the march, as it appears later in history and was probably within the area of influence of the
1371:
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154:
The territory of the Spanish March changed with the fortunes of the empires and the feudal ambitions of those, whether
1386:
1376:
1335:
519:
228:
The nominal boundaries attributed to the Gothic and the Spanish marches vary in time and not without confusion. Also,
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Umayyad forces based in Septimania then launched raids on their neighbours to the north and east, reaching as far as
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125:
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centuries later. Other Spanish March counties would later be absorbed into the kingdoms of Aragon or France. Only
1320:
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1210:
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814:
Chandler, Cullen J. (2002). "Between Court and Counts: Carolingian Catalonia and the aprisio grant, 778-987".
333:
The Spanish March was to be the result of the southward expansion of the Frankish realm from its heartland in
270:
With the exception of the Visigothic province of Septimania and some territories in the mountains of northern
258:
1350:
1092:
651:
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was appointed by the King in 801, however subsequently strong heirs were able to inherit the title such as
1295:
948:
475:
1234:
383:
to central Frankish power. After a ruthless war of eight years, Aquitainian independence came to an end.
564:
1087:
379:. In 759, after conquering Septimania from the Umayyads, the Carolingian king focused all his might in
190:
81:
132:, all of them under the influence of al-Andalus since their lords had vowed allegiance to the Umayyad
1032:
444:
214:
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148:
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with his armed retainers and who theoretically owed allegiance through the count to the emperor.
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389:
210:
202:
73:
65:
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173:
Counties that at various times formed part of the march included Ribagorza (initially including
395:
The first county to be established by the Franks from the territory taken from the Muslims was
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1229:
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740:"Carolingian Catalonia: The Spanish March and the Franks, c.750-c.1050: Carolingian Catalonia"
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572:
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Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious took Barcelona from its Moorish ruler in 801, thus securing
416:
315:
279:
237:
174:
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113:
36:
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539:(Dux Gothiae). When the county formed the border with the Muslim Kingdom, the Frankish title
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121:
69:
31:
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198:
129:
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494:
352:(including Vasconia) pledged formal allegiance to the kings of the Franks several times,
345:
in 732 after various decades of fighting between the Franks and Umayyads or "Saracens".
1325:
886:
Carolingian Catalonia: Politics, Culture, and Identity in an Imperial Province, 778â987
543:(Marquis de Gothie) was chosen. Besides, certain counts aspired to the Frankish title "
361:
342:
954:
Archibald R. Lewis, "The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050"
1365:
835:
353:
104:
The area of the Spanish March broadly corresponds to the eastern regions between the
368:
and Septimania, possibly seeing that the Umayyad thrust was threatening his grip on
628:, fl. 844â848. This gradually became custom until countship became hereditary (for
586:
In the early 9th century, Charlemagne began issuing a new kind of land grant, the
850:
1148:
432:
57:
53:
17:
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439:) are from 812 but the county was probably under Frankish control before 800.
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However poor communications and a distant central power allowed these basic
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105:
61:
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failed to assist him in the defense of the county against Muslim leader
372:, which had just been subdued in 736, but he failed to keep the region.
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515:
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241:
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and when they governed several counties they often took the title of
524:
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300:
233:
178:
155:
144:
915:
Freedman, Paul (2003). "Spanish March". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.).
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by Frankish forces in 801. A number of castles were established in
1122:
1110:
1098:
1027:
311:
287:, and treaties. Further Umayyad expansion northward was halted by
257:
64:
and nearby areas, to protect the new territories of the Christian
35:
593:
109:
962:
592:, which reallocated land previously held by the imperial crown
360:
in 736 after being defeated, but remained independent. In 737,
170:, between modern France and Spain, retained its independence.
518:
power in the borderland between the Franks and the Moors. The
314:. Peace was signed in 730 between the victor at Toulouse, the
143:. The Pyrenean valleys started to switch loyalties after 785 (
642:, when he ceased to request royal charters after the kings
278:
was largely complete by 718. In 719, the Umayyad forces of
852:
The New Cambridge Medieval History III: c. 900 â c. 1024
849:
Reuter, Timothy; MacKitterick, Rosamond, eds. (1995).
431:
were added in 798. The first records of the county of
276:
Umayyad conquest of the Visgothic Kingdom of Hispania
502:
ruled by local counts under the Carolingian Empire.
27:
Counties in Southern border of the Frankish Kingdom
790:Catalonia is Not Spain - A Historical Perspective
855:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 390â391.
