2808:
175:
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328:
198:
683:
600:
186:
3139:
514:
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158:
424:
666:. Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within the M23 movement and its military leader Sulani Makenga, which had recently forced Ntaganda's forces to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the
623:
by 1 December. On 30 November, M23 troops began to withdraw from Sake and Masisi. A first contingent of 200 police officers also arrived in Goma on 30 November, in anticipation of M23's withdrawal. M23 operatives allegedly kept a presence there, dressed in civilian police uniforms. On the eve of the
469:
M23 rebels advanced on Goma 20 November, and the
Congolese Army retreated with little fighting. M23 forces paraded through the city, and some residents turned out to welcome them. Congolese customs officers abandoned their posts, leaving the border to Rwanda open. United Nations peacekeepers watched
745:
from their remote bases; these first attacks achieved little. After failed peace talks in April 2022, however, the M23 faction of
Bisimwa joined the offensive. In May 2022, M23 fighters launched their most sustained attack since the start of their new offensive, overrunning a Congolese army base at
715:
On 6 November 2013 government forces launched an assault on M23 rebel position in the east of the country. This occurred one day after insurgents called for a ceasefire. The following day M23 issued a document that said they had "decided from this day to end its rebellion" and instead to pursue its
711:
and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and make space for stabilization activities. The FIB alongside the
Government Forces (FARDC) engaged the M23 in July 2013, August 2013 and
544:
because of an inquiry into his alleged role in arms sales to various rebel groups, including the FDLR, in the eastern part of the country, so it implicated M23. On 23 November, M23 rebels retook Sake from the FARDC after an intense four-hour battle and reinforced their position in the town, as they
632:
rebels of going door to door in some of Goma's suburbs on the eve of their withdrawal, looting personal possessions, money and vehicles. The political wing of the movement denied this accusation, and said that criminal elements who had escaped from
Munzenze prison were responsible for the looting.
443:
territories. On 6 June 2012 a
Congolese spokesman reported that 200 M23 soldiers had died in the mutiny and that over 370 soldiers had surrendered to FARDC, including 25 Rwandan citizens. On 8 July 2012, Colonel Sultani Makenga announced that a government offensive to dislodge the group from their
290:
reported human rights abuses by M23 rebels in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, including unlawful killings, rapes and other war crimes. Allegations implicate Rwandan support for these actions, bringing concerns about war crimes and making the humanitarian situation worse in the region. The
2774:
611:
The FARDC, had previously withdrawn after raping almost 126 women, some of them less than 10 years old, according to the United
Nations and looting the money and possessions of the local population, came from Minova in a counteroffensive launched against M23 positions in the
761:'s government of supporting the rebels, charges which Kigali denied. In November 2022 M23 rebels got close to the city of Goma, forcing about 180,000 people to leave their homes after the Congolese army withdrew from the region close to the village of Kibumba.
376:
called for his arrest on 11 April 2012. The government had threatened to redeploy former CNDP soldiers away from North Kivu before the full implementation of the peace agreement, which prompted many of them to defect from the army and create the M23.
3115:
404:. This way, a larger number of more experienced soldiers could be stationed on the battlefield. However, this approach backfired when M23 troops tried to extort from the local population, since the armed youngsters defended their own villagers.
2796:
1681:
285:
by the rebels. In
November 2022, M23 rebels got close to the city of Goma and forced about 180,000 people to leave their homes after the Congolese Army had withdrawn from the region near the village of Kibumba. In June 2023,
931:
3012:
125:
466:) not to support government troops. Congolese government spokesman Lambert Mende accused Rwanda of backing the rebels. "The DRC has "not yet declared war, but we are ready to face it. This is our country, our duty".
262:
because the DRC government had finally agreed to negotiate. In late 2012, Congolese troops, along with UN troops, retook control of Goma, and M23 announced a ceasefire and said that it wanted to resume peace talks.
