120:
525:. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts; but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves in thallose species, or in leafy species the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks, as well as frequent dichotomous branching, all point to the plant being a liverwort. With a few exceptions, all liverworts undergo polyplastidic meiosis, in contrast to mosses and hornworts which have monoplastidic meiosis. Unlike any other embryophytes, most liverworts contain
2486:
2468:
2450:
148:
2508:
2396:
583:
4577:
2529:
503:
5955:
2414:
2434:
4565:
649:. In dioicous liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoicous liverworts, the two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must move from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held. The
451:(very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves all point to the plant being a liverwort. Liverworts are distinguished from mosses in having unique
701:. When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both
804:
Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and excessively dry environments, or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas. Liverworts
529:
containing isoprenoids in at least some of their cells, lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of all other plants being unenclosed. The overall physical similarity of some mosses and leafy liverworts means that confirmation of the identification of some groups can be performed with certainty only with the
458:
Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2–20 mm (0.079–0.787 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 cm (3.9 in) long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees or any other reasonably firm substrate on
661:
that enable them to swim short distances, provided that at least a thin film of water is present. Their journey may be assisted by the splashing of raindrops. In 2008, Japanese researchers discovered that some liverworts are able to fire sperm-containing water up to 15 cm in the air, enabling
472:
Most liverworts are small, measuring from 2–20 millimetres (0.08–0.8 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 centimetres (4 in) long, so they are often overlooked. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a
549:
dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte of many liverworts are non-photosynthetic, but there are also several that are photosynthetic to various degrees. Cells in a typical liverwort plant each contain only a single set of genetic information, so the plant's cells are
4177:
Forrest, Laura L.; Christine E. Davis; David G. Long; Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler; Alexandra Clark; Michelle L. Hollingsworth (2006). "Unraveling the evolutionary history of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta): multiple taxa, genomes and analyses".
1222:. This name is derived from their common Latin name as Latin was the language in which botanists published their descriptions of species. This name has led to some confusion, partly because it appears to be a taxon-based name derived from the
459:
which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and Arctic species as well. Some species can be a nuisance in shady greenhouses or a weed in gardens.
859: Hence, it has been suggested that the liverworts should be de-ranked to a class called Marchantiopsida. In addition, there is strong phylogenetic evidence to suggest that liverworts and mosses form a monophyletic subclade named
2320:
It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts, at least 85% of which belong to the leafy group. Despite that fact, no liverwort genomes have been sequenced to date and only few genes identified and characterized.
2366:
Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along streambanks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of
1172:
also looks like a liverwort, but its relationship to other plants is still uncertain, so it may not belong to the
Marchantiophyta. In 2007, the oldest fossils assignable at that time to the liverworts were announced,
395:
4284:
Renzaglia, Karen S.; Scott
Schuette; R. Joel Duff; Roberto Ligrone; A. Jonathan Shaw; Brent D. Mishler; Jeffrey G. Duckett (2007). "Bryophyte phylogeny: Advancing the molecular and morphological frontiers".
574:
body) are very short-lived, withering away not long after releasing spores. In mosses, the sporophyte is more persistent and in hornworts, the sporophyte disperses spores over an extended period.
481:. However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are called
3016:
Cooke, Todd J; Poli, DorothyBelle; Cohen, Jerry D (2003). "Did auxin play a crucial role in the evolution of novel body plans during the Late
Silurian-Early Devonian radiation of land plants?".
705:
cells and spore-producing cells. The elaters are spring-like, and will push open the wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts. The spore-producing cells will undergo
854:
764:
is a common weed in greenhouses, often covering the entire surface of containers; gemma dispersal is the "primary mechanism by which liverwort spreads throughout a nursery or greenhouse."
4213:
Heinrichs, Jochen; S. Robbert
Gradstein; Rosemary Wilson; Harald Schneider (2005). "Towards a natural classification of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) based on the chloroplast gene rbcL".
602:, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore ("
2359:, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the
4320:
Forrest, Laura L.; Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler (2004). "A Phylogeny of the Simple
Thalloid Liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, Metzgeriidae) as Inferred from Five Chloroplast Genes".
3213:
7218:
1246:
Although there is no consensus among bryologists as to the classification of liverworts above family rank, the
Marchantiophyta may be subdivided into three classes:
7846:
4635:
2341:. This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts which resemble a liver in outline, and led to the common name of the group as
7872:
834:(also called Marchantiopsida). Somewhat more recently, the liverworts were given their own division (Marchantiophyta), as bryophytes became considered to be
7989:
2628:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the
Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (eds.).
7984:
554:
for the majority of its life cycle. This contrasts sharply with the pattern exhibited by nearly all animals and by vascular plants. In the more familiar
5996:
7820:
6039:
3156:
1140:
An important conclusion from these phylogenies is that the ancestral stomata appear to have been lost in the liverwort lineage. Among the earliest
119:
7859:
6924:
1189:, United States. However, in 2010, five different types of fossilized liverwort spores were found in Argentina, dating to the much earlier Middle
4457:"Female-specific gene expression in dioecious liverwort Pellia endiviifolia is developmentally regulated and connected to archegonia production"
2485:
2395:
3506:
de Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2019). "Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.)".
3037:
2381:. Their thin, slender branches float on the water's surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them.
725:; in bryophytes in general "it would almost be true to say that vegetative reproduction is the rule and not the exception." For example, in
439:. Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled
4598:
2449:
849:
805:
are more commonly found in moderate to deep shade, though desert species may tolerate direct sunlight and periods of total desiccation.
4603:
3660:
Harris, Brogan J.; et al. (2020). "Phylogenomic
Evidence for the Monophyly of Bryophytes and the Reductive Evolution of Stomata".
2467:
2433:
4628:
4439:
2507:
838:. However, the most recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that liverworts are indeed likely part of a monophyletic clade ("Bryophyta
4548:
4527:
4347:
4156:
4135:
4020:
3995:
3376:
3352:
3327:
2958:
2937:
2891:
2870:
2850:
2838:
2804:
2745:
2688:
2637:
570:
generation is the familiar tree or other plant. Another unusual feature of the liverwort life cycle is that sporophytes (i.e. the
7944:
4678:
3934:
Cox, Cymon J. (2018). "Land Plant
Molecular Phylogenetics: A Review with Comments on Evaluating Incongruence Among Phylogenies".
3442:
Puttick, Mark N.; et al. (March 2018). "The
Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte".
3228:
2528:
431:
It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless
4673:
2916:
2770:
4608:
7864:
3882:"The mitochondrial phylogeny of land plants shows support for Setaphyta under composition-heterogeneous substitution models"
677:, which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its "mother" plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal
4587:
147:
6018:
5989:
4757:
4747:
4730:
4621:
4592:
3782:"The Chloroplast Land Plant Phylogeny: Analyses Employing Better-Fitting Tree- and Site-Heterogeneous Composition Models"
614:
antheridium) and produce the sperm cells. Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the
6044:
6034:
4362:"Bryophyte phylogeny poster: systematics and Characteristics of Nonvascular Land Plants (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)"
3068:
2816:
Sporogenesis in Physcomitrium patens: Intergenerational collaboration and the development of the spore wall and aperture
2590:
Stotler, Raymond E.; Barbara J. Candall-Stotler (1977). "A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of North America".
3339:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". pp. 36–38
638:
perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the "neck", down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell.
7768:
7745:
6917:
2653:
4569:
4122:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". p. 63
3059:
7877:
7061:
7979:
6029:
5982:
4298:
4191:
3833:"Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal the Monophyly of Bryophytes and Neoproterozoic Origin of Land Plants"
3390:"Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions"
7146:
4762:
2413:
7698:
6910:
4234:"Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) – towards a natural classification"
2360:
7773:
6677:
5666:
3168:
2371:
in deserts and polar regions. However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as
776:
fungi which have arbuscular (cilia-bearing) rootlets resembling those in vascular plants. Species in the
7908:
7374:
7024:
6398:
4725:
736:
133:
5654:
2578:
6874:
6707:
5660:
7949:
7887:
7794:
7736:
7039:
6809:
6768:
6758:
5958:
5704:
4581:
4046:
3943:
3690:
3669:
3528:
3472:
3451:
722:
6854:
6625:
6275:
5470:
2903:
Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", pp. 358–374
7974:
6879:
6859:
6839:
6717:
6270:
6222:
5672:
5123:
5106:
5016:
4864:
4613:
6869:
6168:
5802:
2255:
428:-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.
