1451:
1301:
1385:(both often derisively referred to as a "Q-Tip hat"). Sousaphone players may use a military-style beret or entirely forgo the use of a head covering, as most hats may be in the way of the bell. Some auxiliary groups use uniforms that resemble gymnastics outfits: Often, these uniforms are themed, drawing inspiration from the music. Many auxiliary groups change the outfits they use from season to season based on the needs of the band, although some that do also have a "base" uniform for occasions such as parades or other ceremonies.
1375:'s marching band to highlight flanking movements on the field. Competitive bands, however, many times opt for matching uniforms, especially pants and shoes (usually white or black) to hide the visual effect of members who are out of step as seen from a distance. Occasionally, a band forgoes traditional uniforms in favor of costumes that fit the theme of its field show. The costumes may or may not be uniform throughout the band. This kind of specialized uniform change is usually confined to competitive marching bands.
1381:, the field commanders and band directors, usually do not wear the regular band uniform, to better distinguish them from the rest of the band. Some wear more formal outfits or costumes that match the theme of the music, or most commonly a differently designed version of the regular band uniform, often employing different colors (especially white) or features such as capes. Some (especially at the college level) still employ the tall wool-lined shako or much larger
936:
involves marching on the platforms of the feet, dragging the toe of the moving foot on the ground. Backward marching usually employs the same preference for leg straightness as forward marching (if the band marches with legs completely straight while marching forwards, they also do so while marching backward, to preserve uniformity of style). Using peripheral vision to align oneself to formations or field markings is even more important during backward marching.
1625:
armed forces pattern and
British and Malayan (later Malaysian) precedence. The People's Association became the first civilian organization to form a dedicated marching band in 1965-66, and the Ministry of Education followed suit with a teachers' band made up of band instructors. Today the Ministry of Education is responsible for overall control over the school, college, university and polytechnic bands within Singapore, with two dedicated cadet bands.
660:
1168:(also called traverse) with all the bells facing in the same direction. They may also point it towards the center of the field. Bands that march in time with the music typically also synchronize the direction of individuals' turns and try to maintain even spacing between individuals in formations (called intervals). Sometimes bands specifically have wind players turn their instruments away from the audience to emphasize the dynamics of the music.
955:. Some bands practice marking time during concert arch with the toes coming off of the ground to give the marcher a greater sense of marching while standing still. The heel should hit the ground on the beat. Some bands forgo marking time and instead come to a complete halt when not marching. Traditionally, the drumline would put their feet in a V-shape and lift their feet fully off the ground a few inches. This is to avoid hitting the drums.
186:
594:), French horn, clarinet and bassoon. Drummers summoned men from their farms and ranches to muster for duty. In the chaotic environment of the battlefield, musical instruments were the only means of commanding the men to advance, stand or retire. In the mid 19th century, each smaller unit had their own fifer and drummer, who sounded the daily routine. When units massed for battle a band of musicians was formed for the whole.
996:
948:, or march in place. The step used usually resembles the step that is used for marching forward, though mixing a high step mark time with a roll step march (or vice versa) produces an interesting visual effect. For a typical mark time, the foot is raised to the ankle bone of the opposite leg. The toe should not come off the ground and the knee should not come out much past the still-straight leg.
1240:
728:
84:
1442:(USSBA), involving over 700 high school bands compete during the Fall season with bands of similar size and talent. Each competition provides approximately 40 professional judges who give feedback on the show's programming and design. At the season's end, the top 50 bands are invited to compete in the US Scholastic Band Championship, which is hosted at a college or professional stadium.
43:
289:
2489:
1108:(also known as a dot book). Drill books, or drill charts, show where each person stands during each set of the show. The drill charts include yard lines and hashes as they would be on an actual football field, which shows the band members where to stand relative to the yard lines and hashes. There are many ways of getting from one formation to the next:
1417:, noting "At the top levels of marching band and drum corps, you get a level of competition and athleticism that is equal to a Division I athletic program." Granata further pointed out, "Performers are constantly moving, and often running, at velocities that reach 180 steps or more per minute while playing instruments that weigh up to 40 pounds."
1083:
1023:. Each member tries to stay within his or her given rank and file, and to maintain even spacing with neighboring musicians. It is traditionally the responsibility of the people at the end of each rank and the front of each file to be in the correct location; this allows other band members to use them as a reference, also known as
1316:. Military-style uniforms are most common, but there are bands that use everything from matching T-shirts and shorts to formal wear. The school or organization's name, symbol, or colors are commonly applied to uniforms. Uniforms may also have substantially different colors on the front and back, so if band members turn suddenly (
550:
856:, much like the chair step, involves the thigh being parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the body, but instead with the shin extended outward at a forty-five-degree angle from the body and with toes pointed downward. The leg is then driven quickly back to the ground while the other leg repeats in this fashion.
