67:
498:
2257:, who made a considerable effort to avoid having too-powerful vassals with a big contiguous territory and a strong local power base; the needs of fighting the Welsh and Scots made it necessary to have exactly this kind of vassal in the Marches, who did develop their territorial ambitions (for example those of
679:
to extend their territories southward, leading to the establishment of the
Christian kingdoms that would become unified Spain in the fifteenth century. The Crusaders created new and perilous borders susceptible to holy war against the Saracens; they thus had use for such border marches as the Greek
965:
By the 19th century, the sovereigns in
Germany, Italy and Austria had all adopted "higher" titles, and not a single sovereign margraviate remained. Although the title remained part of the official style of such monarchs as the German Emperors, Kings of Saxony ,and Grand Dukes of Baden, it fell into
617:
The margrave thus usually came to exercise commensurately greater politico-military power than other noblemen. The margrave maintained the greater armed forces and fortifications required for repelling invasion, which increased his political strength and independence relative to the monarch.
2453:
was a position given to officials or generals who were trusted by the king and that had land, villages, and towns in far reaches of the empire. In return for their position and privilege to collect taxes, they were responsible for defending the empire from foreign
1000:
crown in 1806, simultaneously according to the princely title to the dynastic sons of his first marriage. However, from 1817 his male-line descendants of both marriages were internationally recognised as entitled to the princely prefix, which all used henceforth.
2288:
They had feudal privileges and kept all of the crown's income from the fief to use for the defence of the realm's eastern border. Its fiefholders were (almost always) descended from, or married to, the noble family of
429:
609:
The greater exposure of a border province to military invasion mandated that the margrave be provided with military forces and autonomy of action (political as well as military) greater than those accorded other
988:
from 1796, and were not officially elevated to the title of margrave until 1817 when they were publicly de-morganitised. But their father had allowed its use for his morganatic children at his own
422:
618:
Moreover, a margrave might expand his sovereign's realm by conquering additional territory, sometimes more than he might retain as a personal domain, thus allowing him to endow his
614:
of the realm. As a military governor, the margrave's authority often extended over a territory larger than the province proper, because of border expansion after royal wars.
415:
803:
in Latin, the "eastern borderland", as (originally roughly the present Lower-) Austria formed the easternmost reach of the Holy Roman Empire, extending to the lands of the
691:, marches began to lose their primary military importance; but the entrenched families who held the office of margrave gradually converted their marches into hereditary
2706:
1073:
ranked below its nation's equivalent of "duke" (Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Scandinavia, Spain) or of "prince" (Belgium, Italy), but above "count" or "earl".
606:
or other lord) whose lands were on the march of the kingdom or empire was likely to be appointed a margrave and given greater responsibility for securing the border.
2493:
era, was the military commander and imperial governor of a region at the brink of the controlled territories, not an aristocratic lord in his own (hereditary) right.
1092:
in French). In
Germany and Austria, where titles were borne by all descendants in the male line of the original grantee, men and women alike, each daughter was a
2711:
2572:
2416:(meaning 'march of the Danes', in the sense of border area, yet never under a Margrave but the Danish national kingdom, outside the Holy Roman Empire).
970:
2352:
also has other meanings than the margrave's territorial border area, often with a territorial component, which occurs more numerously than
1119:, the latter being the English term for a Continental noble of rank equivalent to a British marquess. In languages which sometimes use
2674:
2640:
2610:
1021:
749:
462:
1029:
505:
2726:
622:
with lands and resources in return for their loyalty to him; the consequent wealth and power might allow the establishment of a
56:
2464:
733:
2731:
930:
862:
The title of margrave, no longer a military office, evolved into a rank in the Holy Roman Empire's nobility; higher than
2701:
793:
monopoly on election to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. They also inherited several, mainly
Eastern European and
2656:
1028:
is used as a title of pretence by the claimant to the
Kingdom of Saxony since the death in exile of its last monarch,
978:
942:
570:". As a noun and hereditary title, "margrave" was common among the languages of Europe, such as Spanish and Polish.
