795:, which was the largest state-owned bank at the time. He permitted huge loans for business of other cronies and associates. He used PNB to grant loans for his shipping company, Northern Lines, and his sugar business. His election as Japanese Ambassador allowed him to develop high-level contacts in Japan. Working with President Marcos, they ratified the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the Philippines, which gave Japan a "most-favored nation" status. This agreement gave Japan undue advantage in using the country's natural resources, which was the primary reason the Philippine Senate did not ratify the treaty for 13 years. Benedicto, understanding the business interests of the Japanese, arranged lucrative joint-venture operations between Japanese corporations and his own. His role as Ambassador also gave him control of the $ 550 million Japanese war reparations money.
927:, which was a major project that connected Leyte and Samar. CDCP also built many lucrative projects at the behest of the first lady Imelda Marcos, such as a land-reclamation project to create a 240-hectare while beach, a huge complex of native-style pavilions, all to impress foreign delegates of international events and conferences. Government probes have found documents that suggested Marcos received millions of dollars in kickbacks in government construction projects from Cuenca's company. CDCP experienced remarkable growth and a sudden collapse. This is due to great amounts of foreign loans, dependence on the government, purchases of heavy equipment even when unnecessary, and high debt to equity ratio. In 1978, CDCP accumulated a staggering $ 158 million debt, which steadily rose to $ 650 million by 1980.
835:, founded in 1966 (FTC), is the epicenter of Lucio Tan's fortune. While it is unclear how much of the market FTC cornered in 1980, estimates range from 60% to 77%. This outright dominance of the cigarette trade in just 14 short years can be attributed to the massive tariffs on imported cigarettes that Tan enjoyed. The nominal rate of protection for cigarettes was at 182% while the Effective Rate of Protection (ERP) was at a colossal rate of 18,758%. This, coupled with the fact that, according to Manapat, during the Martial Law years Lucio Tan regularly evaded taxes, as much as $ 50 million per year. In addition to this, Fortune Tobacco Corp lawyers were the brains behind the tax laws concerning cigarettes that allowed Tan to completely dominate the cigarette industry.
852:
several houses around Metro-Manila, and a reported resort house on the Bataan peninsula only reachable by helicopter or boat. Apart from these properties, Velasco also chaired several government and private corporations, in many petroleum, coal mining, transportation, mineral exploration, and shipping businesses. During the probe, Velasco claimed that he earned his wealth before his appointment under the Marcos administration. However, probers discovered that his net worth was $ 5.4 million before he joined the government and it ballooned to $ 50 million, an 825% increase in only 13 years.
1047:. “Wherefore, this Court resolves to deny with finality the Republic of the Philippines' Oct. 28, 2021 Motion for Reconsideration. Petitioner Herminio T. Disini's Comment (Re: Motion for Reconsideration) with Omnibus Motion as well as his Supplement to the Comment with Omnibus Motion are noted and partially granted. The award of temperate damages is reduced to P100,000,000. All other aspects of the assailed Decision stand. No further pleadings or motions shall be entertained in this case. Let the entry of judgment be issued immediately", it ruled.
511:
709:, as well as titles for the Lindenmere Estate, the Olympic Towers apartments, and the Makiki Heights Drive property. He admitted transferring amounts of $ 600,000, $ 2 million, and $ 4 million to George Hamilton, an American actor involved in the Marcos' business ties and federal fraud and racketeering cases. They were supposedly loans from Imelda Marcos, who he alleges to have ordered him these transfers. He also admitted that the Marcos-tied corporations of Ancor, Calno, Kuodo and Camelton belonged to him.
875:(GSIS). GSIS was originally established for financial aid of low-salaried government employees, providing investments, pensions, and housing loans. In 1980, under Cruz's administration, house loans were phased out. Instead, the GSIS funded Marcos-connected companies and Imelda-inspired projects. Of GSIS' total budget of $ 1.3 billion, 65% or $ 843 million went into Imelda's lucrative projects, such as luxury hotels made to impress delegates of the IMF-World Bank conference.
39:
2474:
3183:
523:
702:. He purchased two expensive units at the St. James Towers in Manhattan. He purchased a $ 1.35 million mansion in Makiki Heights in Hawaii. The mansion, known as the Helen Knudsen estate, sits directly across the Tantoco house where the Marcoses lived in exile. He purchased the $ 4.5 million Lindenmere estate in Long Island New York, and a $ 2.5 million Beverly Hills property.
504:
868:
lost $ 63 million. In order to offset the losses, Cruz asked Malacañan for help. The government increased PAL's capitalization from $ 127 million to $ 380 million, and $ 63 million from the
National Development Corp. was given to PAL. Despite these additions of government money, PAL continued to suffer loses due to Cruz's mismanagement and lack of experience.
684:
the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines and Philippine corporate law, which permitted only up to 1,024 land acquisition. Sen. Lorendo Tañada chaired a Blue Ribbon Committee investigation into the matter, which caused Floirendo to retreat the plan to wait for a more favorable political climate. His plan finally came into fruition after Marcos' second term.