3169:
2789:
1589:
3142:
2782:
741:
in the border area between Rwanda, Uganda, and the DR Congo. The operations of this splinter group remained marginal, and were not supported by the rest of M23. In March 2022, Makenga's group launched
757:
On 20 October 2022 the group launched its latest offensive in the east of DRC forcing thousands to escape. After the M23 attacks of 2022, the
Congolese government blamed Rwanda, and accused President
780:, he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity". Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to
1820:
3184:
1771:
1673:
2853:
400:(community militias mostly created and supported by the Democratic Republic of Congo). To be able to upstaff the troops, occupied villages were asked to deliver youngsters for the formation of
2300:
723:
After peace declarations were signed between the DRC Government and M23 rebels on 12 December 2013, issues of legal accountability for the rebellion remain because of international pressure.
3174:
2511:
957:
3065:
2488:
927:
2583:
2812:
796:
784:
and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga
Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized. M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.
3070:
2658:
Broache, Michael (November 2016). "Irrelevance, instigation and prevention: the mixed effects of international criminal court prosecutions on atrocities in the CNDP/M23 case".
1650:
340:
1749:
3028:
674:. On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC and appeared for the first time in front of the ICC on 26 March, to which he denied charges of rape, murder, and other offenses.
295:
encouraged sanctions against the M23 leaders and implicated Rwandan officials. As of February 2023, the group occupies various major towns in eastern North Kivu including
259:
497:
criticized the M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including "intimidation of journalists", and abduction of women and children. Noting that the
639:
On 24 February 2013, leaders of eleven African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo, among them
277:
In 2017, M23 elements resumed their insurgency in the DRC, but the operations of this splinter faction had little local impact. In 2022, a larger portion of M23 started
2384:"Surrendering to the Big Picture: Historical and Legal Perspectives on Accountability in the Democratic Republic of Congo Following the Defeat of the March 23 Movement"
1619:
704:
483:
368:(CNDP) - turned against the DRC government, citing poor conditions in the army and the government's unwillingness to implement the 23 March 2009 peace deal. General
2863:
365:
336:
596:, and a M23 company would be posted near Goma Airport and would take charge of security. When the ultimatum expired on 26 November, M23 still controlled the city.
3100:
1868:
1824:
1593:
389:
2911:
2848:
2660:
411:, democracy, as well as good governance. They have accused President Kabila of cheating in the November 2011 elections. The rebels have threatened to march on
274:
created and commanded the M23 rebel group. Rwanda ceased its support because of international pressure and the military defeat by the DRC and the UN in 2013.
1364:
565:
provincial border, with more than 3500 soldiers. The UN has declared that it lost access to 30 of its 31 refugee camps in the area due to the M23 offensive.
2048:
1490:
296:
282:
1934:
694:
1465:
2022:
908:
3007:
1715:
1566:
2755:
1846:
1185:
647:. Both had been accused of aiding the M23 rebellion, a charge they denied. M23 was not represented either in the negotiations, or at the signing.
953:
772:
On 25 February 2013, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader,
47:
529:
2236:
737:
In 2017, M23 commander Sultani Makenga and about 100 to 200 of his followers fled from Uganda to resume their insurgency, setting up camp at
2536:
2496:
2124:
2587:
1261:
815:
2769:
Full text of the Agenda for the Dialogue between the Government of the DRC and the M23 on the situation in Eastern Congo, 16 January 2013
2881:
716:
goals "through purely political means". On 7 November, Sultani Makenga, the leader of M23, surrendered with about 1,500 M23 fighters in
254:
of 2012 to 2013 against the DRC government led to the displacement of large numbers of people. On 20 November 2012, M23 took control of
1983:
1642:
616:, North Kivu region on 27 November. M23 set up a road block on the road from Goma to Sake and reportedly extorted funds from drivers.
2073:
1210:
1156:
2731:
2259:
1912:
703:
authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the
2976:
1286:
732:
20:
1890:
1338:
339:(CNDP) signed a peace treaty with the DRC government, where it became a political party, and the M23 soldiers integrated into the
2807:
1313:
235:
179:
174:
99:
2335:
2096:"Faisant semblant de quitter Goma. Des M23 en tenue de la Police nationale. Une stratégie qui trompe la vigilance au Nord-Kivu"
2095:
1956:
1741:
1123:
292:
2209:
1539:
3105:
2951:
1107:
979:
655:
1797:
1235:
1059:
1030:
671:
327:
2288:
592:
area gave M23 a two-day ultimatum to leave Goma. A combined force which would include international troops, a FARDC
3164:
3095:
2833:
2643:
1368:
773:
589:
462:
March 23 Movement forces had advanced to the outskirts of Goma by 18 November 2012 and warned the UN peacekeepers (
348:
67:
1615:
470:
the occupation without intervening, stating that their mandate was limited to protecting the safety of civilians.