759:
2372:, which means a partially self-governing association of agricultural users of an area; the German name-component
38:
31:
681:
2328:
950:
934:
741:
466:
66:
780:
659:) are notable exceptions. The Spanish March was most important during the early stages of the peninsular
2254:
765:
449:
title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the
1013:
489:) were absorbed into larger realms or the titleholders adopted titles indicative of full sovereignty.
2490:
1041:
named after this title. She fought in WWI and was interned and scuttled at Scapa Flow after the war.
922:
756:, the non-hereditary Emperor whenever death or abdication created a vacancy on the Imperial throne.
356:
752:, the main prerogative of which was the right to elect, along with a few other powerful princes and
497:
2716:
2187:
1982:
1849:
1816:
974:
926:
881:
851:
779:
Another original march also developed into one of the most powerful states in
Central Europe: the
748:
of the Empire. Possession of an electorate carried membership in the highest "college" within the
737:
580:
1884:
1625:
1592:
1017:
946:
769:
730:
724:
720:
632:
2661:
2541:
941:
jurisdiction associated in modern Europe with the margrave, while some non-ruling nobles (e.g.,
2602:
2596:
2670:
2666:
2636:
2606:
2507:
2356:; so its occurrence in composite place names does not necessarily imply that it was part of a
2241:
2015:
1679:
1448:
1272:
1194:
820:
784:
636:
587:
547:
470:
450:
403:
48:
2458:
2224:
2154:
2121:
2088:
2032:
1917:
1783:
1646:
1469:
1251:
1218:
688:
315:
179:
911:
was the
Emperor, received from him the title of margrave, usually translated in Italian as
2721:
2536:
2420:
2246:
2232:
2067:
1949:
1727:
1523:
1502:
1338:
1177:
838:
650:
501:
372:
81:
2566:
2511:
2409:
2273:
1544:
1359:
1305:
983:
875:
773:
745:
708:
232:
206:
167:
2249:). The Marcher Lords were a conspicuous exception to the general structure of English
2211:
Several states have had analogous institutions, sometimes also rendered in
English as
2695:
2561:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2220:
832:
398:
134:
129:
124:
1053:, also introduced in countries that never had any margraviates, such as the British
854:
eventually became, respectively, the kings of (originally 'in') Prussia and Saxony.
2318:
2228:
1037:
826:
567:
227:
191:
139:
114:
109:
2440:
2332:
989:
662:
640:
591:
584:
446:
2461:
had a number of fortified passes in the mountainous frontier districts called
2300:
997:
953:) retained use of the margravial title but held the non-sovereign status of a
908:
674:
146:
2292:
2592:
2474:
2399:
2250:
1415:
1144:
1009:
993:
871:
704:
656:
563:
458:
393:
289:
284:
274:
258:
93:
17:
594:
border province. Because the territorial integrity of the borders of the
2531:
2448:
2393:
2313:
is an example of a town whose name comes from a margrave. Located in the
2281:
1930:
1054:
899:
794:
714:
668:
644:
454:
377:
320:
299:
279:
269:
217:
174:
151:
2576:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 705.
1035:
In 1914, the
Imperial German Navy commissioned a dreadnought battleship
631:
Most marches and their margraves arose along the eastern borders of the
461:
families in the Empire and the title came to be borne by rulers of some
2515:
2426:
2413:
2314:
2258:
2236:
1050:
938:
912:
804:
753:
388:
351:
346:
237:
76:
2485:
2338:
619:
599:
367:
341:
325:
294:
196:
162:
1049:
The etymological heir of the margrave in Europe's nobilities is the
830:
2235:, expected to help him defend and expand his realm. Such a lord's
1762:
966:
desuetude as the primary title of members of any reigning family.
808:
696:
603:
595:
559:
496:
330:
310:
248:
870:(count), it was equivalent to such associated compound titles as
2366:
in German names are commonly more local, as in the context of a
2216:
893:
865:
700:
692:
611:
553:
253:
201:
186:
104:
88:
2565:
829:, though medieval documents attest only to the vernacular name
2635:. France: Laballery. pp. 108, 113–114, 120–121, 141–142.
2631:
Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. (1991).
