248:. There were others in Radó's team of radio operators. Bolli, when she joined, became the third or fourth member of an existing group. It was probably one of these, Edmond Hamel (cover name "Eduard") who obtained the necessary components from - somewhere - and assembled the radio transmitter without knowing who it was for, and Alexander Foote (cover name "Jim") who installed it in her apartment. Edmond Hamel and his wife Olga (cover name "Maud") were already using a similar device in their own homebase, a "luxury villa" on the edge of the city. Positioning the antenna so that it would not be detected, but nevertheless provide a sufficiently powerful signal, was a particular challenge. Radó and his team evidently had access, between them, to the necessary expertise. Evidently Radó was well pleased with the quality of Bolli's work. Her monthly salary was increased to 600
244:. The move was prompted by her father's fears of her being caught up in a police search if she remained in Lausanne. In Geneva she was to work as the fourth (or, by some criteria, third) member of a group of radio operators under the direction of Sándor Radó], who was working at the time under the code name of "Albert". Bolli was using cover name, "Rosa". Between October 1942 and March 1943 her work involved receiving and passing on encrypted messages. Her workplace became a one-room city-centre apartment in a block at "rue Henri Mussard 8", close to the lake. Her working hours were "principally at night". Other sources are more specific, stating that she transmitted three times per week night for up to one hour, between midnight and one in the morning. She used a radio transmitter provided by Radó, which was concealed within the casing of a portable
437:), produced in 1993, made the story of Bolli's "illegal activities" between 1941 and 1943 (and of her subsequent fate) accessible to a new generation. The film includes interview material with the protagonist, who by the time it was made was the only member of Sándor Radó's little group of communications experts still alive. Nevertheless, in the assessment of at least one reviewer, Margarete Schatz comes across in the film as cautious in her answers the interviewer's questions, apparently not fully recovered from "the shock she had suffered through her persecution from the Swiss authorities", and resolutely still determined, forty years later, to recover some level of lost "bourgeois normality". One reviewer criticises the reluctance of
294:
month. Bolli had become aware some weeks earlier that her apartment was under surveillance; and she had asked Radó to remove the transmitter and its "portable gramophone" disguise casing. At the time of her arrest the transmitter had already been removed, but other pieces of tell-tale evidence - notably a set of headphones for the radio - were still in the apartment. It was believed by cell members that the Swiss authorities had almost certainly been alerted to their activities by
285:, both for encryption and for decoding. Sources differ as to whether Bolli told Peters that the novel was being used in this way, or whether she remained totally unaware that Peters had somehow worked out the book's significance in the context of her secret work. It seems unlikely, in any case, that she was aware at the time that her "antifascist" lover was in frequent contact with Hermann Henseler, an apparently low-level consular worker at the German consulate in Geneva.
356:. Eventually Bolli faced trial alongside Alexander Foote and two fellow foot soldier members from Radó's Geneva-based cell of information sharers before a Swiss military tribunal and was convicted, in 1947, on a charge that she had undertaken intelligence work against foreign states. The matter had become caught up in post-war international politics, and despite a widespread perception, based on overwhelming evidence, that Radó (and thereby his group) had been working for
314:, presenting an obvious threat to Swiss neutrality. The Swiss government knew from their own intelligence sources that at the start of 1943, Hitler had ordered his generals to draw up a plan for the invasion of Switzerland. Commentators with the benefit of hindsight can assert with confidence that those plans should not have been taken too seriously, but it is not clear that
273:. This was the section concerned with counter-intelligence. Within the intelligence services, Hans Peters was identified by the code name "Romeo". Some sources indicate that his initial meeting up with Bolli was a lucky happenstance. Elsewhere it is indicated that he was on a clearly defined mission which involved targeting Alexander Radó's little "
360:, the Soviet authorities now communicated to the Swiss their concern that the group's information sharing (presumably in the context of their transmissions having been intercepted and decoded by German intelligence) had been to the detriment of the Soviet cause. Bolli was sentenced with a ten month jail term and a fine of 500
834:
Récits d'antan, histoires d'aujourd'hui .... 14 octobre 1943, 2 h du matin. Dans le jardin d’une villa située à la route de
Florissant, à quelques pas de l’actuel Restaurant du Vallon, un étrange manège se déroule. Dans la villa, tout le monde semble dormir. Seule une faible lumière éclaire l’une des
293:
When Peters and Bolli were arrested, it was the Swiss security services who came for them. They were in the apartment together when the counter-intelligence officers arrived on 13 October 1943. The Swiss police had been looking for the three transmitter locations in Geneva and
Lausanne for around a
387:
interceded on her behalf with his own contacts inside Swiss intelligence service that she remained at liberty. The two explanations are not, of course, mutually exclusive. Freedom remained conditional, to the extent that right up till the 1970s, Margareta Schatz (as she had become known following