1382:States and territories established in the 790s
974:
136:rulers in 719, until King Pepin the Short of
8:
1142:
1063:
997:
981:
967:
959:
411:) to the south of the Pyrenees was taken.
40:The Spanish March and surrounding regions.
478:also came under Charlemagne's influence.
423:and were added to this county circa 790.
632:in 897). The County of Barcelona became
677:
531:The rulers of the counties were called
493:, Pamplona, now led by the Basque lord
917:Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia
949:Ian Meadows, "The Arabs in Occitania"
882:"Creating the Spanish March, 778â840"
285:intermarriage between ruling families
7:
470:between 798 and 802 (appointment by
1040:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
403:) circa 760. In 785 the county of
25:
1083:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
555:("duke") of the March. The later
120:in its northwestern valleys, the
454:After a series of struggles the
1311:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
364:led an expedition to the lower
381:crushing Aquitanian resistance
289:al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlanis
112:. The local population of the
1:
880:Chandler., Cullen J. (2019).
91:In its broader meaning, the
787:Harris, Simon (2014-12-11).
738:Chandler, Cullen J. (2013).
776:. Barcelona: Puvill Libros.
774:Hispania Judaica I: History
326:rebel Muslim lord based in
141:conquered Septimania in 759
128:population governed by the
1403:
890:Cambridge University Press
583:, inherited these titles.
262:The Spanish March and the
251:
82:Umayyad Emirate of CĂłrdoba
29:
1281:
1211:Principality of Catalonia
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1145:
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898:10.1017/9781108565745.004
600:both as an early form of
164:Principality of Catalonia
126:Occitano-Romance-speaking
116:was diverse. It included
990:Spain in the Middle Ages
638:independent under count
254:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
1149:Feudal Christian realms
919:. New York: Routledge.
828:10.1111/1468-0254.00099
1296:Monarchs of al-Andalus
725:
717:
709:
697:
689:
476:Alfonso II of Asturias
267:
225:("March of Gothia").
41:
816:Early Medieval Europe
565:Bernard of Septimania
261:
56:established c.795 by
39:
30:Further information:
1346:Monarchs of Valencia
1306:Monarchs of Asturias
1093:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
1033:Kingdom of the Suebi
445:Kingdom of Aquitaine
205:, Girona ("March of
100:Geographical context
1372:Carolingian marches
1341:Monarchs of Navarre
1336:Monarchs of Majorca
1326:Monarchs of Granada
1321:Monarchs of Galicia
1316:Monarchs of Castile
1286:Visigothic monarchs
1267:Kingdom of Valencia
1235:Kingdom of Artajona
1216:Kingdom of Pamplona
1207:County of Barcelona
1161:Kingdom of Asturias
892:. pp. 60â110.
520:Counts of Barcelona
456:County of Barcelona
447:, ruled by his son
1387:795 establishments
1377:Medieval Catalonia
1301:Monarchs of Aragon
1262:Kingdom of Majorca
1225:Kingdom of Viguera
1220:Kingdom of Navarre
1182:Kingdom of Castile
1170:Kingdom of Galicia
1129:Emirate of Granada
1088:Emirate of CĂłrdoba
1045:Duchy of Cantabria
1021:Visigothic Kingdom
756:10.1111/hic3.12078
659:history of Andorra
491:Battle of Pancorbo
390:William of Gellone
299:were installed in
293:Battle of Toulouse
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74:Duchy of Aquitaine
66:Carolingian Empire
42:
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1196:Kingdom of Toledo
1175:County of Castile
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1117:Almohad Caliphate
1105:Almoravid Emirate
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1004:Early Middle Ages
862:978-0-521-36447-8
770:Bachrach, Bernard
665:El Gran Carlemany
573:Bernard of Gothia
547:". A margrave or
316:Duke of Aquitaine
280:al-Samh ibn Malik
238:Duchy of Vasconia
122:Jews of Occitania
80:âfrom the Muslim
16:(Redirected from
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419:were linked to
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1366:Categories
1073:(711-1492)
1070:Al-Andalus
672:References
657:The early
648:Hugh Capet
640:Borrell II
577:Borrell II
557:Toulousain
397:Roussillon
223:Fenouillet
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86:al-Andalus
78:Septimania
1016:Visigoths
836:154531960
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702:Aragonese
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602:feudalism
549:Marcgravi
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305:Barcelona
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203:Barcelona
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433:EmpĂșries
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385:Toulouse
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561:Catalan
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242:Gascony
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168:Andorra
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