2503:
2478:
2462:
598:
of a king or emperor was essential to national security, the
907:
A few nobles in southern
Austria and northern Italy, whose
534:) is the English and French form of the German noble title
1057:; their languages may use one or two words, e.g. French
27:
Military and noble title in medieval Europe (1204–1806)
1111:is translated below in languages which distinguish
772:and the springboard to their eventual accession as
643:on the Atlantic Ocean and the border of peninsular
473:). Thereafter, those domains (originally known as
2483:who controlled access to inner lands. However an
2473:, particularly along its eastern border with the
2408:'. The non-margravial origin even applies to the
797:, principalities. Austria was originally called
465:until the abolition of the Empire in 1806 (e.g.,
2192:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1127:, that fact is indicated below in parentheses):
723:of states under the nominal overlordship of the
1908:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1637:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
37:"Markgraf" redirects here. For other uses, see
2601:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. pp.
2521:The wife of a Margrave is called a Margravine.
2020:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1460:
1453:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1205:
1199:
981:, only legally shared their mother's title of
2497:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2298:
2290:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2037:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1263:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
916:
660:
457:. That position became hereditary in certain
423:
8:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2347:
2336:
2322:
2308:
2079:
2072:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1535:
1528:
1514:
1507:
1350:
1343:
1182:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1064:
1058:
921:): those who reigned as virtual sovereigns (
897:
887:
879:
863:
842:
818:
757:
712:
672:
667:of Iberia: ambitious margraves based in the
574:
551:
541:
535:
523:Etymologically, the word "margrave" (Latin:
1774:
1767:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
812:
798:
788:
699:. In an evolution similar to the rises of
648:
623:
550:" or "mark", that is, borderland, added to
2335:. It has since been renamed to the Polish
1129:
628:near-independent principality of his own.
430:
416:
43:
2665:. London: Burke's Peerage, Ltd. pp.
2626:
2624:
2622:
719:(ruling princes), these margraves became
687:As territorial borders stabilised in the
671:took advantage of the disarray in Muslim
579:(margrave) originally functioned as the
2707:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
2598:Titles: How the King Became His Majesty
2553:
2518:, is also often rendered as "margrave".
55:
2587:
2585:
2583:
971:Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
7:
2402:, meaning 'market town on the river
937:) exercised authority closer to the
59:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
1923:
1183:
979:Luise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg
896:) and even, officially, lower than
2712:Margraves of the Holy Roman Empire
2496:The Turkish title and position of
2384:'market', as in the small town of
655:on the Muslim frontier (including
25:
2662:Burke's Guide to the Royal Family
850:The margraves of Brandenburg and
2378:can also be a truncated form of
2284:, did, in practice, function as
837:). Another march in southeast,
721:substantially independent rulers
695:, comparable in all but name to
506:Leopold III, Margrave of Austria
207:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
65:
2633:L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VI
510:
2447:
1:
528:
2657:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh
2479:
2463:
2268:commanders, fiefholders, of
2215:. For example, on England's
1076:The wife of a margrave is a
192:Crown prince, Crown princess
2439:
2433:
2425:
2276:), the bulwark of the then-
1937:
1929:
1753:
1739:
1718:
1705:
1691:
1583:
1569:
1556:
1206:
996:from his assumption of the
673:
2748:
1030:King Fredrick Augustus III
886:, yet remained lower than
764:became the nucleus of the
36:
29:
2489:in the late Roman, early
2404:
2392:
2386:
2337:
2323:
2309:
2299:
2291:
2052:
2038:
1869:
1855:
1747:
1733:
1712:
1699:
1685:
1577:
1563:
1550:
1264:
1257:
1200:
1139:Equivalent of margravine
811:(since the 19th century,
147:Grand duke, Grand duchess
39:Markgraf (disambiguation)
32:Margrave (disambiguation)
2280:, at the border against
1012:only by the head of the
682:Margraviate of Bodonitsa
2573:Encyclopædia Britannica
2329:Albert, Duke of Prussia
2327:was founded in 1560 by
1016:since the death of the
831:
817:has been translated as
742:Margrave of Brandenburg
467:Margrave of Brandenburg
463:Imperial principalities
57:Imperial, royal, noble,
2508:early Turkish Anatolia
2498:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2348:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2073:
2058:
2044:
2021:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1875:
1861:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1768:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1536:
1529:
1515:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1136:Equivalent of margrave
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1065:
1059:
917:
898:
888:
880:
864:
843:
819:
813:
799:
789:
781:Margraviate of Austria
758:
713:
661:
649:
624:
575:
566:to the English title "
552:
542:
536:
524:
520:
394:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
2255:William the Conqueror
2245:(compare the English
1754:byeon-gyeongbaegbu-in
1024:, in 1928. Likewise,
1020:reigning Grand Duke,
927:Marquis of Montferrat
766:House of Hohenzollern
500:
270:Viscount, Viscountess
218:Marquess, Marchioness
152:Archduke, Archduchess
94:High king, High queen
2732:Margraves of Germany
2491:Eastern Roman Empire
2231:were vassals of the
1008:has been borne as a
935:Marquis of Fosdinovo
280:Burgrave, Burgravine
223:Margrave, Margravine
30:For other uses, see
2727:Men's social titles
2702:German noble titles
2477:, each headed by a
2412:and the country of
1026:Margrave of Meissen
841:, still appears as
787:, rose to obtain a
783:. Its rulers, the
738:Golden Bull of 1356
445:was originally the
347:Baronet, Baronetess
2437:means border, and
2369:Markgenossenschaft
1098:as each son was a
1014:House of Zähringen
931:Marquis of Saluzzo
814:Marchia Orientalis
800:Marchia Orientalis
770:Kingdom of Prussia
731:Holy Roman Emperor
725:Holy Roman Emperor
635:and the successor
633:Carolingian Empire
562:"); it is related
521:
2360:as such. Uses of
2203:
2202:
1010:title of pretence
1006:Margrave of Baden
923:Marquis of Mantua
847:in German today.
785:House of Habsburg
637:Holy Roman Empire
581:military governor
518:
517:LEVPOLDVS MARCHIO
471:Margrave of Baden
451:Holy Roman Empire
440:
439:
404:Lord of the Manor
368:Knight, Chevalier
16:(Redirected from
2739:
2681:
2680:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2589:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2567:"Margrave"
2558:
2514:conquest of the
2501:
2482:
2468:
2459:Byzantine Empire
2452:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2421:Sassanid Persian
2407:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2351:
2346:The German word
2342:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2272:in Finland (see
2225:Scottish Marches
2196:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2024:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1778:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1740:byeon-gyeongbaeg
1736:
1735:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1706:henkyō hakufujin
1702:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1641:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1532:
1518:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1130:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1071:margrave/marquis
1068:
1062:
969:The children of
920:
903:
891:
885:
882:Gefürsteter Graf
869:
846:
836:
824:
816:
802:
792:
763:
760:Mark Brandenburg
718:
689:late Middle Ages
678:
666:
654:
627:
578:
557:
545:
539:
533:
530:
516:
514:
513: 1095–1136
512:
432:
425:
418:
77:Emperor, Empress
69:
44:
21:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2542:Markgräflerland
2537:List of marches
2528:
2510:and during the
2445:means lord) or
2247:county palatine
2233:King of England
2208:
1710:
1561:
1086:in German, but
1047:
973:by his second,
963:
860:
774:German Emperors
740:recognized the
709:counts palatine
651:Marca Hispanica
531:
515:), with legend
509:
495:
436:
373:Imperial Knight
311:Baron, Baroness
249:Count, Countess
58:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:External links
2686:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2648:
2641:
2618:
2611:
2579:
2564:, ed. (1911).
2562:Chisholm, Hugh
2552:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2494:
2480:kleisourarches
2455:
2417:
2410:County of Mark
2344:
2331:, Margrave of
2306:
2274:Fief of Viborg
2262:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1719:henkyō haku-hi
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1046:
1043:
984:Imperial Count
962:
959:
859:
856:
494:
491:
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
233:Count palatine
230:
225:
220:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
183:
182:
172:
171:
170:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
119:
118:
117:
112:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
85:
84:
71:
70:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2678:
2676:0-220-66222-3
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2642:2-901138-06-3
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:1-56619-085-1
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:Swedish realm
2275:
2271:
2270:Viborg Castle
2267:
2266:late-medieval
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:as set up by
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:was called a
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:Marcher Lords
2226:
2222:
2221:Welsh Marches
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:mejna grofica
2105:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:markgreifynja
1636:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1489:rajakreivitär
1486:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:markkrahvinna
1459:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:to translate
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:The title of
1105:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:The title of
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
985:
980:
976:
972:
967:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
905:
902:
901:
895:
890:
884:
883:
877:
873:
868:
867:
857:
855:
853:
848:
845:
840:
835:
834:
828:
827:Germanophones
823:
822:
815:
810:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
761:
755:
751:
750:Imperial Diet
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
726:
722:
717:
716:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
684:(1204–1414).
