Archaeology of Australia - Knowledge (XXG)

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analysis of sea levels has shown that coastlines 40,000 years ago were not as exposed as they were 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. The submergence of the earliest sites of occupation due to rising sea levels has meant that the earliest archaeological signature may in fact represent occupation much later than the initial time of arrival. The difficulty in establishing a date of arrival earlier than 50,000 years has been compounded by the widespread use of radiocarbon dating and the supposed "radiocarbon barrier" which establishes 40,000 years as a limit to which carbon-14 dates can be easily and reliably extracted. This limitation has prompted many archaeologists, including

503:, experiences greater variability between years than it does between the seasons. Such climatic variability makes farming very difficult, especially for incipient farmers who cannot be supported from outside their community. Australian Aboriginal people found that maintaining stable populations below the effective carrying capacity of the environment would enable an adequate supply of food, even in drought years, so maintaining a stable culture. This made 665:. Several states maintain archaeological site inventories as the main management tool. The principle of most forms of archaeological legislation in Australia is to provide blanket protection for all archaeological remains and sites, whether or not they have been recorded, and use a system of permits and consents to control change to those sites. for Aboriginal archaeological sites, there is often a requirement for consultation with 3758: 308:

other cultural features have been attributed to the arrivals. Nevertheless, it now appears that rather than a connection with the Indian pariah dogs, as previously thought, the dingo shows a greater connection to the dogs of East Asia, and the genetic bottleneck through which they passed may have been due to a single pregnant female, introduced through Austronesian connections 5,000 years ago.

164:. However, the suggested date of 60,000 years ago for initial settlement is quite early when compared to other areas of the world. This may suggest that the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations derive from an early African population which migrated along the south coast of Asia, at a much faster rate than other populations migrating across the continents of the 128:

with the environment and the way it impacted on humans. In the late 1970s cultural heritage management gained prominence, with the increasing demands by Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups for representation in archaeological research. At a research level, the focus shifted to cultural change of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through time.

183:. It is theorized that the first Australians crossed the sea between Sahul and Sunda about 60,000 to 40,000 years ago. Other dates have been suggested, and this timeframe is not seen as conclusive. Sunda and Sahul had a permanent water-crossing, meaning that the first Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had to make a crossing on the open sea (see 43: 3769: 378:

Approximately 18,000 to 7,000 years ago, many societies around the world underwent significant change; in particular, this time marks the rise of agriculture in many Neolithic societies. In the Australian context environmental change did not give rise to the development of agriculture but it may have

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confirms that the Aboriginal population separated from the early human stock 70,000 years ago, in Africa or from Oman, and travelled fairly rapidly across south and south eastern Asia to arrive in Australia at least 50,000 years ago, before a second wave travelled into Europe and Asia, receiving some

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and a number of other new dating technologies. Some have proposed dates extending back 100,000 to 120,000 years, but these dates are criticised on technical grounds and are not accepted by most scientists. A recent study by Eske Willesev of the University of Copenhagen, of the genome of an Aboriginal

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With the settlement of Australia, it is most probable that Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people first settled on the northern coast, as this is the area closest to Asia. However, the actual spread of people and the settlement of the continent is debated, with three major models put

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ships lost on the west coast. After Commonwealth legislation was enacted and enforced after 1976 and the states enacted their own legislation, the sub-discipline spread throughout Australia, as a result of on-going funding by both the states and the Commonwealth. While also encompassing the study of

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The degree to which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people on the Australian continent practised agriculture has long been debated by archaeologists. Earlier it was believed that Australian Aboriginal people were ignorant of the principles of agriculture, but this has since been disproven. For

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evidence that the extinction coincided with great environmental change. The high-resolution chronology of the changes supports the hypothesis that human hunting alone eliminated the megafauna, and that the subsequent change in flora was most likely a consequence of the elimination of browsers and an

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Archaeological studies or investigations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and culture in Australia have had many different agendas through time. Initial archaeological investigation was often focused on finding the oldest sites. By the 1970s, archaeological research was also concerned

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in which foragers diversified the types of food sources harvested, broadening their subsistence base outward to include more fish, small game, water fowl, invertebrates likes snails and shellfish, as well as previously ignored or marginal plant sources, would seem to apply to Australian hunters and

