1629:. William gave his subjects until Christmas 1624 to either convert to Catholicism or leave the Margraviate. The former mayor of Baden, Johann Häußler, initially went into exile. When he later returned to the city and begged to be allowed to stay on account of his age and previous service, he was given a heavy fine and again presented with the choice of converting or leaving. A townswoman, Anna Weinhag, who had written to William begging that she not be required to convert, was charged with witchcraft and was tortured for several days in December 1627. Since she had not confessed under torture, she was allowed to go, on condition that she paid the costs of the investigation, remained inside her house, and did not talk about details of the torture. In total, Margrave William indicted 244 people in the Margraviate for witchcraft between 1626 and 1631, of whom more than three quarters were women. 231 were convicted and executed. In the 1630s, the Counter-Reformation was institutionally grounded in Baden-Baden through the establishment of Capuchin monasteries and Jesuit colleges.
43:
1106:
1866:
871:
1458:
1095:
1080:
608:
1064:
141:
35:
731:
529:
1810:
1598:
860:
1125:
792:
1852:. She came to an understanding with him and received 750,000 guilder. In the 18th century, the Margravial court mainly used her extensive wealth for court functions, like the erection of government buildings and churches. This created work and led to the creation of a new town at Rastatt. Sustained investment in infrastructure did not occur; Louis William's interest in developing the economy in a
1580:
179:
160:
1739:
583:) and Ernest was given the choice of portions. He chose the area north of the Alb. The territories which each of the brothers had received in 1515 remained unchanged by this deal. After the new division, Bernhard thus ruled over the areas west of the Rhine and the portion of the core territory south of the Alb. Ernest moved his residence to
2104:. He was not fazed by this, however, and his successor, Edward Fortunatus also had coinage minted at the same low weight. In 1595, Ernest Frederick of Baden-Durlach accused him of producing counterfeit coinage, after expelling him from the Margraviate at the start of the Upper Baden Occupation, and shifted Baden's mint to Durlach.
1537:. This public demonstration of the power of the Catholic church was advertised throughout the Empire in leaflets. The Lordship of Gräfenstein was also recatholicised, while Protestantism was able to flourish in the Counties of Sponheim and Eberstein and the Lordship of Mahlberg, as a result of agreements with Protestant leaders.
1840:
in the 17th century, as a result of the Thirty Years' War and Nine Years' War. This was followed by a period of immigration in the 18th century after
Margrave Louis William invited Bohemian farmers to settle in the Upper Rhine in 1697. However, the distinction between classes remained fairly weak - aside from the ruling family.
1843:
The social distance between members of the margravial family and their subjects was particularly dramatic in the 18th century. As an
Imperial general, Louis William received a large income and his wife Sibylle von Saxe-Lauenburg brought a substantial fortune into the marriage. They had claims on more
1448:
college in Baden city, whose way of life did not conform to the expectations of the Baden citizens, the city submitted a complaint to the Aulic
Council regarding their new lord. The dispute, in which Augustus George's widow Maria Victoria was also involved, stretched beyond the borders of Germany and
2107:
In Baden-Baden, coinage was minted again in the 1620s and 1630s by
Margrave William, until the mint was destroyed towards the end of the Thirty Years' War. The small amount of coinage minted under Louis William and Sibylle von Saxe-Lauenberg was produced at a foreign mint. Efforts by Louis George to
2003:
could afford to lend George
Frederick 27,000 guilder to finance his military expansion programme in 1611. On his death in 1615, Kast left an estate worth around 480,000 guilder, consisting mainly of investments in various farms, cities, monasteries, and private individuals. One piece of evidence of
1972:
of cloth and wool, whose products were sold throughout the wider region. Other products were produced only for local populations. Weavers, millers, smiths, builders, carpenters, and shoe-makers were found throughout the whole
Margraviate. Extensive commercial regulations, intended to prevent social
1839:
and differed minimally from the surrounding regions in social structure. The capital city, Baden, was a very manageable size. The lower nobility played only a minor role, since the lordship of individual locations was often held by the
Margrave directly. The region suffered significant depopulation
1565:
At the beginning of the Upper Baden
Occupation, the Margraves of Baden-Durlach had promised the Emperor that they would not change the religion of Baden-Baden and they did not interfere with religious matters initially. Despite this, a large portion of the population returned to Protestantism. From
842:
in 1634, William took over Baden-Baden once more, seizing a portion of Baden-Durlach's territory as well. In the following years, the city of Baden suffered from the passage of opposing armies - it was pillaged three times between 1642 and 1644. The population of the margraviate declined during the
554:
with the main
Margraviate of Baden (from which it had been separated in 1306) and ruled over a geographically scattered but politically unified territory, which included the area around his residence in the city of Baden, lordships in the southern part of the Upper Rhine region, and estates to the
1696:
The piety of the regent also affected the
Margraviate. The clergy expanded their considerable influence in the court at Rastatt during her regency and this continued in the reign of her son Louis George. Characteristic of the period, is the construction of the Alexius fountain in 1739, which was
1521:
she identified further women as witches, launching a series of further investigations. Between 1573 and 1577, further witch-hunts took place, in which at least twenty-five women were killed, including the wife and daughter of town clerk Rudolf Aindler. Philipp led further witch-hunts in 1580, in
1570:
actively supported the Protestants in Baden-Baden. In the city of Baden, they received their own priest and were allowed to share the Stiftskirche with the Catholics. This last concession in particular led to a long-lasting conflict, in which the Margrave intervened, increasingly curtailing the
1500:, gained influence over Baden-Baden. The Bavarian governor, Schwarzenberg, initially took harsh action against the Protestant councils and later also forced the population to hold Catholic beliefs and to attend church regularly. Those who refused were required to leave the country. Chancellor
1354:, which was signed in 1765. This treaty provided for most of Baden-Baden's territory to be inherited by Baden-Durlach, except for the Bohemian possessions which had been brought into the Margravate's possession by Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg and would be inherited by her relatives. The
1856:
direction was not continued by his wife and sons. The Court Treasurer Dürrfeld wrote in 1765 that there were open latrines in Baden city and "no princely guest could step foot outside without being surrounded and accosted by a gang of beggars or followed by them on his journey."
1766:), which were certified by individual protection letters issued in the name of the specific Jew. The Jewish ordinance issued by Sibylle von Saxe-Lauenburg in 1714 specified that the residence permits lasted only three years and that resident Jews had to pay an annual tax of 700
587:
and was referred to thereafter as the Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim, while Bernhard remained in Baden and was called the Margrave of Baden-Baden. The brothers carried on further negotiations about details of the division and only finalised an agreement through the mediation of
1443:
advised against confirming the treaty. After Augustus George's death on 21 October 1771, Charles Frederick entered Rastatt. He claimed his inheritance and had the civil service swear loyalty to him. However, after Charles Frederick installed two teachers in the former
2015:
In the city of Baden, the government was an important employer. The bathing resorts, "Zum Salmen," "Baldreit," and "Hirsch" (which still exists today), had around fifty rooms in total and over a hundred bathing rooms at the beginning of the 17th century.