649:, yet allowed logging concessions to their associates. Alfonso Lim, another close associate of the Marcoses, was allowed seven logging concessions with a total area of 600,000 hectares, a number far from the 100,000-hectare constitutional limit to any one family. Enrile also owns San Jose Lumber, which is a 95,777-hectare logging concession.
656:, which was originally a tax plan for coconut farmers which will give them opportunities to invest stocks and buy industry-related businesses for their benefit. However, Enrile, with Danding Cojuangco, allegedly used the earnings of the Fund for his own personal and business affairs. Cojuangco allegedly used the levy earnings to purchase
848:
20 power plants using hydroelectric, thermal, geothermal energy were completed. A major controversy in his career were the government-imposed levies and taxes on the retail price of gasoline. The gross price of regular gasoline per liter was Php 2.20. After taxes it totaled to Php5.05, making taxes more than 50% of the retail cost.
591:", benefited from their friendship with Marcos – whether in terms of legal assistance, political favors, or facilitation of business monopolies, during his administration. Marcos critics, and the local and international press began referring to these individuals as "cronies" during the latter days of the
1008:
Herminio Disini was married to Imelda's first cousin, Dr. Paciencia
Escolin, who served as her personal physician. He was also known to be one of the golfing buddies of Ferdinand. In 1970, Disini established Philippine Tobacco Filters Corporation (PTFC). While the investment was minimal, Disini's big
851:
During the government's corruption probe during the Marcos regime, it was found that
Velasco's net worth was estimated to be around $ 50 million by 1986. He had several million-dollar real estate properties around the world, such as a $ 1.5 million mansion, a $ 675,000 condominium both in California,
683:
Under the Marcos administration, Floirendo's company Tagum
Agricultural Development Company, Inc. (TADECO) leased 6,000 hectares of prime, fertile, government land and employed prison labor from the neighboring prisons. This project was formerly halted during the Macapagal Administration. It violated
847:
Velasco was the first chief of the
Philippine Ministry of Energy, which was established by Marcos in 1979. The Ministry of Energy sought to remedy the skyrocketing oil and power rates brought by the 1973 global oil crisis, by building power plants from natural energy sources. During his appointment,
750:
With the backing of the Marcos government and the wealth from the levy fund, Cojuangco was able to completely vertically integrate the coconut trade industry by controlling the financing through UCPB and by buying out Unicom, which was the entity in charge of manufacturing and trading of coconut and
629:
Enrile served the Marcos
Administration under many positions. He was Commissioner of Customs in 1965, and rose to become Defense Minister in 1970. He resigned a year later to run unsuccessfully for the Senate, but was quickly reinstated in 1972. The Marcos administration also fabricated an ambush of
867:
Throughout his chairmanship, the airline was poorly managed and steadily lost money. This was due to First Lady Imelda Marcos' indiscriminate international trips, Cruz's mismanagement, misuse of funds, and his lack of experience. In 1979, PAL lost $ 33 million, and by 1983, the airline had already
798:
At the prime of his career, Benedicto's empire consisted of 85 corporations, 106 sugar farms, 14 haciendas, other agricultural lands, 17 radio stations, 16 television stations, 2 telecommunications networks, 7 buildings, 10 vessels and 5 aircraft. He also owned 14 hectares of real estate in
Bacolod
941:
Manuel
Elizalde was a minister who was also put in charge of protecting ethnic minorities. He was chief of steel companies that were favored through funding and regulations that ensured lucrative markets. He was also given permission to borrow rifle stocks from the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
994:
against the
Marcoses, Silverio and businessman Pedro Carlos Jr. for failure to prove allegations against the respondents. The points that were mentioned in the case includes the alleged improper payments of hundreds of thousands of dollars by the two businessmen to the Marcoses in exchange for a
999:
through increased dollar import quota allocation for the importation of Toyota vehicles for Delta Motor and air-conditioning and refrigerating equipments and obtaining a multi-million peso emergency loans as additional capital infusion to Filipinas Bank, a banking institution owned by Silverio.
824:
styles himself as a rags-to-riches self-made millionaire who worked his way up from sweeping and mopping floors to becoming one of the most influential people in Philippine history. However, a closer inspection at his history will reveal deep connections and cronyism to President
739:, which taxed small farmers with the promise of shares in the coconut investment company (Cocofund). However, farmers benefitted nothing from this levy, as the middle-men did not return receipts that proved they paid the coconut levy and were entitled to equity in the company.
1168:, the titular character's father, Senator Jacobo Herrera is explicitly referred to as a "Marcos crony" who had to leave the Philippines after the Marcoses were deposed in 1986, but had returned to the Philippines and successfully reestablished himself in Philippine politics.
742:
Due to the sudden surge of the price of coconuts in the world market, this fund became extremely profitable, amounting to as much as $ 785 million total profits. These funds were channeled to the private financial interests of Marcos and cronies and was consolidated in the
679:
in the 1940s, when he found it favorable to cultivate relationships with running politicians. He contributed to Marcos' 1965 and 1969 presidential campaign funds, and it was in his Davao estate where Marcos launched his 1969 presidential campaign in southern Philippines.
