466:
being in neural tissue. Mortality of chickens infected with Marek's disease was quite low. Current strains of Marek virus, decades after the first vaccine was introduced, cause lymphoma formation throughout the chicken's body and mortality rates have reached 100% in unvaccinated chickens. The Marek's disease vaccine is a "leaky vaccine", which means that only the symptoms of the disease are prevented. Infection of the host and the transmission of the virus are not inhibited by the vaccine. This contrasts with most other vaccines, where infection of the host is prevented.
373:
lines such as large lymphocyte, lymphoblast, primitive reticular cells, and occasional plasma cells, as well as macrophage and plasma cells. The T cells are involved in the malignancy, showing neoplastic changes with evidence of mitosis. The lymphomatous infiltrates need to be differentiated from other conditions that affect poultry including lymphoid leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis, as well as an inflammatory event associated with hyperplastic changes of the affected tissue.
46:
257:
2157:
470:
strains are virulent enough to induce symptoms but not enough to kill the host, allowing further transmission. However, the leaky vaccine changes this evolutionary pressure and permits the evolution of highly virulent strains. The vaccine's inability to prevent infection and transmission allows the spread of highly virulent strains among vaccinated chickens. The
465:
Because vaccination does not prevent infection with the virus, Marek's is still transmissible from vaccinated flocks to other birds, including the wild bird population. The first Marek's disease vaccine was introduced in 1970. The disease would cause mild paralysis, with the only identifiable lesions
477:
The evolution of Marek's disease due to vaccination has had a profound effect on the poultry industry. All chickens across the globe are now vaccinated against Marek's disease (birds hatched in private flocks for laying or exhibition are rarely vaccinated). Highly virulent strains have been selected
425:
It is recommended that all flocks positive for Marek's disease remain closed, with no bird being introduced or leaving the flock. Strict biosecurity and proper cleaning is essential, using products like
Activated Oxine or Virkon S and reducing dander buildup in the environment. Proper diet, regular
372:
The presence of nodules on the internal organs may also suggest Marek's disease, but further testing is required for confirmation. This is done through histological demonstration of lymphomatous infiltration into the affected tissue. A range of leukocytes can be involved, including lymphocytic cell
368:
The demonstration of peripheral nerve enlargement along with suggestive clinical signs in a bird that is around three to four months old (with or without visceral tumors) is highly suggestive of Marek's disease. Histological examination of nerves reveals infiltration of pleomorphic neoplastic and
469:
Under normal conditions, highly virulent strains of the virus are not selected for by evolution. This is because such a severe strain would kill the host before the virus would have an opportunity to transmit to other potential hosts and replicate. Thus, less virulent strains are selected. These
408:
In addition to gross pathology and histology, other advanced procedures used for a definitive diagnosis of Marek's disease include immunohistochemistry to identify cell type and virus-specific antigens, standard and quantitative PCR for identification of the virus, virus isolation to confirm
353:
Diagnosis of lymphoid tumors in poultry is complicated due to multiple etiological agents capable of causing very similar tumors. It is not uncommon that more than one avian tumor virus can be present in a chicken, thus one must consider both the diagnosis of the disease/tumors (pathological
302:
in a previously uninfected or unvaccinated flock, causing depression, paralysis, and death in a large number of birds (up to 80%). The age of onset is much earlier than the classic form; birds are four to eight weeks old when affected. Infiltration into multiple organs/tissue is
453:
Before the development of the vaccine for Marek's disease, Marek's disease caused substantial revenue loss in the poultry industries of the United States and the United
Kingdom. The vaccine can be administered to one-day-old chicks through subcutaneous inoculation or by
478:
to the point that any chicken that is unvaccinated will die if infected. Other leaky vaccines are commonly used in agriculture. One vaccine in particular is the vaccine for avian influenza. Leaky vaccine use for avian influenza can select for virulent strains.
369:
inflammatory lymphocytes. Peripheral neuropathy should also be considered as a principal rule-out in young chickens with paralysis and nerve enlargement without visceral tumors, especially in nerves with interneuronal edema and infiltration of plasma cells.
287:
may occur. Besides lesions in the peripheral nerves, there are frequently lymphomatous infiltration/tumours in the skin, skeletal muscle, visceral organs. Organs that are commonly affected include the ovary, spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart,
335:
is impairment of the T-lymphocytes resulting from Marek's disease, preventing a competent immunological response against pathogenic challenge, with the affected birds become more susceptible to disease conditions such as coccidiosis and
441:
when chickens are infected with the virus. However, administration of the vaccine does not prevent an infected bird from shedding the virus, though it does reduce the amount of virus shed in the dander, hence reducing
426:
deworming and vitamin supplements can also help keep infected flocks healthier. Reducing stress is also a key component, as stress will often bring about illness in birds infected with Marek's disease.
