Maritime archaeology - Knowledge (XXG)

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legislation the sub-discipline spread throughout Australia concentrating initially on shipwrecks due to on-going funding by both the States and the Commonwealth under their shipwreck legislation. Studies now include as an element of underwater archaeology, as a whole, the study of submerged indigenous sites. Nautical Archaeology, (the specialised study of boat and ship construction) is also practised in the region. Often the sites or relics studied in Australia as in the rest of the world are not inundated. The study of historic submerged aircraft, better known as a sub-discipline of

132:, which studies the past through any submerged remains be they of maritime interest or not. An example from the prehistoric era would be the remains of submerged settlements or deposits now lying under water despite having been dry land when sea levels were lower. The study of submerged aircraft lost in lakes, rivers or in the sea is an example from the historical, industrial or modern era. Another example are the remains of discovered and potential medieval bridges connecting the islands on the lake with the mainland. Many specialist sub-disciplines within the broader maritime and 5853: 5719: 4878: 4811: 4680: 4063: 3665: 242: 36: 1291:, seaborne trade increased significantly throughout the region. Though sailing was the safest, fastest, and most efficient method of transportation in the ancient world, some fractional percentage of voyages ended in shipwreck. With the significantly increased sea traffic during the Roman era came a corresponding increase in shipwrecks. These wrecks and their cargo remains offer glimpses through time of the economy, culture, and politics of the ancient world. Particularly useful to archaeologists are studies of 495: 582:

helmet diving gear was developed, allowing divers to stay underwater for extended periods through a constant air supply pumped down from the surface through a hose. Nevertheless, the widespread utilisation of diving gear for archaeological purposes had to wait until the 20th century, when archaeologists began to appreciate the wealth of material that could be found under the water. This century also saw further advances in technology, most important being the invention of the

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environments, whether on land in the form of peat bogs and wells, or underwater are particularly important for the survival of organic material, such as wood, leather, fabric and horn. Cold and absence of light also aid survival of artifacts, because there is little energy available for either organic activity or chemical reactions. Salt water provides for greater organic activity than freshwater, and in particular, the

316: 3091: 285:. Comparative evidence shows that all iron and steel ships, especially those in a highly oxygenated environment, continue to degrade and will continue to do so until only their engines and other machinery project much above the sea-floor. Where it remains even after the passage of time, the iron or steel hull is often fragile with no remaining metal within the layer of concretion and corrosion products. 1005: 1121: 806: 93: 3102: 182:. Others value an integrated approach, stressing that nautical activity has economic and social links to communities on land and that archaeology is archaeology no matter where the study is conducted. All that is required is the mastering of skills specific to the environment in which the work occurs. 1404:

commenced in the 1970s with the advent of Jeremy Green due to concerns expressed by academics and politicians with the rampant destruction of the Dutch and British East India ships lost on the west coast. As Commonwealth legislation was enacted and enforced after 1976 and as States enacted their own

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Not all maritime sites are underwater. There are many structures at the margin of land and water that provide evidence of the human societies of the past. Some are deliberately created for access - such as bridges and walkways. Other structures remain from exploitation of resources, such as dams and

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were able to establish colonies on other continents. Wars were fought at sea over the control of important resources. The material cultural remains that are discovered by maritime archaeologists along former trade routes can be combined with historical documents and material cultural remains found on

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to explore and retrieve material from the lake, although they decided to keep the blueprint of the exact mechanism secret. The following three centuries saw the gradual extension of diving time through the use of bells and submersing barrels filled with air. In the 19th century, the standard copper

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in 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of water. The shipwreck lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). Large pipelines can crush sites and render some of their remnants inaccessible as pipe is

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Some wrecks, lost to natural obstacles to navigation, are at risk of being smashed by subsequent wrecks sunk by the same hazard, or are deliberately destroyed because they present a hazard to navigation. Even in deep water, commercial activities such as pipe-laying operations and deep sea trawling

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does not occur, appears strong and relatively intact, though indications are that it has already incurred irreversible degradation of her steel and iron hull. As such degradation inevitably continues, data will be forever lost, objects' context will be destroyed and the bulk of the wreck will over

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now form important archaeological sites that are being protected, managed and conserved. As with shipwrecks, archaeological research can follow multiple themes, including evidence of the final catastrophe, the structures and landscape before the catastrophe and the culture and economy of which it

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Saltwater is particularly inimical to iron artefacts including metal shipwrecks, and sea organisms will readily consume organic material such as wooden shipwrecks. On the other hand, out of all the thousands of potential archaeological sites destroyed or grossly eroded by such natural processes,

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The wrecks, and other archaeological sites that have been preserved have generally survived because the dynamic nature of the sea bed can result in artifacts becoming rapidly buried in sediments. These sediments then provide an anaerobic environment which protects from further degradation. Wet