864:(PAL) funds, which he also managed. Cruz took over PAL after the former owner Benigno Toda was forced out through a Presidential Order in 1977. This was a result of Toda falling out with the Marcoses as the former charged Imelda $ 6 million for her overseas junkets.
829:, who was able to launch Tan's immense wealth through sky-high tariff rates on imported cigarettes, under-the-table tax breaks, and government exemptions, all of which allowed Lucio Tan to have a "virtual monopoly for over 40 years in the Philippine Market".
644:
with Marcos, gave concessions to politically-favored logging companies, such as to Juan Tuvera, the presidential assistant, and a nephew of Isabela governor Faustino Dy, a close Marcos associate. Publicly, Enrile made pronouncements against
660:, the biggest food and beverage conglomerate in the Philippines. The Philippine Commission on Good Government stated that nearly P9.8 billion was collected from farmers from 1971-1983. Current coconut levy assets amount to P93 billion.
766:. For example, when taxes for liquor and cigarettes were raised in January 1986, excise taxes on beer nevertheless decreased, beer being one of the main products of SMC. The tax cut gave SMC $ 40 million worth of savings that year.
1042:
First Division in the August 29, 2023 12-page resolution reduced from P1 billion to P100 million the temperate damages that Herminio T. Disini estate must pay for brokering the 1974 deal behind the now mothballed $ 2.3-billion
723:
Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr. kept close, familial ties with the Marcoses. Aside from business and political dealings, Cojuanco and Marcos are godfathers to each other's children — Cojuangco to Marcos' junior, nicknamed
630:
Enrile's car, claiming it was perpetrated by militants. This staged act served as justification for the declaration of martial law. Enrile later revealed in a 1985 interview that the attack on his car had been faked.
1273:
2973:
2742:
287:
838:
Lucio Tan's virtual monopoly on cigarettes afforded him all the advantages in the world, to the detriment of the consumers and buyers and therefore, made the cigarette industry a supplier-driven industry.
1220:
Marcos set forth to create his own prviate sector oligarchy made up of loyal relatives and friends. This grand coalition of elites were notoriously called Marcos cronies. His legion of cronies included...
975:
automobiles in the country during the 1970s and 1980s. Delta Motor was one of the carmakers that received preferential status and treatment under the government's Progressive Car Manufacturing Program.
1009:
break came when Marcos issued Presidential Decree 750 on July 21, 1975, where it increased the tariff on raw materials imported by the competitor by a 100%. This forced the competitor out of business.
2968:
282:
878:
Cruz allocated GSIS funds to support Imelda's hotel building plans locally and overseas. There was an allocation of US$ 202 million to build Kanlaon Towers, Philippine Village Hotel,
242:
942:
which he sold back to the Philippine Constabulary for a profit. Elizalde left the Philippines in 1983, reportedly with millions of dollars in funds raised for the protection of the
475:
292:
1016:. The PCGG would later order Disini to return US$ 50.6 million in commissions he earned from the deal. Marcos allegedly received US$ 80 million in kickbacks from the project. The
3003:
322:
2737:
108:
3094:
3058:
3223:
2938:
1076:. Enriquez's catering business expanded due to the contracts received from Imelda. Enriquez was also able to gain contracts with Philippine Airlines through Roman Cruz.
751:
coconut by-products. Cojuangco's wealth increased rapidly, and by the peak of martial law, the value of all the assets he controlled was $ 1.5 billion, or 25% of the GNP.
554:
2747:
1994:
1079:
Trinidad's son-in-law Rebecco Panlilio would later lead the construction of the largest tourism investment in the Philippines at that time, Puerto Azul, at the mouth of
179:
3213:
2783:
1862:
1819:
1493:
1373:
688:
450:
151:
919:
who campaigned and raised funds for Marcos during the 1965 presidential elections and later became Marcos' close friend and golf partner. He later became the head of
602:
These "cronies" were awarded government commissions, projects, and funds, many of which were later investigated for corruption, misuse of funds, and disregard of the
2302:
995:
contract to supply Kawasaki scrap loaders and Toyota rear dump trucks, grant of three consecutive year special accommodations, privileges, and exemptions from the
2857:
1935:
237:
133:
1178:
113:
2423:
1749:
1023:
In 1973, Marcos awarded Disini's Cellophil Resources Corporation a 200,000 hectare logging and paper-pulp concession that was partially responsible for massive
302:
2993:
2958:
2640:
2623:
2533:
2492:
920:
781:
799:
City, 13.5 billion shares in Oriental Petroleum, and membership shares in golf and country clubs estimated at $ 491,000. Overseas, he owned a sugar mill in
2963:
297:
192:
3075:
2821:
2630:
1114:
991:
706:
596:
415:
169:
3018:
2998:
2948:
2877:
2548:
274:
103:
705:
Floirendo escaped the Philippines a day before Ferdinand Marcos was exiled to Hawaii. In 1987, Floirendo turned over PHP 70 million in cash to the
3208:
2978:
2806:
633:
For the majority of the martial law period, Enrile was in charge of all the armed forces, which were responsible for many human rights abuses and
408:
342:
199:
641:
involvement in the smuggle of goods during his appointment at the Bureau of Customs, particularly several shiploads of imported rice in La Union.