818:
651:"Immunosuppressive effects of Marek's disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in broiler chickens and the protective effect of HVT vaccination against MDV challenge"
376:
Key clinical signs as well as gross and microscopic features that are most useful for differentiating Marek's disease from lymphoid leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis include:
419:
PCR blood testing can also detect Marek's disease, and proper testing can differentiate between a vaccinated bird with antibodies and a true positive for Marek's disease.
240:
for a few weeks. After infection, microscopic lesions are present after one to two weeks, and gross lesions are present after three to four weeks. The virus is spread in
783:
462:
vaccination is the preferred method, as it does not require handling of the chicks and can be done rapidly by automated methods. Immunity develops within two weeks.
2631:
2151:
2698:
760:
822:
698:
Witter RL, Gimeno IM, Pandiri AR, Fadly AM (July 2010). "Tumor diagnosis manual: the differential diagnosis of lymphoid and myeloid tumors in the chicken".
2359:
229:. Viruses related to MDV appear to be benign and can be used as vaccine strains to prevent Marek's disease. For example, the related herpesvirus found in
416:(OIE) reference laboratory for Marek's disease is Avian Viral Oncogenesis group (led by Professor Venugopal Nair OBE) at The Pirbright Institute, UK.
2354:
979:
592:
562:
354:
diagnosis) and of the virus (etiological diagnosis). A step-wise process has been proposed for diagnosis of Marek's disease, which includes:
413:
1870:
2191:
2035:
1504:
1399:
340:
infection. Furthermore, without stimulation by cell-mediated immunity, the humoral immunity conferred by the B-cell lines from the
2485:
1985:
1865:
1614:
233:(HVT), causes no apparent disease in the birds, and continues to be used as a vaccine strain for prevention of Marek's disease.
2369:
2160:
1945:
2731:
1930:
1925:
780:
2512:
2128:
1739:
1634:
1559:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1369:
1344:
2622:
2435:
2113:
2108:
1890:
1875:
1825:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1654:
1339:
1299:
2644:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2025:
1990:
1885:
1489:
1429:
1424:
1364:
1324:
1272:
972:
843:
Read AF, Baigent SJ, Powers C, Kgosana LB, Blackwell L, Smith LP, Kennedy DA, Walkden-Brown SW, Nair VK (July 2015).
757:
45:
2078:
2073:
1940:
1905:
1900:
1779:
1744:
1629:
1624:
1499:
1449:
1414:
1389:
894:
2703:
2726:
2507:
2496:
2425:
2083:
2030:
1935:
1895:
1819:
1649:
1644:
1564:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1484:
1479:
1444:
1394:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1294:
1182:
2741:
2271:
2123:
2118:
2093:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1950:
1880:
1813:
1769:
1764:
1734:
1639:
1609:
1604:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1494:
1409:
1404:
236:
Birds infected with GaHV-2 can be carriers and shedders of the virus for life. Newborn chicks are protected by
555:
Current Topics in
Microbiology and Immunology: Marek's Disease (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology)
948:
496:
2562:
2557:
2266:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1784:
1774:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1619:
1569:
1192:
1187:
1147:
443:
2736:
2584:
2228:
2221:
1789:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1162:
1157:
1152:
965:
919:
2184:
2156:
1250:
447:
2470:
40:
264:
Six syndromes are known to occur after infection with Marek's disease. These syndromes may overlap.
2258:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1034:
719:"Characterization and experimental reproduction of peripheral neuropathy in White Leghorn chickens"
2450:
1804:
1263:
680:
341:
165:
130:
529:
2636:
2685:
2532:
2243:
1856:
1584:
1093:
876:
740:
672:
631:
588:
558:
471:
2377:
2319:
2177:
866:
856:
804:
730:
662:
621:
237:
203:
2517:
2430:
2412:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2281:
2216:
1665:
1595:
787:
764:
256:
222:
17:
199:
2329:
2147:
1470:
1020:
1008:
871:
844:
310:
289:
284:
82:
626:
609:
2720:
2567:
2440:
2420:
2344:
1695:
1241:
1173:
1108:
1014:
1002:
990:
649:
Islam AF, Wong CW, Walkden-Brown SW, Colditz IG, Arzey KE, Groves PJ (October 2002).