343:(FARDC). M23 takes its name from the date of these peace accords. The armed wing of the group is led by General
2044:
682:
475:
1512:
636:
On 3 December 2012, FARDC and Congolese government officials re-enter Goma, two days after M23 left the city.
1435:
3053:
2946:
2669:
2171:
593:
510:
On 21 November 2012, during the siege more than 2,000 Congolese soldiers and 700 policemen defected to M23.
1081:
670:, the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its
3058:
2858:
1707:
1461:
717:
865:
364:
The M23 was formed on 4 April 2012 when nearly 300 soldiers - the majority of them former members of the
258:, a provincial capital with a population of a million people, but it was requested to evacuate it by the
787:
By 2022, M23 was split into factions loyal to Bertrand Bisimwa, Jean-Marie Runiga, and Sultani Makenga.
2146:
1562:
1390:
507:
described the takeover of Goma as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole".
2624:
372:, also known as "The Terminator", was accused by the Government of Kinshasa of leading the group, and
3120:
742:
541:
278:
121:
2406:
577:
569:
3179:
2313:
537:
2244:
3080:
3075:
2843:
2710:
2698:
479:
436:
287:
46:
347:, who has served as acting president of the group since the 28 February 2013 removal of Bishop
2981:
2941:
2891:
2763:
2727:
1869:"RDC : le président Kabila suspend le général major Amisi, le chef des forces terrestres"
546:
550:
3090:
3048:
2918:
2702:
2673:
1124:
http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA16/20150520/103498/HHRG-114-FA16-Transcript-20150520.pdf
700:
440:
308:
57:
1979:
554:
3125:
3085:
3043:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2838:
781:
777:
498:
344:
215:
62:
2432:
599:
482:
filled with arms and ammunitions of various caliber, all of which were abandoned by the
3038:
2923:
2006:"DR Congo: Initial findings by UN confirm human rights violations amid recent violence"
503:
369:
267:
2383:
1491:"RDC : les chefs d'Etat des Grands lacs donnent 2 jours au M23 pour quitter Goma"
3158:
2971:
2933:
2714:
1772:"Prises de guerre du M23 à Goma : "Kinshasa nous approvisionne depuis le début""
1457:
751:
629:
490:
474:
later reported that M23 rebels acquired as well as six artillery pieces (type 26 and
457:
373:
251:
117:
113:
2099:
513:
3033:
2561:
2357:
2276:
2196:
1793:
1412:
1055:
1008:
840:
738:
707:, against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in
667:
408:
407:
Following military successes, M23 rebels made additional demands, citing issues of
190:
3116:
International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2462:
2706:
1535:
887:
619:
Following a peace deal negotiated in Uganda, the M23 said it would withdraw from
435:
The rebels were active in North Kivu province, fighting government forces in the
2314:"Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade"
758:
663:
494:
393:
572:, who had surrendered and joined government troops along with other leaders of
2745:
2689:
and the dynamics of a failed insurgency in the Democratic Republic of Congo".