2176:
3013:
2983:
2953:
2394:
547:
327:
164:
3023:
2768:
2416:
1028:
337:
187:
159:
860:
Cruz served as Undersecretary of Finance from 1968 to 1970, but he is more well known for his bankrolling Imelda Marcos' trips abroad using
2695:
1017:
2227:
2862:
2717:
2523:
1068:. Winning favor from Imelda and receiving favorable treatment and loans from the government, the family was able to put up Sulo Hotel,
872:
332:
78:
3008:
2988:
2613:
2497:
1104:
592:
224:
2336:
2159:
1978:
1554:
1349:
1248:
980:
540:
2202:
1091:. The said resort expropriated more than 3,000 hectares of land from residents who have been living at the site for generations.
890:
and organized the Phil-China Friendship Hotels Corp. using GSIS funds in 1980, where the plan was to build two 500-room hotels in
3070:
3065:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2501:
2353:
2276:
1413:
1039:
1024:
2943:
2928:
2918:
2670:
2051:
1623:
1020:
would also file that Marcos return PHP22.2 billion to the government for his conspiracy with Disini to defraud the government.
603:
2586:
2022:
1773:
96:
1501:
2712:
2488:
1064:, and as such cultivated her relationship with Imelda. The family had humble beginnings with their D&E Restaurant in
1799:
2419:
2251:
1675:
1599:
755:
744:
573:
510:
1943:
1725:
2826:
1579:
1073:
1032:
996:
465:
2841:
2778:
2387:
1044:
1013:
445:
314:
269:
1887:
3186:
3115:
2665:
2538:
2280:
2030:
1446:
1035:—organized a protest movement that helped shut down Cellophil after the fall of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986.
832:
527:
1467:
1202:
Joaquin L. Gonzalez III (1997). "Political economy of Philippine development: past issues and current reforms".
606:. Marcos' cronies were given strategic positions both in the government and in private sectors in order for the
1069:
968:
792:
455:
1388:
2752:
2706:
2543:
347:
259:
2596:
763:
759:
657:
901:
Controversially, Cruz also was accused of using PAL and GSIS funds to acquire real estate in California.
3101:
2650:
2645:
2380:
984:
718:
670:
489:
232:
209:
138:
3143:
2303:"SC's ruling final: Estate of Disini to pay damages to gov't for mothballed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant"
1117:, the cronies helped the Marcoses amass their wealth by aiding in one or more of what Salonga called "
687:
Floirendo also served as a front for the Marcoses in purchasing international properties. With former
3136:
2722:
2618:
2601:
2576:
2452:
1838:
785:
1648:
2831:
2635:
2306:
861:
736:
653:
204:
123:
3218:
3165:
3150:
2897:
2892:
2773:
2732:
2675:
2528:
1813:
1367:
1309:
1301:
1211:
924:
887:
470:
254:
2473:
807:. Marcos' executive secretary estimated that in 1983, Benedicto's net worth was $ 800 million.
2700:
2685:
2608:
2332:
2155:
2100:
1974:
1560:
1550:
1421:
1355:
1345:
1293:
1254:
1244:
775:
634:
624:
83:
3108:
2680:
2655:
2581:
2403:
1285:
1134:
Forced takeovers of various public or private enterprises, with a nominal amount as payment;
960:
955:
826:
576:
438:
88:
73:
55:
38:
2076:
2872:
2811:
2591:
2462:
2448:
1084:
936:
725:
646:
495:
420:
382:
370:
1699:
3172:
3129:
2438:
1110:
910:
879:
729:
364:
1863:"Behind many great success stories are tales of struggle and adversity | Philstar.com"
3202:
3122:
2836:
2816:
2727:
2571:
2407:
1911:
1313:
699:
695:
691:
607:
425:
376:
357:
143:
1494:"Why not ask Ramos and Enrile about Martial Law 'abuses'? - The Manila Times Online"
923:(CDCP) which built many of the country's dams, highways, and bridges, including the
2690:
2456:
1653:
1274:"Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippine State the Politics of Patrimonial Plunder"
1164:
916:
883:
791:
Under the Marcos administration, he served as Ambassador to Japan and Chief of the
430:
400:
394:
128:
2887:
2882:
2798:
2788:
2566:
2518:
2444:
1995:"SC tells PCGG to substantiate alleged Marcos links in multi-billion graft case"
1131:
Awarding loans to cronies from government banking and/or financial institutions;
1113:
in his book "Presidential Plunder", which details Salonga's time as head of the
1065:
581:
570:
460:
388:
264:
214:
2372:
1080:
964:
804:
676:
17:
1425:
1297:
1143:
Kickbacks and commissions from enterprises doing business in the Philippines;
1140:
Issuance of Presidential decrees or orders, enabling cronies to amass wealth;
780:
Roberto Benedicto was Marcos' former classmate and fraternity brother at the
1564:
1359:
1258:
1137:
Direct raiding of the public treasury and government financing institutions;
891:
821:
816:
800:
2126:
1031:—supported by environmentalists, church organizations, academics, and the
803:, a trading company in Madrid, bank deposits, mansions, and limousines in
784:. When Marcos was president, Benedicto became part of his small circle in
2660:
1183:
249:
1215:
1149:
Skimming of foreign aid and other forms of international assistance; and
1146:
Use of shell corporations and dummy companies to launder money overseas;
1305:
1152:
Hiding wealth in overseas bank accounts using pseudonyms or code names.