245:
230:
202:, a Hungarian veterinarian who described it in 1907. Marek's disease is caused by an
118:
106:
94:
70:
684:
2690:
2387:
2339:
2289:
2064:
1976:
1755:
1380:
1203:
1138:
924:
610:"Atherosclerosis induced by infection with Marek's disease herpesvirus in chickens"
2676:
861:
845:"Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens"
2616:
2542:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2046:
1067:
957:
667:
650:
434:
380:
Age: Marek's disease can affect birds at any age, including <16 weeks of age;
280:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2480:
2382:
2294:
2001:
1838:
1355:
1310:
735:
718:
314:
226:
142:
2607:
458:
vaccination when the eggs are transferred from the incubator to the hatcher.
2552:
2402:
2397:
2324:
1916:
1725:
1285:
1049:
344:
also shuts down, thus resulting in birds that are totally immunocompromised.
276:
191:
2649:
880:
744:
676:
635:
2670:
2601:
2502:
2460:
2445:
2392:
2349:
2334:
2238:
299:
260:
Left — normal chicken eye; Right — Eye of a chicken with Marek's disease.
214:
2490:
2304:
2248:
2208:
2200:
1419:
195:
583:
Fenner FJ, Gibbs EP, Murphy FA, Rott R, Studdert MJ, White DO (1993).
422:
Marek's disease is not treatable, however, supportive care can help.
241:
211:
2578:
2233:
438:
255:
218:
188:
57:
358:
History, epidemiology, clinical observations and gross necropsy;
2582:
2173:
961:
819:"Leaky Vaccines Enhance Spread of Deadlier Chicken Viruses"
2169:
474:
of the more virulent strains is increased by the vaccine.
210:(GaHV-2). The disease is characterized by the presence of
920:"'Leaky' Vaccines May Fuel Evolution of Deadlier Viruses"
409:
infections, and serology to confirm/exclude infections.
437:
is the only known method to prevent the development of
27:
Highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens
895:"This chicken vaccine makes its virus more dangerous"
508:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
398:
Lymphoid proliferation in skin and feather follicles;
283:
involvement, difficulty breathing or dilation of the
401:
Pleomorphic lymphoid cells in nerves and tumors; and
323:
causes round, firm lesions at the feather follicles.
2660:
2591:
2411:
2368:
2280:
2257:
2207:
2062:
2044:
1999:
1974:
1914:
1854:
1836:
1802:
1753:
1723:
1693:
1663:
1593:
1582:
1468:
1378:
1353:
1308:
1283:
1261:
1239:
1201:
1171:
1136:
1106:
1091:
1065:
1047:
1032:
530:"ICTV Taxonomy history: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2"
392:Interfollicular tumors in the bursa of Fabricius;
383:Clinical signs: Frequent wing and leg paralysis;
329:is induced in experimentally infected chickens.
717:Bacon LD, Witter RL, Silva RF (October 2001).
2185:
2150:species listed below parent taxon –– Source:
973:
8:
2360:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC
608:Fabricant CG, Fabricant J (November 1999).
2579:
2192:
2178:
2170:
1833:
1590:
1280:
1258:
1103:
1099:
1044:
1040:
980:
966:
958:
700:American Association of Avian Pathologists
206:known as "Marek's disease virus" (MDV) or
29:
870:
860:
734:
666:
625:
446:of the disease. Marek's disease does not
386:Incidence: >5% in unvaccinated flocks;
578:
576:
574:
548:
546:
501:to incorporate a subfamily designation"
487:
361:Characteristics of the tumor cell, and;
309:causes lymphocyte infiltration of the
7:
792:World Organisation for Animal Health
781:"Reference Experts and Laboratories"
414:World Organisation for Animal Health
495:Davison, Andrew (27 January 2016).
2426:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
25:
2441:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
758:"Chapter 2.3.13. Marek’s Disease"
2486:Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
2155:
44:
2355:Abnormal behaviour in captivity
248:and transmitted by inhalation.
497:"Rename species in the family
1:
627:10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70276-0
585:Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.)