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There are significant differences in the survival of archaeological material depending on whether a site is wet or dry, on the nature of the chemical environment, on the presence of biological organisms and on the dynamic forces present. Thus rocky coastlines, especially in shallow water, are

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on land. However, as with terrestrial archaeology, what survives to be investigated by modern archaeologists can often be a tiny fraction of the material originally deposited. A feature of maritime archaeology is that despite all the material that is lost, there are occasional rare examples of

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break up, how does a ship sink to the bottom, and how do the remains of the ship, cargo and the surrounding environment evolve over time? The second tier studies the ship as a machine, both in itself and in a military or economic system. The third tier consists of the archaeology of maritime

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is also practised in the region. In some states maritime and underwater archaeology is practised out of Museums and in others out of cultural heritage management units, and all practitioners operate under the aegis of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA).

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preservation or to provide for satisfactory conservation on recovery. Even the cost of proper and complete archaeological investigation may be too great to enable this to occur within a timescale that ensures that an archaeological record is made before data is inevitably lost.

602:(SSDE or SSBA), which is safer but more expensive, and airline, or hookah equipment, a basic form of surface supplied equipment with limited depth applications. Both open circuit and rebreather scuba have been used, depending on which is best suited to the site. 779:

fish traps. Nautical remains include early harbours and places where ships were built or repaired. At the end of their life, ships were often beached. Valuable or easily accessed timber has often been salvaged leaving just a few frames and bottom planking.

942:, trade and shipboard societies are studied. Some consider this to be the most important tier. Ships and boats are not necessarily wrecked: some are deliberately abandoned, scuttled or beached. Many such abandoned vessels have been extensively salvaged. 382:

While preservation in situ is not assured, material that has survived underwater and is then recovered to land is typically in an unstable state and can only be preserved using highly specialised conservation processes. While the wooden structure of

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preservation, or recovery and conservation on land is the preferable option; or to face the fact that preservation in any form, other than as an archaeological record is not feasible. A site that has been discovered has typically been subjected to

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of the very factors that caused its survival in the first place, for example, when a covering of sediment has been removed by storms or the action of man. Active monitoring and deliberate protection may mitigate further rapid destruction making

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contained a staggering collection of marble and bronze statues including the Antikythera Youth. Discovered in 1900 by Greek sponge divers, the ship probably sank in the 1st century BC and may have been dispatched by the Roman general,

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Before the industrial era, travel by water was often easier than over land. As a result, marine channels, navigable rivers and sea crossings formed the trade routes of historic and ancient civilisations. For example, the

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formed a part. Unlike the wrecking of a ship, the destruction of a town by a seismic event can take place over many years and there may be evidence for several phases of damage, sometimes with rebuilding in between.

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typically inimical to the survival of artifacts, which can be dispersed, smashed or ground by the effect of currents and surf, possibly (but not always) leaving an artifact pattern but little if any wreck structure.

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provides an example of a relatively recent (metal) wreck for which extensive conservation has been necessary to preserve the hull. While the hull remains intact, its machinery remains inoperable. The engine of

732:, using techniques developed for the purpose to make the most effective use of time on site, which was restricted to 3 shifts of 12 minute each per day on site. The site of the wreck of the USS Monitor is near 111:

as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains, be they vessels, shore-side facilities, port-related structures, cargoes,

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As with archaeology as a whole, maritime archaeology can be practised within the historical, industrial, or prehistoric periods. An associated discipline, and again one that lies within archaeology itself, is

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spread around its coasts. The historic record as well as the remains of harbours, ships and cargoes, testify to the volume of trade that crossed it. Later, nations with a strong maritime culture such as the

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Bodies of water, fresh and saline, have been important sources of food for people for as long as we have existed. It should be no surprise that ancient villages were located at the water's edge. Since the

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that was recovered in 1985 from a saline environment after over a century underwater is presently considered somewhat anomalous, in that after two decades of treatment it can now be turned over by hand.

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was subject to salvage from the sixteenth century and later, but a very large amount of material, buried in the sediments, remained to be found by maritime archaeologists of the twentieth century.

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The Exosuit, a relatively lightweight and low powered Atmospheic diving suit intended for marine research. was first used in 2014 at the Bluewater and Antikythera underwater research expeditions.