1492:
in Baden-Baden. This church was the mausoleum of the margraves and the spiritual centre of the margravate. The margraves were initially indifferent to the new development and took no direct steps regarding their subjects' religious beliefs and practices.
193:
The Margraviate of Baden-Baden consisted of a core area on the right bank of the middle Upper Rhine, centred on the cities of Baden and Rastatt, as well as further territories in the Upper Rhine region and west of the Rhine. Some of these belonged to the
721:
Music played a central role at the court. It is reported that there were over two hundred musical instruments in the Neues Schloss in 1582. Philip II died suddenly in 1588 at the age of twenty-nine, leaving the margraviate large debts, but no heir.
1561:
to represent Protestantism. The Baden Debate ended in disaster. Since no agreement could be reached about the format of the debate, no discussion of the actual theological subject matter was possible. Therefore James III cancelled the debate.
578:
When Philip died in 1533, without male heirs, Bernhard and Ernest initially planned to rule the core territory together. However, they soon came into conflict and decided to divide it. Bernhard set the dividing line (which mostly followed the
1800:
right of the Rhine. The size of the burial fee paid to the landowners depended on the gender of the deceased and whether the Jew had lived within the Margraviate or not. For local, male Jews in 1765, the charge was four and a half guilder.
813:
approached the Upper Rhine in 1622, George Frederick sought to merge the Baden Army with Mansfeld's army. However, the two commanders could not agree which of them should have supreme command, so George Frederick had to fight the forces of
1571:
rights of the Catholics. In 1613, he had the Catholics arrested after they presented a petition to him. He dismissed the highest-ranking Catholic dignitary, the Stifts-canon Eberhard Häusler, bringing Catholic opposition to a standstill.
753:, who was his godmother. Due to his luxurious lifestyle, the margraviate's debts grew further. Edward sought to resolve this issue by giving two Italians, Francesco Muskatelli and Paul Pestalozzi, free rein of the basement vaults of
575:. Christopher finally gave in and devised a division of his territory into three parts in 1515: Bernhard received the areas west of the Rhine, Philip got the core territory around Baden, and Ernest received the estates to the south.
1529:(the Protestant Baden-Durlach did not do so until 1701). In Autumn 1585, an unmarried townswoman, "seven bad spirits were cast out" of Anna Koch over a three-month period by Andrea Vermatt, who worked as a Cathedral preacher and
2054:
which ran through the Margraviate and profited from this as well. Mining was carried out in the Murg Valley and in the Lordship of Rodemachern. There were mercantilist initiatives under Margrave Louis William, who established a
709:
and installed him as ruler of Baden-Baden in 1571, when he was twelve. Otto Henry von Schwarzenberg, the regent in Baden-Baden from 1570 was completely under Albert V's control. From 1572 to 1582, he had Philip's residence, the
1697:
meant to protect the citizens of Rastatt from earthquakes. This protective function was publicly considered more important than the function as part of the supply of drinking water, which was only added in 1770. The efforts to
1358:, which Louis William had received as an Imperial fief would revert to the Emperor. The treaty also stated that surviving members of the Margravial family would be financially supported and that Catholic institutions, like
2135:
There was no attempt to unify the various systems of measurement used in Baden-Baden. For historic reasons there were various regional systems in use. For example, Bühl, which historically had belonged to the territory of
2087:
were established in Pforzheim and Baden. After the division of the Margraviate in 1535, Ernst and Bernhard agreed that henceforth Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden would mint coinage independently of one another. In the
1641:
and became a remarkably religious woman. After the death of her husband, Louis William, her religiosity became increasingly fanatical under the influence of the Jesuit priest Joseph Mayer. In 1717, Mayer organised a
837:
conquered the Upper Rhine, including Baden-Baden. He returned control of Baden-Baden to Baden-Durlach in 1633. However, immediately after the Swedes and their allies (including Baden-Durlach) were defeated in the
1184:(1633-1727), who had already worked closely with Louis William, as the head of the exchequer. In external politics, she corresponded with the most important princely houses of Europe, including the Emperor, the
2096:
could have a maximum of four mints. This meant that Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden could no longer maintain separate mints. They later agreed to exercise the minting right alternately for a few years each.
1781:, there were eleven Jews (a total of ninety people) in 1698. By 1721, that had increased to seventeen families and from 1723 at the latests, the Jewish community had a prayer hall in a private house. In
1704:, which met with success in 1769, are also typical. While he was particularly honoured by the Margravial family, he was also considered a patron of the Margraviate as a whole after his beatification.
1350:
From his accession, Augustus George worked to arrange an acceptable succession arrangement. Since Baden-Baden would clearly be inherited by Baden-Durlach when he died, he negotiated a treaty with
1719:, on the way from Rastatt to Bickesheim, was also renovated, in 1748. In Moosbronn, a new church was built in 1749 to replace the wooden chapel built in 1683. Shortly after this, the church at
1020:
Initially, Louis William had the Neues Schloss in Baden rebuilt. However, since he did not consider this a sufficient residence for an Imperial Lieutenant General, he had a new palace in the
952:. In 1689, Mélac systematically burnt all the cities and villages of Baden, except for Gernsbach. While the city of Baden burnt on 24 August 1689, Louis William was fighting against the
777:. Edward Fortunatus withdrew to his territories to the west of the Rhine, where he died in an accident in 1600. The occupation of Baden-Baden is known as the "Upper Baden Occupation".
313:, which replaced Steinbach as the local administrative centre over the course of the 18th century. In this period, Kuppenheim was also eclipsed as an administrative centre by Rastatt.
2884:
882:
2889:
1511:, first appointed in 1573, was fired from his position by Schwarzenberg in 1574 and expelled from Baden-Baden, because he had not pursued the Re-Catholicisation as he had hoped.
2451:
Margrave Charles William of Baden-Durlach wrote frankly to a French correspondent in 1724, "... but since the princess is her own boss, I cannot promise you any action from me."
1674:. Her piety also manifested in her building programme. She stated her wish to make the interior of the palace chapel at Schloss Rastatt "especially beautiful." She also had the
940:
After Wiliam's death in 1677, Louis William became the Margrave, but he only rarely visited Baden-Baden on account of his military duties. He was also absent in 1688, when the
1006:. After the withdrawal of the French, Louis William and Sibylle returned to Baden-Baden in 1693. As a result of his battles with the Turks, he brought substantial wealth (the
2879:
1282:. He had only learnt to talk at the age of six and remained more interested in hunting than government throughout his life. The people referred to him as the "Hunter Louis" (
822:
on his own. Both sides suffered heavy losses in the battle, which took place on 6 May 1622, but Tilly was victorious. That same summer, the victorious Catholics installed
2144:
in the High Middle Ages. Even units with the same names differed from one another, since they were based on the measures in use in their respective provincial centres.