262:
809:
involves bringing the heel gently to the ground with the toe pointed up, and then rolling forward onto the toes before lifting the foot to continue forward. While marching to the rear, the weight is placed continually on the ball of the foot with the heel elevated. This style is used by both marching
974:
When the band and percussion are not playing, rhythm may be maintained in a variety of ways: a drummer may play taps or rim shots, the drum major may clap or use a woodblock, a drum major or band member may vocalize a sharp syllable like "hit," "hut," or "dut," or band members may chant the military
848:
involves lifting the knee until the thighs are parallel to the ground, and with toes pointed downward. When the leg is elevated to its maximum height, a ninety-degree angle exists between the torso and the thigh, as well as between the thigh and shin. The leg is then lowered, and this is repeated in
1426:
WAMSB (World
Association of Marching Show Bands) is an international organization holding many competitions throughout the world. Its World Championships are held annually in the summer in a different country. Past host nations include Canada, Brazil, Japan, Malaysia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, &
1389:
Bands may compete on criteria such as musicality, uniformity, visual impact, artistic interpretation, and the difficulty of the music and drill. Competition exists at all levels but is most common in the U.S. among secondary school bands and drum and bugle corps. Competitions at the national level,
589:
maintained its own military band. Until 1749 bandsmen were civilians hired at the expense of the colonel commanding a regiment. Subsequently, they became regular enlisted men who accompanied the unit on active service to provide morale enhancing music on the battlefield or, from the late nineteenth
1624:
soon inspired the creation of the
Singaporean marching band tradition. By the 1960s, school and college marching bands, corps of drums and drum and bugle corps began to be commonplace (the latter in cadet units), as well as bands of youth uniformed organizations and universities, all following the
1069:
is usually played when the band is marching, oftentimes alternating with a song, and is typically how a band keeps time while not playing music. Alternatively, a drum or rim shot may be given on the odd beats to keep the band in step. Between songs and cadences, a roll is usually given to indicate
922:
or “stab”. To perform a prep step, on the last count of movement in the first direction a marcher plants the foot with the heel turned outward at half the angle of the turn desired, with the upper body still facing forward. On the next count, the other foot snaps into position completing the turn.
679:
Many bands perform a wide selection of both traditional styles of music such as marches, with film scores, or adaptations of contemporary music. The goal of each band's performance is different. Some aim for maximum uniformity and precision; others aim to be as entertaining as possible. Some show
667:
Military styled marching bands are present in many
European countries due to its historical origins in 18th Century European field armies and are present in many other nations due to colonial influence, including Latin America and South America, South and South-East Asia and the Commonwealth (for
935:
may be used when the band wishes to move in the opposite direction from where it is projecting its sound. There are several ways to back march, one of which is to walk backward, putting each foot down and rolling from the toe to the heel (the exact reverse of the roll step). Another variation
1175:) may be used on the field that fit the theme of the show or the music being performed. In comedic shows, particularly for university bands, an announcer may read jokes or a funny script between songs; formations that are words or pictures (or the songs themselves) may serve as punch lines.
923:
The upper body may or may not turn with the lower body. Some bands plant the heel on the prep step rather than the toe but preserving the angle of the foot. To perform a pivot, the marcher pivots between directions over the ball of the foot on the last count instead of using a prep step.
810:
bands as well as drum and bugle corps. The style, in comparison to high step, gives drill formations a more fluid appearance, allowing for better control of more difficult formations and various styles of music. With this control also comes the ability to perform a much broader range of
979:. Even-numbered time signatures aid in staying in step because they assign odd-numbered counts to the left foot, and even-numbered counts to the right foot. If a band member is on the wrong foot, for instance, odd on the right foot and even on the left, this is referred to as being
863:. It involves bringing the leg up so that the thigh is at a 45-degree angle with the ground with the toes pointed as far down as possible. While the chair step is almost always used as merely a special decorative step, stop-at-the-top is the Wisconsin band's default marching style.
1410:, "If a basketball team trained as hard as these kids do, it would be unbelievable. I like to take my players to show them what they can accomplish with hard work and teamwork. Besides, once they see them practice 12 hours a day, my players think I’m a helluva lot easier.”
975:
call of "left, left, left right left." Band members may count the steps of the move out loud to keep the entire band together. Typically, most moves consist of any number of steps that are a multiples of two or four, due to most marching band music being in even numbered
1100:
While playing music during a field show, the band makes a series of formations, called drill, on the field, which may be pictures, geometric shapes, curvilinear designs, or blocks of musicians, although sometimes it may be pure abstract designs using no specific form.
1543:, however, in recent years, there has been a rise in the number of show bands and drum corps in the country. Although the Ministry of Education organizes most school marching bands, other organizations have made consistent efforts to organize local marching bands.
639:
which often derive from instrumentation generally consists of brass, woodwinds and percussion and they typically march forward with consistent straight lines and a constant tempo to facilitate the steady marching of the military unit. Field music units include
901:
when moving sideways. During a crab step, the musician crosses one leg over the other, either marching on the toes or rolling the foot sideways. Percussionists may also substitute roll step when their instruments would interfere with performing the high step.