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played a part in the disappearance of dozens of species of large-bodied animals formerly inhabiting the continent. Central to this question is a determination of how long humans and the megafauna species coexisted. Many factors have been considered as possible causes of the extinction, ranging from

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was also advocated as proof of an earlier wave of settlers to the continent. Dating of the Kow Swamp material, however, showed that rather than being earlier, it was in fact a lot more recent than the nearby Mungo gracile skeletons that more closely resembled modern Australian Aboriginal and Torres

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There is controversy over where the first Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people originated. Both of the two main theories postulate that the first settlers were fully anatomically modern humans. Asian genetic studies have demonstrated that there are similarities between Australian

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evolved independently in Australia. This is because there have been no species of primate found in Australia, either in the present or in the fossil record. It is therefore assumed that the first settlers of Australia came from outside. At present, the fossil record suggests that the first settlers

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There is significant debate over the date of arrival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people into the Australian continent. Until the 1950s, it was often believed that arrival of the first Aboriginal people was within the last 10,000 years. In the 1950s, the dates were extended to the last

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Currently, archaeological research places great importance on Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's viewpoints on the land and history of Australia. Consideration is given to Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's belief that archaeological sites are not just

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is the study of the past through material remains such as artefacts (i.e. objects), structures (e.g. standing and ruined buildings, fences, roads), features (e.g. ditches, mounds, canals, landfill), and even whole landscapes modified by human activity and their spatial and stratigraphic contexts.

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in Victoria, display some evidence of associations between Aboriginal stone tools and megafauna remains, but do not prove conclusively the overkill theory. Furthermore, the coexistence of Aboriginal populations with the megafauna tends to contradict the overkill hypothesis. These writers suggest

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Earlier anthropologists believed that there were "three waves" of arrival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to Australia, the first being the "negrito" Tasmanian people, who were displaced by "Murrayans", who in turn were considered to be displaced by "Carpentarians". These theories

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The evidence that supports this idea is that sites at approximately the same time (around 4,000 years ago) experienced increased usage. This is supported by increased site numbers, increased artefact density and an expansion into new environments. This evidence better explained as an artefact of

331:—continues as an active debate and is a preoccupation among archaeologists and paleontologists working in the Australian scene. Besides ongoing attempts to refine the dating and extent of the extinction event(s), much research is actively directed towards establishing whether, or to what extent, 307:

For example, on the basis of genomic analysis, it has been found that 400–500 years ago a small band from the Indian sub-continent traveled to northern Australia and contributed to the genome of people living in the north. At that time the appearance of the backed blade tradition, the dingo and

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linking the islands of the Sunda Shelf and the Sahul Continental Shelf with Australia, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and Tasmania. The discovery and use of carbon-14 dating extended the dating to 40,000 years at Lake Mungo, and this was the date most frequently given. However, more recently, the

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Aboriginal people had a good understanding of local ecologies, and harvested many varieties of plants and animals in season. W.E.Roth talks about driving kangaroos into a 3 sided enclosure of nets "with the assistance of numerous beaters". Wallabies and emus were also caught in a similar way.

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Protection and management of archaeology in Australia is controlled by Federal and State Government legislation including the Commonwealth Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984, The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act and the various state

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Consultancy archaeology is primarily driven by development, and so is often at the centre of controversy over ownership of heritage and in particular the conflicting objectives of conservation and development. Aboriginal communities often ascribe a special significance to the places where

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Now far broader in its scope, in some states maritime and underwater archaeology is managed by museums and in others by cultural heritage management units. There are also numerous practitioners in private practice, or acting as consultants. All practitioners operate under the aegis of the

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Bird, M.I.; Turney, C.S.M.; Fifield, L.K.; Jones, R.; Ayliffe, L.K.; Palmer, A.; Cresswell, R.; Robertson, S. (April 2002). "Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila I, Arnhem Land, Australia: implications for sample suitability and stratigraphic integrity".

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Arguably the oldest human remains in Australia, the Lake Mungo 3 skull was given the age of 60,000 years by Gregory Adcock and his researchers. However, this claim has been criticised, largely due to the process used to analyse the skull and the claims regarding the dating and the

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Hamm, Giles; Mitchell, Peter; Arnold, Lee J.; Prideaux, Gavin J.; Questiaux, Daniele; Spooner, Nigel A.; Levchenko, Vladimir A.; Foley, Elizabeth C.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2 November 2016). "Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia".