1036:. When the initial construction was completed in 1705, the ruling couple and their court relocated from Baden to Rastatt, which was already developing into a city. The
905:. He never assumed control of the margravate because he predeceased his father in a hunting accident in 1669. Louis William, then fourteen years old, was sent on the
1762:- the right to exact special protection taxes from resident Jews - from 1382. In the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, Jews could only get temporary residence permits (
1416:
1134:
In his will, Louis William designated his widow, Sibylle, as the Upland Regent. In May 1707, the French occupied Rastatt and Sibylle escaped with her children to
624:
1138:. Against the advice of the Emperor, who encouraged her to return to her homeland in Bohemia in 1707, Sibylle remained in Baden-Baden and assumed the regency.
488:
The Margraviate of Baden-Baden was created in 1535, as a result of the division of the Margraviate of Baden. In the 16th century, it was heavily influenced by
805:, who became Margrave of Baden-Durlach after his brother's death in 1604, took both portions of Baden into the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side. The
572:
1756:
Numerous Jews lived in the Margraviate from the 1580s at the latest. Most of them worked as merchants or moneylenders. The Margraves of Baden possessed the
1567:
1327:
in Rastatt. Both of Louis George's sons by his first wife died in childhood and his second wife remained childless, so he died without male heirs in 1761.
802:
766:
1342:. Since the couple's children did not reach adulthood, it was clear that the Margravate of Baden-Baden would cease to exist when Augustus George died.
1165:. After the conclusion of the peace treaty, Sibylle returned to Rastatt and focussed her energies on the government, construction work and court life.
2894:
1331:
1098:
513:
129:
773:
in November 1594. Edward Fortunatus responded by asking the two Italians to poison Ernest Frederick. The plan failed however, and the pair were
599:
Bernhard's heirs, who continued to rule his Margraviate of Baden-Baden until 1771, are called the "Bernhardine line" of House Baden, after him.
1351:
1199:
Sibylle also concerned herself personally with construction. She dismissed Rossi as court architect in 1707 and replaced him with the Bohemian
968:
964:
894:
863:
517:
501:
492:. Between 1594 and 1622, the territory came under the occupation of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach. The territory was heavily damaged by the
109:
1796:
from at least 1694, which provided a burial place not just to the Jews of the core region of Baden-Baden, but also to Jews in the part of the
2805:
2790:
2775:
1546:
1339:
1279:
1083:
560:
532:
945:
1701:
1374:
1275:, who had produced his first published work in 1695, during the reign of Louis William, and retained the position until his death in 1746.
902:
547:
1655:
1189:
1549:, his counterpart in Baden-Hachberg (a division of Baden-Durlach) to hold a religious debate in Baden in 1589. James chose his advisor
2469:
Günther Bentele, "Die Malereien im Hornmoldhaus und in der Sommerstube (mit Beilage und Anhang zur Genealogie der Familie Hornmold),"
1052:
was probably inspired by it. Louis William died at Rastatt in January 1707 of complications from a wound that he had sustained at the
687:
648:
620:
551:
505:
125:
42:
2019:
The most important income source for the Margraves was taxation of their subjects' economic activity. They also received income from
1545:
The Re-Catholicisation process ended in 1588, when Edward Fortunatus became margrave. He had no active religious policy, but allowed
2874:
2853:
2835:
2820:
2757:
1176:, whom Louis William had named as her legal guardians in his will, to take power from her. She entrusted internal politics to Carl,
934:
568:
388:
with the Electoral Palatinate and various collateral lines of the Palatinate. The Hinter County encompassed the modern districts of
2367:
1169:
823:
815:
795:
2127:, only came into effect in Baden-Baden in the 17th century. Previously, a gold guilder had been worth 168 Baden silver pennies.
1272:
1002:. The Emperor then transferred him to the western front and gave command of the war with the Turks to Louis William's cousin,
1849:
1626:
1142:
1791:
1747:
839:
433:
2869:
1686:
1440:
1146:
1057:
960:
1715:
also played an important role. The church at Bickesheim received a new interior during the baroque period. The church at
1601:
1317:
1946:
847:, the territorial situation in Baden was restored to how it had been in 1550. However, since France had annexed much of
429:
295:
66:
1496:
This changed in 1569, after the death of Philibert, when Albert V of Bavaria, who was later an important figure in the
627:, had not yet been born. Ernest claimed Bernhard's territories for himself and attempted to press his claim before the
221:. It was bordered to the north by the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach, to the west by the Rhine river, to the east by the
1865:
1105:
956:
in the Balkans, where he was promoted to the position of Commander in Chief of the Imperial Army on 6 September 1689.
656:
556:
306:
part of Baden-Baden. After the extinction of the Eberstein line in 1660, Baden-Baden split the territory with Speyer.
132:
died without heirs in 1771, Baden-Baden was inherited by the rulers of Baden-Durlach, reuniting the two margraviates.
1606:
1322:
347:
2089:
1226:
1193:
1109:
999:
241:
1621:
After William took power in 1622, Baden-Baden was re-catholicised through repressive measures with the aid of the
1200:
1953:. By the Rhine, people also made their livings from fishing, smuggling, and the manufacture of wooden shoes from
1786:
1742:
1205:
1173:
987:
971:, who had died in September 1689, leaving both his daughters with a substantial inheritance. When visited her at
874:
809:, which had consisted of 200 cavalry and 600 infantry in 1600, had grown to 20,000 men by 1620. When the army of
694:
589:
870:
745:
became the reigning margrave. He was the grandson of Bernhard III by his son Christopher II and had grown up in
255:
The Margrave's residence and capital city was Baden until 1705 and Rastatt thereafter. The cities of Ettlingen,
1616:
1489:
1461:
711:
679:
612:
263:
served as administrative centres, through which smaller settlements and the countryside were administered. The
2100:
In the 1580s, Margrave Philip II had coinage minted. Because it was underweight, he faced criticism from the
2039:
1007:
2320:
1949:
and along its tributaries. People also kept horses, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep, which usually graved in
1457:
901:. After a dispute with his wife, Ferdinand Maximilian returned to Baden-Baden with his son and remarried to
652:
640:
636:
222:
218:
2483:„…weil er gesehen, dass nichts als Verzug und vergebnen Unkosten und Zeitverlust hiedurch verursacht wird“,
1296:
1249:
1720:
1238:
1094:
1079:
1053:
1012:
1003:
2626:
2841:
1985:
1819:
1690:
1291:
1025:
881:
The period after the Thirty Years' War was marked by immigration and rebuilding. William's oldest son,
393:
2285:
1675:
1382:
1215:
607:
473:
322:
182:
1583:
1063:
342:
2112:
1501:
1393:
1021:
786:
671:
540:
493:
237:
202:
101:
70:
1302:
972:
2660:
1725:
1497:
1162:
1113:
991:
844:
715:
706:
628:
555:
west of the Rhine. He intended to avoid a re-partition of the margraviate by establishing his son,
389:
338:
291:
280:
2763:
1478:
1181:
2148:
1831:
In the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, there were no large urban centres. Cities like Kuppenheim and
1797:
1680:
1588:
1526:
1404:
1254:
1243:
1220:
995:
810:
675:
564:
385:
245:
226:
145:
2665:
Die Murgschifferschaft – Geschichte des Floßhandels, des Waldes und der Holzindustrie im Murgtal
1814:
990:. He married her on 27 March 1690. Shortly after this, Louis William returned to war. After the
949:
497:
105:
2191:
The size of vineyards was measured in steckhaufen, with twelve steckhaufen equalling a morgen.