7923:
7369:
7051:
6599:
6159:
6024:
5399:
5150:
5133:
4975:
4859:
4854:
4742:
4720:
4708:
4683:
4302:
4263:
4195:
3969:
3703:
3541:
3485:
2607:
1145:
526:
452:
402:
142:
7913:
5482:
4455:
Sierocka, I; Kozlowski, L. P.; Bujnicki, J. M.; Jarmolowski, A; Szweykowska-Kulinska, Z (2014).
3116:
443:. Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a
7851:
4151:. Scripta Botnica Belgica. Vol. 30. Meise: National Botanic Garden (Belgium). p. 30.
2757:
Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", p. 347
2281:
1208:. This divisional name is based on the name of the most universally recognized liverwort genus
790:, while leafy liverworts typically harbor symbiotic basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genus
731:, when the older parts of the forked thalli die, the younger tips become separate individuals.
7895:
7781:
7161:
6864:
6804:
6753:
6743:
6373:
6323:
5865:
5766:
5754:
5598:
5577:
5291:
5111:
5042:
5032:
4962:
4752:
4715:
4703:
4693:
4544:
4523:
4488:
4435:
4412:
4343:
4255:
4152:
4131:
4105:
4016:
3991:
3913:
3862:
3813:
3762:
3695:
3639:
3590:
3533:
3477:
3419:
3372:
3348:
3323:
3284:
3094:
3086:
3072:
3033:
2954:
2933:
2912:
2887:
2866:
2834:
2800:
2766:
2741:
2684:
2633:
2212:
1824:
262:
3723:"Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts"
669:
occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilisation, the immature
7437:
7316:
7208:
7151:
7091:
7086:
7014:
6999:
6849:
6643:
6635:
6589:
6456:
6451:
6403:
6393:
6232:
6186:
6054:
5778:
5772:
5736:
5419:
5281:
5166:
5067:
4667:
4478:
4468:
4402:
4392:
4294:
4245:
4187:
4095:
4085:
4054:
3959:
3951:
3903:
3893:
3852:
3844:
3803:
3793:
3752:
3742:
3734:
3685:
3677:
3629:
3621:
3580:
3572:
3523:
3515:
3467:
3459:
3409:
3401:
3274:
3266:
3076:
3025:
2998:
2599:
2114:
1615:
1352:
1295:
1186:
1159:
685:(stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them. The sporophyte lacks an
321:
213:
7900:
7610:
7515:
7477:
7364:
7121:
7081:
7066:
6959:
6829:
6819:
6722:
6712:
6609:
6551:
6546:
6524:
6426:
6415:
6383:
6362:
6352:
6305:
6290:
6260:
6214:
6178:
6103:
6071:
5870:
5853:
5760:
5286:
5052:
5011:
4879:
4869:
4849:
3183:
2514:
2498:
2373:
2297:
2289:
2229:
2220:
2199:
2191:
2140:
1993:
1889:
1874:
1739:
1717:
1680:
1545:
1465:
1277:
1262:
1255:
1232:
1150:
1029:
686:
483:
282:
272:
267:
255:
250:
230:
2815:
1299:
is newly recognized as the sister group of the other liverworts; it comprises the genera
6902:
4072:
Rubinstein, C.V.; Gerrienne, P.; De La Puente, G.S.; Astini, R.A.; Steemans, P. (2010).
4050:
4033:
VanAller Hernick, L.; Landing, E.; Bartowski, K.E. (2008). "Earth's oldest liverworts –
3947:
3673:
3455:
7670:
7615:
7605:
7447:
7261:
7213:
7126:
7101:
7096:
7076:
7071:
6974:
6964:
6814:
6748:
6702:
6280:
6063:
5790:
5730:
5604:
5571:
5529:
5442:
5370:
5365:
5313:
4783:
4698:
4645:
4483:
4456:
4407:
4384:
3908:
3881:
3857:
3832:
3808:
3781:
3757:
3722:
3634:
3609:
3585:
3560:
3414:
3389:
3279:
3254:
3029:
1628:
1365:
895:
747:
698:
448:
444:
3363:
Goffinet, Bernard. "Origin and phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes". pp. 124–149
3002:
681:, inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a
7968:
7394:
7379:
7341:
7266:
7202:
7188:
7136:
7131:
7045:
7034:
7029:
7009:
7004:
6979:
6844:
6834:
6824:
6789:
6738:
6697:
6692:
6561:
6510:
6487:
6446:
6300:
6242:
6204:
6149:
6135:
5880:
5724:
5687:
5644:
5557:
5533:
5350:
5072:
5047:
4929:
4874:
4361:
4250:
4233:
4232:
He-Nygrén, Xiaolan; Aino Juslén; Inkeri Ahonen; David Glenny; Sinikka Piippo (2006).
4090:
4073:
3707:
2519:
2182:
2166:
1776:
1450:
1273:
1236:
1168:
845:
781:
773:
694:
666:
507:
245:
128:
69:
5974:
4306:
4267:
4199:
3973:
3545:
3212:
Newby, Adam; Altland, James E.; Gilliam, Charles H.; Wehtje, Glenn (December 2006).
582:
7590:
7585:
7560:
7535:
7525:
7452:
7321:
7195:
7156:
7141:
7116:
7111:
7056:
6989:
6799:
6794:
6773:
6763:
6687:
6594:
6571:
6497:
6479:
6388:
6285:
6265:
6196:
5941:
5796:
5784:
5524:
5355:
5345:
5145:
5097:
4970:
4058:
3489:
2973:
2535:
2271:
2263:
2174:
1961:
1946:
1761:
1529:
1506:
1301:
1284:(previously placed among the Metzgeriales). It also includes the problematic genus
1258:
1163:
292:
277:
240:
7750:
4074:"Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana)"
3955:
502:
3255:"Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort–fungal symbioses"
2911:, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983).
2765:, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983).
662:
them to fertilize female plants growing more than a metre from the nearest male.
7833:
7786:
7730:
7645:
7620:
7565:
7540:
7462:
7457:
7422:
7412:
7106:
7019:
6682:
6581:
6541:
6436:
6250:
6089:
5748:
5742:
5537:
5518:
5476:
5426:
5233:
5176:
5117:
5062:
4995:
4945:
4915:
4897:
4889:
2556:
2492:
2420:
2334:
2245:
2122:
2030:
882:
792:
623:
607:
542:
425:
405:
302:
218:
172:
44:
4576:
1239:. In addition, the name Hepaticophyta is frequently misspelled in textbooks as
7678:
7640:
7570:
7550:
7545:
7530:
7500:
7472:
7427:
7417:
7389:
7384:
7326:
7301:
6994:
6969:
6566:
6556:
6533:
6505:
6347:
6295:
6255:
6227:
6129:
6081:
5948:
5875:
5843:
5829:
5812:
5360:
5037:
4826:
4817:
4397:
3738:
3681:
3625:
3576:
3463:
2402:
2368:
2237:
2130:
2015:
1643:
1380:
1313:
1210:
1190:
1093:
786:
777:
754:
gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups. In
670:
555:
546:
535:
531:
297:
223:
106:
89:
54:
7721:
4473:
3848:
3090:
7807:
7595:
7575:
7467:
7346:
7281:
7271:
7256:
7251:
7232:
6984:
6661:
6653:
6339:
6121:
6112:
5613:
5509:
5375:
5259:
5057:
4837:
4806:
3798:
3405:
2551:
2305:
2156:
2148:
1852:
1694:
1428:
1281:
1065:
1044:
960:
932:
907:
860:
835:
819:
756:
742:
658:
646:
599:
421:
287:
235:
185:
94:
38:
7936:
4492:
4416:
4259:
4109:
3917:
3866:
3817:
3766:
3699:
3643:
3594:
3537:
3481:
3423:
3288:
3270:
3098:
3081:
3054:
830:) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class
606:-bearer") plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as
4564:
2657:
517:
Liverworts can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar
7931:
7760:
7715:
7650:
7630:
7625:
7600:
7580:
7555:
7520:
7510:
7505:
7336:
7311:
7291:
6951:
5885:
5318:
5301:
4737:
3964:
3561:"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"
3021:
2378:
2355:
1286:
1227:
1201:
1182:
1178:
1155:
920:
827:
642:
110:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
20:
4037:
sp. nov. from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of eastern New York, USA".
3747:
3053:
Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (2004).
2577:
Walker, Matt. "Fossils of earliest land plants discovered in Argentina"
2389:
A small collection of images showing liverwort structure and diversity:
2329:
In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the
7655:
7635:
7331:
7306:
7296:
7286:
7242:
7179:
5838:
5541:
5340:
4797:
4430:
Sadava, David; David M. Hillis; H. Craig Heller; May Berenbaum (2009).