943:
895:
503:
1750:"Ninong Danding said I can woo NPC members to my side—Bongbong Marcos"
599:(PCGG) – continued using the term after the ouster of Marcos in 1986.
2329:
Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism
2228:"Green Devolution: Contradictions in the Marcos Environmental Agenda"
2152:
Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism
1971:
Some are Smarter Than Others: The History of Marcos' Crony Capitalism
1547:
Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism
1241:
Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism
1088:
972:
1289:
990:
In 2021, the Sandiganbayan would dismiss the complaint filed by the
2177:"Filipinos say Marcos was given millions for '76 nuclear contract"
1912:"Minister Geronimo Z. Velasco | DOE | Department of Energy Portal"
1128:
Creating monopolies and putting them under the control of cronies;
1061:
637:. Enrile was also involved with many cases of corruption, namely:
587:
754:
Cojuangco then used the windfalls from the coconut levy fund and
2203:"Nuke plant bribery: PCGG wants Marcos, not just Disini, to pay"
1342:
Presidential plunder: the quest for the Marcos ill-gotten wealth
2376:
2127:"Sandigan junks ill-gotten wealth cases vs. Marcoses, 2 bizmen"
1624:"Coco levy fund scam: Gold for the corrupt, crumbs for farmers"
27:
Some associates of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos
2441:
and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)
1414:"The $ 10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions?"
788:, one of the few with full access even to private quarters.
2277:"From P1B to P100M: SC reduces damages in Disini-BNPP case"
2252:"The Cordillera Resistance Against Chico Dam and Cellophil"
1344:. : U.P. Center for Leadership, Citizenship and Democracy.
921:
Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines
2743:
Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship
2738:
Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship
2077:"The Stone Age tribe that never was | 31 years of amnesia"
1833:
1831:
1829:
735:
Cojuangco, with Juan Ponce Enrile, were involved with the
2052:"Excerpts from Builder of Bridges: The Rudy Cuenca Story"
871:
Cruz also served as president and general manager of the
610:
to seize control of the major industries of the country.
1389:"Search for Marcos' wealth: Compromising with cronies"
1012:
Disini became infamous for brokering the deal for the
675:
Banana magnate Floirendo began his business career in
2331:. New York: Aletheia Publications. pp. 377–379.
2154:. New York: Aletheia Publications. pp. 317–343.
1973:. New York: Aletheia Publications. pp. 368–376.
1800:"Aquino urged to speak up on coco levy fund, or else"
758:
to finance his purchase of the enormously profitable
1964:
1962:
1960:
1676:"CREATING A DYNASTY IN THE PHILIPINES [sic]"
3095:
Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)
3086:
2906:
2850:
2797:
2761:
2557:
2511:
2481:
2430:
1060:Trinidad Diaz Enriquez hails from the province of
1580:"Navigating the crimes of the plunder mastermind"
595:, and the Philippine government – especially the
2827:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal
2023:"Crony tells of rivalry in Marcos' inner circle"
1094:
886:. Cruz also worked with Imelda's brother, Amb.
728:, and Marcos to Cojuangco's son which he named '
1600:"2012 YEARENDER: The San Miguel-coco levy saga"
1540:
1538:
694:, he purchased three condominium apartments in
1700:"Marcos owns Tadeco - The Manila Times Online"
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1447:"True or false: Was 1972 Enrile ambush faked?"
2388:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
979:He owned two basketball clubs that played in
548:
8:
2465:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives)
1818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1372:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1774:"Danding Cojuangco and the coco levy funds"
1029:Indigenous peoples in the Cordillera region
3059:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign
2822:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family
2631:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
2539:President of the Senate of the Philippines
2395:
2381:
2373:
1115:Presidential Commission on Good Government
992:Presidential Commission on Good Government
963:owned more than 50 corporations including
707:Presidential Commission on Good Government
597:Presidential Commission on Good Government
555:
541:
29:
3224:Democratic backsliding in the Philippines
1886:abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak, Lala Rimando.
1726:"The 'Simple' $ 4.5 Million Marcos House"
1179:Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)
2701:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan
2534:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959)
2354:"'Citizen Jake' gets nationwide release"
987:(1975-1983) and Filmanbank (1978-1979).