2028:
1229:, which she had built near Rastatt as a summer residence. The interior decoration and valuable
765:
decided to place Baden-Baden under administration, as a result of its high debts, he installed
2849:
2831:
2816:
2801:
2786:
2771:
2753:
2051:
1774:
1428:
1412:
1359:
1150:
941:
898:
834:
819:
750:
742:
734:
580:
465:
361:
171:
163:
62:
1990:
1553:
and the Jesuit priest Theodor Busaeo to represent the Catholic side and two theologians from
1233:
collection of the Margravine remain at the Schloss to this day. Rohrer's other work includes
508:
maintained an expensive court culture and built many secular and religious structures in the
150:
1663:
1550:
1420:
1335:
1234:
1225:
built in Rastatt in 1715. She particularly paid attention to the planning and decoration of
1211:
1128:
1041:
897:
would become the most famous ruler of Baden-Baden, owing to his service as a general of the
469:
140:
34:
2231:
1973:
inequality from getting larger, controlled many details. Until the Upper Baden Occupation,
1387:
933:, among other places. After that, he returned to Baden-Baden, aged 19, and enlisted in the
826:, son of Edward Fortunatus, as Margrave of Baden-Baden, ending the Upper Baden Occupation.
730:
539:
The Margraviate of Baden-Baden was created as a result of two territorial divisions of the
2140:, had different measurements from those used in Rastatt and Baden, which had been part of
2093:
2084:
1647:
1558:
1158:
1067:
1049:
1045:
1037:
977:
421:
198:
117:
46:
2208:
1778:
670:
and assumed control of the government when he turned twenty in 1556. In 1557, he married
364:
assigned it to Baden-Baden in 1698. In 1701, Baden-Baden also received the rights to the
310:
1334:, who had initially been a priest, but received permission to leave the priesthood from
528:
2277:
2195:
2152:
2101:
1981:
1506:
1369:
In order to protect the religious freedom of his subjects, Augustus George pursued the
953:
195:
17:
2371:
1809:
1658:
later encouraged her piety in more worldly directions. She undertook a total of eight
1040:
was the first baroque palace in the Upper Rhine region. Subsequent baroque palaces at
535:, regent from 1535 to 1536 and namesake of the Bernhardine line of the House of Baden.
275:
on the left bank of the Rhine directly opposite Rastatt also belonged to Baden-Baden.
2863:
2273:
2024:
1698:
1474:
1436:
1424:
1370:
1307:
1268:
1196:, served as a personal advisor and she maintained an active correspondence with him.
437:
425:
405:
93:
1844:
than two million guilder from the Emperor. In 1721, Sibylle personally travelled to
1597:
986:
in January 1690, he instead fell in love with Anna Maria's fourteen-year-old sister
859:
674:, who was four years older than him and had known him since childhood. He fought in
2289:
2281:
2170:
1950:
1942:
1853:
1651:
1378:
1124:
791:
441:
86:
58:
2676:
1464:
in Baden-Baden, the main church of the Margraviate and mausoleum of the margraves.
592:
at the end of 1536. This agreement was documented by a treaty which was signed in
1517:
also began at the same time. The first victim was an elderly lady in 1569. Under
1483:
959:
In order to give his successful commander the resources to rebuild his homeland,
659:(Marie Jacoba's husband) were appointed as legal guardians of the young princes.
2043:
1954:
1878:
1836:
1708:
1579:
1554:
1264:
1260:
1117:
774:
770:
461:
381:
178:
159:
78:
74:
28:
2115:(Imperial Minting Ordinance) of 1559, which regulated the exchange rate of the
851:, Baden-Baden now found itself on the western border of the Holy Roman Empire.
231:
2064:
2056:
2020:
1832:
1782:
1757:
1738:
1716:
1659:
1514:
906:
806:
698:
593:
457:
417:
413:
397:
334:
260:
256:
249:
2079:
From 1362 at the latest, the Margraves of Baden possessed the right to mint
2068:
2009:
2005:
1930:
1870:
1712:
1377:, which he successfully achieved in 1769. Augustus George chose Bernhard as
1230:
1135:
930:
890:
762:
683:
584:
409:
401:
369:
299:
214:
155:
above Baden-Baden, the "old castle" and original seat of the house of Baden.
104:(1618-1648) onwards. After the complete destruction of the territory in the
2033:
1996:
2265:
in Baden-Baden and Rastatt: 24 Ohm, 96 Viertel, 384 Maß and 1536 Schoppen,
2004:
the family's prosperity that is still visible today is the Old Rathaus in
1689:
in the gardens of Schloss Favorite, where she went frequently to pray and
714:
in Baden-Baden expanded by architect Caspar Weinhart, in the style of the
2178:
2060:
2000:
1938:
1767:
1667:
1638:
1530:
1185:
1177:
918:
663:
Henry of Fleckenstein was appointed as the actual regent in Baden-Baden.
660:
477:
468:, they owned the Lordship of Gräfenstein, which they had shared with the
453:
365:
330:
287:, belonging to Speyer, but entirely surrounded by Baden-Baden territory.
279:, which was initially part of Württemberg, became part of Baden in 1603.
272:
186:
167:
97:
1670:, began to speak on one of these journeys, which she considered to be a
2137:
2124:
2116:
1969:
1934:
1922:
1671:
1643:
1622:
1518:
1408:
1400:
1355:
1313:
1161:
and was one of the impetuses for the development of French as Europe's
1033:
1029:
983:
758:
702:
644:
509:
489:
353:
284:
121:
113:
82:
2667:. Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach 1988, ISBN 3-925825-20-7, pp. 181–192
73:. Its territory consisted of a core area on the middle stretch of the
2203:
2199:
2120:
1958:
1926:
1918:
1902:
1894:
1845:
1534:
1445:
1432:
926:
848:
830:
746:
667:
632:
424:. The Fore County lay in Hunsrück and on the Nahe, and extended into
276:
264:
1411:
to act as guarantors of the succession, while Augustus George asked
2236:
1730:, on the route of the pilgrimage from Rastatt, was also renovated.