313:(making the iris turn grey),
2436:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
862:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002198
821:. 2015-07-27. Archived from
389:Potential nerve enlargement;
949:Marek's Disease Information
769:OIE Terrestrial Manual 2010
668:10.1080/0307945021000005824
364:Virological characteristics
279:of one or more limbs. With
217:as well as infiltration of
2758:
315:unequal size of the pupils
18:Marek's disease virus
2662:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2
2623:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2
2508:Infectious bursal disease
2497:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3
2145:
1102:
1043:
998:
736:10.1080/03079450120078680
321:Cutaneous Marek's disease
269:Classical Marek's disease
208:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2
171:
164:
157:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2
39:
34:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2
32:
2272:List of poultry feathers
2563:Tibial dyschondroplasia
2558:Squamous cell carcinoma
2267:List of chicken colours
587:. Academic Press, Inc.
187:is a highly contagious
794:, Retrieved 2018-12-13
771:, Retrieved 2012-08-03
614:American Heart Journal
261:
2732:Animal viral diseases
553:Hirai K, ed. (2001).
296:Acute Marek's disease
259:
2593:Gallid herpesvirus 2
2471:Dermanyssus gallinae
951:at poultrykeeper.com
557:. Springer: Berlin.
307:Ocular lymphomatosis
198:. It is named after
175:Gallid herpesvirus 2
41:Virus classification
1035:Malacoherpesviridae
805:"Viral Oncogenesis"
238:maternal antibodies
2451:Campylobacteriosis
825:on October 6, 2018
786:2012-07-16 at the
763:2013-06-10 at the
620:(5 Pt 2): S465–8.
342:Bursa of Fabricius
275:causes asymmetric
273:neurolymphomatosis
262:
132:Orthoherpesviridae
2714:
2713:
2585:Taxon identifiers
2576:
2575:
2533:Newcastle disease
2513:Infectious coryza
2167:
2166:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
1857:Lymphocryptovirus
1830:
1829:
1798:
1797:
1578:
1577:
1277:
1276:
1255:
1254:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1094:Alloherpesviridae
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1000:Higher taxonomy:
594:978-0-12-253056-2
564:978-3-540-67798-7
448:spread vertically
444:horizontal spread
404:T-cell lymphomas.
333:Immunosuppression
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
2749:
2727:Poultry diseases
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2653:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2580:
2320:Broiler industry
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2159:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1591:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1104:
1100:
1045:
1041:
988:Taxonomy of the
982:
975:
968:
959:
936:
935:
933:
932:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
891:
885:
884:
874:
864:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
815:
809:
808:
801:
795:
778:
772:
755:
749:
748:
738:
714:
708:
707:
695:
689:
688:
670:
646:
640:
639:
629:
605:
599:
598:
580:
569:
568:
550:
541:
540:
538:
536:
526:
520:
519:
517:
515:
505:
492:
395:CNS involvement;
338:Escherichia coli
317:, and blindness.
204:alphaherpesvirus
49:
48:
30:
21:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2742:Animal vaccines
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2523:Marek's disease
2431:Avian influenza
2407:
2364:
2315:Poultry farming
2310:Chicken tractor
2300:Furnished cages
2276:
2253:
2203:
2198:
2168:
2163:
2133:
2058:
2040:
1995:
1970:
1910:
1850:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1794:
1749:
1719:
1689:
1666:Muromegalovirus
1659:
1596:Cytomegalovirus
1574:
1464:
1374:
1349:
1304:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1197:
1167:
1132:
1079:
1061:
1028:
994:
986:
955:
945:
940:
939:
930:
928:
918:
917:
913:
904:
902:
893:
892:
888:
855:(7): e1002198.
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
817:
816:
812:
807:. 23 July 2014.
803:
802:
798:
788:Wayback Machine
779:
775:
765:Wayback Machine
756:
752:
723:Avian Pathology
716:
715:
711:
697:
696:
692:
655:Avian Pathology
648:
647:
643:
607:
606:
602:
595:
582:
581:
572:
565:
552:
551:
544:
534:
532:
528:
527:
523:
513:
511:
503:
494:
493:
489:
484:
432:
351:
327:Atherosclerosis
254:
185:Marek's disease
160:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2628:
2613:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Forced molting
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1471:Varicellovirus
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1256:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:Herviviricetes
1009:Heunggongvirae
999:
996:
995:
987:
985:
984:
977:
970:
962:
953:
952:
944:
943:External links
941:
938:
937:
911:
886:
835:
810:
796:
773:
750:
709:
690:
641:
600:
593:
570:
563:
542:
521:
486:
485:
483:
480:
431:
428:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
366:
365:
362:
359:
350:
347:
346:
345:
330:
324:
318:
304:
293:
290:proventriculus
253:
250:
180:
179:
178:
177:
169:
168:
162:
161:
154:
152:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
108:Herviviricetes
104:
100:
99:
92:
88:
87:
84:Heunggongvirae
80:
76:
75:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2754:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Herpesviridae
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2568:Toxoplasmosis
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Aspergillosis
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Chick culling
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Beak trimming
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1696:Proboscivirus
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1242:Herpesviridae
1238:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:Ictalurivirus
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1109:Batrachovirus
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:Herpesvirales
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:Peploviricota
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:Duplodnaviria
997:
993:
992:
991:Herpesvirales
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
964:
963:
960:
956:
950:
947:
946:
942:
927:
926:
921:
915:
912:
900:
896:
890:
887:
882:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
824:
820:
814:
811:
806:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
754:
751:
746:
742:
737:
732:
729:(5): 487–99.