3214:Political corruption in the Philippines
2807:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
2021:Doronila, Amando (September 27, 2010).
1888:"Philip Morris and its Philippine saga"
1194:
762:. The Marcos government gave favors to
32:
2582:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre
1811:
1365:
1124:These techniques, says Salonga, were:
3076:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign
2070:
2068:
2016:
2014:
580:, historically referred to using the
7:
2301:Panaligan, Rey (February 21, 2024).
2275:Bautista, Jane (February 22, 2024).
1387:Lustre, Philip M. Jr. (2016-02-25).
1204:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations
2201:Salaverria, Leila B. (2012-05-11).
1549:. New York: Aletheia Publications.
1466:Seares, Pachico (October 1, 2012).
1243:. New York: Aletheia Publications.
971:, the assembler and distributor of
873:Government Service Insurance System
333:Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
2614:Communist Party of the Philippines
2424:10th First Lady of the Philippines
2352:Patag, Kristine Joy (2018-05-02).
1724:Hays, Constance L. (August 1988).
1500:. 28 February 2016. Archived from
1272:Hutchcroft, Paul D. (April 1991).
1105:Stolen wealth of the Marcos family
25:
2769:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998)
981:Philippine Basketball Association
3182:
3181:
2472:
1798:Burgonio, Michael Lim Ubac, TJ.
1468:"Enrile and the fake '72 ambush"
1040:Supreme Court of the Philippines
1025:deforestation in the Philippines
522:
521:
509:
502:
46:This article is part of a series
37:
2863:Fake war claims and fake medals
2175:Butterfield, Fox (1986-03-07).
1018:Office of the Solicitor General
713:Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.
614:Individuals regarded as cronies
604:Constitution of the Philippines
3209:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos
2666:Integrated Reorganization Plan
2641:1971 constitutional convention
2498:St. Paul's College of Tacloban
2125:Pulta, Benjamin (2021-07-15).
1119:Marcos' Techniques of Plunder.
1056:Enriquez and Panlilio families
431:Tallano gold conspiracy theory
1:
2713:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
2502:Philippine Women's University
2489:University of the Philippines
1843:tribunedigital-chicagotribune
2893:Murder of Archimedes Trajano
2420:President of the Philippines
1649:"Encounters with a dictator"
1340:R., Salonga, Jovito (2000).
764:San Miguel Corporation (SMC)
756:United Coconut Planters Bank
745:United Coconut Planters Bank
323:1981 election and referendum
2898:Manila Film Center disaster
1674:Kamm, Henry (24 May 1981).
1412:Davies, Nick (2016-05-07).
1095:Suspected role in Marcos' "
1074:Silahis International Hotel
1033:Free Legal Assistance Group
466:Marcos Japanese ODA scandal
3240:
1545:Ricardo., Manapat (1991).
1239:Ricardo., Manapat (1991).
1102:
1045:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
1014:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
953:
934:
908:
814:
773:
716:
668:
622:
270:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
170:balance of payments crisis
3160:
2624:Communist armed conflicts
2587:Establishment of the MNLF
2470:
2414:
2327:Manapat, Ricardo (1991).
2281:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2150:Manapat, Ricardo (1991).
2031:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1969:Manapat, Ricardo (1991).
1839:"Marcos Graft Staggering"
1070:Philippine Village Hotel
793:Philippine National Bank
2888:Affair with Dovie Beams
2753:People Power Revolution
2707:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa
2544:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
969:Delta Motor Corporation
348:People Power Revolution
260:Chico River Dam Project
2597:1976 Tripoli Agreement
2256:Bantayog ng mga Bayani
2131:Philippine News Agency
760:San Miguel Corporation
658:San Miguel Corporation
654:Coconut Levy Fund scam
315:Third and fourth terms
2784:Historical distortion
2651:Proclamation No. 1081
2646:Plaza Miranda bombing
2437:Josefa Edralin &
1936:"Philippine Airlines"
1097:techniques of plunder
915:Cuenca was a college
719:Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.
671:Antonio Floirendo Sr.
665:Antonio Floirendo Sr.
652:involvement with the
569:associates of former
490:Conjugal dictatorship
451:Historical distortion
416:Overseas landholdings
233:Proclamation No. 1081
210:Plaza Miranda bombing
3166:← Diosdado Macapagal
2883:Death of Alfie Anido
2723:Binondo Central Bank
2602:Pata Island massacre
2101:"ML@50: "Oligarchy""
1445:Research, Inquirer.
1210:(1/2 ASIA): 91–119.
1027:during martial law.
961:Ricardo Silverio Sr.
833:Fortune Tobacco Corp
139:Communist insurgency
3087:Cultural depictions
2878:Cult of personality
2858:Human rights abuses
2837:Golden Buddha theft
2832:Coco Levy Fund scam
2636:First Quarter Storm
2493:U.P. College of Law
2307:The Philippine Star
1704:www.manilatimes.net
1498:www.manilatimes.net
931:Manuel Elizalde Jr.