2315:
2141:
2080:
2047:
1974:
1962:
1914:
1890:
1864:
1808:
1737:
1596:
1578:
1456:
1363:
1154:
1123:
1104:
1093:
1078:
1062:
914:
886:
869:
858:
790:
754:
729:
606:
527:
476:
was destroyed in 1635, the margrave shifted the administration to
268:
177:
158:
139:
41:
33:
1910:
1906:
1886:
922:
910:
357:
326:
27:
This article is about the early modern state. For the city, see
2370:[Graefenstein castle ruins] (in German). Archived from
1301:
succeeded his brother as court architect in 1732. He built the
2268:
in Kuppenheim: 10 Ohm, 120 Viertel, 480 Maß and 1920 Schoppen.
2008:, which Kast's son Johann Jakob Kast had built in 1618 in the
1984:
played an important economic role. Jakob Kast, a merchant and
1968:
The most important group of artisans were the rope-makers and
1898:
1882:
1666:. Her young son Louis George, who had previously seemed to be
877:, wife of Louis William and Regent of Baden-Baden (1707-1727).
341:
went to Baden-Baden. In 1693, Margrave Louis William acquired
2023:
and mining. The margraves were also enriched by a station at
1637:
Sibylle von Saxe-Lauenberg had been educated in her youth by
686:. He died in 1569, during the latter campaign, when his son,
321:
Until 1629, Baden-Baden shared control of Lahr-Mahlberg with
128:, further baroque structures were built. When her second son
1017:) with him and the couple began to rebuild the Margraviate.
1286:) to distinguish him from his father, the "Turkish Louis" (
1278:
In 1727, Sibylle handed power over to her 25-year-old son,
889:, where he married and had a son, whom he named after King
866:, the "Turkish Louis", Margrave of Baden-Baden (1677-1707).
124:
palace on the Upper Rhine. Under the regency of his widow,
2631:
Geschichte der Stadt und des Kurortes Baden-Baden, I. Band
384:, Baden-Baden shared sovereignty over the Fore and Hinter
2108:
revive coin production in Baden-Baden were unsuccessful.
909:
by his grandfather a year later, during which he visited
1477:
had already taken root there. At the time, the reformer
2262:
in Bühl: 24 Ohm, 96 Viertel, 576 Maß and 2304 Schoppen,
1777:
in Baden and Ettlingen and entrusted these to Jews. In
1392:
built in Rastatt in his honour. In 1770, he introduced
1145:
held the peace negotiations that brought an end to the
994:, his greatest triumph, he was promoted to the rank of
563:did not accept his father's will and was exiled to
325:. After that, they partitioned the territory, with
2092:issued at Speyer in 1570, it was stated that each
1399:Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach asked
571:also rebelled with the help of his father-in-law,
309:In 1688, the core territory was extended south to
2826:Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.):
49:, the palace of the margraves in the 18th century
2564:, Ubstadt-Weiher 1999, ISBN 3-89735-110-2, p. 20
1877:The population made their living primarily from
1813:The city of Baden in the mid-17th century (from
1366:of Baden-Baden, would retain their possessions.
1188:, and the Elector of the Palatinate. From 1715,
2586:. Karlsruhe 1979, ISBN 3-7650-9014-X, S. 104 f.
1101:, the last Margrave of Baden-Baden (1761-1771).
2815:. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1999,
1848:to press her claims to financial support with
1153:in March 1714. This treaty was not written in
559:as sole heir. However, Philip's older brother
294:, which encompassed the middle stretch of the
2885:States and territories disestablished in 1771
8:
2890:1535 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1873:, built as a residence for Johann Jakob Kast
1381:of the Margravate of Bade-Baden and had the
619:When Bernhard died in 1536, his eldest son,
573:Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
96:took hold in Baden-Durlach, Baden-Baden was
1449:was only resolved by a compromise in 1789.
1417:Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim
112:, the "Turkishlouis", moved the capital to
2880:States and territories established in 1535
2768:Kleine Geschichte der Markgrafschaft Baden
1525:In November 1583, Baden-Baden adopted the
1396:with a general national school ordinance.
1168:She was a strong regent and did not allow
767:Margrave Ernest Frederick of Baden-Durlach
516:in 1771, the margraviate was inherited by
464:in the modern territory of France. In the
380:On the Moselle and Nahe rivers and in the
290:Until 1660, the theoretically independent
1941:were established in the foothills of the
1473:When the Margravate was created in 1535,
635:, but he was opposed by Bernhard's widow
567:as punishment. Philip's younger brother,
2830:. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Stuttgart 2002,
2487:Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Baden-Baden.
2213:was used in Ufgau. One malter measured:
1149:at Schloss Rastatt, finally signing the
697:. He had the young margrave educated at
189:, centre of the Lordship of Gräfenstein.
65:. It was created in 1535 along with the
2798:Sibylla Augusta. Ein barockes Schicksal
2783:Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Baden-Baden
2615:Sybilla Augusta. Ein barockes Schicksal
2540:Sybilla Augusta. Ein barockes Schicksal
2527:Sibylla Augusta. Ein barockes Schicksal
2440:Sybilla Augusta. Ein barockes Schicksal
2332:
2042:and Hügelsheim. The margraves held the
1646:procession, in which participants wore
2368:"Geschichte der Burgruine Gräfenstein"
2248:1109.952 L in Baden-Baden and Rastatt,
1611:, the main Catholic church of Rastatt.
1070:, residence of the margraves from 1705
969:Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
937:, where he swiftly rose up the ranks.
737:, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1588-1594).
61:southwest German territory within the
2678:Ein Blick in die Geschichte Gaggenaus
1141:In winter 1713/14, Prince Eugene and
963:attempted to marry Louis William to
798:, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1622-1677)
38:Map of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden
7:
1090:Margrave of Baden-Baden (1727-1761).
903:Maria Magdalena of Oettingen-Baldern
761:and counterfeit money. When Emperor
615:in Baden-Baden, residence until 1705
2848:. Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1979,
2813:Die jüdische Gemeinde in Kuppenheim
2785:. Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe 2008,
2770:. Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe 2007,
2562:Die jüdische Gemeinde in Kuppenheim
1999:, who had become rich from a state
1685:built for herself in Rastatt and a
448:Other territories west of the Rhine
396:. Its administrative centres were
329:going to Nassau-Saarbrücken, while
69:as a result of the division of the
2258:The fuder was divided as follows:
1352:Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach
741:After Philip's death, his cousin,
623:was a newborn and his second son,
552:Margraviate of Hachberg-Sausenberg
236:. Other important neighbours were
25:
2846:Badische Münz- und Geldgeschichte
2584:Badische Münz- und Geldgeschichte
2473:Heft 5, Bietigheim-Bissingen 1986
2046:for the section of the road from
1656:Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn
1330:He was succeeded by his brother,
1190:Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn
428:. The most important cities were
213:The core territory extended from
2895:1771 disestablishments in Europe
2485:according to Dagmar Kicherer in
2202:were used in Ortenau, while the
2038:, which was operated jointly by
1170:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
2796:Staatsanzeiger-Verlag (Hrsg.):
1980:In the Murg valley, timber and
1773:In 1579, Philip II established
1273:Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer
693:Philip II's legal guardian was
317:Other Upper Rhenish territories
2828:Der Landkreis Rastatt (Band 1)
1488:was the court preacher at the
1210:. Inspired by a pilgrimage to
1075:Absolutism and baroque Rastatt
81:, as well as lordships on the
1:
2181:in Baden-Baden and Gernsbach,
2159:30.37 cm in Baden-Baden;
1157:, as was then normal, but in
1147:War of the Spanish Succession
1058:War of the Spanish Succession
843:war by more than 50%. In the
757:, where they were to work on
356:. After the French abandoned
2305:48.823 kg in Gernsbach.