2005:
708:
562:
444:
hideouts had failed, and that they had in turn captured several towns towards
385:
239:
103:
1108:"Subcommittee Hearing: Developments in Rwanda - Committee on Foreign Affairs"
1847:"Nord-Kivu : la coalition FARDC-Maï-Maï aurait repoussé le M23 de Sake"
1236:"DR Congo: Killings, Rapes by Rwanda-Backed M23 Rebels | Human Rights Watch"
747:
659:
584:. On 13 November he defected again from the FARDC. At a regional meeting in
304:
202:
2125:"Nord-Kivu : les rebelles du M23 accusés à nouveau de pillages à Goma"
954:"Rebels Vow to Take All of Congo, as Army Troops and Police Defect in Goma"
281:, which eventually resulted in the capture of the Congolese border town of
2677:
2210:"U.S. confirms Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in at U.S. Embassy in Kigali"
980:"Wagner Group expands influence in DRC, Africa - Robert Lansing Institute"
650:
On 18 March 2013, Bosco Ntaganda handed himself in to the U.S. embassy in
2639:
686:
493:
urged Goma's citizens to "resist" the M23 takeover. UN Secretary General
412:
312:
2463:"Rwanda Will Not Be Drawn Into Intra-Congo Conflict - Govt Spokesperson"
423:
3110:
2635:
585:
581:
573:
525:
463:
397:
300:
1935:"RDC/Nord-Kivu: le HCR n'a accès qu'à un seul camp de déplacés sur 31"
234:), is a Congolese rebel military group. Based in eastern areas of the
2817:
2768:
651:
644:
640:
613:
558:
533:
271:
247:
243:
162:
157:
1536:"Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces"
16:
Revolutionary military group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2197:
BBC News - Bosco Ntaganda: Wanted Congolese in US mission in Rwanda
1708:"Congo rebels take Goma with little resistance and to little cheer"
2537:"M23 accept conditional ceasefire, want talks with DRC government"
681:
625:
598:
512:
422:
392:(a group that counts among its number the original members of the
381:
326:
720:, Uganda. They were eventually moved to refugee camps in Uganda.
2901:
2489:"Heavy fighting as Congo tries to fend off resurgent M23 rebels"
620:
604:
557:
to the north. Meanwhile, the FARDC reinforced their position in
518:
445:
428:
316:
255:
3013:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)
2778:
1674:"Goma falls to Congo's 'M23' rebels without expected bloodbath"
750:. On 13 June, the rebels captured the important border town of
126:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)
2512:"Congo military accuses Rwanda of invasion; rebels seize town"
1590:"DR Congo rebel chief pledges to withdraw from captured towns"
776:, was sacked. In a statement signed by M23's military leader,
2289:
Congo warlord denies guilt in first appearance at Hague court
1211:"Thousands displaced as M23 rebels near key DRC city of Goma"
1157:"Thousands displaced as M23 rebels near key DRC city of Goma"
2625:"Easing the Turmoil in the Eastern DR Congo and Great Lakes"
1186:"Congo rebels seize eastern border town, army blames Rwanda"
396:
that carried out the 1994 Rwandan Genocide) as well as area
3170:
2012 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2172:"African leaders sign deal aimed at peace in eastern Congo"
2562:"DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels"
1913:"Nord-Kivu: les FARDC renforcent leurs positions Ă Minova"
1262:"Rebels makes new advance, and Congo expels Rwandan envoy"
2358:"DR Congo's M23 rebel chief Sultani Makenga 'surrenders'"
2074:"Nord-Kivu: les premières troupes du M23 ont quitté Saké"
1891:"Sake: les affrontements entre FARDC et M23 font 4 morts"
1339:"Fresh Clashes as M23 Rebels Make Gains in East DR Congo"
1009:"DR Congo: Bunagana residents flee M23 clashes to Uganda"
888:"M23 rebels in DR Congo deny shooting down UN helicopter"
1413:"Congo's 'Terminator': Kabila calls for Ntaganda arrest"
1314:"Congolese M23 rebels seize major mining town of Rubaya"
528:
elements, routed the M23 rebels from the nearby town of
3066:
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2098:(in French). L’Avenir. 30 November 2012. Archived from
2023:"Nord-Kivu: les FARDC contre-attaquent le M23 Ă Masisi"
2510:
Al-Hadji Kudra Maliro; Justin Kabumba (13 June 2022).
2277:
BBC News - DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda appears before ICC
1957:"Bukavu: le colonel Kahasha fait à nouveau défection"
1821:"DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities"
841:"DR Congo: M23's Makenga and Runiga factions 'clash'"
524:
On 22 November, the FARDC, in cooperation with local
3185:
Rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3071:
Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2724:
De l'AFDL au M23 en République démocratique du Congo
2586:. Global Post. AFP. 25 February 2013. Archived from
2237:"The surrender of Bosco Ntaganda – Al Jazeera Blogs"
1740:
Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012).
1616:"UPDATE 4-Congo rebels advance to outskirts of Goma"
1365:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'"
1136:
1134:
1132:
341:
Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3021:
3000:
2960:
2932:
2874:
2826:
2433:"Neue Kämpfe im Osten Kongos: UN-Blauhelme sterben"
1980:"Congo rebels refuse to quit captured city of Goma"
1260:Kabumba, Justin; Larson, Krista (29 October 2022).