4100:
3898:
3157:"Splash-Cup Dispersal Of Gemmae In The Liverwort Marchantia-Polymorpha"
2611:
2456:
1307:
706:
693:-sensitive point of divergence with other land plants some time in the
571:
567:
551:
522:
474:
440:
432:
99:
74:
3519:
2799:, revised ed., pp. 12–23. (Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Co., 1979)
2683:. Vol. VI. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. p. 19.
7838:
7495:
7487:
7356:
2474:
1141:
1078:
727:
702:
622:
perigonia). As in other land plants, the female organs are known as
603:
559:
417:
7692:
4342:, vol. VI, p. 26. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992).
2603:
435:, but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened
4595:(note: for 500,000 million years ago read "480 million years ago".)
3305:, vol. I, pp. 243–249. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).
3214:"Postemergence Liverwort Control in Container-Grown Nursery Crops1"
7812:
7404:
7276:
5963:
5824:
5237:
4935:
4649:
4543:, 5th ed., p. 338. (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1991)
2707:, vol. I, pp. 243–244. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)
2346:
2330:
1223:
1215:
710:
690:
650:
595:
563:
501:
159:
7825:
594:
The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid
7799:
7442:
6934:
5609:
5328:
945:
823:
518:
436:
7696:
6906:
5978:
5231:
4617:
2598:(3). American Bryological and Lichenological Society: 405–428.
818:
Traditionally, the liverworts were grouped together with other
3253:
Bidartondo, Martin I.; Duckett, Jeffrey G. (7 February 2010).
3227:(4). Horticultural Research Institute: 230–236. Archived from
713:
to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again.
673:
within the archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a
4360:
Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Goffinet, Bernard.
2953:, pp. 6 & 128. (New Zealand: Micro-Optics Press, 2000).
2353:
for "belonging to the liver". An unrelated flowering plant,
327:
384:
378:
369:
363:
357:
345:
4937:
4299:
10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[179:BPATMA]2.0.CO;2
4192:
10.1639/0007-2745(2006)109[303:UTEHOT]2.0.CO;2
351:
1290:, which is sometimes placed in its own order Monocleales.
842:" or "Bryophyta Schimp.") alongside mosses and hornworts.
558:, the haploid generation is represented only by the tiny
336:
4599:
Inter-relationships of Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
2786:, pp. 13–14. (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1975).
2720:, vol. I, p. 1. (New Delhi: The Chronica Botanica, 1929)
2718:
Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain
3990:, p. 139. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993).
3259:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1134:
Two of the most likely models for bryophyte evolution.
630:
archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding
19:
Not to be confused with the genus of flowering plants,
4651:
4434:(9th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 599.
2829:
Harold C. Bold, C. J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas.
2932:, pp. 1–38. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988).
2833:, 5th ed., p. 189. (New York: Harper-Collins, 1987).
2632:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
375:
354:
339:
333:
330:
4522:, 7th ed., p. 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005).
3610:"The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution"
2951:
Mosses and Other Bryophytes: An Illustrated Glossary
2102:
An updated classification by Söderström et al. 2016
381:
360:
342:
7705:
7668:
7486:
7403:
7355:
7240:
7231:
7178:
6950:
6782:
6731:
6670:
6652:
6634:
6617:
6608:
6580:
6532:
6523:
6496:
6478:
6471:
6414:
6361:
6338:
6331:
6322:
6241:
6213:
6195:
6177:
6157:
6148:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6080:
6062:
6053:
5852:
5811:
5700:
5685:
5640:
5627:
5590:
5555:
5508:
5495:
5459:
5440:
5408:
5396:
5327:
5300:
5268:
5257:
5175:
5159:
5132:
5095:
5025:
5004:
4992:
4961:
4928:
4906:
4888:
4836:
4816:
4796:
4781:
2851:
Volume 1, Chapter 11-1: Photosynthesis: The Process
372:
348:
324:
2863:Plant Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach
2377:, are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in
4518:Raven, P. H., R. F. Evert, & S. E. Eichhorn.
4279:
4277:
4009:The Bryophytes of the Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic
3371:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:!2000).
3347:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2000).
3314:Pócs, Tamás. "Tropical Forest Bryophytes", p. 59
2976:The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns
7219:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4130:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:2000).
4126:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
3367:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
3343:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
2969:
2967:
2886:, p. 10. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992).
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
4340:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
4172:
4170:
4168:
3303:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2705:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2681:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2623:
2621:
1162:. These fossils resemble modern species in the
772:Thalloid liverworts typically harbor symbiotic
447:(present in many mosses) and may bear marginal
5239:
4509:, p. 286. (Toronto: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964)
3437:
3435:
3433:
2978:, pp. 73–74. (London: The Macmillan Co., 1918)
16:Botanical division of non-vascular land plants
6918:
5990:
4629:
4385:"World checklist of hornworts and liverworts"
3655:
3653:
2573:
2571:
1218:-based name, the liverworts are often called
200:Stotler & Stotl.-Crand., 1977 emend. 2000
8:
4593:LiToL: Assembling the Liverwort Tree of Life
3559:Leebens-Mack, James H.; et al. (2019).
3501:
3499:
2865:, p. 27. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994).
2825:
2823:
2740:, pp. 135–140. (New York: Macmillan, 1985).
4328:. Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 119–140.
4149:Liverwort and Hornwort Flora of West Africa
2795:Conard, Henry S. and Paul L. Redfearn, Jr.
7693:
7237:
7175:
6947:
6943:
6925:
6911:
6903:
6614:
6529:
6475:
6335:
6328:
6154:
6117:
6108:
6059:
5997:
5983:
5975:
5954:
5697:
5637:
5633:
5587:
5563:
5505:
5501:
5456:
5452:
5437:
5405:
5393:
5265:
5254:
5250:
5228:
5172:
5156:
5138:
5129:
5092:
5001:
4989:
4958:
4954:
4793:
4789:
4778:
4636:
4622:
4614:
3988:The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
3929:
3927:
3110:
3108:
2407:, with antheridial and archegonial stalks.
2144:Cronquist, Takhtajan & Zimmermann 1966
541:Liverworts, like other bryophytes, have a
477:(plant body); these liverworts are termed
118:
27:
4482:
4472:
4406:
4396:
4249:
4099:
4089:
3986:Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor.
3963:
3907:
3897:
3856:
3807:
3797:
3756:
3746:
3691:1983/fbf3f371-8085-4e76-9342-e3b326e69edd
3689:
3633:
3584:
3529:1983/0b471d7e-ce54-4681-b791-1da305d9e53b
3527:
3473:1983/ad32d4da-6cb3-4ed6-add2-2415f81b46da
3471:
3413:
3278:
3080:
2989:Pain, S. (2010). "Botanical ballistics".
2884:Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina
3207:
3205:
3145:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1320:
581:
4507:Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom
4324:. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes.
2567:
2391:
2170:Engler 1893 sensu He-Nygrén et al. 2006
23:, that may also be called "liverwort".
4039:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3190:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
3143:The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland
3123:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
2797:How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts
2337:, the word liverwort literally means
872:'Liverworts plus mosses–basal' model
7:
7888:35e0cf6e-cd9f-445b-ac09-d5fc1d281b63
4604:Additional information on Liverworts
3322:. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1982).
3161:Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie
3055:"The evolution of plant development"
1243:, which only adds to the confusion.
1204:classify liverworts in the division
7990:Extant Ordovician first appearances
3880:Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2020).
3780:Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2020).
3388:Cox, Cymon J.; et al. (2014).
2949:Malcolm, Bill & Nancy Malcolm.
2216:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977
2160:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000
2118:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977
2110:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000
2008:
1986:
1939:
1931:
1867:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1754:
1732:
1710:
1686:
1676:
1621:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1522:
1499:
1443:
1421:
1413:
1358:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1071:
1022:
1015:
1007:
938:
913:
888:
878:
7985:Early Ordovician first appearances
3936:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1327:Cole, Hilger & Goffinet 2021
1280:(bottle hepatics), as well as the
1276:(complex-thallus liverworts), and
865:
760:, gemmae grow at thallus margins.
14:
3721:Li, Fay-Wei; et al. (2020).
3608:Zhang, Jian; et al. (2020).
3018:The Evolution of Plant Physiology
2928:Chopra, R. N. & P. K. Kumra.
2782:Allison, K. W. & John Child.
1166:. Another Devonian fossil called
734:Some thallose liverworts such as
665:When sperm reach the archegonia,
5953:
4575:
4563:
4383:Söderström; et al. (2016).