2217:129.6 Litres in Baden-Baden,
2162:30.466 cm in Gernsbach;
1522:which 18 women were killed.
1201:Johann Michael Ludwig Rohrer
1120:of Sibylle of Saxe Lauenberg
1032:, for around twelve million
855:The era of the Turkish Louis
67:Margraviate of Baden-Durlach
2604:Andermann, pp. 127 ff.
2471:Blätter zur Stadtgeschichte
1743:Jewish Cemetery, Kuppenheim
769:over the core territory of
603:Close alliance with Bavaria
533:Bernhard III of Baden-Baden
77:around the capital city of
2911:
2811:Gerhard Friedrich Linder:
2752:, Band 1. Stuttgart 2002,
2642:Andermann, pp. 129 f.
2560:Gerhard Friedrich Linder:
2280:. It was divided into 104
2184:0.3170 ha in Rastatt,
1614:
1373:of his medieval ancestor,
1000:Order of the Golden Fleece
784:
749:, receiving his name from
682:and in France against the
657:Duke William IV of Bavaria
512:style. After the death of
242:Prince-Bishopric of Speyer
225:, and in the south by the
55:Margraviate of Baden-Baden
26:
2735:Andermann, p. 135 f.
2302:48.648 kg in Rastatt
1909:, and fruit, and finally
1575:Second Re-Catholicisation
1340:Marie Victoire d'Arenberg
967:, the oldest daughter of
875:Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg
500:. The wealthy sovereigns
452:The Margraves controlled
298:and had its main city at
126:Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg
2875:Margraves of Baden-Baden
2717:Wielandt, p. 113ff.
2708:Wielandt, p. 107ff.
2292:. One Zentner measured:
2254:1143.696 L in Gernsbach.
1617:Baden-Baden witch trials
1469:First Re-Catholicisation
1174:Duke Leopold of Lorraine
944:crossed the Rhine under
705:in the doctrines of the
695:Duke Albert V of Bavaria
690:was only ten years old.
680:Suleiman the Magnificent
639:and Philipp's daughter,
2699:Wielandt, p. 95ff.
2321:List of rulers of Baden
2299:48.586 kg in Baden
2251:1130.4 L in Kuppenheim,
2230:Wine was measured with
2220:130.616 L in Gernsbach,
2187:0.3126 ha in Bühl.
2173:. One morgen measured:
2165:27.628 cm in Bühl.
1917:. In the 18th century,
1541:Return to Protestantism
1194:Prince-Bishop of Speyer
1008:Karlsruhe Turkish booty
653:Wilhelm IV of Eberstein
18:Margrave of Baden-Baden
2726:Andermann, p. 136
2296:48.553 kg in Bühl
2241:. One fuder measured:
2223:165.3 L in Kuppenheim,
1881:. The main crops were
1874:
1823:
1753:
1612:
1594:
1566:around 1610, Margrave
1557:, Jakob Schmidlin and
1465:
1346:Reunification of Baden
1271:was another Bohemian,
1267:near Baden. The court
1131:
1121:
1102:
1091:
1071:
1054:Battle of Schellenberg
878:
867:
799:
738:
726:Upper Baden Occupation
637:Franziska of Luxemburg
616:
536:
190:
175:
156:
108:(1688-1697), Margrave
50:
39:
2750:Der Landkreis Rastatt
2595:Linder, p. 57 f.
2226:145.381 L in Rastatt.
2155:. One shoe measured:
1868:
1820:Topographia Germaniae
1812:
1741:
1600:
1582:
1460:
1290:). During his reign,
1127:
1108:
1097:
1082:
1066:
1026:Domenico Egidio Rossi
873:
862:
794:
733:
666:Philibert grew up in
610:
531:
181:
162:
143:
45:
37:
2870:Margraviate of Baden
2748:Kurt Andermann, in:
2582:Friedrich Wielandt:
2516:Kicherer, pp. 59 ff.
2131:Weights and measures
1937:were added as well.
1394:compulsory education
1338:in 1735 and married
1318:St.-Alexander-Kirche
1239:Hofgut Scheibenhardt
883:Ferdinand Maximilian
840:Battle of Nördlingen
672:Mechthild of Bavaria
541:Margraviate of Baden
386:Counties of Sponheim
238:Electoral Palatinate
223:Duchy of Württemberg
203:Upper Rhenish Circle
71:Margraviate of Baden
2690:Wielandt, p. 8
2651:Kicherer, pp. 40 f.
2627:Rolf Gustav Haebler
2498:Kicherer, pp. 57 f.
2460:Kicherer, pp. 83 f.
2245:1172.966 L in Bühl,
2194:There were various
2169:The morgen was the
2075:Coinage and minting
1805:Economy and society
1707:The pilgrimages to
1654:. The influence of
1498:Counter-Reformation
1163:diplomatic language
1143:Marshall de Villars
1114:maison de plaisance
992:Battle of Slankamen
845:Peace of Westphalia
716:Italian Renaissance
707:Counter-Reformation
643:, who pushed for a
629:Reichskammergericht
590:Louis V of Palatine
390:Bernkastel-Wittlich
292:County of Eberstein
2842:Friedrich Wielandt
2800:, Stuttgart 2008,
2680:on www.gaggenau.de
2633:, Baden-Baden 1969
2551:Linder, p. 20
2538:Sigrid Gensichen,
2339:Kohnle, pp. 150 f.
2198:. The viertal and
1875:
1850:Emperor Charles VI
1824:
1754:
1652:whipped themselves
1613:
1595:
1527:Gregorian Calendar
1466:
1292:Peter Ernst Rohrer
1259:in Rastatt, and a
1132:
1122:
1103:
1092:
1072:
1028:in the village of
996:Lieutenant General
879:
868:
811:Ernst von Mansfeld
800:
780:
739:
649:John II of Simmern
617:
546:In 1503, Margrave
537:
520:of Baden-Durlach.