2290:
parade marching championship in
Alexandria, Minnesota, is held annually on the last Sunday of June. The event was founded in 1985 and has drawn parade bands from seven states, two Canadian provinces, and Norway. Another popular street marching competition is
1592:. Other Russian marching bands include the Drummers Group of the Boarding School for Girls of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Moscow & District Pipe Band. The country has hosted many marching band tattoos within the last 70 years, including the
814:. Proper execution of a roll step gives a player marching at 40 beats per minute the same smooth tone as a player marching at 180. The roll step allows for much better control of the upper body, and thus better control of the air support needed for playing.
897:. A lateral march is not a change in the direction of march, only in the direction the upper body faces. Percussion players, whose large drum harnesses often prevent them from twisting their torsos, and sometimes tuba and sousaphone players, instead uses a
871:
meaning that all movement ceases momentarily at the apex of each step. This requires a band to have a great deal of stamina, though is effective visually. High step marching is often accompanied by a horizontal swing of the player's body or instrument.
1397:
Although its legitimacy is often called into question, competitive marching band is sometimes considered a sport, due in large part to the physical exertion required in combination with teamwork. Many HBCU marching band fans refer to marching band as
1631:
The SPF has the country's three uniformed pipe bands, the Women's Police, SPF and Gurkha
Contingent Pipe Bands, all raised in the late 1960s. Civilian pipe bands were formerly present in the PA, Boys Brigade and the Port of Singapore Authority.
1183:. The waves from each musician, traveling at the speed of sound, reach the other musicians, field conductors, and listeners at slightly different times. If the distance between musicians is large enough, listeners may perceive waves to be
1587:
ceased to exist. During the Soviet era, civilian like marching bands were extremely rare, with one of the only non-military bands having been employed in the late 1930s and early 1940s during
National Sports Day parades in the capital of
2384:
880:
When band members are marching in one direction but want to focus their sound on another, they may rotate their bodies at the waist, so that only the upper portion of the body faces in the direction of play. This is known as
1405:
considered the activity a sport in 1987, describing the Drum Corps
International World Championships “one of the biggest sporting events of the summer.” In the same article, Sports Illustrated quoted basketball coach
1555:, there are not many school or local marching bands in existence, with most being government-sponsored military and police bands, as well as several bands operated by the local governments. The marching bands of the
1328:
band wear a different combination of jackets, vests, ties, shirts, and pants for each half (changing before halftime) of each game and no clothing or uniform combinations are repeated during the marching season. The
1371:
over dark shoes to emphasize the movement of the legs while marching. Similarly, uniforms may feature additional components which highlight movement of the upper body, such as the "wings" worn by the
2385:
http://www.dcxmuseum.org/assets/15%2520-%2520Canadian%2520Military%2520Drum%2520and%2520Bugle%2520Corps.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjJw9qw5tPmAhUFXM0KHdBUBu4QFjARegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw2p9l-GZYX4FDm3EkT4dJFS
1628:
Some of
Singapore's oldest high school marching bands are from the Raffles' Institution, St. Joseph's Institution, Victoria School, Bukit Panjang Government HS and the Anglo-Chinese School.
1420:
Performers’ metabolic rates matched those of marathon runners halfway through a marathon, while the heart rate was more along the lines of someone who was running a "400 or 800-meter dash."
1413:
In his presentation to the
American College of Sports Medicine's annual meeting in 2009, researcher and exercise physiologist Gary Granata presented research after studying members of the
1054:
because five yards are covered in six steps. Because yard lines on an American football field are five yards apart, exact 8-to-5 and 6-to-5 steps are most useful for field shows.
1601:
1104:
Typically, each band member has an assigned position in each formation. In many show bands and most drum corps, these positions are illustrated in a handheld booklet called a
1690:
1651:
1560:
265:
829:
The high step is a style of marching used by many colleges and universities, including most bands of HBCUs and the Big Ten. Four primary sub-variants of the high are used:
1593:
1539:
The first marching bands were introduced in Malaysia during the British colonial period and has since grown and increased its importance. The most common are found in the
196:
821:
in which the members roll from heel to toe but lead the next step with the knee instead of the foot, then planting the heel of the next foot by straightening the leg.
1816:
1974:
1367:'s Sound of the South Marching Band wear traditional Trojan helmets. It is also common for band uniforms to have a stripe down the leg and light-colored shoes, or
628:, a disciplined geometric march, based in part on military-style drill. Today, marching band competitions remain popular in the United States and largely parallel
1571:(loosely translated to Марширующие оркестр, which means Marching Orchestra in Russian), notable Russian marching bands include the Band and Corps of Drums of the
2177:
2216:
971:
with, or start marching on, the left foot. Staying in step is generally easier when the band is playing music or when the drums are playing a marching cadence.
1911:
388:
2144:
1483:
Although many bands have still retained the British tradition for marching bands, most have also adopted the style utilized by their American counterparts.
699:). While military color guards were typically male, band color guards tend to be primarily female, though for both, mixed groups are becoming more common.
1519:, the National Marching Band Association is the main organizer of local marching bands in the country. It is currently located at its headquarters in the
1857:"Military Music in American and European Traditions | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
839:
step involves bringing the foot up to the inside of the leg to the knee before coming down and forward. This is the style used by most bands from HBCUs.