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Benjamin, J. and MacKintosh, R. (2016) ‘Regulating Scientific Diving and Underwater Archaeology: legal and historical considerations: REGULATING SCIENTIFIC DIVING AND UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY’,

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There are those in the archaeology community who see maritime archaeology as a separate discipline with its own concerns (such as shipwrecks) and requiring the specialized skills of the

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and are constructed of hollowed out logs or sewn planks. Vessels have been discovered where they have been preserved in sediments underwater or in waterlogged land sites, such as the

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Site survey and mapping, and recording of artifact positioning relative to a datum. This may be done manually or with the aid of high resolution multibeam sonar and photogrammetry

163:) where objects are lost or thrown off structures over extended periods of time. This fact has led to shipwrecks often being described in the media and in popular accounts as ' 2658: 987:

have been discovered in the Mediterranean, constructed of edge joined planks. This shipbuilding technology continued through the classical period. The 2023 announcement of the

594:, the latter of whom would go on to use the technology for underwater excavation by 1948. Modern archaeologists use two kinds of equipment to provide breathing gas underwater: 96:

A maritime archaeologist with the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program in St. Augustine, Florida, recording the ship's bell discovered on the 18th century "Storm Wreck."

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sites off the coast of western Europe such as the Grotto Cosquer can be reached only by diving, because the cave entrances are underwater, though the upper portions of the

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can be useful if the current removes the lifted material before it settles, but must be used with discretion as artifacts may be entrained in the flow if it is too strong.

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land to understand the economic, social and political environment of the past. Of late maritime archaeologists have been examining the submerged cultural remains of

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preservation, for example, but deterioration of the vessel progressed at such a rate that the rescue of her turret was undertaken lest nothing be saved from the wreck.

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Extensive research has been carried out on the Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines of Turkey. Complete excavations have been performed on several wrecks from the

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dropped from the ocean surface to the substrate thousands of feet below. Trawl nets snag and tear superstructures and separate artifacts from their context.

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preservation an option, but long-term survival can never be guaranteed. For very many sites, the costs are too great for either active measures to ensure

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Ships wrecked in the sea have probably not survived, although remains of cargo (particularly bronze material) have been discovered, such as those at the

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was announced by NOAA on February 11, 2011, the 188th anniversary of her sinking. The wreck is the first discovery of a wrecked Nantucket whaling ship.

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Archaeological sites can also be found on the foreshore today that would have been on dry land when they were constructed. An example of such a site is

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The archaeology of shipwrecks can be divided into a three-tier hierarchy, of which the first tier considers the wrecking process itself: how does a

569:, Italy. Just a few decades later, in 1535, the same site saw the first use of a sophisticated breathing apparatus for archaeological purposes, when 4867: 1335:), Italy. In the cases of Antikythera and Riace, however, the artifacts were recovered without the direct participation of maritime archaeologists. 5277: 4771: 3047: 1327:, believed to be an astronomical calculator. Further examples of fabulous works of art recovered from the sea floor are the two "bronzi" found in 1193: 5611: 4862: 4734: 1165: 980:. A close collection of artefacts on the sea bed may imply that artefacts were from a ship, even if there are no remains of the actual vessel. 5138: 2527: 2052: 1970: 1142: 827: 269:

Of the many examples where the sea bed provides an extremely hostile environment for submerged evidence of history, one of the most notable,

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events have at times caused submergence of human settlements. The remains of such catastrophes exist all over the world, and sites such as

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Nine historic trade ships carrying ceramics dating back to the 10th century until the 19th century were excavated under Swedish engineer

325:, a Swedish warship that foundered and sank on its maiden voyage in 1628. It was salvaged in 1961 and is now on permanent display at the 5606: 4749: 1779:

McCarthy, M., 2000, Iron and steamship archaeology : success and failure of the SS Xantho. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

1428: 344:, lives only in salt water, so some of the best preservation in the absence of sediments has been found in the cold, dark waters of the 717:

The depth of sites can vary within the range of ocean depth, but most sites that are accessible to diving work are relatively shallow.

1609:– Iron-hulled steamship, lost in 1872 off Western Australia. Its historic engine was raised in 1985 and can now be turned over by hand 1752:

Withgott, Jay, Scott Brennan, J. 2007. Environment: the science behind the stories. 2nd ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.

878: 5616: 5006: 1784: 1458: 1401: 1212: 1179: 1036:(NOAA). The identity of the ship was not immediately known so it was called the "Shark Island Whaler"; the ship's identification as 897: 599: 79: 850: 260:

occasionally sites survive with exceptional preservation of a related collection of artifacts. An example of such a collection is

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substantial survival, from which a great deal can be learned, due to the difficulties often experienced in accessing the sites.

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Delgado, J. P., (ed.). 1997. British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, British Museum Press, London

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UK resource, with access to information on more than 45,000 wrecks, mapped thematically for a wide variety of search criteria

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Position fixing of the site datum. Various methods were used historically, but DGPS is relatively accurate and available.