4251:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00089.x
4091:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03433.x
3831:Su, Danyan; et al. (2021).
3182:Lepp, Heino (28 February 2008).
3030:10.1016/b978-012339552-8/50006-8
2527:
2506:
2484:
2466:
2448:
2432:
2412:
2394:
1193:, around 470 million years ago.
869:'Monophyletic bryophytes' model
641:Liverwort species may be either
527:unique membrane-bound oil bodies
320:
146:
4588:Liverwort structure in pictures
4322:Monographs in Systematic Botany
3837:Molecular Biology and Evolution
721:Some liverworts are capable of
657:, i.e. they have two tail-like
545:-dominant life cycle, with the
5964:Current definitions of Plantae
4059:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.09.002
3184:"Reproduction & Dispersal"
2831:Morphology of Plants and Fungi
2443:emerging from its archegonium.
1144:believed to be liverworts are
1:
3956:10.1080/07352689.2018.1482443
3115:Lepp, Heino (15 April 2008).
3003:10.1016/s0262-4079(10)63177-6
2784:The Liverworts of New Zealand
2540:, a large thallose liverwort.
784:fungi belonging to the genus
4432:Life: The Science of Biology
3167:(3): 199–217. Archived from
3069:Botanical Society of America
2679:Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992).
814:Relationship to other plants
2654:"Liverworts Homepage | UNB"
1002:
8006:
4541:Introductory Plant Biology
3786:Frontiers in Plant Science
3060:American Journal of Botany
2907:Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.),
2761:Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.),
2580:. (BBC, Earth News, 2010).
1272:includes the three orders
850:Excessive citations inline
780:, however, associate with
746:produce small disc-shaped
494:
455:of high refractive index.
18:
7174:
6946:
6942:
6937:phyla/divisions by domain
6013:
5936:
5636:
5586:
5566:
5504:
5455:
5436:
5392:
5253:
5249:
5227:
5141:
5091:
4988:
4957:
4792:
4777:
4661:
4398:10.3897/phytokeys.59.6261
4035:Metzgeriothallus sharonae
3739:10.1038/s41477-020-0618-2
3682:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.048
3626:10.1038/s41477-019-0588-4
3577:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2
3464:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063
3117:"Vegetative Reproduction"
2028:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1984:
1959:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1887:
1872:
1865:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1737:
1730:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1684:
1674:
1641:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1602:
1543:
1527:
1520:
1504:
1497:
1463:
1448:
1441:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1378:
1363:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1323:
1175:Metzgeriothallus sharonae
1133:
1091:
1076:
1069:
1042:
1027:
1020:
1013:
958:
943:
936:
918:
911:
893:
886:
210:
205:
143:Scientific classification
141:
126:
117:
30:
4474:10.1186/1471-2229-14-168
2738:Introduction to Bryology
2479:, growing on moist soil.
2461:clump growing on a tree.
2361:"Doctrine of Signatures"
1235:of the buttercup family
463:Physical characteristics
408:commonly referred to as
7147:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3799:10.3389/fpls.2020.01062
1261:(simple thalloids) and
1197:Internal classification
855:considered for deletion
586:Sexual life cycle of a
521:by their single-celled
4013:Bryophytum Bibliotheca
3849:10.1093/molbev/msab106
3271:10.1098/rspb.2009.1458
3082:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726
2909:New Manual of Bryology
2763:New Manual of Bryology
2259:Bartholomew-Began 1990
1214:. In addition to this
591:
514:
7909:Paleobiology Database
7375:Neocallimastigomycota
4215:Cryptogamie Bryologie
4147:Jones, E. W. (2004).
3668:(11): P2201–2012.E2.
3406:10.1093/sysbio/syt109
3318:A. J. E. Smith (Ed.)
3188:Australian Bryophytes
3121:Australian Bryophytes
2974:Campbell, Douglas H.
2930:Biology of Bryophytes
2333:, hence the name. In
2309:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
2301:Frey & Stech 2005
2285:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
2152:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
762:Marchantia polymorpha
737:Marchantia polymorpha
585:
505:
134:Kunstformen der Natur
7040:Coprothermobacterota
6810:Blepharidophyllaceae
5959:List of plant orders
5839:Pinopsida (conifers)
5825:Cycadopsida (cycads)
5817:(living gymnosperms)
5314:Leiosporocerotopsida
5033:Nephroselmidophyceae
4572:at Wikimedia Commons
4338:Schuster, Rudolf M.
3301:Schuster, Rudolf M.
3155:Equihua, C. (1987).
2703:Schuster, Rudolf M.
1231:which is actually a
723:asexual reproduction
717:Asexual reproduction
401:) are a division of
6880:Trichotemnomataceae
6718:Pseudolepicoleaceae
6678:Blepharostomataceae
5667:Archaeopteridopsida
5400:Polysporangiophytes
5124:Klebsormidiophyceae
5107:Mesostigmatophyceae
5053:Chlorodendrophyceae
5017:Pyramimonadophyceae
4971:Prasinodermophyceae
4865:Compsopogonophyceae
4539:Stern, Kingsley R.
4505:Dittmer, Howard J.
4051:2008RPaPa.148..154H
3948:2018CRvPS..37..113C
3674:2020CBio...30E2001H
3456:2018CBio...28E.733P
3024:. pp. 85–107.
2716:Kashyap, Shiv Ram.
2325:Economic importance
2233:von Klinggräff 1858
2226:(leafy liverworts)
2205:(bottle liverworts)
2188:(complex thalloids)
1293:A third class, the
1265:(leafy liverworts).
1146:compression fossils
497:below for examples.
479:thallose liverworts
206:Classes and orders
7370:Blastocladiomycota
6600:Neotrichocoleaceae
6399:Pseudomoerckiaceae
6370:Phyllothalliineae
6005:Classification of
5858:(flowering plants)
5779:Lyginopteridopsida
5572:Eophyllophytopsida
5525:Zosterophyllopsida
5463:Paratracheophytes*
5241:sensu strictissimo
5151:Coleochaetophyceae
5134:Phragmoplastophyta
4976:Palmophyllophyceae
4898:Glaucocystophyceae
4860:Stylonematophyceae
4855:Porphyridiophyceae
4644:Classification of
4015:, Band 34, 1987).
4007:Oostendorp, Cora.
3899:10.7717/peerj.8995
3394:Systematic Biology
3141:Smith, AJE (1989)
2861:Fosket, Donald E.
2520:thallose liverwort
1495:Jungermanniopsida
743:Lunularia cruciata
592:
534:or an experienced
515:
512:Lunularia cruciata
508:thallose liverwort
453:complex oil bodies
7960:
7959:
7896:Open Tree of Life
7699:Taxon identifiers
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7664:
7663:
7227:
7226:
7170:
7169:
7162:Verrucomicrobiota
6900:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6865:Solenostomataceae
6805:Balantiopsidaceae
6754:Cephaloziellaceae
6744:Anastrophyllaceae
6519:
6518:
6467:
6466:
6443:Fossombroniineae
6380:Pallaviciniineae
6374:Phyllothalliaceae
6324:Jungermanniopsida
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6144:
6143:
6098:
6097:
6055:Haplomitriopsida
5972:
5971:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5866:Basal angiosperms
5767:Gigantopteridales
5716:seed plant groups
5714:and other extinct
5681:
5680:
5655:Noeggerathiopsida
5623:
5622:
5578:Trimerophytopsida
5551:
5550:
5491:
5490:
5447:(vascular plants)
5412:Protracheophytes*
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5351:Andreaeobryopsida
5292:Jungermanniopsida
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5112:Chlorokybophyceae
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5043:Chloropicophyceae
4984:
4983:
4963:Prasinodermophyta
4924:
4923:
4568:Media related to
4520:Biology of Plants
4461:BMC Plant Biology
4128:Bryophyte Biology
3571:(7780): 679–685.
3520:10.1111/nph.15587
3450:(5): 733–745.e2.
3369:Bryophyte Biology
3345:Bryophyte Biology
3320:Bryophyte Ecology
3265:(1680): 485–492.
3171:on 26 April 2012.
3039:978-0-12-339552-8
2997:(2792/3): 45–47.
2736:Schofield, W. B.
2630:Bryophyte Biology
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2213:Jungermanniopsida
2204:
2196:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2040:
1972:
1971:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1825:Jungermanniopsida
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1254:includes the two
1252:Jungermanniopsida
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1055:
1054:
998:
997:
989:
988:
980:
979:
971:
970:
750:in shallow cups.