182:, where she was working at the time as a cashier at the "Restaurant Stäffen". An English-language source identifies Bolli at this time as "a twenty-two-year-old Swiss Communist from Basel" and states that Sándor Radó made his approaches to Bolli on the recommendation of the (since 1940, illegal)
280:
According to one source, Peters stole an unencrypted message in Bolli's apartment as early as 16 March 1943, from which decoders in Berlin were soon able to decipher all the messages (which they were already intercepting) that Bolli (and other cell members) were transmitting to (as it turned out)
232:
and encryption techniques. Bolli was an enthusiastic and attentive student. Comrades were reassured, both by her evident commitment to the cause and by her father's political record, that she could be trusted. Her skills were quickly brought up to standard, and Radó agreed to pay her a monthly
260:
broke out in
Germany, he explained, because he was an antifascist. If, as some supposed, Bolli was still sharing her bed with Radó, the arrangement now came to an end. Hans Peters became the grand love of Margrit Bolli's life. However, Hans Peters turned out to be not as he seemed. He had in
252:, plus an allowance to cover repair expenses for the equipment and living costs. It was significantly more than she could have earned as an out-of-work dancer taking work as a waitress, though Bolli's driving motivation, in the view of commentators, was not based on the money she was receiving.
637:
Zum erstenmal hat ein kommunistischer
Agentenchef über seine konspirative Arbeit im Westen berichtet: Der ungarische Geographie-Professor Sándor Radó enthüllt Erfolge und Mißerfolge seiner Spionage-Organisation, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg von der Schweiz aus Hitlers Militär- und Staatsapparat
190:
and perfect her touch-typing skills. (As a young woman with an
Italian father living in Basel, she was presumably already fluent in Italian and German.) In the words of one source Bolli also, for some time "satisfied amorous needs". A little later Bolli relocated to
441:(who in addition to her role as film-maker, also stars in the film as the interviewer), to probe more deeply in response to some of Schatz's non-committal explanations. He also notes that the film's other principal interviewee, the wartime Soviet radio expert known to
142:. The reality was a little more nuanced, but many of the most effective resistance activists were indeed committed communists, and many did maintain close links to Moscow. For this, the work of politically engaged radio operators such as Margrit Bolli was vital.
522:. United States. Central Intelligence Agency & Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America inc. (The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945). pp. 166–167, 181–182, 212, 229 266.
255:
During the early or middle part of 1943 (sources differ over the relevant dates) Margrit Bolli met Hans Peters, a charming man from
Germany who was living in Geneva, working as a hairdresser. He had stayed in neutral Switzerland after
638:
ausforschen sollte. Die
Geschichte der Radó-Gruppe, vom SPIEGEL mit Hilfe zusätzlicher Dokumente rekonstruiert, widerlegt die These westdeutscher Historiker, Radós Agenten hätten entscheidend zum Sieg der Roten Armee beigetragen
1124:
999:"We have been informed that the following 62 members have crossed the threshold of death. In their remembrance we are providing this information for their friends ... Margarete Schatz Therwil (ch), 13 October 2017"
473:
519:
The Rote
Kapelle .... Digitised 2014. Margaret Bolli's potted biography appears on page 266, which some online search functions may identify as page 286 due pagination misalignment, presumably at digitisation
227:
for his expertise as a radio operator, though in the eyes of admirers he was, in fact, something of an "espionage all-rounder". Foote had been sent to teach
Margrit Bolli his craft. Topics covered included
595:
Der
Artikel versucht eine Annäherung an die Geschichte zum Einsatz des ersten Abhorch- und Peildienstes der Schweizer Armee während des Aktivdienstes mit Blick auf das politische Zeitgeschehen
835:
mansardes. Dans cette pièce, une femme est penchée sur un étrange appareil posé sur une petite table. Il s’agit d’un émetteur ondes courtes qui permet de transmettre des messages en morse
138:. The German authorities, and many commentators following their lead, operated according to the simplifying assumption that the entire "Red Orchestra" was a coherent network directed by
1110:
281:
Moscow. Other sources indicate that Peters only appeared on the scene a few months later. The code used for the messages involved using a novel called "Es begann im September" by
322:
which he led felt able to be so relaxed about the reports received during 1943. The Swiss authorities found themselves under intensified pressure to show a collaborative face to
664:
1357:
158:. She had trained as a dancer, but was not always able to earn enough to live on simply from her dancing. By October 1941 she was working as a waitress at a café in
1117:
329:. Following her arrest, Bolli told the Swiss authorities that she had indeed been working for Radó, because she saw it as a way to fight against
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1367:
527:
552:
The Soviets received vital information from Switzerland during World War II. The spies of the ‘Red Three’ knew exactly what Hitler was up to
972:
1362:
874:
765:
1337:
1332:
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516:
Paul L. Kesaris, ed. (1986). "Personalities of the Rote Kapelle: Margaret Bolli (alias Rosa, aka Schatz-Bolli and Schwarz-Bolli".