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Archaeological material in the sea or in other underwater environments is typically subject to different factors than

113: 2152:"Lost & Found: In Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: The Possible Wreck Site of the Nantucket Whaleship 1410: 1131: 816: 475:) submerged a great deal of human activity that had been gathered round what had been an enormous, fresh-water lake. 359:

While the land surface is continuously reused by societies, the sea bed was largely inaccessible until the advent of

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Therefore, a great deal of the record of human activity throughout the Ice Age is now to be found under water.

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Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P., 1991, Archaeology, theories, methods and practice. Thames and Hudson, NY.

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In addition to many discoveries in the sea, some wrecks have been examined in lakes. Most notable are

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Staniforth, M., & Nash, M., (eds.) Underwater Archaeology: Australian Approaches. Springer, NY

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have operated in much earlier times, but much of the material was beyond the reach of anyone. Thus

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and other shipwreck sites occasionally yield objects of unique artistic value. For instance, the

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Nash, M., (ed), 2007 Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia. University of Western Australia Press.

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Maritime archaeological studies in Italy illuminate the naval and maritime activities of the

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Janowski, Lukasz; Kubacka, Maria; Pydyn, Andrzej; Popek, Mateusz; Gajewski, Lukasz (2021).

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at a depth of about 110 metres (360 ft) has been partially excavated by divers using

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An example of maritime archaeology in the Pacific Ocean is the discovery of the wreck of

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Scalercio, Emiliano; Sangiovanni, Francesco; Gallo, Alessandro; Barbieri, Loris (2021).

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area, maritime archaeologists have investigated several ancient cultures. Notable early

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The sea floor elsewhere in the Mediterranean holds countless archaeological sites. In

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and the individual artifacts have been undergoing conservation since their recovery,

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has been extensively studied. Other finds are consistent with some passages of the

1284: 967: 266:. Survival in this instance is largely due to the remains being buried in sediment 196: 17: 5489: 2243: 2210: 2071: 1004: 2315:"THE WANLI SHIPWRECK AND ITS CERAMIC CARGO | Department of Museums Malaysia" 5841: 5803: 5386: 5325: 5144: 5098: 5083: 5011: 4739: 4218: 4023: 3918: 3725: 3461: 3392: 3298: 3216: 3201: 2806: 2685: 2557: 2536: 1519: 1265: 1120: 805: 641: 578: 438: 345: 326: 320: 286: 205: 108: 92: 1650:"Maritime, Offshore and Logistics Degree & Training Programs - EduMaritime" 5338: 5169: 5028: 5016: 4928: 4426: 4178: 3846: 3821: 3800: 3742: 3604: 3577: 3293: 3173: 2869: 2801: 1866: 1616: 1591: 1548: 1532: 1485: 1480: 1367: 1311: 1288: 951: 519: 515: 349: 277: 2257: 2171: 2042:

Ironclad; The Epic Battle, Calamitous Loss, and Historic Recovery of the USS

1939: 754: 741: 5348: 5261: 4277: 4235: 4208: 4018: 3963: 3947: 3805: 3645: 3599: 3524: 3499: 3476: 3466: 3320: 3263: 3238: 2857: 2816: 1994: 1606: 1347: 1269: 1238: 1234: 721: 595: 583: 566: 523: 464: 395: 360: 304: 276:, though a relatively young wreck and in deep water so calcium-starved that 261: 246: 140: 292:, having been found in the 1970s, was subjected to a program of attempted 5496: 5483: 5216: 4369: 3998: 3993: 3943: 3861: 3816: 3737: 3625: 3620: 3589: 3346: 3303: 3268: 3233: 3181: 2612: 2351:"MYSTERIES OF MALAYSIAN SHIPWRECKS | Department of Museums Malaysia" 2262: 1918:

The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

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Muckelroy, K., "Maritime archaeology.", Cambridge University Press, 1978.

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UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

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to record state of site in detail, stratigraphy, and for dive planning.

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and submerged landscapes. A specialty within maritime archaeology is

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sewn plank boats dated by radiocarbon to between 1890 BC to 1700 BC

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Interactive 3D model of an ancient Roman shipwreck found in Croatia

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video recordings by each diver keep continuous record of work done.

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Relatively recent developments, mainly for special circumstances:

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A challenge for the modern archaeologist is to consider whether

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is considered the earliest deep-sea shipwreck to be discovered.

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to remove silt lifted by fanning, to be deposited downcurrent.

29: 2192:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011-02-11 2026:. Rebreather Forum 4 – via Global Underwater Explorers. 2470: 1631:– Blackbeard's flagship, 18th century frigate, Beaufort, NC. 1563:– Dutch East Indies ship, lost in 1629 off Western Australia 471:

is now, collapsed under the pressure of rising water in the

1584:– A 5th century BC boat discovered off the coast of Israel 557:. The first known use of the method comes from 1446, when 1557:– French explorer La Salle's ship, lost in 1686 off Texas 1008:

Try pot from a 19th-century whaling ship that wrecked on

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Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea

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Divers explored a wreck site at Pearl and Hermes atoll

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sea level has risen as much as 400 feet (120 m).