714:) and are commonly referred to as the leader of the band. Commands—such as vocal orders, clapping, or a whistle—may be used to issue commands as well.
1439:
462:
381:
410:
1766:
1153:
Each member performs a specifically scripted move. In these cases, the desired visual effect is often the move itself and not the ending formation.
1499:, have military roots and were formerly Canadian Army bands. In the case of the aforementioned bands, their lineage is shared with the bands of
1462:
1372:
1086:
860:
424:
1215:
games, which may also be known as pep band. For college and high school marching bands, this is the primary purpose of the ensemble. Three
431:
1791:
417:
1187:. Typically, in this case, listeners perceive that one section of the band is playing their parts slightly after another section. This
2467:
1715:
Bowles, Edmund A. (November 2006). "The impact of Turkish military bands on European court festivals in the 17th and 18th centuries".
1528:
1503:, the 6th Northumberland Militia and the 2nd Armoured Divisional Signals Regiment respectively. In the early to mid-20th century, the
2450:
1467:
1357:
1287:
775:
554:
248:
230:
167:
70:
1694:
1999:
2509:
2246:
673:
1450:
2337:
1860:
1030:
Band members also try to keep a constant pace or step size while marching in parade. Step sizes usually vary between 22 and 30
1300:
1265:
1261:
753:
749:
641:
105:
101:
56:
31:
148:
1941:
1881:
1826:
1572:
1325:
629:
455:
120:
2099:
1978:
498:. Others are still associated with military units or emulate a military style, with elements such as uniforms, flags and
1564:
517:
Marching bands are generally categorised by affiliation, function, size and instrumentation. In addition to traditional
2524:
2185:
1621:
1617:
688:
1487:
are often associated with civilian marching bands. Many of the civilian marching bands that exist today, such as the
1250:
738:
212:
127:
1919:
1507:
maintained drum and bugle corps, which were similar in instrumentation and organization to civilian marching bands.
2519:
2024:
1414:
1378:
1090:
703:
609:
499:
2396:
1269:
1254:
757:
742:
94:
2152:
1477:
1156:
Members at an extended halt perform a stationary visual move, such as a ripple (like "the wave") or some sort of
1004:
817:
Some bands, and a select few drum and bugle corps, use a bent-knee variant of roll step, usually known simply as
684:
which generally do not march in time with the music, but, as their name implies, scramble from design to design.
1423:
Performance styles range from traditional block marching to elaborate productions with evolving drill patterns.
2440:
1661:
1216:
606:
448:
134:
1846:
Major R.M. Barnes, page 231 "A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army", Sphere Books 1972
590:
century on, to act as stretcher bearers. Instruments during the 18th century included fifes, drums, the oboe (
706:, also called field commanders, who are usually responsible for conducting the band (sometimes using a large
2514:
2312:
1484:
2295:
2208:
1656:
1540:
1458:
Most marching bands in Canada are organized by the Canadian Band Association or by Canadian universities:
1356:
or other styles of helmets) with feather plumes, capes, gloves, rank cords, and other embellishments. The
511:
116:
1770:
1220:
1000:
566:
1556:
1500:
1496:
1472:
316:
2354:
1646:
1576:
653:
507:
676:) and many ex-Soviet nations (with the USSR inheriting the tradition from the Kingdom of Russia).
2074:
2066:
1821:
1740:
1732:
1402:
480:
208:
62:
1795:
2446:
1488:
1344:
The components of a band uniform are numerous. Common design elements include hats (typically
1212:
1143:
1094:
659:
602:
2493:
859:
The "stop-at-the-top" is a style similar to the chair step and is currently used only at the
2058:
1724:
1666:
1435:
1391:
1368:
1228:
1020:
1016:
574:
522:
503:
306:
995:
849:
an alternating fashion between the legs. This style is used by many schools in the Big Ten.
141:
2299:
1504:
1364:
1353:
1184:
835:
711:
621:
518:
361:
280:
2120:
2003:
1520:
1360:
1128:
Members stay in their lines and arcs, but slowly deform the formation—sometimes called
976:
910:
A true direction change involving the feet moving in a new direction requires either a
707:
570:
311:
2371:
2238:
1164:
Players may point the bells of their instruments in the direction they are moving, or
2503:
2423:
2078:
1744:
1641:
1431:
1224:
687:
Many bands have auxiliaries that add a visual component to the performance such as a
681:
636:
625:
598:
569:) but the modern marching band developed from European military bands formed in the
534:
495:
491:
321:
2341:
1856:
1748:
1671:
1584:
1407:
1330:
1157:
1058:
696:
645:
617:
586:
561:
Instruments have been frequently used on the battlefield (for example the Iron Age
351:
620:
system expanded as military veterans with service band experience began to accept
2425:
Developing Malaysian High School Marching Bands Issues, Challenges and Strategies
2171:
2169:
1141:
Members break into ranks or squads, each of which performs a maneuver (such as a
1975:"A Descriptive Analysis of the Eleven Big Ten Conference Marching Band Programs"
1951:
1889:
1524:
1349:
1239:
963:
Even when marking time, it is considered good form for all band members to stay
727:
695:. In the USA, these auxiliaries may even perform as independent groups (such as
613:
538:
341:
83:
788:
The following overview is heavily focused on the U.S. marching band tradition.