683:
677:
676:
670:
665:
664:
658:
653:
652:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
621:
615:
613:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
582:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
555:
549:
544:
538:
526:
507:
503:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
411:
410:
405:
402:
400:
399:Ministerialis
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Duke, Duchess
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
169:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
92:
90:
89:Tsar, Tsarina
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2660:
2651:
2632:
2597:
2571:
2556:
2506:"), used in
2484:
2470:
2423:position of
2357:
2354:margraviates
2353:
2319:East Prussia
2285:
2240:
2212:
2174:markgrevinna
1904:markgrevinne
1836:markgrafienė
1803:markgrāfiene
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1352:markgrevinde
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1048:
1045:Translations
1038:SMS Markgraf
1036:
1034:
1025:
1022:Frederick II
1005:
1003:
986:von Hochberg
982:
968:
964:
954:
906:
861:
849:
778:
729:
686:
630:
616:
608:
572:
568:Marcher Lord
564:semantically
522:
486:
483:margraviates
482:
478:
474:
442:
441:
228:Marcher lord
222:
2502:("frontier
2358:margraviate
2333:Brandenburg
2324:Marggrabowa
2310:Marggrabowa
2059:markgrofica
2053:маркгрофица
1876:markgrofica
1870:маркгрофица
1692:henkyō haku
1495:markiisitar
1409:marchioness
1325:markraběnka
1292:markgrofica
1238:marcgravina
1032:, in 1932.
998:grand ducal
947:Pallavicini
663:Reconquista
641:Breton Mark
602:(whether a
585:Carolingian
558:, meaning "
546:, meaning "
532: 1551
487:margravates
481:, later as
18:Margraviate
2717:Marquesses
2696:Categories
2593:Pine, L.G.
2548:References
2471:kleisarchy
2454:intrusion.
2317:region of
2305:in Sweden.
2286:margraves.
2206:Variations
2188:Vietnamese
2180:markisinna
2141:margravina
2095:mejni grof
2081:markgrófka
2002:margravina
1983:Portuguese
1969:margrabina
1850:Macedonian
1823:markgrafas
1817:Lithuanian
1632:markgreifi
1537:Markgräfin
1476:rajakreivi
1435:margrafino
1405:margravine
1379:markgravin
1164:markgravin
1095:Markgräfin
1083:Markgräfin
1078:margravine
975:morganatic
844:Steiermark
833:Ostarrîchi
795:Burgundian
734:Charles IV
705:landgraves
675:Al-Andalus
378:Druzhinnik
2475:Caliphate
2465:kleisoura
2400:Thuringia
2251:feudalism
2219:borders (
2161:markgreve
1956:margrabia
1891:markgreve
1885:Norwegian
1790:markgrāfs
1666:margravia
1653:margravio
1626:Icelandic
1593:Hungarian
1570:markḗsios
1564:µαρκήσιος
1557:margrávos
1551:µαργράβος
1455:markkrahv
1441:markizino
1416:Esperanto
1385:markiezin
1366:markgraaf
1345:markgreve
1225:marcgravi
1170:markiesin
1151:markgraaf
1145:Afrikaans
994:Karlsruhe
876:Palsgrave
872:Landgrave
776:in 1871.
768:'s later
657:Catalonia
290:Advocatus
285:Landgrave
275:Castellan
259:Ealdorman
2659:(1972).
2595:(1992).