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centuries completely deteriorate on the floor of the

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self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)

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was known to the Romans as the inner sea because the

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Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

2123:"The Exosuit: What Tony Stark Would Wear Underwater" 1522:

c 80-50 BC, includes the astronomical computer, the

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discovered the sites in 1997. In 1999 a team led by

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Examples of sewn-plank boats include those found at

5650: 5592: 5395: 5379: 5127: 4997: 4952: 4911: 4904: 4629: 4435: 4402: 4395: 4333: 4134: 4091: 3778: 3691: 3613: 3548: 3485: 3370: 3339: 3172: 3037: 2932: 2825: 2769: 2718: 2709: 2631: 2543: 2145: 2143: 1594:sunk of the coast of La Madrague de Giens, east of 1354:. In the same area, the submerged town of Puteoli ( 506:

imagery using a Humminbird 981c Side Imaging system

1424:Australasian Underwater Cultural Heritage Database 441:objects and sites that are, because of changes in 1674:. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2008 1444:Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP) 2190:Discovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" 2186:"Lost Whaling Shipwreck with Link to Melville's 300:can place a wreck at risk. Such a wreck is the 139:Maritime archaeological sites often result from 2447:"Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology" 2408:"Shipwrecks in the seas of Britain and Ireland" 1034:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2035: 2033: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1907: 1905: 3133: 2521: 1987:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 1253:and Harvard University archaeology Professor 736:at 230 feet (70 m) depth at coordinates 8: 2078:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2014 950:The earliest boats discovered date from the 561:explored and attempted to lift the ships of 2370:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2334:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2298:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1961:Feulner, Mark A.; Arnold, J. Barto (2005). 1603:discovered at Leamington Wharf, Union Canal 1149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 834:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 348:in North America and in the (low salinity) 5731: 5675:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 5622:International Congress of Maritime Museums 5602:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 4908: 4901: 4890: 4823: 4692: 4399: 4088: 4075: 3688: 3677: 3169: 3156: 3140: 3126: 3118: 2715: 2528: 2514: 2506: 2066: 2064: 1491:Maritime Heritage Trail - Battle of Saipan 1362:) contains the "portus Julius" created by 463:The flooding of the area now known as the 5690:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 2098:"Getting a Clear View of the USS Monitor" 1929: 1893: 1813: 1802:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 1728: 1622:Condura Croatica – 11th century, port of 1470:Submerged historic and pre-historic sites 1213:Learn how and when to remove this message 1162:"Mediterranean" maritime archaeology 898:Learn how and when to remove this message 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 2349:19 October 2022 - 6:39 am (2014-03-22). 2313:19 October 2022 - 6:39 am (2014-03-22). 2277:19 October 2022 - 6:38 am (2014-03-22). 2150:Kelly, Gleason; Raupp, Jason T. (2010). 938:cultures, in which nautical technology, 612:Underwater archaeology § Techniques 502:in 160 ft (49 m) of fresh water seen on 43:This article includes a list of general 5660:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 1641: 192: 5612:European Association of Archaeologists 2363: 2327: 2291: 1237:ships of c. 750 BC that foundered off 956:discovery of a canoe near St Botolphs. 4868:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 2485:"1300 BC - The Dover Bronze Age Boat" 2023:Use Of CCRs In Malta Shipwreck Diving 369:remotely operated underwater vehicles 7: 2425:The Museum of Underwater Archaeology 1965:. AltaMira Press. pp. 271–279. 1147:adding citations to reliable sources 832:adding citations to reliable sources 134:underwater archaeological categories 5607:Archaeological Institute of America 1989:, 45(1), pp. 153–169. Available at 1429:Maritime archaeology of East Africa 1106:(early 17th century), found in 2003 983:Late Bronze Age ships, such as the 541:Archaeological diving is a type of 245:The final phases of the salvage of 237:Preservation of material underwater 2020:Gambin, Timmy (20–22 April 2023). 1028:, discovered in 2008 by a team of 665:Artifact recovery and conservation 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 5617:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 5007:Coastal defence and fortification 4382:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 3682:Navigation, and ports and harbors 2497:ULIXES la guida dei Campi Flegrei 2475:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 1502:Coastal and foreshore archaeology 1459:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 1402:Maritime archaeology in Australia 1032:working on an expedition for the 600:Surface-supplied diving equipment 371:(ROVs) in the twentieth century. 