653:of liverworts is
312:
311:
263:Jungermanniopsida
201:
127:"Hepaticae" from
7997:
7953:
7952:
7940:
7939:
7927:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7904:
7903:
7891:
7890:
7881:
7880:
7868:
7867:
7855:
7854:
7842:
7841:
7829:
7828:
7816:
7815:
7803:
7802:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7776:
7764:
7763:
7754:
7753:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7694:
7438:Anthocerotophyta
7317:Hemimastigophora
7238:
7209:Nitrososphaerota
7176:
7152:Thermomicrobiota
7092:Kiritimatiellota
7087:Ignavibacteriota
7052:Deferribacterota
7015:Campylobacterota
7000:Bdellovibrionota
6948:
6944:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6904:
6875:Stephaniellaceae
6850:Jungermanniaceae
6783:Jungermanniineae
6708:Mastigophoraceae
6644:Schistochilaceae
6636:Perssoniellineae
6615:
6590:Herzogianthaceae
6530:
6476:
6457:Petalophyllaceae
6452:Fossombroniaceae
6423:Calyculariineae
6404:Sandeothallaceae
6394:Pallaviciniaceae
6336:
6329:
6233:Sphaerocarpaceae
6187:Neohodgsoniaceae
6155:
6118:
6109:
6060:
6040:Acrogymnospermae
5999:
5992:
5985:
5976:
5957:
5956:
5871:Core angiosperms
5859:
5818:
5813:Acrogymnospermae
5791:Peltaspermopsida
5773:Glossopteridales
5755:Corystospermales
5737:Callistophytales
5717:
5709:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5661:Aneurophytopsida
5643:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5588:
5564:
5560:
5519:Barinophytopsida
5506:
5502:
5498:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5420:Horneophytopsida
5411:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5334:
5319:Anthocerotopsida
5307:
5302:Anthocerotophyta
5282:Haplomitriopsida
5275:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5229:
5182:
5173:
5167:Zygnematophyceae
5157:
5139:
5130:
5100:
5093:
5068:Trebouxiophyceae
5038:Picocystophyceae
5002:
4998:
4990:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4843:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4690:
4670:
4655:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4580:Data related to
4579:
4567:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4357:
4351:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4253:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4144:
4138:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4045:(2–4): 154–162.
4030:
4024:
4005:
3999:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3942:(2–3): 113–127.
3931:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3843:(8): 3332–3344.
3828:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3750:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3475:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3385:
3379:
3361:
3355:
3337:
3331:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3221:J. Environ. Hort
3218:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3084:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2901:
2895:
2882:Hicks, Marie L.
2880:
2874:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2755:
2749:
2734:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:. Archived from
2650:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2531:
2510:
2488:
2470:
2452:
2439:A sporophyte of
2436:
2416:
2398:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2115:Haplomitriopsida
2109:
2009:
1987:
1982:Jungermanniidae
1940:
1932:
1868:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1755:
1733:
1711:
1687:
1677:
1622:
1616:Haplomitriopsida
1612:
1605:
1598:
1523:
1500:
1444:
1422:
1417:Marchantiopsida
1414:
1359:
1353:Haplomitriopsida
1349:
1342:
1337:Marchantiophyta
1334:
1321:
1296:Haplomitriopsida
1072:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1003:
939:
914:
889:
879:
866:
858:
709:to form haploid
489:scale liverworts
484:leafy liverworts
400:
399:
398:
397:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
366:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
214:Haplomitriopsida
199:
151:
150:
122:
104:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7980:Plant divisions
7965:
7964:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7924:marchantiophyta
7922:
7920:
7912:
7907:
7899:
7894:
7886:
7884:
7876:
7871:
7863:
7858:
7850:
7845:
7837:
7832:
7824:
7819:
7811:
7806:
7798:
7793:
7785:
7780:
7772:
7767:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7744:
7737:Marchantiophyta
7735:
7734:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7707:Marchantiophyta
7701:
7691:
7682:
7660:
7611:Gnathostomulida
7516:Xenacoelomorpha
7482:
7478:Flowering plant
7433:Marchantiophyta
7399:
7365:Chytridiomycota
7351:
7223:
7166:
7122:Planctomycetota
7082:Gemmatimonadota
7067:Elusimicrobiota
6960:Acidobacteriota
6938:
6931:
6901:
6884:
6830:Gymnomitriaceae
6820:Endogemmataceae
6778:
6769:Obtusifoliaceae
6759:Hygrobiellaceae
6727:
6723:Trichocoleaceae
6713:Plagiochilaceae
6666:
6648:
6630:
6610:Jungermanniales
6604:
6576:
6552:Lepidolaenaceae
6547:Goebeliellaceae
6525:Jungermanniidae
6515:
6492:
6463:
6427:Calyculariaceae
6416:Fossombroniales
6410:
6384:Hymenophytaceae
6363:Pallaviciniales
6357:
6353:Noterocladaceae
6310:
6306:Wiesnerellaceae
6291:Monosoleniaceae
6261:Conocephalaceae
6237:
6215:Sphaerocarpales
6209:
6191:
6179:Neohodgsoniales
6173:
6140:
6104:Marchantiopsida
6094:
6076:
6072:Haplomitriaceae
6049:
6030:Marchantiophyta
6009:
6007:Marchantiophyta
6003:
5973:
5968:
5892:
5857:
5856:
5848:
5816:
5815:
5807:
5761:Czekanowskiales
5715:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5701:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5677:
5641:
5628:
5619:
5591:Moniliformopses
5582:
5556:
5547:
5497:Eutracheophytes
5496:
5487:
5460:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5409:
5397:
5380:
5371:Polytrichopsida
5366:Tetraphidopsida
5332:
5331:
5323:
5305:
5304:
5296:
5287:Marchantiopsida
5273:
5272:
5270:Marchantiophyta
5258:
5245:
5191:
5180:
5179:
5171:
5155:
5128:
5096:
5079:
5021:
5012:Mamiellophyceae
4993:
4980:
4949:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4902:
4884:
4880:Florideophyceae
4870:Rhodellophyceae
4850:Cyanidiophyceae
4841:
4840:
4832:
4812:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4688:
4666:
4657:
4642:
4582:Marchantiophyta
4570:Marchantiophyta
4560:
4555:
4538:
4534:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4500:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4337:
4333:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4176:
4175:
4166:
4159:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4121:
4117:
4078:New Phytologist
4071:
4070:
4066:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4006:
4002:
3985:
3981:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3662:Current Biology
3659:
3658:
3651:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3508:New Phytologist
3505:
3504:
3497:
3444:Current Biology
3441:
3440:
3431:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3362:
3358:
3338:
3334:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3234:on 24 July 2012
3231:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2965:
2948:
2944:
2927:
2923:
2902:
2898:
2881:
2877:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2756:
2752:
2735:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2660:on 24 July 2021
2652:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2604:10.2307/3242017
2589:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2515:Riccia fluitans
2511:
2502:
2499:leafy liverwort
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2387:
2374:Riccia fluitans
2327:
2298:Pallaviciniales
2290:Fossombroniales
2230:Jungermanniales
2221:Jungermanniidae
2200:Sphaerocarpales
2192:Neohodgsoniales
2141:Marchantiopsida
2107:Marchantiophyta
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
1994:Jungermanniales
1973:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1890:Pallaviciniales
1875:Fossombroniales
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1740:Sphaerocarpales
1718:Neohodgsoniales
1681:Marchantiopsida
1664:
1655:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1546:Jungermanniales
1486:
1477:
1466:Sphaerocarpales
1401:
1392:
1278:Sphaerocarpales
1270:Marchantiopsida
1263:Jungermanniales
1233:flowering plant
1206:Marchantiophyta
1199:
1154:from the Upper
1151:Pallaviciniites
1123:
1114:
1105:
1056:
1030:vascular plants
999:
990:
981:
972:
896:vascular plants
843:
816:
811:
802:
770:
719:
687:apical meristem
590:-like liverwort
580:
470:
465:
394:
393:
392:
368:
323:
319:
316:Marchantiophyta
283:Pallaviciniales
273:Jungermanniales
268:Fossombroniales
256:Sphaerocarpales
251:Neohodgsoniales
231:Marchantiopsida
198:
196:Marchantiophyta
145:
113:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8003:
8001:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7967:
7966:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7941:
7928:
7918:
7905:
7892:
7882:
7869:
7856:
7843:
7830:
7817:
7804:
7791:
7778:
7765:
7755:
7742:
7727:
7711:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7676:
7674:
7671:Incertae sedis
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7616:Micrognathozoa
7613:
7608:
7606:Acanthocephala
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7448:Lycopodiophyta
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7262:Ancyromonadida
7259:
7254:
7248:
7246:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7214:Thermoproteota
7211:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7184:
7182:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7127:Pseudomonadota
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7102:Mycoplasmatota
7099:
7097:Lentisphaerota
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7077:Fusobacteriota
7074:
7072:Fibrobacterota
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6975:Armatimonadota
6972:
6967:
6965:Actinomycetota
6962:
6956:
6954:
6940:
6939:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:Notoscyphaceae
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6815:Calypogeiaceae
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6749:Cephaloziaceae
6746:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6732:Cephaloziineae
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6703:Lophocoleaceae
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6671:Lophocoleineae
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6626:Diettertiaceae
6621:
6619:
6618:Diettertiineae
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6420:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6333:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6281:Marchantiaceae
6278:
6276:Dumortieraceae
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6164:
6162:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6115:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6064:Haplomitriales
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6035:Polypodiophyta
6032:
6027:
6022:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5945:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5799:
5797:Pentoxylopsida
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5731:Calamopityales
5727:
5720:
5718:
5695:
5688:Spermatophytes
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5648:
5645:Progymnosperms
5631:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5610:Polypodiopsida
5607:
5605:Cladoxylopsida
5601:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5567:
5561:
5558:Euphyllophytes
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5530:Lycopodiopsida
5527:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5471:Cooksoniopsida
5466:
5464:
5450:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5415:
5413:
5403:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5361:Oedipodiopsida
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5263:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5170:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5005:Prasinophytina
4999:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4952:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4908:incertae sedis
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4787:
4784:Archaeplastida
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:Mesomycetozoea
4760:
4755:
4745:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4699:Diaphoretickes
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4646:Archaeplastida
4643:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4585:
4584:at Wikispecies
4573:
4559:
4558:External links
4556:
4554:
4553:
4532:
4511:
4498:
4447:
4441:978-1429246446
4440:
4422:
4375:
4352:
4331:
4312:
4293:(2): 179–213.