532:, 27 kilometers from Goma, as they marched towards
168:
151:
139:
131:
109:
95:
74:
53:
28:
2336:"M23 rebels announce end of rebellion in DR Congo"
2279:. Bbc.co.uk (2013-03-26). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
2260:"International court detains Rwandan-born warlord"
2199:. Bbc.co.uk (2013-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
1287:"M23 rebels take control of eastern DR Congo town"
1184:Sabiti, Djaffar; Bujakera, Stanis (13 June 2022).
260:International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
3175:Military units and formations established in 2012
2813:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
1031:"Instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
797:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
2119:
2117:
1485:
1483:
956:. CTV News. Associated Press. 21 November 2012.
764:On 25 November 2022, M23 agreed on a ceasefire.
501:had begun with fighting in the same region, the
2864:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
2301:Ntaganda Case; The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda
1706:Pete Jones and David Smith (20 November 2012).
928:"DRC Rebels Capture Goma Without Firing a Shot"
366:National Congress for the Defence of the People
337:National Congress for the Defence of the People
2691:South African Journal of International Affairs
2068:
2066:
2017:
2015:
1513:"DR Congo fighters jubilant after taking Goma"
1462:"Congo: M23 rebels aim for Uganda border town"
390:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
2790:
2661:International Journal of Transitional Justice
2584:"Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead"
654:, Rwanda, where he requested transfer to the
536:. Also 22 November, Kabila suspended General
238:(DRC), it operates mainly in the province of
8:
2499:on 13 June 2022 – via www.reuters.com.
2456:
2454:
1774:(in French). Jeune Afrique. 23 November 2012
1255:
1253:
860:
858:
32:
1937:(in French). Romandie.com. 23 November 2012
2957:
2929:
2797:
2783:
2775:
2127:(in French). Radio Okapi. 30 November 2012
2076:(in French). Radio Okapi. 30 November 2012
2025:(in French). Radio Okapi. 27 November 2012
1959:(in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012
1915:(in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012
1893:(in French). Radio Okapi. 23 November 2012
1871:(in French). Radio Okapi. 22 November 2012
1849:(in French). Radio Okapi. 22 November 2012
1735:
1733:
1493:(in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012
909:"Rwanda denies backing armed group in DRC"
25:
1563:"Clashes in eastern DR Congo claim lives"
866:"M23 rebels set conditions for Goma exit"
695:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade
1794:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"
1436:"Thousands flee renewed violence in DRC"
1056:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"
2756:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
2166:
2164:
1742:"Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital"
1643:"Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital"
816:"Bertrand Bisimwa, the man leading M23"
807:
2047:. Voice of America. 28 November 2012.
1823:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
1542:from the original on 21 September 2013
1515:. Al Jazeera English. 22 November 2012
1003:
1001:
835:
833:
568:On 24 November in South Kivu, Colonel
517:Nyanzale refugee camp, 150km north of
315:, and controls vital roads leading to
2764:UN Group of Experts final report 2012
2149:. Al Jazeera English. 3 December 2012
2051:from the original on 30 November 2012
2045:"M23 to Leave Goma, Rebel Chief Says"
1986:from the original on 27 November 2012
1752:from the original on 20 November 2012
1718:from the original on 22 November 2012
1684:from the original on 22 November 2012
1653:from the original on 21 November 2012
1622:from the original on 25 November 2012
1179:
1177:
1151:
1149:
960:from the original on 21 November 2012
934:from the original on 21 November 2012
7:
2431:Simone Schlindwein (30 March 2022).
2405:Martina Schwikowski (8 April 2022).
1978:David Mackenzie (27 November 2012).
1800:from the original on 5 December 2012
1701:
1699:
1367:. AFP. 23 March 2009. Archived from
1312:Mulegwa, Pascal (27 February 2023).
1062:from the original on 5 December 2012
903:
901:
3008:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash
2882:East African campaign (World War I)
2608:
2487:Katanty, Djaffar Al (26 May 2022).
2291:. Reuters. Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
1391:"DR Congo troops shell rebel bases"
1140:
2407:"M23 rebels resurface in DR Congo"
2235:Nazanine Moshiri (20 March 2013).