5851: 5717: 5642:Society for American Archaeology 4876: 4809: 4678: 4061: 3663: 3100: 3090: 3089: 2479:Affiliated with Texas University 1541:– 19th century clipper, Scotland 1119: 804: 467:(when a land bridge, where the 34: 5074:Phoenician discovery of America 1931:10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000060 1577:Florida Maritime Heritage Trail 1411:underwater aviation archaeology 4766:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2483:Parfitt, Keith (24 May 2007). 1830:"Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck" 995:Maritime archaeology by region 786:, a Bronze Age timber circle. 136:have emerged in recent years. 1: 5685:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 4360:Phoenician maritime expansion 2072:"New technology: The Exosuit" 1100:(AD 960- 1127), found in 2001 847:"archaeology" shipwrecks 437:Maritime archaeology studies 5627:Nautical Archaeology Society 2674:electrical resistance survey 2434:"Research & Archaeology" 1912:Eliav, Joseph (2015-01-01). 1434:Nautical Archaeology Society 1366:in 37 BC, later sunk due to 486:themselves are not flooded. 5680:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 5057:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 4863:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 4720:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 2047:. New York: Koehler Books. 1672:Encyclopedia of Archaeology 1302:'s pleasure barges in Lake 1094:(circa 1830), found in 2001 1088:(circa 1550), found in 1998 1082:(circa 1370), found in 1996 1076:(circa 1400), found in 1996 1070:(circa 1540), found in 1995 1064:(circa 1380), found in 1995 1058:(circa 1460), found in 1995 500:Lake Murray, South Carolina 120:archaeology, which studies 5903: 5536:Phoenician Ship Expedition 4377:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 4370:Circumnavigation of Africa 2563:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 1619:shipwreck, 14th century BC 1439:Maritime Archaeology Trust 966:which is now displayed at 793: 676:First person point of view 609: 534: 5849: 5741: 5730: 5715: 5062:Samothrace temple complex 4900: 4889: 4874: 4833: 4822: 4807: 4705: 4691: 4676: 4582: 4087: 4074: 4059: 3687: 3676: 3661: 3168: 3155: 3085: 2644:Philosophy of archaeology 2463:Western Australian Museum 2226:History hunter underwater 1257:investigated the wrecks. 971:The Dover Bronze Age Boat 796:Archaeology of shipwrecks 233:and other Asian nations. 107:) is a discipline within 4350:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 2438:St Augustine Light House 1364:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 1241:with cargoes of wine in 707:Atmospheric diving suits 606:Equipment and procedures 186:Integrating land and sea 180:underwater archaeologist 5632:RPM Nautical Foundation 5369:Surviving ancient ships 5288:Marsala Punic shipwreck 1995:10.1111/1095-9270.12141 1601:Nineteenth century boat 1547:– site of discovery of 1539:City of Adelaide (1864) 1449:RPM Nautical Foundation 1283:, Greek colonists, and 1233:shipwrecks include two 921:was found in 2014 near 498:Submerged bridge under 64:more precise citations. 5882:Underwater archaeology 5665:Giza Solar boat museum 5119:Underwater exploration 5114:Underwater archaeology 5079:Pre-Columbian theories 4934:John Sinclair Morrison 4895:Research and education 4345:Austronesian Expansion 2459:"Maritime Archaeology" 1859:"Mardi Gras Shipwreck" 1668:"MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY" 1338:Recent studies in the 1021: 1013: 930: 724:ship off the coast of 555:underwater archaeology 507: 433:Prehistoric landscapes 330: 252: 130:underwater archaeology 97: 5736:Legend and literature 5694:Viking ship museums: 5670:Grand Egyptian Museum 5430:Austronesian replicas 5405:Heyerdahl expeditions 5315:Caligula's Giant Ship 5175:Dover Bronze Age Boat 3837:Berenice Troglodytica 2654:Archaeological ethics 2649:Archaeological diving 2639:Archaeological theory 2076:Return to Antikythera 2040:Clancy, Paul (2013). 1880:Meara, Hefin (2020). 1573:Half Moon (shipwreck) 1535:shipwreck, c. 1200 BC 1524:Antikythera mechanism 1350:, similar to ancient 1325:Antikythera mechanism 1030:marine archaeologists 1019: 1010:French Frigate Shoals 1007: 964:Dover Bronze Age Boat 913: 774:Coastal and foreshore 755:35.00167°N 75.40639°W 610:Further information: 592:Jacques-Yves Cousteau 559:Leon Battista Alberti 537:Archaeological diving 531:Archaeological diving 497: 318: 244: 95: 5877:Maritime archaeology 5637:Sea Research Society 5039:Maritime archaeology 4848:Ameinias the Phocian 4843:Mediterranean piracy 2593:Augustus Pitt Rivers 2588:William Henry Holmes 2553:Archaeological sites 2102:sanctuaries.noaa.gov 1963:Maritime Archaeology 1886:Internet Archaeology 1834:Nautilus Productions 1629:Queen Anne's Revenge 1582:Ma'agan Michael Ship 1454:Sea Research Society 1407:aviation archaeology 1389:(like the so-called 1143:improve this section 828:improve this section 790:Ships and shipwrecks 730:rebreather equipment 545:used as a method of 510:Throughout history, 251:on October 11, 1982. 