1352:
837:. la ville de Chêne-Bougeries (Le Chenois - Organe officiel des communes de Chêne-Bougeries, Chêne-Bourg et Thônex). pp. 6–7
945:
705:
453:, providing a "liberating counterpoint" to Margarete Schatz with her inclination to present herself as a "victim of history".
517:
183:
104:
1214:
892:"Alexande Rado et son réseau ... Comment furent découverts les "trois rouges" ... Les personnes arrêtées gardent le silence"
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298:. It might, indeed, have been thanks to German technology that the transmitters were so precisely and so quickly located.
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186:. Implicitly, their meeting constituted some sort of a recruitment exercise. Radó advised his new comrade to learn
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as "her bail", as a result of which she never served her jail term. Elsewhere it is indicated that it was because
131:
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had worked in parallel with Alexander Radó and, it is generally believed, been involved in passing information to
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199:
from Geneva, where during the early part of 1942 she lived for a time with relatives. Someone else who moved to
124:
178:". According to other sources, it was not in Bern that Radó introduced himself to Bolli but, early in 1942, in
1244:
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796:
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715:. Le comité de rédaction du Pol Cant Info, l'agence Tasmanie et l'imprimerie Corbaz, Lausanne. pp. 6–8
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419:
307:
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115:(15 December 1919 - 13 October 2017) was a Swiss dancer, better known to students of espionage during the
391:
Little more was heard of Margrit Bolli. At some point she married a businessman called Artur Schatz. A
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remains very incomplete. He paid for a guarantee on Bolli's behalf, described in an English-language
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Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century
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348:. Margrit Bolli was represented by Jacques Chamorel, a defence attorney from francophone
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her marriage) was still being required to report regularly to her local police station.
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1078:: Cinema 40 unabhängige Schweizer Filmzeitschrift, Basel. pp. 224–225.
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269:. At the time of his meeting he was on a special mission for Section 3 of
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By the time she died, on 13 October 2017, Margarete Schatz was living at
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588:"Die Funker Kompanie 7 (Fk Kp 7) der Schweizer Armee im II. Weltkrieg"
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La Suisse et la guerre 1933 - 1945 / Werner Rings (discussion/review)
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449:, is conspicuously more willing to celebrate her work on behalf of
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that she was engaged in conversation by a man who turned out to be
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records that in September 1947 the couple were spotted visiting
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since the 1930s. He was also working as a secret agent for the
163:
159:
1106:
946:"Funk- und Spionage in der Schweiz im 2. Weltkrieg (1939-1945)"
399:. There is a further report that in 1956 they were living in
597:. «Historisches Armeematerial Führungsunterstützung (HAMFU),
699:
697:
95:
opposition to German National Socialism and to Hitler's war
713:
Pol Cant Info - Bulletin de la Police cantonale vaudoise
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as organiser of a spy cell known (misleadingly) as "the
154:. Her father was a known anti-fascist, originally from
352:, who would later transfer into national politics as a
93:" activities, driven by her antifascist beliefs and in
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The wheels of justice turned slowly: as they did so,
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127:. "Red Orchestra" was the umbrella term used by the
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261:reality, been a member of Switzerland's semi-legal
162:. According to some sources it was at the café in
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85:
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53:
31:
21:
797:"Politisches Kino par Excellance: Heidi Specogna"
923:Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse (DHS), Bern
219:. He is frequently identified in sources as a "
663:James Gannon (2001). ""Lucy", Man of Mystery".