4287:The Bryologist
4273:
4224:
4205:
4186:(3): 303–334.
4180:The Bryologist
4164:
4157:
4139:
4115:
4084:(2): 365–369.
4064:
4025:
4011:, pp. 70–71. (
4000:
3979:
3923:
3872:
3823:
3772:
3733:(3): 259–272.
3713:
3649:
3620:(2): 107–118.
3600:
3551:
3514:(1): 565–575.
3495:
3429:
3400:(2): 272–279.
3380:
3356:
3332:
3307:
3294:
3245:
3201:
3174:
3147:
3134:
3104:
3075:): 1726–1741.
3045:
3038:
3008:
2981:
2963:
2942:
2921:
2896:
2875:
2854:
2843:
2819:
2808:
2788:
2775:
2750:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2689:
2671:
2645:
2638:
2617:
2592:The Bryologist
2582:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2293:Schljakov 1972
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:Schljakov 1972
2269:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2249:Schljakov 1972
2243:
2241:Schljakov 1972
2235:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2197:
2189:
2186:Limpricht 1877
2180:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2134:Schljakov 1972
2128:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1706:Marchantiidae
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:Haplomitriales
1625:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:Haplomitriales
1362:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1291:
1266:
1198:
1195:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
969:
968:
965:
964:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
942:
937:
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
917:
912:
910:
904:
903:
900:
899:
892:
887:
885:
877:
874:
873:
870:
815:
812:
810:
809:Classification
807:
801:
798:
769:
766:
718:
715:
699:Early Devonian
579:
576:
469:
466:
464:
461:
424:, they have a
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
228:
227:
226:
221:
208:
207:
203:
202:
193:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
124:
123:
115:
114:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8002:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7963:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7915:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7695:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7395:Basidiomycota
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7380:Glomeromycota
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7342:Stramenopiles
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:Apusomonadida
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7203:Nanoarchaeota
7200:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:Euryarchaeota
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7137:Spirochaetota
7135:
7133:
7132:Rhodothermota
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Dictyoglomota
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7046:Cyanobacteria
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:Chrysiogenota
7033:
7031:
7030:Chloroflexota
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:Calditrichota
7008:
7006:
7005:Caldisericota
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:Atribacterota
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6928:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:Saccogynaceae
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Jackiellaceae
6843:
6841:
6840:Harpanthaceae
6838:
6836:
6835:Gyrothyraceae
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6825:Geocalycaceae
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Acrobolbaceae
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:Adelanthaceae
6737:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6698:Lepidoziaceae
6696:
6694:
6693:Lepicoleaceae
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6562:Frullaniaceae
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6511:Metzgeriaceae
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6488:Pleuroziaceae
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6447:Allisoniaceae
6445:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Targioniaceae
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:Cyathodiaceae
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6243:Marchantiales
6240:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6223:Monocarpaceae
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6205:Lunulariaceae
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:Marchantiidae
6147:
6137:
6136:Treubiitaceae
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:Bennettitales
5722:
5721:
5719:
5706:
5705:Pteridosperms
5699:
5696:
5692:(seed plants)
5689:
5684:
5674:
5673:Protopityales
5670:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5626:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5494:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5444:
5443:Tracheophytes
5439:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5395:
5391:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Andreaeopsida
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5181:(land plants)
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5074:
5073:Chlorophyceae
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Pedinophyceae
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:Chlorophytina
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4931:
4930:Viridiplantae
4927:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4875:Bangiophyceae
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Stramenopiles
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:(major groups
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4549:0-697-09947-4
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4528:0-7167-1007-2
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4391:(59): 1–826.
4390:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4348:0-914868-21-7
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4221:(2): 131–150.
4220:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4158:90-72619-61-7
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:0-521-66097-1
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:3-443-62006-X
4018:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3996:0-13-651589-4
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3965:10400.1/14557
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:Nature Plants
3724:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:Nature Plants
3611:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:0-521-66097-1
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:0-521-66097-1
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3328:0-412-22340-6
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:New Scientist
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:0-473-06730-7
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:0-470-21359-0
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2892:0-8223-1175-5
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2871:0-12-262430-0
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:0-06-040839-1
2836:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:0-697-04768-7
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:0-02-949660-8
2743:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2690:0-914868-21-7
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2639:0-521-66097-1
2635:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2518:, an aquatic
2517:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2183:Marchantiales
2181:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:Marchantiidae
2165:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1935:Metzgeriidae
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:Marchantiales
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:Marchantiales
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:Forrest 2006
1322:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Marchantiales
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:Ranunculaceae
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Hepaticophyta
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:Protosalvinia
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1011:embryophytes
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
994:
993:
985:
984:
976:
975:
967:
966:
963:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
941:
940:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
916:
915:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
871:
868:
867:
864:
862:
856:
852:
851:
847:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
808:
806:
799:
797:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:basidiomycete
779:
775:
774:glomeromycete
767:
765:
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
738:
732:
730:
729:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Late Silurian
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:fertilisation
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:to produce a
597:
589:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
513:
509:
504:
500:
498:
496:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
467:
462:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
396:
389:
317:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Marchantiales
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
211:
209:
204:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
135:
130:
129:Ernst Haeckel
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
29:
26:
22:
7962:
7706:
7677:
7669:
7591:Orthonectida
7586:Gastrotricha
7561:Nematomorpha
7536:Chaetognatha
7526:Hemichordate
7453:Pteridophyta
7432:
7322:Malawimonada
7196:Korarchaeota
7157:Thermotogota
7142:Synergistota
7117:Nitrospirota
7112:Nitrospinota
7057:Deinococcota
6990:Bacteroidota
6870:Southbyaceae
6800:Arnelliaceae
6795:Antheliaceae
6774:Scapaniaceae
6764:Lophoziaceae
6688:Herbertaceae
6595:Ptilidiaceae
6572:Lejeuneaceae
6498:Metzgeriales
6480:Pleuroziales
6472:Metzgeriidae
6433:Makinoineae
6389:Moerckiaceae
6286:Monocleaceae
6266:Corsiniaceae
6197:Lunulariales
6169:Naiaditaceae
6045:Angiospermae
6006:
5942:paraphyletic
5854:Angiospermae
5831:
5830:Ginkgoales (
5803:Petriellales
5785:Medullosales
5712:(seed ferns)
5425:
5346:Sphagnopsida
5341:Takakiopsida
5274:(liverworts)
5269:
5240:
5234:Embryophytes
5188:(see below↓)
5146:Charophyceae
5116:
5098:Streptophyta
4950:land plants)
4938:
4907:
4825:
4818:Rhodelphidia
4805:
4748:Opisthokonta
4652:
4540:
4535:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4431:
4425:
4388:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4355:
4339:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4290:
4286:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4183:
4179:
4148:
4142:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3987:
3982:
3939:
3935:
3892:(4): e8995.