862:Philippine Airlines
737:Coco Levy Fund Scam
593:Marcos dictatorship
238:Human rights abuses
205:First Quarter Storm
124:Coco Levy Fund scam
104:Cult of personality
3151:Martyr or Murderer
3144:Maid in Malacañang
3014:1984 parliamentary
2774:Operation Big Bird
2733:Escalante massacre
2676:Palimbang massacre
2529:Nacionalista Party
2232:Martial Law Museum
2181:The New York Times
1780:. 28 November 2007
1730:The New York Times
1680:The New York Times
1157:In popular culture
925:San Juanico Bridge
888:Benjamin Romualdez
635:summary executions
471:Operation Big Bird
409:Unexplained wealth
255:Escalante Massacre
3196:
3195:
2718:1980s debt crisis
2696:Tictapul massacre
2686:Thrilla in Manila
2671:1973 constitution
2619:New People's Army
2609:ASEAN Declaration
2549:Marcos propaganda
776:Roberto Benedicto
770:Roberto Benedicto
625:Juan Ponce Enrile
619:Juan Ponce Enrile
565:
564:
84:Stonehill scandal
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
3231:
3185:
3184:
3173:Corazon Aquino →
3109:A Dangerous Life
2681:Green Revolution
2512:Political career
2476:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1942:. Archived from
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1542:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1337:
1318:
1317:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1199:
956:Ricardo Silverio
950:Ricardo Silverio
880:Philippine Plaza
856:Roman "Jun" Cruz
843:Geronimo Velasco
827:Ferdinand Marcos
577:Ferdinand Marcos
557:
550:
543:
530:
525:
524:
513:
506:
343:4th inauguration
328:3rd inauguration
200:2nd Inauguration
165:1st Inauguration
62:
61:
60:
58:
57:Ferdinand Marcos
50:
49:
41:
34:
33:
30:
21:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3156:
3082:
3019:1984 plebiscite
2902:
2873:Edifice complex
2846:
2812:Marcos mansions
2793:
2762:Post-presidency
2757:
2592:Manili massacre
2559:
2553:
2524:Military career
2507:
2496:
2477:
2468:
2463:Pacifico Marcos
2426:
2410:
2401:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2105:Now You Know PH
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2081:Philippine Star
2074:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1999:GMA News Online
1993:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1778:GMA News Online
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1754:GMA News Online
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:. Sun Star Cebu
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1364:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1321:
1290:10.2307/2010401
1271:
1270:
1266:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1175:
1159:
1107:
1101:
1058:
1053:
1006:
1004:Herminio Disini
958:
952:
939:
937:Manuel Elizalde
933:
913:
907:
858:
845:
819:
813:
778:
772:
721:
715:
673:
667:
647:illegal logging
627:
621:
616:
561:
520:
507:
500:
496:Edifice complex
480:
435:
421:Marcos mansions
354:
353:
352:
318:
310:
309:
228:
220:
219:
183:
175:
174:
155:
93:
79:Military career
56:
54:
53:
52:
51:
47:
45:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3130:Here Lies Love
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3102:Kumander Dante
3098:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2842:BNPP kickbacks
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2442:
2439:Mariano Marcos
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2344:
2337:
2319:
2293:
2267:
2243:
2219:
2193:
2167:
2160:
2142:
2117:
2092:
2064:
2043:
2010:
1986:
1979:
1956:
1940:asiatravel.com
1927:
1916:www.doe.gov.ph
1903:
1878:
1854:
1825:
1790:
1765:
1741:
1716:
1706:. 12 June 2017
1691:
1666:
1647:Lirio, Gerry.
1639:
1615:
1591:
1578:INQUIRER.net.
1570:
1555:
1514:
1485:
1458:
1437:
1404:
1379:
1350:
1319:
1284:(3): 414–450.
1278:World Politics
1264:
1249:
1224:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1111:Jovito Salonga
1100:
1093:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1005:
1002:
954:Main article:
951:
948:
935:Main article:
932:
929:
911:Rodolfo Cuenca
909:Main article:
906:
905:Rodolfo Cuenca
903:
857:
854:
844:
841:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
774:Main article:
771:
768:
717:Main article:
714:
711:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
662:
661:
650:
642:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
615:
612:
563:
562:
560:
559:
552:
545:
537:
534:
533:
532:
531:
515:
514:
499:
498:
493:
479:
478:
476:Marcos in film
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
405:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
312:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
235:
229:
222:
221:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
196:
195:
184:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
156:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
92:
91:
89:Prime Minister
86:
81:
76:
68:
67:
64:
63:
42:
26:
24:
18:Marcos cronies
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3236:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:The Kingmaker
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:Batas Militar
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:Controversies
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Marcos jewels
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Negros famine
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2572:Moro conflict
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2075:Bolando, AJ.