101:Maritime archaeology 4730:Maritime Jade Route 3883:Kaveri Poompattinam 2583:John Lloyd Stephens 2573:Heinrich Schliemann 2489:Current Archaeology 2223:Rodrigo, Jennifer. 1815:10.3390/jmse9060676 1654:www.edumaritime.net 760:35.00167; -75.40639 751: / 571:Guglielmo de Lorena 18:Maritime archeology 5278:Bajo de la Campana 4980:Peter Throckmorton 4965:Jean-Yves Empereur 4939:William L. Rodgers 4760:Maritime Silk Road 3107:History portal 2669:geophysical survey 2160:Historic Nantucket 1730:10.1111/arcm.12663 1590:c 75-60 BC, Roman 1111:Mediterranean area 1022: 1014: 985:Uluburun Shipwreck 931: 916:Russian submarine 695:Diving rebreathers 508: 449:, now underwater. 331: 253: 105:marine archaeology 98: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5726: 5725: 5713: 5712: 5333:Madrague de Giens 5052:Temple of Isthmia 5048:Maritime temples 5034:Marine navigation 4993: 4992: 4985:Shelley Wachsmann 4975:J. Richard Steffy 4885: 4884: 4818: 4817: 4687: 4686: 4674: 4673: 4625: 4624: 4355:Ocean exploration 4070: 4069: 4057: 4056: 3716:Rutter (nautical) 3672: 3671: 3659: 3658: 3515:Mortise and tenon 3149:Ancient seafaring 3115: 3114: 3033: 3032: 3015:Pseudoarchaeology 2632:Method and theory 2231:New Straits Times 2054:978-1-938467-11-0 1972:978-0-7591-0078-7 1588:Madrague de Giens 1561:Batavia shipwreck 1383:Caesarea Maritima 1316:Antikythera wreck 1223: 1222: 1215: 1197: 908: 907: 900: 882: 701:Saturation diving 642:Hydraulic powered 630:Manual excavation 575:Frances de Marchi 543:scientific diving 473:Mediterranean Sea 193:Mediterranean Sea 122:ship construction 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 5894: 5887:Maritime history 5855: 5854: 5749:Ark of bulrushes 5732: 5721: 5720: 5359:Oldest surviving 5069:Nusantao network 4944:Chester G. Starr 4909: 4902: 4891: 4880: 4879: 4853:Cilician pirates 4824: 4813: 4812: 4750:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 4745:Iron Age Britain 4693: 4682: 4681: 4400: 4089: 4076: 4065: 4064: 3979:Ptolemais Theron 3689: 3678: 3667: 3666: 3259:Single-outrigger 3170: 3157: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3092: 2940:Archaeoastronomy 2907:Paleoethnobotany 2716: 2618:Alfred V. Kidder 2603:Mortimer Wheeler 2530: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2492: 2478: 2477:. 28 April 2020. 2466: 2454: 2441: 2428: 2415: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2258:"Race for Ruins" 2254: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2234: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2211:"Sten Sjöstrand" 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2017: 1998: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1933: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895:10.11141/ia.54.3 1877: 1871: 1870: 1865:. Archived from 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1836:. Archived from 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1793: 1787: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1723:(5): 1059–1080. 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1218: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1155: 1123: 1115: 903: 896: 892: 889: 883: 881: 840: 808: 800: 766: 765: 763: 762: 761: 756: 752: 749: 748: 747: 744: 563:Emperor Caligula 356:was preserved). 145:seismic activity 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5737: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5652: 5646: 5594: 5593:Institutes and 5588: 5543:Viking replicas 5484:Balangay Voyage 5397: 5391: 5375: 5130: 5123: 4999: 4989: 4948: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4829: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4701: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4621: 4578: 4431: 4391: 4336: 4329: 4130: 4083: 4066: 4062: 4053: 3929:Mueang Phra Rot 3783: 3774: 3683: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3609: 3583:Triangular sail 3544: 3481: 3455:Sail 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1514:Ships and boats 1504: 1472: 1420: 1399: 1379:Herod the Great 1255:Lawrence Stager 1219: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1156: 1154: 1140: 1124: 1113: 1098:Tanjong Simpang 1049:South China Sea 1012:(Pacific Ocean) 1002: 997: 978:Salcombe B site 948: 904: 893: 887: 884: 841: 839: 825: 809: 798: 792: 776: 759: 757: 753: 750: 745: 742: 740: 738: 737: 720:The wreck of a 715: 645:suction dredges 637:airlift dredges 614: 608: 539: 533: 504:side-scan sonar 492: 435: 430: 428:Submerged sites 365:scuba equipment 239: 188: 103:(also known as 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5751: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 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2177: 2139: 2114: 2089: 2060: 2053: 2029: 1999: 1978: 1971: 1953: 1901: 1872: 1869:on 2015-05-16. 