2532:Burgrave
2526:See also
2449:Kanarang
2398:area of
2394:Eisenach
2387:Marksuhl
2315:Masurian
2282:Novgorod
2213:margrave
2147:marquesa
2128:margrave
2074:markgróf
2045:markgrof
2039:маркгроф
2016:Romanian
2008:marquesa
1989:margrave
1931:marzoban
1862:markgrof
1856:маркгроф
1829:markizas
1680:Japanese
1672:marchesa
1659:marchese
1612:őrgrófnő
1584:markēsía
1578:µαρκησία
1530:Markgraf
1516:Marquise
1482:markiisi
1449:Estonian
1422:margrafo
1400:marquess
1396:margrave
1312:markrabě
1279:markgrof
1273:Croatian
1244:marquesa
1195:Armenian
1133:Language
1125:margrave
1113:margrave
1109:margrave
1101:Markgraf
1089:margrave
1060:margrave
1055:marquess
939:dynastic
918:marchese
909:suzerain
825:by some
807:and the
790:de facto
754:prelates
669:Pyrenees
647:and the
645:Brittany
625:de facto
592:medieval
576:Markgraf
537:Markgraf
447:medieval
443:Margrave
321:Lendmann
300:Starosta
175:Princess
49:a series
47:Part of
2667:254–255
2516:Balkans
2512:Ottoman
2499:uç beyi
2427:marzban
2414:Denmark
2390:in the
2301:Småland
2259:Chester
2237:demesne
2155:Swedish
2134:marqués
2122:Spanish
2114:markiza
2089:Slovene
2033:Serbian
2022:margraf
1995:marquês
1975:markiza
1938:marzbān
1918:Persian
1910:markise
1842:markizė
1809:marķīze
1796:marķīzs
1784:Latvian
1776:marcisa
1769:marchio
1647:Italian
1618:márkinő
1509:Marquis
1470:Finnish
1428:markizo
1392:English
1372:markies
1331:markýza
1298:markiza
1252:Chinese
1231:marquès
1219:Catalan
1207:marzpet
1201:մարզպետ
1157:markies
1121:marquis
1117:marquis
1066:marquis
1051:marquis
955:marquis
913:marquis
852:Meissen
821:Ostmark
805:Magyars
746:elector
715:Fürsten
697:duchies
639:. The
620:vassals
525:marchio
493:History
479:marches
455:kingdom
389:Esquire
352:Fidalgo
238:Voivode
180:consort
168:consort
135:dowager
130:consort
125:regnant
115:dowager
110:consort
82:dowager
2722:Counts
2673:
2639:
2609:
2486:Exarch
2339:Olecko
2217:Celtic
2167:markis
2101:markiz
2068:Slovak
1962:markiz
1950:Polish
1924:مرزبان
1728:Korean
1599:őrgróf
1524:German
1503:French
1339:Danish
1318:markýz
1285:markiz
1184:مرزبان
1178:Arabic
1069:. The
977:wife,
951:Piatti
943:Burgau
889:Herzog
878:, and
839:Styria
744:as an
711:, and
600:vassal
459:feudal
357:Nobile
342:Ritter
326:Primor
295:Vidame
197:Herzog
163:Prince
140:mother
121:Queen
2603:68–69
2381:Markt
2297:from
2242:march
1897:marki
1763:Latin
1748:변경백부인
1700:辺境伯夫人
1605:márki
1545:Greek
1360:Dutch
1306:Czech
1115:from
990:court
961:Usage
900:Fürst
809:Slavs
701:dukes
693:fiefs
612:lords
604:count
596:realm
588:march
583:of a
560:Count
548:march
475:marks
453:or a
331:Boyar
316:Thane
2671:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2504:lord
2457:The
2434:marz
2419:The
2405:Suhl
2375:Mark
2363:Mark
2349:Mark
2293:Bååt
2264:The
2223:and
1713:辺境伯妃
1018:last
894:duke
866:Graf
858:Rank
590:, a
554:Graf
543:Mark
502:Seal
254:Earl
202:Jarl
105:King
2469:or
2441:ban
2227:),
2194:hầu
1935:or
1734:변경백
1709:) /
1686:辺境伯
1560:) /
1063:or
992:in
736:'s
504:of
485:or
477:or
2698::
2669:.
2621:^
2605:.
2582:^
2570:.
2321:,
2261:).
2199:–
2177:/
2164:/
2144:/
2131:/
2111:/
2098:/
2062:)
2027:–
2005:/
1992:/
1972:/
1959:/
1944:–
1907:/
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