474:Gräfenstein Castle
472:until 1557. After
376:County of Sponheim
323:Nassau-Saarbrücken
246:Free imperial city
191:
183:Gräfenstein Castle
176:
157:
146:Schloss Hohenbaden
51:
40:
2806:978-3-929981-73-5
2791:978-3-7650-8376-1
2781:Dagmar Kicherer:
2776:978-3-7650-8346-4
2420:Kohnle, pp. 112f.
2374:on 17 April 2012.
2113:Reichsmünzordnung
2067:at Mittelberg in
2027:for exacting the
1947:Murg river valley
1775:bureaux de change
1676:Einsiedeln Chapel
1413:Pope Clement XIII
1383:Bernhardusbrunnen
1360:Lichtenthal Abbey
1216:Einsiedeln Chapel
1151:Treaty of Rastatt
899:Holy Roman Empire
835:Gustavus Adolphus
820:Battle of Wimpfen
787:Thirty Years' War
781:Thirty Years' War
751:Queen Elizabeth I
743:Edward Fortunatus
735:Edward Fortunatus
550:had reunited the
518:Charles Frederick
494:Thirty Years' War
466:Palatinate Forest
362:Emperor Leopold I
259:, Steinbach, and
209:Rastatt and Baden
172:Edward Fortunatus
166:in the county of
164:Kastellaun Castle
120:there, the first
102:Thirty Years' War
63:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
2902:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:Kicherer, p. 61.
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2393:Kohnle, pp. 82f.
2391:
2385:
2384:Kohnle, pp. 81f.
2382:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2240:
2212:
2037:
1994:
1827:Social structure
1795:
1751:
1729:
1684:
1664:Einsiedeln Abbey
1648:crowns of thorns
1610:
1592:
1584:Einsideln Chapel
1568:George Frederick
1551:Johann Pistorius
1510:
1487:
1421:Elector of Mainz
1391:
1336:Pope Clement XII
1326:
1311:
1300:
1258:
1247:
1235:Ettlingen Palace
1227:Schloss Favorite
1224:
1212:Einsiedeln Abbey
1209:
1129:Ettlingen Palace
1110:Schloss Favorite
1016:
998:and entered the
981:
948:and entered the
803:George Frederick
470:Leiningen family
351:
343:Burg Staufenberg
235:
201:, others to the
154:
21:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2860:
2859:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2438:Anja Stangl in
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:Kicherer, p. 53
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2357:Kohnle, page 76
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2312:
2234:
2206:
2196:units of volume
2133:
2094:Imperial Circle
2077:
2031:
1988:
1863:
1829:
1815:Matthäus Merian
1807:
1789:
1787:Jewish cemetery
1745:
1736:
1723:
1678:
1635:
1619:
1604:
1602:St. Alexander's
1586:
1577:
1559:Jacob Heerbrand
1543:
1504:
1502:Samuel Hornmold
1481:
1471:
1455:
1441:Emperor Francis
1385:
1348:
1332:Augustus George
1320:
1305:
1294:
1252:
1241:
1218:
1203:
1099:Augustus George
1077:
1068:Schloss Rastatt
1038:Schloss Rastatt
1010:
975:
961:Emperor Leopold
950:Nine Years' War
857:
789:
783:
728:
605:
526:
514:Augustus George
498:Nine Years' War
486:
450:
378:
345:
319:
229:
211:
199:imperial circle
170:, residence of
148:
138:
130:Augustus George
118:Schloss Rastatt
106:Nine Years' War
47:Schloss Rastatt
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2794:
2779:
2761:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2669:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2619:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2575:
2566:
2553:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2475:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2431:
2429:Kohnle, p. 126
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2278:unit of weight
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2153:unit of length
2151:served as the
2132:
2129:
2102:Swabian Circle
2076:
2073:
2063:in 1681 and a
1982:timber rafting
1862:
1859:
1828:
1825:
1806:
1803:
1785:, there was a
1735:
1732:
1634:
1631:
1615:Main article:
1576:
1573:
1542:
1539:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1451:
1431:. However, in
1347:
1344:
1303:Alexiusbrunnen
1186:King of France
1076:
1073:
973:Schloss Zákupy
856:
853:
785:Main article:
782:
779:
727:
724:
604:
601:
525:
522:
485:
482:
449:
446:
377:
374:
318:
315:
210:
207:
137:
134:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2907:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2854:3-7650-9014-X
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:3-7995-1364-7
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:3-89735-110-2
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2758:3-7995-1364-7
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:Max Scheifele
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2617:, p. 17.
2616:
2613:Markus Zepf,
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2573:Linder, p. 33
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:Sabine Hund,
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2402:Kohnle, p. 96
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2348:Kohnle, p. 67
2345:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1977:were banned.
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1869:Old Rathaus,
1867:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1633:Baroque piety
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:Protestantism
1468:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:Aulic Council
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:Maria Theresa
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:beatification
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:Kapellmeister
1266:
1262:
1261:hunting lodge
1256:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1118:hunting lodge
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:baroque style
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1004:Prince Eugene
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
946:General Mélac
943:
938:
936:
935:Imperial Army
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:Louis William
892:
888:
884:
876:
872:
865:
864:Louis William
861:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
829:In 1632, the
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
797:
793:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
732:
725:
723:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
614:
609:
602:
600:
597:
595:
591:
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
548:Christopher I
544:
542:
534:
530:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Louis William
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Rhenish Hesse
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
206:
204:
200:
197:
188:
184:
180:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
147:
142:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:Louis William
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Protestantism
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
36:
30:
19:
2845:
2827:
2812:
2797:
2782:
2767:
2764:Armin Kohnle
2749:
2743:Bibliography
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2372:the original
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2271:
2257:
2229:
2193:
2190:
2171:unit of area
2168:
2146:
2134:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2078:
2018:
2014:
1986:Murgschiffer
1979:
1967:
1951:silvopasture
1943:Black Forest
1876:
1854:mercantilist
1842:
1837:market towns
1830:
1818:
1772:
1764:Schutzbriefe
1763:
1758:
1755:
1706:
1695:
1636:
1620:
1564:
1544:
1524:
1513:
1495:
1490:Stiftskirche
1479:Matthias Erb
1472:
1462:Stiftskirche
1439:summoned by
1398:
1368:
1349:
1329:
1287:
1283:
1280:Louis George
1277:
1198:
1182:Plittersdorf
1167:
1140:
1133:
1087:
1084:Louis George
1019:
958:
939:
893:. This son,
880:
828:
801:
740:
720:
692:
665:
641:Marie Jacoba
618:
598:
577:
545:
538:
487:
451:
442:Sprendlingen
379:
320:
308:
303:
289:
254:
212:
192:
91:
59:early modern
54:
52:
2288:, and 3328
2235: [
2207: [
2044:Geleitrecht
2032: [
1989: [
1879:agriculture
1798:Hanauerland
1790: [
1746: [
1724: [
1702:Bernhard II
1679: [
1660:pilgrimages
1644:penetential
1605: [
1587: [
1515:Witch-hunts
1505: [
1482: [
1386: [
1379:holy patron
1375:Bernhard II
1321: [
1306: [
1295: [
1288:Türkenlouis
1265:Fremersberg
1253: [
1250:Pagodenburg
1242: [
1219: [
1204: [
1056:during the
1011: [
976: [
942:French Army
833:under King
775:dismembered
771:Baden-Baden
625:Christopher
454:Rodemachern
346: [
339:Friesenheim
230: [
227:Hanauerland
149: [
75:Upper Rhine
29:Baden-Baden
2864:Categories
2327:References
2123:, and the
2065:glassworks
2057:hammermill
2025:Hügelsheim
1833:Stollhofen
1783:Kuppenheim
1759:Judenregal
1721:Michelbach
1717:Bietigheim
1709:Bickesheim
1593:, Rastatt.