2399:. Taipei Municipal First Girls' Senior High School. 2014-05-12. Archived from
2093:
1946:
1605:
1580:
1321:
1180:
1105:
1035:
967:—that is, step with the same foot at the same time. A large majority of bands
844:
802:
692:
1147:) which may or may not be scripted. An unscripted move is sometimes called a
17:
649:
2442:
The Face of Russia: Anguish, Aspiration, and Achievement in Russian Culture
2488:
1531:
currently sports one of the most acclaimed marching bands in the country.
1434:, there are two national competition circuits in which bands can compete:
1082:
1382:
983:. When a band member is completely off tempo, it is referred to as being
591:
582:
487:
483:
2287:
2028:
1728:
288:
2400:
2070:
1736:
1492:
1313:
1305:
1200:
1752:
1320:), the audience sees a striking change of color. Band members at many
951:
Some bands mark time by bringing their feet up to their knee—known as
502:
and occasionally rifles or sabers. Instrumentation typically includes
1597:
1589:
1552:
1516:
1338:
1012:
573:, partly influenced by the Ottoman tradition. 17th-century traveler
562:
526:
2062:
1583:. These types of bands only came into existence after 1991 when the
1171:
Auxiliaries can also add to the visual effect. Backdrops and props (
2292:
261:
1449:
1345:
1299:
1231:. Marching bands are otherwise uncommon at the professional level.
1081:
1071:
1047:
994:
811:
658:
578:
549:
548:
530:
346:
260:
2316:
1122:
All members move together without deforming the formation—called
2372:"A Brief History of the Band | The Concert Band of Cobourg"
2273:
1334:
1043:
1031:
669:
2095:
New Uniform Video for the University of Minnesota Marching Band
1912:"A History of the Wind Band: The American School Band Movement"
612:) first performing at an American football game in 1887. After
1575:, whose cadets are famous for setting the pace for the annual
1233:
1160:, that may propagate throughout the formation of band members.
721:
179:
77:
36:
616:, the presence and quality of marching bands in the American
195:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
521:, marching bands are frequently seen at events as varied as
287:
1454:
A marching band during the 2008 Toronto Santa Claus Parade.
1038:) per stride. A step size of 22.5 inches is called an
1050:) in eight steps. A step size of 30 inches is called
1427:
Australia. WAMSB sanctioned events happen in 32 nations.
2092:
The University of Minnesota Marching Band (2015-05-08),
2049:
Hindsley, Mark H. (December 1930). "The Marching Band".
1015:, bands usually line up in a marching block composed of
867:
An integral part of this style of marching is known as
204:
1312:
Nearly all marching band personnel wear some kind of
2468:"Russia Hosts International Military Band March-Off"
1882:"College Band History – The Little Band Man Company"
1324:
schools wear a jacket and tie while performing. The
1304:
Diagrammed example of marching band uniforms of the
2422:Shah, Shahanum; Saidon, Zaharul (January 1, 2012).
1767:"A History of the Wind Band: The Baroque Wind Band"
1652:
List of college marching bands in the United States
624:positions within schools with developments such as
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2302:held on Saturday of the last full weekend in June.
1594:Spasskaya Tower Military Music Festival and Tattoo
1211:Many marching bands serve as entertainment during
601:, modern marching bands are often associated with
2239:"Marching Band And Sports On Level Playing Field"
2209:"Marching in the band as tough as playing sports"
1070:what beat in the measure the band is at. Cadence
1602:Amur Waves International Military Bands Festival
702:A marching band is typically led by one or more
1219:teams designate an official marching band: the
918:, both of which are sometimes referred to as a
268:, a college marching band in the United States
680:bands also involve comedic elements, such as
585:. In the 18th century, each regiment in the
456:
193:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1201:music composition technique of the same name
1333:Kiltie Marching Band is famous for wearing
1268:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
944:When a band is not moving, the members may
756:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2428:. pp. 39–59 – via ResearchGate.
2025:"Cornell University Big Red Marching Band"
463:
449:
271:
2272:(Television production). Naperville, IL:
1440:United States Scholastic Band Association
1308:athletic conference in the United States.
1288:Learn how and when to remove this message
1179:Each musician in a marching band creates
776:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1825:. September–October 2012. Archived from
1817:"Mehter Music Echoes Down The Centuries"
1415:Avon High School Marching Black and Gold
2439:Billington, James H. (April 10, 1998).
2176:Greenwald-Gonella, Haley (2010-10-03).
1682:
1112:Each member moves independently called
885:, but is more commonly known as either
553:The first marching band formation, the
279:
1463:Royal Military College of Canada Bands
2466:Times, The Moscow (August 26, 2019).