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found. Most people suggest that the age of the specimen is approximately 40,000 years. Sensitivities to handling Aboriginal remains means that specimens are not available for further research, so reassessment of the date awaits the development of appropriate ethical protocols.

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Sahul is important in that in the past Australia (including Tasmania) was not an isolated continent, but was joined with New Guinea and the Aru Islands. New Guinea and the Aru Islands have also been the focus of archaeological investigations by Australian researchers.

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and other marsupials. This would encourage a more intensive land use than otherwise. But the main reason for the lack of agriculture in Australia is the extreme variability of the climate. Australia is the only continent on Earth, which, as a result of the

405:. Intensification is an idea that posits that change in economic systems of peoples is controlled by social changes. This means that change can occur without an external force such as environmental change. The idea is derived from a 1990s debate about the 1351:

Clarkson, Chris; Smith, Mike; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley A.; Faulkner, Patrick; Manne, Tiina; Hayes, Elspeth; Roberts, Richard G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Carah, Xavier; Lowe, Kelsey M.; Matthews, Jacqueline; Florin, S. Anna (June 2015).

415:), or from factors within the society. The predominant view at the time held that in the case of the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people any social change was largely influenced by external, largely environmental, factors. 638:

From a handful of practitioners in the 1970s, there are now more than 250 commercially based archaeologists in Australia. Again in Victoria, one of the first to establish was du Cros and associates (later absorbed by Biosis Research, renamed

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Maritime archaeology, the first of these sub-disciplines to emerge in Australia, commenced under the aegis of Jeremy Green in the 1970s after concerns were expressed by academics and politicians over the rampant destruction of Dutch and

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Kent Flannery, "Origins and Ecological Effects of Early Domestication in Iran and the Near East," The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, eds. Peter J. Ucko and G.W. Dimbleby (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969),

586:, underwater aviation archaeology is arguably the most recent offshoot of underwater archaeology, having developed its theoretical underpinnings and a substantial corpus of fieldwork, research and publication work in the late 1990s. 299:

were sometimes advocated to disprove the Aboriginal claim to being the indigenous "first peoples", and are no longer accepted by archaeologists. The finding of a robust skeleton with surprisingly so-called "primitive" features at

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are generally held to lie in archaeological investigations by the late William (Bill) Culican at Fossil Beach in Victoria, in Jim Allen's PhD research at Port Essington in the Northern Territory and in Judy Birmingham's work at

470:" plants found growing in unfavourable locations to more favourable spots. There were also a number of plants (particularly seeds and roots) that could have lent themselves to cultivation, and were used in making such foods as 647:

Inc. (AACAI) is the professional body established in 1979 with presently about 50 full members. In New South Wales, companies such as Casey and Lowe and GML have specialised in large scale historical archaeological salvage.

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Strait Islander people. Today it is thought that Aboriginal people throughout the continent are descendants of an original founder population, although this does not completely exclude some contribution from later arrivals.

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Deacon, H.J. (March 1988). "Rhys Jones (ed.). Archaeological research in Kakadu National Park. 317 pages, illustrated. 1985. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publication 13; paperback".

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in the Hunter Valley of NSW. An increasingly important area of Australian historical archaeology studies the interaction between European and other settlers, and Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

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Thorne, Alan; Grün, Rainer; Mortimer, Graham; Spooner, Nigel A.; Simpson, John J.; McCulloch, Malcolm; Taylor, Lois; Curnoe, Darren (June 1999). "Australia's oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton".

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The most extreme theory is that Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were completely responsible for the extinction of these animals through extensive hunting. This theory is largely based on the

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has also always been a technique used by Aboriginal people to open the canopy of closed canopy forests, introducing sunlight to the ground, and prompting germination of a number of foodstuffs known to attract

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was established from the Relics Office in 1975. Historical Archaeology is generally protected by separate legislation, such as the New South Wales Heritage Act 1977, and the various other state counterparts.

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of the Americas, where hunters travelled through the land exterminating megafauna. The overkill hypothesis is largely discredited (and not just in Australia), as there have been no confirmed discoveries of

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Fluctuating colonization in and out of different environmental zones. For example, in plentiful years the population would occupy semi-arid regions, but in drought would move to areas with better resources.