1118:
554:. Swiss National Museum / Landesmuseum Zürich
136:anti-(German) government resistance activists
8:
1044:Switzerland, March 1993: Documentary, 85 min
741:. The National Archives, Kew. Archived from
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340:ended. The political climate across Europe
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310:in September 1943, following which Germany
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770:Aus dem Kriegstagebuch eines Sowjet-Spions
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134:to identify a widely dispersed network of
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1358:Female resistance members of World War II
862:1939-1945: Espionnage et guerre secrète
462:
168:Sándor Radó (though he used many names)
827:"Un nid d'espions route de Florissant"
825:Jean Michel Jakobwicz (October 2018).
433:'s documentary film "Deckname: Rosa" (
240:In September 1942 Bolli moved back to
195:, a forty minute train ride along the
150:Margareta/Margaret Bolli was born in
123:", the Swiss branch of the so-called
7:
973:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
764:Alexander Foote (23 February 1954).
673:, Washington D.C. pp. 157–158.
967:Hermann Wichers (27 October 2009).
859:Alain Leclercq (29 November 2018).
735:"Alexander Foote (KV 2/1611-1616)"
704:Jean-Luc Agassis (December 2004).
14:
1006:Anthroposophy Worldwide No. 12/17
979:from the original on 30 July 2019
367:Before 1945 the Swiss journalist
312:poured troops into northern Italy
1010:General Anthroposophical Society
890:Christian Favre (17 July 2008).
277:" group of information sharers.
1068:Deckname: Rosa (Heidi Specogna)
586:Michael Grimmer (29 May 2019).
271:the German Intelligence service
917:Maurice Meylan (29 May 2000).
548:"Secret agents at Lake Geneva"
119:as a radio operator for the "
1:
806:. Kino REX Bern. pp. 7–8
474:"Todesfall: Schatz Margarete"
1368:Swiss people of World War II
1020:). December 2017. p. 23
445:audiences, by this time, as
1215:Maurice Èmile Aenis-Hanslin
1046:. Swiss Films Genève/Zürich
320:Swiss intelligence services
263:National Socialist movement
223:". He was much prized by
1384:
804:REX Filmprogramm März 2020
633:""Werther hat nie gelebt""
418:on its south side, behind
304:surrendered southern Italy
81:Radio operator (espionage)
1363:Red Orchestra (espionage)
1150:Maria Josefovna Poliakova
1338:21st-century Swiss women
1333:20th-century Swiss women
1245:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
766:"»Lucy« Contra Okh"
267:German security services
170:. Radó was working for
1353:People from Basel-Stadt
739:'Rote Drei' agent files
1133:People of the Soviet
1065:Ulrich Wendt (1994).
644:(online). 9 July 1972
308:Anglo-American armies
184:Swiss Communist Party
1195:Selma Gessner–Bührer
283:Grete von Urbanitzky
215:who had grown up in
1298:Henriette Bourgeois
1280:Christian Schneider
1240:Hans Bernd Gisevius
451:Soviet intelligence
373:Soviet intelligence
358:Soviet intelligence
296:German intelligence
225:his Soviet handlers
197:northern lake-shore
172:Soviet intelligence
140:Soviet intelligence
1310:Jean Jaques Spiess
1289:Alexander Abramson
1285:Jean-Pierre Vigier
1255:Jules Humbert-Droz
1175:Rachel Dübendorfer
919:"Jacques Chamorel"
898:. Livres de Guerre
745:on 2 December 2008
435:"Cover name: Rosa"
342:changed completely
331:National Socialism
1320:
1319:
1076:Stroemfeld Verlag
529:978-0-89093-203-2
476:. 16 October 2017
344:, along with the
324:the government in
306:to the advancing
213:Spanish Civil War
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1343:1919 births
1270:Elsa Noffke
1265:Léon Nicole
1220:Len Beurton
1185:Otto Pünter
1165:Helena Radó
925:(in French)
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642:Der Spiegel
447:Ruth Werner
385:Otto Pünter
369:Otto Pünter
69:Switzerland
47:Switzerland
1327:Categories
1210:Olga Hamel
457:References
393:CIA report
381:CIA report
230:Morse code
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420:Binningen
412:Arlesheim
377:war years
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217:Yorkshire
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91:Red Three
23:Venerable
983:11 April
977:Archived
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350:Lausanne
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