3889:
3885:
3875:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3748:10261/234303
3730:
3726:
3716:
3665:
3661:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3511:
3507:
3447:
3443:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3229:the original
3224:
3220:
3192:. Retrieved
3187:
3177:
3169:the original
3164:
3160:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3120:
3064:
3058:
3048:
3017:
3011:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2975:
2950:
2945:
2929:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2883:
2878:
2862:
2857:
2846:
2830:
2811:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2737:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2680:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2648:
2629:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2536:Conocephalum
2534:
2513:
2495:asplenioides
2491:
2473:
2455:
2440:
2424:
2401:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2272:Pleuroziales
2267:Chalaud 1930
2264:Metzgeriales
2256:Metzgeriidae
2175:Lunulariales
2106:
2101:
2029:
2014:
1992:
1962:Pleuroziales
1960:
1947:Metzgeriales
1945:
1888:
1873:
1851:
1775:
1762:Lunulariales
1760:
1738:
1716:
1693:
1642:
1627:
1544:
1530:Metzgeriales
1528:
1507:Metzgeriales
1505:
1464:
1449:
1427:
1379:
1364:
1312:
1306:
1302:Haplomitrium
1300:
1294:
1285:
1269:
1259:Metzgeriales
1251:
1245:
1240:
1226:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1174:
1167:
1164:Metzgeriales
1149:
1139:
1092:
1077:
1043:
1028:
959:
944:
919:
894:
883:embryophytes
848:
839:
836:paraphyletic
831:
817:
803:
791:
785:
771:
761:
755:
751:
741:
735:
733:
726:
720:
682:
678:
674:
664:
655:biflagellate
654:
640:
635:
631:
627:
619:
615:
611:
593:
587:
566:, while the
540:
516:
511:
492:
488:
482:
478:
471:
457:
430:
413:
409:
403:non-vascular
315:
313:
293:Pleuroziales
278:Metzgeriales
241:Lunulariales
195:
179:
173:Embryophytes
166:
132:
25:
7834:iNaturalist
7731:Wikispecies
7646:Brachiopoda
7621:Cycliophora
7566:Onychophora
7541:Kinorhyncha
7463:Ginkgophyta
7458:Cycadophyta
7423:Chlorophyta
7413:Glaucophyta
7107:Myxococcota
7025:Chlorobiota
7020:Chlamydiota
6683:Grolleaceae
6582:Ptilidiales
6542:Porellaceae
6437:Makinoaceae
6251:Aytoniaceae
6160:Naiaditales
6090:Treubiaceae
6017:Supergroup
5749:Cordaitales
5743:Caytoniales
5629:Lignophytes
5612:(ferns and
5538:spikemosses
5477:Rhyniopsida
5427:Aglaophyton
5306:(hornworts)
5177:Embryophyta
5160:Anydrophyta
5118:Spirotaenia
5063:Ulvophyceae
4996:Chlorophyta
4946:green algae
4916:Algospongia
4890:Glaucophyta
4842:(red algae)
4244:(1): 1–31.
4101:11336/55341
3238:24 December
3194:22 December
3127:22 December
2917:49381633045
2771:49381633045
2557:Embryophyte
2493:Plagiochila
2459:platyphylla
2421:archegonium
2369:soil crusts
2345:, from the
2339:liver plant
2335:Old English
2246:Ptilidiales
2224:Engler 1893
2203:Cavers 1910
2126:Hamlin 1972
2123:Calobryales
2031:Ptilidiales
1241:Hepatophyta
1202:Bryologists
793:Serendipita
632:perichaetum
556:seed plants
543:gametophyte
468:Description
426:gametophyte
406:land plants
303:Ptilidiales
219:Calobryales
37:472–0
7975:Liverworts
7969:Categories
7679:Parakaryon
7641:Entoprocta
7576:Arthropoda
7571:Tardigrada
7551:Priapulida
7546:Loricifera
7531:Echinoderm
7501:Ctenophora
7473:Gnetophyta
7428:Charophyta
7418:Rhodophyta
7390:Ascomycota
7385:Zygomycota
7327:Metamonada
7302:Euglenozoa
7287:Ciliophora
6995:Balneolota
6970:Aquificota
6567:Jubulaceae
6557:Radulaceae
6534:Porellales
6506:Aneuraceae
6348:Pelliaceae
6296:Ricciaceae
6256:Cleveaceae
6228:Riellaceae
6130:Blasiaceae
6082:Treubiales
5876:Magnoliids
5844:Gnetopsida
5614:horsetails
5542:quillworts
5534:clubmosses
5510:Lycophytes
5483:Renaliales
5260:Bryophytes
4838:Rhodophyta
4827:Rhodelphis
4609:Liverworts
4368:6 December
4238:Cladistics
2563:References
2405:polymorpha
2403:Marchantia
2238:Porellales
2131:Treubiales
2016:Porellales
1841:Pelliidae
1690:Blasiidae
1644:Treubiales
1381:Treubiales
1314:Apotreubia
1211:Marchantia
1191:Ordovician
1094:liverworts
1066:setaphytes
961:liverworts
933:setaphytes
908:bryophytes
840:sensu lato
820:bryophytes
787:Tulasnella
778:Aneuraceae
752:Marchantia
671:sporophyte
624:archegonia
616:perigonium
608:antheridia
588:Marchantia
578:Life cycle
547:sporophyte
536:bryologist
532:microscopy
414:liverworts
298:Porellales
224:Treubiales
192:Division:
107:Ordovician
31:Liverworts
7596:Dicyemida
7468:Pinophyta
7347:Telonemia
7282:Cryptista
7272:Breviatea
7257:Amoebozoa
7252:Alveolata
7233:Eukaryote
6985:Bacillota
6662:Myliaceae
6654:Myliineae
6340:Pelliales
6332:Pelliidae
6122:Blasiales
6113:Blasiidae
6025:Bryophyta
5376:Bryopsida
5329:Bryophyta
5058:UTC clade
4807:Picomonas
4743:Amoebozoa
4721:Alveolata
4709:Cryptista
4684:Eukaryota
4389:PhytoKeys
3708:215798377
3091:0002-9122
2552:Bryophyte
2477:epiphylla
2379:aquariums
2351:hēpaticus
2306:Pelliales
2282:Pelliidae
2195:Long 2006
2178:Long 2006
2157:Blasiales
2149:Blasiidae
1853:Pelliales
1695:Blasiales
1429:Blasiales
1282:Blasiales
1177:from the
1045:hornworts
921:hornworts
861:Setaphyta
853:is being
832:Hepaticae
828:hornworts
768:Symbiosis
757:Metzgeria
659:flagellae
647:monoicous
628:singular:
612:singular:
600:protonema
422:hornworts
288:Pelliales
236:Blasiales
186:Setaphyta
156:Kingdom:
7937:35210941
7932:Tropicos
7852:11907001
7758:BioLib:
7716:Wikidata
7656:Annelida
7651:Mollusca
7631:Phoronid
7626:Nemertea
7601:Rotifera
7581:Flatworm
7556:Nematoda
7521:Chordate
7511:Cnidaria
7506:Placozoa
7337:Rhizaria
7312:Haptista
7292:Cercozoa
6952:Bacteria
5886:Eudicots
5881:Monocots
5599:Ibykales
5333:(mosses)
5238:Plantae
4936:Plantae
4738:Amorphea
4716:Rhizaria
4704:Hacrobia
4694:Excavata
4679:Bacteria
4650:Plantae
4493:24939387
4417:26929706
4307:85788756
4268:86082381
4260:34892891
4200:85912159
4110:20731783
3974:92198979
3918:32377448
3867:33871608
3818:32760416
3792:: 1062.
3767:32170292
3700:32302587
3644:32042158
3595:31645766
3546:53240320
3538:30411803
3482:29456145
3424:24399481
3289:19812075
3099:21652320
3022:Elsevier
2546:See also
2356:Hepatica
2343:hepatics
1287:Monoclea
1228:Hepatica
1187:New York
1183:Devonian
1181:(Middle
1179:Givetian
1160:New York
1156:Devonian
846:template
643:dioicous
562:and the
523:rhizoids
493:See the
441:rhizoids
410:hepatics
21:Hepatica
7800:6864901
7722:Q189808
7636:Bryozoa
7332:Provora
7307:Jakobea
7297:Discoba
7243:Protist
7180:Archaea
6933:Extant
5949:extinct
4798:Picozoa
4753:Animals
4674:Archaea
4484:4074843
4467:: 168.