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in Papua New Guinea, from about 10–12,000 years BP (at a time when that island was joined to Australia, suggests crop raising was possible in the Sahul supercontinent when conditions were favourable.

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Because the rivers' power weakened with rising waters, and the creation of many estuaries, the currents flowing into the ocean were slow enough to allow fish to ascend upstream to spawn.

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capsules of the past but a continuation from the past to the present. Therefore, at a research level, significance is placed not only the past but also on the importance of the present.

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Rule, S.; Brook, B. W.; Haberle, S. G.; Turney, C. S. M.; Kershaw, A. P. (23 March 2012). "The Aftermath of Megafaunal Extinction: Ecosystem Transformation in Pleistocene Australia".

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in his 1844 expedition to northwest New South Wales and central Australia reports seeing large haystacks built by Aboriginal people of seed crops. This was located east of Depot Glen

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the rights and interests are possessed under traditional laws and customs that continue to be acknowledged and observed by the relevant Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people;

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Wallaroos were hunted with fire and beaten towards a creek, where they were killed with spears and sticks. Animals were also driven towards set nets and fish traps were common.

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Roberts R.G. (2001), "New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent-Wide Extinction About 46,000 Years Ago" (Science, 8 June 2001: Vol. 292 no. 5523 pp. 1888–1892)

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Miller, Gifford et al (1999), "Pleistocene Extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human Impact on Australian Megafauna" (Science 8 January 1999: Vol. 283 no. 5399 pp. 205–208)

864:(ASHA) founded as the Australian Society for Historical Archaeology in 1970. Its aims were, and still are, to promote the study of historical archaeology in Australia. 1450: 2694: 1175: 1130: 861: 571:(the specialised study of boat and ship construction) are allied sub-disciplines of archaeology as a whole. Often the sites or relics are not inundated, however. 2699: 595:

port-related structures (e.g. jetties, anchorages), lighthouses, moorings, defences etc., initially the focus in maritime archaeology was solely on shipwrecks.

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In mirroring their terrestrial roots, underwater, maritime and nautical archaeology can now include the examination of a wide range of sites ranging from the

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Roberts, Richard G.; Jones, Rhys; Smith, M. A. (May 1990). "Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year-old human occupation site in northern Australia".

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Cultural Heritage Management for archaeological sites is seen in the context of wider heritage issues, and follows the principles set out in the

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contributed to the disappearance of populations of animals made even more vulnerable to depletion through hunting and marginalised grazing.

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archaeological research and conflation of independent events, by environmental factors, large population growth, technological change, or

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The first settlement of Australia is a popular research topic both in archaeology and in the public arena. There is consensus that no

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is archaeology practised in a submerged environment. It encompasses the pre-historic and historic eras, including post-World War II.

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by virtue of those laws and customs, the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people have a connection with the land or waters; and

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The idea of intensification was put forward by a number of archaeologists, but the most prominent in developing the idea was

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Lourandos, Harry; Ross, Anne (1994). "The Great 'Intensification Debate': Its history and place in Australian Archaeology".

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in their studies of early occupation sites. It is argued that 60,000 to 70,000 years best fits the evidence from the

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Flannery, Tim (2002), "The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People." (Grove Press)

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The first settlement of Australia most likely occurred during the last glacial maximum. During this time Australia,

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Coastal dispersal by spreading along the coastline and later entering inland areas, mainly via the major waterways.

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is one of the largest and oldest organisations devoted to furthering archaeology of all types within Australia.

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archaeological legislation such as Victoria's Heritage Act 1995 (covering historical archaeology) and the

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Birds found refuge next to riverbeds in marsh grasses and then proceeded to migrate to different habitats.

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The change in sea levels means that the first settlements located on the coast would have been submerged.

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Staniforth, M., & Nash, M., (eds.) 2006, Underwater Archaeology: Australian Approaches. Springer, NY

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Savolainen, Peter; Leitner, Thomas; Wilton, Alan N.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Lundeberg, Joakim (2004).

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Roth W.E. Food: Its Search, Capture and Preparation: North Queensland Ethnography Bulletin No.3 1901.