699:In March 2013, the United Nations
14:
1569:from the original on 14 June 2012
1468:from the original on 19 July 2013
1393:. Al Jazeera English. 18 May 2012
868:. aljazeera.net. 27 November 2012
3138:
3137:
2816:
2806:
2748:
1672:David Blair (20 November 2012).
926:Mike Pflanz (20 November 2012).
486:during their retreat from Goma.
380:The M23 is made up primarily of
236:Democratic Republic of the Congo
196:
184:
180:Democratic Republic of the Congo
173:
156:
100:Democratic Republic of the Congo
45:
2722:Mbavu Muhindo, Vincent (2014).
2461:James Karuhanga (26 May 2022).
2147:"DR Congo army returns to Goma"
1819:Phil Moore (20 November 2012).
843:. bbcnews.com. 25 February 2013
293:United Nations Security Council
19:For the 2022–24 offensive, see
2258:Corder, Mike (22 March 2013).
1796:. BBC News. 20 November 2012.
1641:Josh Kron (19 November 2012).
1588:Albert Kambale (8 July 2012).
1534:Melanie Gouby (4 April 2012).
1058:. BBC News. 20 November 2012.
818:. dailymaverick. 16 April 2013
232:Armée révolutionnaire du Congo
1:
2316:. United Nations. 10 May 2013
1618:. Reuters. 18 November 2012.
144:
2952:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
2707:10.1080/10220461.2014.942207
2632:Crisis Group Africa Briefing
1561:Malcolm Webb (6 June 2012).
1434:Malcolm Webb (18 May 2012).
1112:Committee on Foreign Affairs
1082:"Paul Kagame, War Criminal?"
733:M23 offensive (2022–present)
656:International Criminal Court
228:Congolese Revolutionary Army
21:M23 offensive (2022–present)
2564:. bbcnews.com. 2 March 2013
2338:. France24. 5 November 2013
1011:. bbcnews.com. 1 March 2013
712:September to October 2013.
672:Rewards for Justice Program
3203:
3096:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2834:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
2685:Koko, Sadiki (2014). "The
2644:International Crisis Group
774:Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero
730:
692:
689:soldiers of the UN brigade
678:End of the first rebellion
455:
448:, the provincial capital.
415:and depose the president.
402:village defence committees
349:Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero
68:Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero
18:
3134:
1415:. BBC News. 11 April 2012
930:. London: The Telegraph.
44:
545:reportedly moved toward
476:BM-type rocket launchers
351:, a former CNDP member.
331:North Kivu Province, DRC
222:), often abbreviated as
3054:Belgian colonial empire
2947:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
1035:Global Conflict Tracker
705:Congolese national army
553:to the north-west, and
80:April 4, 2012
3059:Kivu frontier incident
2859:East African Community
2726:. L'Harmattan: Paris.
1565:. Al Jazeera English.
718:Mgahinga National Park
690:
608:
521:
432:
335:On 23 March 2009, the
332:
226:and also known as the
219:
33:
1592:. AFP. Archived from
685:
602:
516:
426:
330:
242:, which borders both
3121:2014 Mutarule attack
2687:Mouvement du 23 Mars
1464:. Associated Press.
1438:. Al Jazeera English
984:lansinginstitute.org
220:Mouvement du 23 mars
122:M23 offensive (2022)
34:Mouvement du 23-Mars
2678:10.1093/ijtj/ijw020
2590:on 25 February 2013
2247:on 2 November 2013.
2008:. 18 December 2012.
1596:on 24 February 2014
603:M23 rebels leaving
489:DR Congo president
480:shipping containers
478:)approximately ~20
452:Late 2012 offensive
96:Active regions
3081:Katanga insurgency
3076:Rwandan Revolution
2912:Massacres of Hutus
2875:Military relations
2844:Sun City Agreement
2699:Taylor and Francis
2611:, pp. 10, 15.
2386:. 17 February 2014
2303:, ICC-01/04-02/06.
2178:. 24 February 2013
2102:on 2 November 2013
1827:on 8 December 2012
1746:The New York Times
1460:(6 October 2012).