1284:Jägerlouis
1214:, she had
1088:Jägerlouis
965:Anna Maria
907:Grand Tour
807:Baden Army
712:New Castle
699:Ingolstadt
613:New Castle
594:Heidelberg
462:Hespringen
458:Useldingen
418:Kastellaun
414:Winterburg
398:Birkenfeld
394:Birkenfeld
335:Kippenheim
261:Stollhofen
257:Kuppenheim
250:Strasbourg
244:, and the
116:and built
2286:vierlings
2071:in 1697.
2069:Moosbronn
2052:Frankfurt
2040:Söllingen
2029:Rheinzoll
2010:mannerist
2006:Gernsbach
1945:, in the
1871:Gernsbach
1713:Moosbronn
1687:hermitage
1627:Capuchins
1547:James III
1231:porcelain
1136:Ettlingen
1042:Karlsruhe
1024:built by
931:Innsbruck
891:Louis XIV
885:moved to
763:Rudolf II
688:Philip II
684:Huguenots
621:Philibert
585:Pforzheim
581:River Alb
438:Kreuznach
430:Kirchberg
410:Herrstein
402:Allenbach
370:Offenburg
366:Landvogty
300:Gernsbach
267:towns of
219:Steinbach
215:Ettlingen
144:Ruins of
136:Territory
100:from the
2542:, p. 35.
2529:, p. 21.
2489:, p. 55.
2310:See also
2276:was the
2179:hectares
2125:kreutzer
2061:Gaggenau
2001:monopoly
1939:Wineries
1919:potatoes
1768:guilders
1639:Piarists
1555:Tübingen
1531:exorcist
1453:Religion
1362:and the
1192:, later
1178:Freiherr
1050:Mannheim
1046:Bruchsal
919:Florence
678:against
661:Freiherr
565:Burgundy
561:Bernhard
524:Creation
496:and the
478:Rodalben
434:Gemünden
422:Trarbach
382:Hunsrück
331:Mahlberg
304:de facto
281:Illingen
273:Beinheim
265:Alsatian
187:Rodalben
168:Sponheim
98:Catholic
2442:, p. 9.
2274:zentner
2177:0.3801
2138:Ortenau
2117:guilder
2081:coinage
2012:style.
1970:weavers
1935:tobacco
1923:alfalfa
1903:lentils
1897:, then
1861:Economy
1734:Judaism
1699:beatify
1691:confess
1672:miracle
1623:Jesuits
1519:torture
1429:Austria
1409:Denmark
1405:England
1401:Prussia
1356:Ortenau
1314:Rathaus
1034:guilder
1030:Rastatt
988:Sibylle
984:Bohemia
824:William
818:at the
796:William
759:alchemy
703:Jesuits
676:Hungary
645:regency
510:Baroque
506:Sibylle
490:Bavaria
484:History
354:Durbach
296:Murgtal
285:exclave
283:was an
196:Swabian
122:baroque
114:Rastatt
83:Moselle
57:was an
2852:
2834:
2819:
2804:
2789:
2774:
2756:
2284:, 416
2282:pounds
2232:fuders
2204:malter
2200:sester
2121:batzen
2119:, the
2090:recess
1997:Hörden
1975:guilds
1965:wood.
1961:, and
1959:willow
1955:poplar
1933:, and
1931:squash
1927:clover
1895:barley
1893:, and
1846:Vienna
1535:Speyer
1446:Jesuit
1435:, the
1433:Vienna
1423:; and
1316:, and
1248:, the
1159:French
1086:, the
1048:, and
929:, and
927:Venice
849:Alsace
831:Swedes
747:London
668:Munich
655:, and
633:Speyer
569:Ernest
557:Philip
337:, and
302:, was
277:Malsch
240:, the
92:While
2316:Baden
2239:]
2211:]
2142:Ufgau
2085:Mints
2048:Basel
2036:]
2021:tolls
1995:from
1993:]
1963:alder
1915:linen
1907:beans
1891:spelt
1835:were
1794:]
1750:]
1728:]
1683:]
1609:]
1591:]
1509:]
1486:]
1390:]
1364:Stift
1325:]
1310:]
1299:]
1257:]
1246:]
1223:]
1208:]
1155:Latin
1015:]
980:]
954:Turks
915:Milan
887:Paris
816:Tilly
755:Yburg
352:near
350:]
269:Seltz
234:]
153:]
79:Baden
2850:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2290:lots
2272:The
2149:shoe
2147:The
2111:The
1913:for
1911:flax
1899:peas
1887:oats
1779:Bühl
1711:and
1668:mute
1650:and
1625:and
1407:and
1172:and
1116:and
923:Rome
911:Genf
611:The
504:and
460:and
440:und
420:und
406:Dill
392:and
358:Kehl
327:Lahr
311:Bühl
271:and
87:Nahe
85:and
53:The
2059:in
2050:to
1883:rye
1662:to
1533:in
1427:of
1263:at
1180:of
982:in
701:by
631:in
368:of
248:of
217:to
185:in
2866::
2844::
2766::
2663::
2629:,
2237:de
2209:de
2083:.
2034:de
1991:de
1957:,
1929:,
1925:,
1921:,
1905:,
1901:,
1889:,
1885:,
1817:,
1792:de
1770:.
1748:de
1726:de
1693:.
1681:de
1607:de
1589:de
1507:de
1484:de
1419:,
1415:;
1403:,
1388:de
1323:de
1312:,
1308:de
1297:de
1255:de
1244:de
1237:,
1221:de
1206:de
1112:,
1060:.
1044:,
1013:de
978:de
925:,
921:,
917:,
913:,
718:.
651:,
647:.
596:.
543:.
480:.
456:,
444:.
436:,
432:,
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
372:.
360:,
348:de
333:,
252:.
232:de
205:.
151:de
89:.
2856:.
2838:.
2823:.
2808:.
2793:.
2778:.
2760:.
1752:.
174:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