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Aboriginal people and whether large social/economic change was caused by environmental factors (see

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who have made a notable contribution to the development of the subject of Australian archaeology.

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Davis G (Nungabana) The Mullunburra: people of the Mulgrave River. Cassowary Publications. 2001

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Quantity and variety of marine life increased drastically as did the number of edible species.

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instance, Australian Aboriginal women in traditional societies often transplanted immature "

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also feature Australian archaeology related topics. Several international journals such as

619:, such as the Aboriginal and Archaeological Relics Preservation Act 1972, in Victoria. The 179:. The south-east Asian continent and islands were also joined as a single land mass called 3509: 3362: 3264: 1984: 1594: 1163: 996: 902: 806: 771: 736: 402: 354: 669:, and they sometimes have a role in approving works that impact on archaeological sites. 210: 115:(after the Second World War). Bridging these sub-disciplines is the important concept of 1935: 1878: 1825: 1706: 1647: 1530: 1478: 1369: 1313: 1270: 1092:

The principal academic journals publishing on Australian archaeology in Australia, are:

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Inc. was founded in 1979 and aims to promote and represent professional archaeologists.

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the native title rights and interests are recognised by the common law of Australia.

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Concentric dispersal through the entire continent through one single "entry" point.

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Hiscock, P. (2008). Archaeology of Ancient Australia, London; New York: Routledge

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Between the Murray and the sea: Aboriginal archaeology in south-eastern Australia

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Conditions became more inviting to marine life offshore in shallow, warm waters.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Archaeology of the dreamtime: the story of prehistoric Australia and its people

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Nash, M., (ed.) 2007. Shipwreck archaeology in Australia. UWA Press, Nedlands

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D.R.Horton, "Red kangaroos: Last of the Australian megafauna" (CSA Illumina)

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Ice Age, based upon falling sea-levels at that period and the existence of

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Remains to be seen: archaeological insights into Australian prehistory

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which establishes a framework for the protection and recognition of

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gatherers. These changes were linked to climatic changes, including

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input from the Aboriginal people who had already made that journey.

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A record in stone: the study of Australia’s flaked stone artefacts

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http://geogenetics.ku.dk/latest-news/aboriginals-get-new-history/

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charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance.

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Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology

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a more sustainable activity on the Australian continent than

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Australian Anthropological Society, Annual Conference 2007

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environmental variables to entirely human-based activity.

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria

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Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologists

1810:McGlone, M. (23 March 2012). "The Hunters Did It". 869:

Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologists

1574: 1572: 683:Native title is formalised under The Commonwealth 645:Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologist 611:Commercial or consulting archaeology (also termed 556:Australasian Underwater Cultural Heritage Database 91:. Archaeology in Australia takes four main forms: 194:The most important early sites in Australia are: 1069:Mulvaney, John and J. Peter White, (eds), 1987. 1026:Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia 849:Professional societies in Australian archaeology 550:Underwater and maritime archaeology in Australia 2192:Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology 1176:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 950: – UNESCO World Heritage Site in Australia 862:Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology 601:Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 156:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 3188: 2214: 971: – Burrup Peninsula in Western Australia 8: 1449:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 97:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 3382: 3195: 3181: 3173: 2892: 2774: 2514: 2378: 2246: 2221: 2207: 2199: 1003:. Revised edition. Marleston: Gecko Books. 87:is a large sub-field in the discipline of 2035:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1953: 1943: 1724: 1714: 1665: 1655: 1419:Devil's Lair : a study in prehistory 1385: 1083:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1052:Holdaway, Simon and Nicola Stern, 2004. 942: – Rock art and archaeological site 917: – Archaeological site in Australia 652:archaeological remains have been found. 67:of all important aspects of the article. 2105:Transforming Economies, Changing States 2080: 2078: 2076: 1204: 254:Controversies in Aboriginal archaeology 249:Australian Aboriginal prehistoric sites 152:, or fully anatomically modern humans. 1442: 1137:Some history-focused journals such as 905: – Place in Queensland, Australia 63:Please consider expanding the lead to 2174:Australian Archaeological Association 1073:. Sydney: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon. 855:Australian Archaeological Association 7: 617:disturbance to archaeological relics 511:farming. Evidence of cultivation at 113:archaeology of the contemporary past 1607:Westaway, Michael; Hiscock, Peter. 1131:Australasian Historical Archaeology 880:Anthropological Society of Victoria 538:historical archaeology in Australia 525:Historical archaeology in Australia 519:Historical archaeology in Australia 327:extinction—generally placed in the 2145:"List of issues History Australia" 2123:Queensland Archaeological Research 1112:Queensland Archaeological Research 1017:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. 884:Archaeological Society of Victoria 25: 1194:History of Indigenous Australians 1189:Australian Aboriginal sacred site 1158:Journal of Archaeological Science 956: – region of South Australia 714:list of Australian archaeologists 708:Notable Australian archaeologists 275:thermoluminescence dating methods 18:Maritime archaeology in Australia 3767: 3757: 3756: 1916:Adcock, G.; et al. (2001). 1630:Pugach, I.; et al. (2013). 1047:Archaeology of ancient Australia 143:human or closely related species 95:archaeology (the archaeology of 41: 29:Australian Archaeology (journal) 1081:A continent of hunter-gatherers 55:may be too short to adequately 2011:10.1080/03122417.1994.11681528 1010:. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. 975:Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park 656:Legal obligations in Australia 621:Victoria Archaeological Survey 279:Human genome diversity project 99:in Australia before and after 65:provide an accessible overview 1: 2033:Continent of Hunter-Gatherers 1421:. Western Australian Museum. 1279:10.1016/s0277-3791(01)00058-0 431:Kent Flannery's model of the 323:The extent and causes of the 34:Archaeological sub-discipline 3341:electrical resistance survey 1784:Biello, D. (22 March 2012). 1378:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.014 1066:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 673:Native title and land rights 663:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 613:cultural heritage management 607:Cultural heritage management 273:and Alan Thorne, to include 117:cultural heritage management 2149:Taylor & Francis Online 201:(55,000 – 60,000 years old) 123:Research and investigations 3811: 3230:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 2031:Lourandos, Harry. (1997). 1987:. Retrieved 9 January 2006 1467:Journal of Human Evolution 1358:Journal of Human Evolution 1259:Quaternary Science Reviews 1062:and Johan Kamminga, 1999. 676: 553: 522: 397:The intensification debate 316:Some researchers, such as 246: 134: 26: 3752: 3311:Philosophy of archaeology 3127: 2895: 2777: 2591:Intelligence and security 2517: 2381: 2249: 1227:10.1017/s0003598x0007366x 782:Sandor (Alexander) Gallus 679:Native title in Australia 433:broad spectrum revolution 421:post-depositional factors 412:Environmental determinism 3795:Archaeology of Australia 1593:21 November 2015 at the 882:formed in 1934, and the 427:The cultivation question 1983:26 January 2014 at the 1887:10.1126/science.1214261 1834:10.1126/science.1220176 1716:10.1073/pnas.0401814101 1657:10.1073/pnas.1211927110 1417:E., Dortch, C. (1984). 1064:Prehistory of Australia 909:Budj Bim heritage areas 712:This is an abbreviated 442:Flandrian transgression 137:Prehistory of Australia 2985:Indigenous Australians 2486:States and territories 1999:Australian Archaeology 1976:Brown, Peter. (2005). 