768:Internal conflicts
691:
609:
607:, 30 November 2012
522:
433:
333:
288:Human Rights Watch
270:report found that
76:Dates of operation
70:(former president)
3165:March 23 Movement
3150:
3149:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2982:Kishishe massacre
2942:Makobola massacre
2892:Rwandan Civil War
2854:Gorilla Agreement
2541:www.aljazeera.com
2364:. 7 November 2013
2241:www.aljazeera.com
1345:. 26 January 2023
1293:. 1 February 2023
1215:www.aljazeera.com
1161:www.aljazeera.com
1088:. 14 January 2013
986:. 13 January 2023
588:, leaders of the
212:March 23 Movement
208:
207:
65:(military chief)
40:
29:March 23 Movement
3192:
3141:
3140:
3091:Rwandan genocide
3049:Ngweshe Chiefdom
2958:
2930:
2919:Second Congo War
2821:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2737:
2718:
2681:
2647:
2629:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2495:. Archived from
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1343:Voice of America
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1005:
996:
995:
993:
991:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
923:
917:
916:
913:The East African
905:
896:
895:
894:. 30 March 2022.
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
862:
853:
852:
850:
848:
837:
828:
827:
825:
823:
812:
701:Security Council
384:and opposes the
374:President Kabila
201:
200:
199:
189:
188:
187:
178:
177:
161:
160:
146:
143:At least 5,500 (
87:
85:
77:
58:Bertrand Bisimwa
49:
39:
36:
31:
26:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3130:
3126:Kipupu massacre
3086:Kanyarwanda War
3044:Kaziba Chiefdom
3017:
2988:
2963:
2956:
2928:
2907:Lemera massacre
2897:First Congo War
2887:Simba rebellion
2870:
2839:Pretoria Accord
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2771:, UN Peacemaker
2754:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2734:
2721:
2684:
2670:Oxford Journals
2657:
2654:
2652:Further reading
2627:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2516:Washington Post
2509:
2508:
2504:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2216:. 18 March 2013
2208:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
999:
989:
987:
978:
977:
973:
963:
961:
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
925:
924:
920:
907:
906:
899:
886:
885:
881:
871:
869:
864:
863:
856:
846:
844:
839:
838:
831:
821:
819:
814:
813:
809:
805:
793:
782:Sultani Makenga
778:Sultani Makenga
770:
735:
729:
697:
680:
628:forces accused
576:militia groups
499:First Congo War
460:
454:
431:, November 2012
421:
362:
357:
345:Makenga Sultani
325:
197:
195:
194:
185:
183:
182:
172:
155:
124:
120:
116:
110:Notable attacks
83:
81:
75:
66:
63:Sultani Makenga
61:
37:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Bwito Chiefdom
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2924:Dongo conflict
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2743:
2742:External links
2740:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2719:
2682:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:. 25 May 2022.
2619:
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2575:
2553:
2528:
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2479:
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2250:
2227:
2201:
2189:
2160:
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2036:
2011:
1997:
1970:
1948:
1926:
1904:
1882:
1860:
1838:
1811:
1785:
1763:
1729:
1695:
1664:
1647:New York Times
1633:
1607:
1580:
1553:
1526:
1504:
1479:
1449:
1426:
1404:
1382:
1371:on 8 July 2012
1356:
1330:
1318:Anadolu Agency
1304:
1278:
1249:
1238:. 13 June 2023
1227:
1202:
1173:
1145:
1128:
1099:
1073:
1047:
1022:
997:
971:
945:
918:
915:. 27 May 2022.
897:
879:
854:
829:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
792:
789:
769:
766:
731:Main article:
728:
725:
693:Main article:
679:
676:
578:RaĂŻa Mutomboki
570:Albert Kahasha
549:to the south,
504:New York Times
456:Main article:
453:
450:
427:M23 rebels in
420:
417:
370:Bosco Ntaganda
361:
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356:
353:
324:
321:
268:United Nations
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3014:
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3006:
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3003:
2999:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:M23 offensive
2975:
2973:
2972:M23 rebellion
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
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2934:Kivu conflict
2931:
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2922:
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2917:
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2757:
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2733:9782343040318
2729:
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2517:
2513:
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2468:
2467:The New Times
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2001:
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2546:29 November
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664:Netherlands
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561:, near the
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193:(allegedly)
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3180:North Kivu
3159:Categories
2368:7 November
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660:The Hague
540:'s FARDC
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