1691:"Mehter-The Oldest Band in the World"
1087:Kansas State University Marching Band
1042:step because the marcher covers five
861:University of Wisconsin Marching Band
7:
2027:. Mb.bigredbands.org. Archived from
1266:adding citations to reliable sources
1191:effect is informally referred to as
754:adding citations to reliable sources
106:adding citations to reliable sources
2219:from the original on 23 August 2012
1942:"Military band at Gulf exhibition"
1337:made of the official Alma College
1089:marching on the football field at
25:
2249:from the original on 12 July 2012
1940:Gibson, Dawn (17 February 2013).
1794:. Theottomans.org. Archived from
1468:Simon Fraser University Pipe Band
663:The Brentwood Imperial Youth Band
555:Purdue All-American Marching Band
490:. Historically they were used in
52:This article has multiple issues.
27:Company of instrumental musicians
2487:
2397:"Taipei First Girls High School"
2293:The Osseo Marching Band Festival
2151:, 10 August 1987, archived from
1238:
726:
184:
82:
41:
2207:Rauscher, Megan (2 June 2009).
2102:from the original on 2018-05-08
1863:from the original on 2014-06-26
1529:Taipei First Girls' High School
494:and many marching bands remain
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2361:, Margaret Drynan, 02/07/2006
1769:. Lipscomb.edu. Archived from
1394:Grand National Championships.
718:Show Band Performance elements
32:Marching band (disambiguation)
1:
2338:"Youth Education in the Arts"
2245:. MediLexicon International.
1573:Moscow Military Music College
1326:Southern Methodist University
1199:(not to be confused with the
805:, also commonly known as the
389:International Association for
2119:Paxton, Holly (2020-05-02).
1622:Singapore Armed Forces Bands
1074:varies from group to group.
605:games, with the oldest (the
1973:Fuller, John Allen (1995).
1618:Singapore Police Force Band
1616:The traditions of both the
630:modern drum and bugle corps
375:International organizations
207:, discuss the issue on the
2541:
2051:Music Supervisors' Journal
1091:Bill Snyder Family Stadium
610:Band of the Fighting Irish
577:noted the existence of 40
266:Goin' Band from Raiderland
29:
2455:– via Google Books.
2359:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2268:Dr. Jeff Edwards (2005).
2121:"Color Guard on a Budget"
1569:Marshiruyushchiye orkestr
1478:Lady Godiva Memorial Bnad
1005:The Pride of the Sunshine
425:American Choral Directors
404:US national organizations
382:International Society for
2288:Vikingland Band Festival
1693:. Tsk.tr. Archived from
1662:Western Band Association
1217:National Football League
1007:, performing in a parade
691:or even dance lines and
635:Many marching bands are
607:University of Notre Dame
432:American String Teachers
411:National Association for
2510:Types of musical groups
2178:"Musicians as Athletes"
1485:Canadian military bands
1373:University of Minnesota
418:Music Teachers National
1657:List of marching bands
1541:Malaysian Armed Forces
1491:, The Concert Band of
1455:
1392:Bands of America (BOA)
1309:
1097:
1008:
664:
558:
512:percussion instruments
335:Instructional settings
292:
269:
1561:Military Band Service
1559:are organized by the
1453:
1303:
1221:Washington Commanders
1085:
1061:, sometimes called a
1001:University of Florida
998:
662:
567:Ottoman military band
552:
291:
264:
2496:at Wikimedia Commons
2313:"WAMSB | About"
2270:DCI Musical Athletes
1557:Russian Armed Forces
1501:The Ontario Regiment
1497:Toronto Signals Band
1473:Western Mustang Band
1262:improve this section
750:improve this section
642:drum and bugle corps
317:Dalcroze Eurhythmics
213:create a new article
205:improve this article
102:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2403:on 4 September 2004
2344:on August 22, 2006.
2155:on 16 December 2013
2125:Music Effect Design
1647:Tournament of Bands
1577:Victory Day Parades
1565:Ministry of Defence
654:fife and drum corps
300:Major methodologies
275:Part of a series on
2525:Turkish inventions
2298:2016-01-11 at the
2243:Medical News Today
2149:Sports Illustrated
1822:Saudi Aramco World
1456:
1403:Sports Illustrated
1363:Marching Band and
1310:
1098:
1009:
1003:'s marching band,
906:Changing direction
854:extended high step
792:Marching technique
665:
559:
537:and marching band
535:trade union events
293:
270:
2520:Military marching
2492:Media related to
2355:"Music in Oshawa"
2182:Halftime Magazine
1954:on 6 October 2013
1886:littlebandman.com
1859:. Metmuseum.org.
1749:Project MUSE
1729:10.1093/em/cal103
1489:Oshawa Civic Band
1298:
1297:
1290:
1213:American football
1144:follow-the-leader
1095:Manhattan, Kansas
927:Backward marching
786:
785:
778:
603:American football
565:and the medieval
473:
472:
259:
258:
251:
241:
240:
233:
215:, as appropriate.