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
701:
694:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
664:
661:(5): 449–61.
660:
656:
652:
645:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
596:
590:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
560:
556:
549:
547:
543:
531:
525:
522:
509:
502:
500:
499:Herpesviridae
491:
488:
481:
479:
475:
473:
467:
463:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
440:
436:
429:
427:
423:
420:
417:
415:
410:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
370:
363:
360:
357:
356:
355:
348:
343:
339:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
294:
292:and adrenals.
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
266:
265:
258:
251:
249:
247:
244:from feather
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
176:
173:
172:
170:
167:
163:
159:
158:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:Herpesvirales
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:Peploviricota
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:Duplodnaviria
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
35:
31:
19:
2661:
2592:
2522:
2495:
2403:Rooster Flag
2388:Cockfighting
2340:Chick sexing
2290:Battery cage
2065:Rhadinovirus
2063:
2045:
2000:
1977:Manticavirus
1975:
1915:
1855:
1837:
1803:
1756:Roseolovirus
1754:
1724:
1694:
1664:
1594:
1583:
1469:
1381:Simplexvirus
1379:
1354:
1309:
1284:
1262:
1240:
1204:Salmonivirus
1202:
1172:
1139:Cyprinivirus
1137:
1107:
1092:
1066:
1048:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
989:
954:
929:. Retrieved
925:Live Science
923:
914:
903:. Retrieved
901:. 2015-07-27
899:PBS NewsHour
898:
889:
852:
849:PLOS Biology
848:
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
813:
799:
791:
776:
768:
753:
726:
722:
712:
703:
699:
693:
658:
654:
644:
617:
613:
603:
584:
554:
533:. Retrieved
524:
512:. Retrieved
507:
498:
490:
476:
468:
464:
459:
455:
452:
433:
424:
421:
418:
411:
407:
375:
371:
367:
352:
337:
332:
326:
320:
306:
295:
272:
268:
263:
235:
207:
200:József Marek
184:
183:
174:
156:
155:
143:
131:
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
64:
54:(unranked):
33:
2617:Wikispecies
2543:Psittacosis
2528:Mycoplasmas
2476:Egg binding
2461:Coccidiosis
2456:Candidiasis
2259:Terminology
2161:Wikispecies
2047:Patagivirus
1068:Ostreavirus
535:16 November
510:. p. 2
435:Vaccination
281:vagus nerve
227:lymphocytes
194:disease in
2721:Categories
2538:Omphalitis
2481:Erysipelas
2383:Cockatrice
2295:Free range
2209:As poultry
2148:Unassigned
2002:Percavirus
1839:Bossavirus
1356:Scutavirus
1311:Mardivirus
931:2018-11-03
905:2021-07-26
829:2018-11-03
482:References
430:Prevention
192:neoplastic
144:Mardivirus
2677:Q24808654
2553:Scaly leg
2398:Sarimanok
2282:Husbandry
1917:Macavirus
1726:Quwivirus
1286:Iltovirus
1050:Aurivirus
349:Diagnosis
303:observed.
277:paralysis
252:Syndromes
246:follicles
151:Species:
79:Kingdom:
2671:Wikidata
2637:11459840
2602:Wikidata
2548:Pullorum
2503:Gapeworm
2446:Botulism
2413:Diseases
2393:Kapparos
2350:Candling
2335:Hatchery
2239:Poularde
1740:MschBHV1
881:26214839
784:Archived
761:Archived
745:19184938
685:36320339
677:12427339
636:10539849
300:epidemic
215:lymphoma
196:chickens
166:Synonyms
127:Family:
91:Phylum:
2608:Q707619
2518:Malaria
2491:Fowlpox
2378:As pets
2370:Culture
2305:Yarding
2249:Broiler
2244:Poussin
2217:As food
2201:Chicken
2026:MusHV-1
1986:PhaHV-1
1871:CeHV-14
1866:CalHV-3
1345:SpAHV-1
1213:SalHV-1
1183:AciHV-2
1148:AngHV-1
872:4516275
706:: 1–84.