1487:10.1006/jhev.1999.0305 1105:Archaeology in Oceania 1098:Australian Archaeology 1049:. Abingdon: Routledge. 1013:Frankel, David, 2017. 1006:Frankel, David, 1991. 963:Willandra Lakes Region 762:William (Bill) Culican 580:industrial archaeology 561:Underwater archaeology 530:Historical archaeology 482:about 600 km from the 105:historical archaeology 85:Australian archaeology 3321:Archaeological ethics 3316:Archaeological diving 3306:Archaeological theory 2279:Territorial evolution 1945:10.1073/pnas.98.2.537 1636:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 948:Port Arthur, Tasmania 686:Native Title Act 1993 505:hunting and gathering 333:anthropogenic effects 325:Australian megafaunal 27:For the journal, see 3260:Augustus Pitt Rivers 3255:William Henry Holmes 3220:Archaeological sites 2725:Cabinet of Australia 2700:Government ministers 2468:World Heritage Sites 2274:European exploration 932:Kakadu National Park 842:Arthur Dale Trendall 584:aviation archaeology 569:nautical archaeology 565:Maritime archaeology 501:Southern Oscillation 312:Megafauna extinction 109:maritime archaeology 3250:John Lloyd Stephens 3240:Heinrich Schliemann 2797:Gross state product 2119:"About the Journal" 1936:2001PNAS...98..537A 1879:2012Sci...335.1483R 1873:(6075): 1483–1486. 1826:2012Sci...335.1452M 1820:(6075): 1452–1453. 1790:Scientific American 1707:2004PNAS..10112387S 1648:2013PNAS..110.1803P 1539:10.1038/nature20125 1531:2016Natur.539..280H 1479:1999JHumE..36..591T 1370:2015JHumE..83...46C 1314:1990Natur.345..153R 1271:2002QSRv...21.1061B 1071:Australians to 1788 592:British East Indian 342:overkill hypothesis 101:European settlement 3774:History portal 3336:geophysical survey 3115:Australian studies 3050:Australian English 2859:Telecommunications 2695:Government leaders 2638:Political ideology 1613:Aboriginal History 1265:(8–9): 1061–1075. 1146:Aboriginal History 747:Vere Gordon Childe 667:traditional owners 375:increase in fire. 284:Western Australian 225:(49,000 years old) 213:(45,000 years old) 207:(65,000 years ago) 3782: 3781: 3700: 3699: 3682:Pseudoarchaeology 3299:Method and theory 3170: 3169: 3123: 3122: 2945:Human trafficking 2882: 2881: 2764: 2763: 2564:Foreign relations 2504: 2503: 2368: 2367: 2315:Asian Australians 2103:Margaret Bullen, 1525:(7628): 280–283. 1308:(6271): 153–156. 1140:History Australia 488:Firestick farming 383:Lake Mungo dating 366:It is clear from 294:Multiple arrivals 82: 81: 16:(Redirected from 3802: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3759: 3607:Archaeoastronomy 3574:Paleoethnobotany 3383: 3285:Alfred V. Kidder 3270:Mortimer Wheeler 3197: 3190: 3183: 3174: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3012:Waste management 2893: 2814:Household income 2775: 2737:Governor-General 2547:Electoral system 2515: 2379: 2247: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2176: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2029: 2023: 2022: 1994: 1988: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1947: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1718: 1701:(33): 12387–90. 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1659: 1642:(5): 1803–1808. 1627: 1621: 1620: 1604: 1598: 1597:accessed 2/22016 1585: 1579: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1440: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1389: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1322:10.1038/345153a0 1297: 1291: 1290: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1221:(234): 173–174. 1209: 1077:Lourandos, Harry 1039: 1022:Griffiths, Billy 997:Flood, Josephine 980: 959: 954:Riverland midden 886:formed in 1964. 633:Australia ICOMOS 543:Irrawang Pottery 372:palaeontological 329:Late Pleistocene 77: 74: 68: 45: 37: 21: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3748: 3696: 3595: 3510:Archaeogenetics 3488: 3432: 3378:Sub-disciplines 3372: 3368:Post-excavation 3363:Lithic analysis 3294: 3265:Flinders Petrie 3206: 3201: 3171: 3166: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3119: 3080:Public holidays 3021: 2965:Life expectancy 2878: 2760: 2711: 2500: 2472: 2458:Protected areas 2364: 2303: 2236: 2227: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2030: 2026: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1985:Wayback Machine 1975: 1971: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1595:Wayback 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change 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2320:Constitutional 2317: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2167: 2166:External links 2164: 2162: 2161: 2136: 2125:. 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The 641:Biosis Pty Ltd 608: 605: 551: 548: 523:Main article: 520: 517: 459: 458: 455: 452: 449: 428: 425: 398: 395: 384: 381: 368:paleobotanical 351:Cuddie Springs 313: 310: 295: 292: 260: 257: 255: 252: 245: 244: 241: 238: 227: 226: 220: 214: 208: 202: 124: 121: 80: 79: 59:the key points 49: 47: 40: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3807: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3732:Egyptologists 3730: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3677:Phenomenology 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3564:Environmental 3562: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3552:Computational 3550: 3548: 3547:Archaeogaming 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 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