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
2532:
2491:
2476:
2475:
2472:The Moscow Times
2463:
2457:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2340:. Archived from
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2315:. Archived from
2309:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2184:. Archived from
2173:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
2000:"Scramble Bands"
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1918:. Archived from
1916:www.lipscomb.edu
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1888:. Archived from
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1687:
1667:Marching (sport)
1567:. Also known as
1436:Bands of America
1354:combination hats
1293:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1242:
1234:
1229:Baltimore Ravens
883:lateral marching
876:Lateral marching
781:
774:
770:
767:
761:
730:
722:
581:of musicians in
519:military parades
465:
458:
451:
272:
254:
247:
236:
229:
225:
222:
216:
188:
187:
180:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
151:
110:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2500:
2499:
2484:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2300:Wayback Machine
2285:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2188:on 16 June 2012
2175:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2063:10.2307/3383449
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1892:on 24 July 2017
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1638:
1614:
1549:
1537:
1513:
1505:Canadian Forces
1448:
1400:marching sport.
1388:
1365:Troy University
1294:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1259:
1243:
1209:
1178:
1080:
993:
991:Parade marching
977:time signatures
961:
959:Staying in step
942:
929:
908:
878:
827:
799:
794:
782:
771:
765:
762:
747:
731:
720:
674:Military Forces
626:Precision Drill
547:
531:sporting events
486:who play while
469:
440:
439:
438:
433:
426:
419:
413:Music Education
412:
405:
397:
396:
395:
390:
384:Music Education
383:
376:
368:
367:
366:
362:Youth orchestra
336:
328:
327:
326:
301:
281:Music education
255:
244:
243:
242:
237:
226:
220:
217:
202:
189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
117:"Marching band"
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Marching bands
2512:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2482:External links
2480:
2478:
2477:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2414:
2388:
2377:
2363:
2347:
2329:
2304:
2279:
2260:
2230:
2199:
2165:
2136:
2111:
2084:
2041:
2016:
1991:
1965:
1947:The Fiji Times
1932:
1903:
1873:
1848:
1839:
1808:
1783:
1758:
1723:(4): 533–560.
1707:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1613:
1610:
1548:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1521:Neihu District
1512:
1509:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1447:
1444:
1361:Spirit of Troy
1296:
1295:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1208:
1205:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1139:
1126:
1120:
1118:scatter drill.
1079:
1078:Field marching
1076:
992:
989:
960:
957:
953:high-mark time
941:
938:
928:
925:
907:
904:
877:
874:
865:
864:
857:
850:
840:
826:
823:
798:
795:
793:
790:
784:
783:
734:
732:
725:
719:
716:
682:Scramble bands
637:Military bands
622:music teaching
571:Baroque period
546:
543:
496:military bands
479:is a group of
471:
470:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
429:
422:
415:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
391:Jazz Education
386:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
319:
314:
312:Orff Schulwerk
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
284:
283:
277:
276:
257:
256:
239:
238:
199:of the subject
197:worldwide view
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2537:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2495:
2494:Marching band
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2452:9781575001043
2448:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2319:on 2014-11-01
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2031:on 2014-05-16
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2006:on 2008-02-24
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1981:on 2017-08-11
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1922:on 2017-08-07
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1829:on 2013-03-14
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1798:on 2014-01-01
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1773:on 2014-10-06
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1697:on 2014-01-01
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Marching arts
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:United States
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1292:
1289:
1281:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:This section
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:Buffalo Bills
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:ensemble tear
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
997:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
972:
970:
966:
958:
956:
954:
949:
947:
939:
937:
934:
926:
924:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
873:
870:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
838:
837:
832:
831:
830:
824:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
804:
796:
791:
789:
780:
777:
769:
759:
755:
751:
745:
744:
740:
735:This section
733:
729:
724:
723:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
677:
675:
671:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:fanfare bands
643:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:public school
615:
611:
608:
604:
600:
599:United States
595:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Evliya Çelebi
572:
568:
564:
556:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
478:
477:marching band
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
444:
443:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
401:
400:
392:
387:
385:
380:
379:
372:
371:
363:
360:
358:
357:Marching band
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
332:
331:
323:
322:Suzuki method
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:Kodály method
305:
304:
297:
296:
290:
286:
285:
282:
278:
274:
273:
267:
263:
253:
250:
235:
232:
224:
221:November 2012
214:
210:
206:
200:
198:
191:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Marching Band
2471:
2461:
2445:. TV Books.
2441:
2434:
2424:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2391:
2380:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:the original
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2307:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2181:
2157:, retrieved
2153:the original
2148:
2139:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:
2114:
2104:, retrieved
2094:
2087:
2057:(2): 15–17.
2054:
2050:
2044:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1994:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1945:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1915:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1885:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1820:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1761:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1685:
1672:Booster Club
1630:
1627:
1615:
1585:Soviet Union
1568:
1550:
1538:
1514:
1482:
1457:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1408:Bobby Knight
1399:
1396:
1390:such as the
1387:
1377:
1350:pith helmets
1343:
1331:Alma College
1317:
1311:
1284:
1275:
1260:Please help
1248:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:out of phase
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:choreography
1149:rank option.