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2017:
2015:
2011:
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1996:
1990:
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1982:
1980:971-91287-0-4
1976:
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1946:on 2018-05-23
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2691:Metro Manila
2361:. Retrieved
2358:Philstar.com
2357:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2312:February 22,
2310:. Retrieved
2296:
2286:February 22,
2284:. Retrieved
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2207:INQUIRER.net
2206:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
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2109:. Retrieved
2107:. 2022-09-22
2104:
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2080:
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2054:. 2016-12-29
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2026:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1970:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1939:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1892:ABS-CBN News
1891:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1867:philstar.com
1866:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
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1793:
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1654:ABS-CBN News
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1603:
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1573:
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1502:the original
1497:
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1440:
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1418:The Guardian
1417:
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1396:. Retrieved
1392:
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1165:Citizen Jake
1163:
1162:In the film
1123:
1118:
1108:
1096:
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1059:
1051:Peter Sabido
1037:
1022:
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1007:
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989:
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884:Manila Hotel
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223:
178:
150:
129:Gintong Alay
118:
95:
94:
2799:Kleptocracy
2789:Solid North
2656:New Society
2577:Sabah claim
2567:Vietnam War
2560:(1965–1986)
2519:Pi Gamma Mu
2495:(Ferdinand)
2027:PressReader
1472:PressReader
1066:Quezon City
582:catchphrase
461:Solid North
298:Protest art
279:Resistance
265:Masagana 99
225:Martial law
215:Vietnam War
180:Second term
3203:Categories
3004:1981 (Jun)
2999:1981 (Apr)
2954:1973 (Jul)
2949:1973 (Jan)
2558:Presidency
2459:(children)
2363:2018-05-26
2261:2023-09-05
2237:2023-09-05
2136:2024-08-30
2111:2022-09-28
2086:2022-09-28
2058:2018-05-23
2004:2018-05-23
1950:2018-05-23
1921:2018-05-23
1897:2018-05-23
1872:2018-05-23
1848:2018-05-23
1805:2018-05-23
1784:2018-05-23
1759:2018-05-23
1735:2018-05-23
1710:2018-05-23
1685:2018-05-23
1660:2018-05-23
1633:2018-05-23
1609:2018-05-23
1585:2018-05-23
1508:2018-05-23
1452:2018-05-23
1431:2018-05-26
1398:2018-05-26
1190:References
1103:See also:
1081:Manila Bay
965:Air Manila
805:California
689:First Lady
677:Davao City
571:Philippine
403:(daughter)
397:(daughter)
391:(daughter)
288:Indigenous
275:Journalism
152:First term
114:Monopolies
97:Presidency
74:Early life
3219:Oligarchy
2994:1980 (KB)
2989:1979 (SP)
2964:1975 (SB)
2959:1975 (KB)
2907:Elections
2482:Education
2404:Ferdinand
2036:March 22,
1814:cite news
1478:March 22,
1426:0261-3077
1368:cite book
1314:154855272
1298:1086-3338
892:Guangzhou
822:Lucio Tan
817:Lucio Tan
811:Lucio Tan
801:Venezuela
786:Malacañan
574:President
373:(brother)
283:Religious
3187:Category
3009:1982 (B)
2661:Rolex 12
2504:(Imelda)
2449:Bongbong
1565:28428684
1360:44927743
1259:28428684
1216:23263491
1184:Rolex 12
1173:See also
944:Tasadays
747:(UCPB).
726:Bongbong
608:Marcoses
567:Certain
528:Category
383:Bongbong
371:Pacifico
367:(father)
250:Rolex 12
193:campaign
134:Timeline
2868:Cronies
2748:NAMFREL
1628:Rappler
1604:Rappler
1393:Rappler
1306:2010401
1085:Ternate
917:dropout
896:Beijing
588:cronies
586:Marcos
483:Related
365:Mariano
293:Workers
243:Torture
119:Cronies
109:Economy
3123:Chavit
2779:Burial
2455:&
2431:Family
2335:
2212:8 June
2186:8 June
2158:
1977:
1563:
1553:
1424:
1358:
1348:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1257:
1247:
1214:
1089:Cavite
1072:, and
985:Toyota
973:Toyota
882:, and
730:Marcos
526:
446:Burial
439:Legacy
379:(wife)
377:Imelda
358:Family
2457:Aimee
2453:Irene
1310:S2CID
1302:JSTOR
1212:JSTOR
1062:Leyte
401:Aimee
395:Irene
385:(son)
48:about
3071:2022
3066:2019
3054:2016
3049:2013
3044:2010
3039:1998
3034:1995
3029:1992
3024:1986
2984:1978
2979:1977
2974:1976
2969:1975
2944:1971
2939:1970
2934:1969
2929:1967
2924:1965
2919:1963
2914:1949
2500:and
2491:and
2445:Imee
2422:and
2417:10th
2406:and
2333:ISBN
2314:2024
2288:2024
2214:2021
2188:2021
2156:ISBN
2038:2024
1975:ISBN
1820:link
1561:OCLC
1551:ISBN
1480:2024
1422:ISSN
1374:link
1356:OCLC
1346:ISBN
1294:ISSN
1255:OCLC
1245:ISBN
1038:The
967:and
894:and
456:Bust
389:Imee
1286:doi
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