4408:4758082
4047:Bibcode
3944:Bibcode
3909:7194085
3858:8321542
3809:7373204
3758:8075897
3670:Bibcode
3635:7027989
3586:6872490
3490:3269165
3452:Bibcode
3415:3926305
3280:2842645
2664:10 June
2612:3242017
2538:conicum
2457:Porella
2441:Porella
2425:Porella
2385:Gallery
1532:(part)
1509:(part)
1308:Treubia
1142:fossils
800:Ecology
707:meiosis
679:capsule
636:plural:
620:plural:
572:diploid
568:diploid
552:haploid
530:aid of
495:gallery
475:thallus
433:thallus
416:. Like
160:Plantae
137:, 1904
111:present
7950:742162
7914:306729
7885:NZOR:
7865:846119
7774:256173
7751:237378
7496:Sponge
7488:Animal
5944:groups
5832:Ginkgo
5540:&
5398:
4994:
4731:Plants
4668:Domain
4547:
4526:
4491:
4481:
4438:
4415:
4405:
4364:. 2021
4346:
4305:
4266:
4258:
4198:
4155:
4134:
4108:
4019:
3994:
3972:
3916:
3906:
3865:
3855:
3816:
3806:
3765:
3755:
3706:
3698:
3642:
3632:
3593:
3583:
3565:Nature
3544:
3536:
3488:
3480:
3422:
3412:
3375:
3351:
3326:
3287:
3277:
3097:
3089:
3067:(10).
3036:
2957:
2936:
2915:
2890:
2869:
2837:
2803:
2769:
2744:
2687:
2636:
2610:
2475:Pellia
1311:, and
1256:orders
1079:mosses
946:mosses
824:mosses
748:gemmae
728:Riccia
711:spores
703:elater
604:gamete
560:pollen
519:mosses
418:mosses
7945:WoRMS
7921:PPE:
7901:56601
7847:IRMNG
7839:64615
7813:1MHTP
7761:14875
7405:Plant
7357:Fungi
7277:CRuMs
6019:Plant
4948:&
4758:Fungi
4303:S2CID
4264:S2CID
4196:S2CID
3970:S2CID
3886:PeerJ
3704:S2CID
3542:S2CID
3486:S2CID
3232:(PDF)
3217:(PDF)
3073:Wiley
2608:JSTOR
2349:word
2347:Latin
2331:liver
1224:genus
1216:taxon
1185:) of
844:‹The
691:auxin
689:, an
651:sperm
596:spore
564:ovule
449:cilia
445:costa
391:
180:Clade
167:Clade
7878:3195
7873:NCBI
7860:ITIS
7821:GBIF
7808:EPPO
7769:BOLD
7746:APNI
7443:Moss
6935:life
5947:† =
4939:s.s.
4653:s.l.
4545:ISBN
4524:ISBN
4489:PMID
4436:ISBN
4413:PMID
4370:2022
4344:ISBN
4256:PMID
4153:ISBN
4132:ISBN
4106:PMID
4017:ISBN
3992:ISBN
3914:PMID
3863:PMID
3814:PMID
3763:PMID
3696:PMID
3640:PMID
3591:PMID
3534:PMID
3478:PMID
3420:PMID
3373:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3285:PMID
3240:2011
3196:2011
3129:2011
3095:PMID
3087:ISSN
3034:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2666:2020
2634:ISBN
2497:, a
2419:The
1268:The
1250:The
826:and
740:and
683:seta
675:foot
437:moss
420:and
314:The
105:Mid-
45:PreꞒ
7795:EoL
7782:CoL
5236:or
4934:or
4648:or
4479:PMC
4469:doi
4403:PMC
4393:doi
4295:doi
4291:110
4246:doi
4188:doi
4184:109
4096:hdl
4086:doi
4082:188
4055:doi
4043:148
3960:hdl
3952:doi
3904:PMC
3894:doi
3853:PMC
3845:doi
3804:PMC
3794:doi
3753:PMC
3743:hdl
3735:doi
3686:hdl
3678:doi
3630:PMC
3622:doi
3581:PMC
3573:doi
3569:574
3524:hdl
3516:doi
3512:222
3468:hdl
3460:doi
3410:PMC
3402:doi
3275:PMC
3267:doi
3263:277
3077:doi
3026:doi
2999:doi
2995:208
2600:doi
2423:of
1158:of
1148:of
645:or
491:. (
487:or
412:or
328:ɑːr
131:'s
109:to
7971::
7947::
7934::
7911::
7898::
7875::
7862::
7849::
7836::
7823::
7810::
7797::
7787:52
7784::
7771::
7748::
7733::
7718::
5536:,
4487:.
4477:.
4465:14
4463:.
4459:.
4411:.
4401:.
4387:.
4326:98
4301:.
4289:.
4276:^
4262:.
4254:.
4242:22
4240:.
4236:.
4219:26
4217:.
4194:.
4182:.
4167:^
4124:in
4104:.
4094:.
4080:.
4076:.
4053:.
4041:.
3968:.
3958:.
3950:.
3940:37
3938:.
3926:^
3912:.
3902:.
3888:.
3884:.
3861:.
3851:.
3841:38
3839:.
3835:.
3812:.
3802:.
3790:11
3788:.
3784:.
3761:.
3751:.
3741:.
3729:.
3725:.
3702:.
3694:.
3684:.
3676:.
3666:30
3664:.
3652:^
3638:.
3628:.
3616:.
3612:.
3589:.
3579:.
3567:.
3563:.
3540:.
3532:.
3522:.
3510:.
3498:^
3484:.
3476:.
3466:.
3458:.
3448:28
3446:.
3432:^
3418:.
3408:.
3398:63
3396:.
3392:.
3365:in
3341:in
3316:in
3283:.
3273:.
3261:.
3257:.
3225:24
3223:.
3219:.
3204:^
3186:.
3163:.
3159:.
3119:.
3107:^
3093:.
3085:.
3065:91
3063:.
3057:.
3032:.
3020:.
2993:.
2966:^
2905:in
2822:^
2759:in
2725:^
2620:^
2606:.
2596:80
2594:.
2570:^
2363:.
1305:,
863:.
857:.›
796:.
538:.
510:,
506:A
499:)
379:aɪ
370:oʊ
367:,-
182::
169::
95:Pg
39:Ma
7826:9
7245:"
7241:"
7205:"
7201:"
7198:"
7194:"
7191:"
7187:"
7048:"
7044:"
6926:e
6919:t
6912:v
6624:†
6167:†
6158:†
6134:†
6021::
5998:e
5991:t
5984:v
5940:*
5834:)
5801:†
5795:†
5789:†
5783:†
5777:†
5771:†
5765:†
5759:†
5753:†
5747:†
5741:†
5735:†
5729:†
5723:†
5708:*
5702:†
5671:†
5665:†
5659:†
5653:†
5647:*
5642:†
5616:)
5603:†
5597:†
5576:†
5570:†
5544:)
5532:(
5523:†
5517:†
5481:†
5475:†
5469:†
5461:†
5424:†
5418:†
5410:†
4944:(
4765:)
4637:e
4630:t
4623:v
4551:.
4530:.
4495:.
4471::
4444:.
4419:.
4395::
4372:.
4350:.
4309:.
4297::
4270:.
4248::
4202:.
4190::
4161:.
4112:.
4098::
4088::
4061:.
4057::
4049::
4023:.
3998:.
3976:.
3962::
3954::
3946::
3920:.
3896::
3890:8
3869:.
3847::
3820:.
3796::
3769:.
3745::
3737::
3731:6
3710:.
3688::
3680::
3672::
3646:.
3624::
3618:6
3597:.
3575::
3548:.
3526::
3518::
3492:.
3470::
3462::
3454::
3426:.
3404::
3330:.
3291:.
3269::
3242:.
3198:.
3165:8
3131:.
3101:.
3079::
3071:(
3042:.
3028::
3005:.
3001::
2961:.
2940:.
2919:.
2894:.
2873:.
2841:.
2773:.
2748:.
2693:.
2668:.
2642:.
2614:.
2602::
2522:.
2501:.
2427:.
1317:.
822:(
697:/
634:(
626:(
618:(
610:(
388:/
385:ə
382:t
376:f
373:ˈ
364:ə
361:t
358:ə
355:f
352:ɒ
349:ˈ
346:i
343:t
340:n
337:æ
334:k
331:ˌ
325:m
322:/
318:(
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