472:fitness
231:turkeys
139:Genus:
115:Order:
103:Class:
2229:Breeds
2222:Dishes
2129:SaHV-2
2119:MuHV-4
2099:McHV-5
2089:CrHV-2
2084:BoHV-4
2074:AtHV-2
2055:VeHV-3
2036:VeHV-1
2031:PhHV-3
2021:FeHV-1
1991:VoHV-1
1956:SuHV-3
1951:OvHV-2
1946:HiHV-1
1941:CpHV-2
1936:BoHV-6
1926:AlHV-1
1906:PoHV-2
1901:PaHV-1
1896:PnHV-1
1886:McHV-4
1876:GoHV-1
1847:DeHV-1
1826:SgHV-1
1820:PhHV-2
1790:SuHV-2
1785:MuHV-3
1780:McHV-9
1765:HHV-6A
1745:TuHV-1
1735:CaHV-2
1705:ElHV-1
1675:MuHV-1
1655:SaHV-4
1645:PaHV-3
1640:PnHV-2
1635:MnHV-1
1625:McHV-3
1615:CeHV-5
1610:CbHV-1
1605:AoHV-1
1570:SuHV-1
1565:PhHV-1
1560:MoHV-1
1550:FeHV-1
1510:CvHV-1
1505:CeHV-9
1500:CpHV-1
1495:CaHV-1
1490:BuHV-1
1480:BoHV-1
1460:SaHV-1
1455:PtHV-1
1450:PaHV-2
1445:PnHV-3
1435:MaHV-1
1420:McHV-1
1415:LeHV-4
1400:CeHV-2
1395:BoHV-2
1390:AtHV-1
1370:TeHV-3
1365:ChHV-5
1340:MeHV-1
1330:GaHV-2
1325:CoHV-1
1320:AnHV-1
1300:PsHV-1
1295:GaHV-1
1273:ChHV-6
1251:IgHV-2
1188:IcHV-1
1153:CyHV-1
1118:RaHV-1
1076:OsHV-1
1058:AbHV-1
879:
869:
743:
683:
675:
634:
591:
561:
460:In ovo
456:in ovo
439:tumors
298:is an
242:dander
223:organs
219:nerves
212:T cell
2704:10390
2691:6JXG7
2650:76375
2632:IRMNG
2466:Colds
2234:Capon
2094:HHV-8
2011:EHV-2
1881:HHV-4
1814:EHV-7
1620:HHV-5
1555:HHV-3
1525:EHV-1
1405:HHV-1
1024:>
1018:>
1012:>
1006:>
681:S2CID
514:7 May
504:(PDF)
189:viral
65:Realm
58:Virus
2699:NCBI
2152:ICTV
877:PMID
741:PMID
673:PMID
632:PMID
589:ISBN
559:ISBN
537:2017
516:2019
412:The
311:iris
285:crop
221:and
2686:CoL
2645:ISC
2154:––
867:PMC
857:doi
731:doi
663:doi
622:doi
618:138
271:or
225:by
2723::
2701::
2688::
2673::
2647::
2634::
2619::
2604::
2114:12
2109:11
1891:10
1770:6B
922:.
897:.
875:.
865:.
853:13
851:.
847:.
790:,
767:,
739:.
727:30
725:.
721:.
702:.
679:.
671:.
659:31
657:.
653:.
630:.
616:.
612:.
573:^
545:^
506:.
450:.
67::
2193:e
2186:t
2179:v
2124:7
2104:8
2079:3
2016:5
1966:5
1961:4
1931:2
1805:γ
1775:7
1715:5
1710:4
1685:8
1680:2
1650:4
1630:8
1585:β
1545:9
1540:8
1535:4
1530:3
1520:3
1515:2
1485:5
1440:2
1430:3
1425:2
1410:2
1335:3
1264:α
1223:3
1218:2
1193:2
1163:3
1158:2
1128:3
1123:2
981:e
974:t
967:v
934:.
908:.
883:.
859::
832:.
747:.
733::
704:1
687:.
665::
638:.
624::
597:.
567:.
539:.
518:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