1148:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1067:street beat,
1066:
1062:
1059:drum cadence
1056:
1051:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1010:
985:out of phase
984:
980:
973:
968:
964:
962:
952:
950:
945:
943:
940:Marking time
932:
930:
919:
915:
911:
909:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
869:stop action,
868:
866:
853:
843:
834:
828:
818:
816:
806:
800:
787:
772:
766:January 2019
763:
748:Please help
736:
701:
697:winter guard
686:
678:
666:
634:
596:
587:British Army
560:
539:competitions
516:
492:armed forces
481:instrumental
476:
474:
356:
352:Concert band
245:
227:
218:
194:
164:
158:January 2019
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2145:"Scorecard"
1717:Early Music
1525:Taipei City
1379:Drum Majors
1181:sound waves
1137:condensing.
1046:(about 4.6
981:out of step
704:drum majors
689:color guard
614:World War I
434:Association
427:Association
420:Association
342:School band
2504:Categories
2323:2014-11-01
2130:2021-04-30
2106:2017-08-11
2035:2014-05-21
2010:2008-05-08
1985:2017-08-11
1926:2017-08-07
1867:2014-05-21
1833:2014-05-21
1802:2014-05-21
1777:2014-05-21
1701:2014-05-21
1678:References
1606:Khabarovsk
1581:Red Square
1322:Ivy League
1133:expanding,
1114:scattering
1106:drill book
933:back march
891:traversing
845:chair step
836:ankle-knee
819:bent knee,
807:roll step,
803:glide step
797:Glide step
693:majorettes
650:pipe bands
128:newspapers
57:improve it
2079:143336203
1792:"Ottoman"
1745:159617891
1612:Singapore
1278:July 2020
1249:does not
1130:rotating,
1124:floating.
1063:walk beat
946:mark time
912:prep step
899:crab step
825:High step
737:does not
557:"P Block"
523:carnivals
484:musicians
209:talk page
63:talk page
2296:Archived
2247:Archived
2217:Archived
2100:archived
1958:13 March
1861:Archived
1636:See also
1620:and the
1600:and the
1535:Malaysia
1495:and the
1438:and the
1383:bearskin
969:step off
887:shifting
668:example
592:hautbois
583:Istanbul
508:woodwind
488:marching
203:You may
2407:3 March
2253:19 July
2223:19 July
2213:Reuters
2192:19 July
2159:19 July
2071:3383449
1737:4137306
1563:in the
1493:Cobourg
1430:In the
1314:uniform
1306:Big Ten
1270:removed
1255:sources
1197:phasing
1034:(56–76
1025:guiding
1013:parades
965:in step
895:sliding
758:removed
743:sources
597:In the
545:History
527:parades
142:scholar
2449:
2077:
2069:
1753:207403
1751:
1743:
1735:
1598:Moscow
1590:Moscow
1553:Russia
1547:Russia
1527:. The
1517:Taiwan
1511:Taiwan
1446:Canada
1346:shakos
1339:tartan
1173:scrims
1052:6-to-5
1040:8-to-5
1032:inches
812:tempos
579:guilds
563:carnyx
510:, and
500:batons
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2075:S2CID
2067:JSTOR
1896:8 May
1741:S2CID
1733:JSTOR
1369:spats
1335:kilts
1318:flank
1189:delay
1166:slide
1072:tempo
1044:yards
1021:files
1017:ranks
920:flank
916:pivot
914:or a
893:, or
708:baton
504:brass
347:Choir
211:, or
149:JSTOR
135:books
2447:ISBN
2409:2015
2286:The
2274:ESPN
2255:2012
2225:2012
2194:2012
2161:2012
1960:2013
1898:2018
1253:any
1251:cite
1227:and
1019:and
999:The
852:The
842:The
833:The
801:The
741:any
739:cite
712:mace
670:Fiji
652:and
514:.
121:news
2059:doi
1725:doi
1604:in
1596:in
1579:on
1551:In
1523:of
1515:In
1358:USC
1264:by
1207:USA
1203:).
1195:or
1135:or
1116:or
1093:in
1065:or
1011:In
752:by
710:or
672:'s
104:by
2506::
2470:.
2357:.
2241:.
2215:.
2211:.
2180:.
2168:^
2147:,
2123:.
2098:,
2073:.
2065:.
2055:17
2053:.
1944:.
1914:.
1884:.
1819:.
1747:.
1739:.
1731:.
1721:34
1719:.
1608:.
1352:,
1348:,
1341:.
1223:,
1057:A
1036:cm
1027:.
987:.
931:A
889:,
656:.
648:,
644:,
632:.
541:.
533:,
529:,
525:,
506:,
475:A
66:.
2474:.
2411:.
2374:.
2326:.
2276:.
2257:.
2227:.
2196:.
2133:.
2081:.
2061::
2038:.
2013:.
1988:.
1962:.
1929:.
1900:.
1870:.
1836:.
1805:.
1780:.
1755:.
1727::
1704:.
1291:)
1285:(
1280:)
1276:(
1272:.
1258:.
1048:m
779:)
773:(
768:)
764:(
760:.
746:.
464:e
457:t
450:v
252:)
246:(
234:)
228:(
223:)
219:(
201:.
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
146:·
139:·
132:·
125:·
98:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