1850: 1821: 1788: 1772: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1659: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1585: 1579: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1542: 1536: 1529:Cape Gelidonya 1526: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1476:Bouldnor Cliff 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1398: 1395: 1251:Robert Ballard 1221: 1220: 1127: 1125: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1045:Sten Sjöstrand 1001: 998: 996: 993: 989:Orca Shipwreck 947: 944: 906: 905: 812: 810: 803: 794:Main article: 791: 788: 775: 772: 714: 713:Depth of sites 711: 710: 709: 704: 698: 692: 686: 683:photogrammetry 679: 669: 668: 662: 657: 656: 655: 648: 639: 633: 621: 618: 607: 604: 577:used an early 535:Main article: 532: 529: 491: 490:Historic sites 488: 434: 431: 429: 426: 341:Teredo navalis 309:Gulf of Mexico 283:Atlantic Ocean 238: 235: 202:United Kingdom 187: 184: 88: 87: 70:September 2009 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5899: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5819:Metamorphoses 5816: 5814: 5812: 5811:The Histories 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5789:The Histories 5786: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5591: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5504:Marumaru Atua 5501: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5464:Samudra Raksa 5461: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5450:Te Au o Tonga 5447: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310:Blackfriars I 5308: 5306: 5305:Arles Rhône 3 5303: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Thalassocracy 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Shell middens 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5044:Naval warfare 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Lionel Casson 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4888: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Incense trade 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659:South America 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Sailing ships 4605: 4603: 4602:Oared vessels 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4524:Cape Hermaeum 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4335:Migration and 4332: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 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3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3675: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3510:Clinker built 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Boat building 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3244:Navis lusoria 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3065:Egyptologists 3063: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010:Phenomenology 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2897:Environmental 2895: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885:Computational 2883: 2881: 2880:Archaeogaming 2878: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:Post-Medieval 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2731:Protohistoric 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719:Chronological 2717: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568:Richard Hoare 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2412:Shipwrecks UK 2409: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1840:on 2015-06-13 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785:0-306-46365-2 1782: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1767:www.bbc.co.uk 1764: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545:North Ferriby 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Mediterranean 1217: 1214: 1206: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: – 1163: 1159: 1158:Find sources: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1128:This section 1126: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1011: 1006: 999: 994: 992: 990: 986: 981: 979: 974: 972: 969: 965: 961: 960:North Ferriby 957: 953: 945: 943: 941: 940:naval warfare 936: 928: 924: 920: 919: 912: 902: 899: 891: 880: 877: 873: 870: 866: 863: 859: 856: 852: 849: – 848: 844: 843:Find sources: 837: 833: 829: 823: 822: 818: 813:This section 811: 807: 802: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 780: 773: 771: 768: 764: 735: 734:Cape Hatteras 731: 727: 723: 718: 712: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 680: 677: 674: 673: 672: 666: 663: 661: 658: 653: 649: 646: 643: 640: 638: 634: 631: 628: 627: 625: 622: 619: 616: 615: 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5396:Experimental 5364:Museum ships 5331: 5324: 5297: 5269:Phoenician: 5260: 5255:Leontophoros 5253: 5217:Butuan boats 5212:Pontian boat 5150:Dufuna canoe 5089:Shipbuilding 5038: 5000:and theories 4970:Boris Rankov 4764: 4697:Economy and 4597:Incendiaries 4444: 4231:Indus Valley 4199:Tarumanagara 4126:Ubaid period 4044:Wadi al-Jarf 3959:Ostia Antica 3563:Fore-and-aft 3530:Shipbuilding 3505:Carvel built 3487:Construction 3445:Steering oar 3326:Sailing ship 3249:Obelisk ship 3207:Dugout canoe 2989: 2945:Archaeometry 2919:Experimental 2853:Near Eastern 2812:Near Eastern 2807:Mesopotamian 2761:Contemporary 2578:Arthur Evans 2495:Port Julius 2488: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2437: 2424: 2411: 2389: 2380: 2355:. Retrieved 2353:. Jmm.gov.my 2344: 2319:. Retrieved 2317:. Jmm.gov.my 2308: 2283:. Retrieved 2281:. Jmm.gov.my 2272: 2261: 2252: 2238: 2224: 2219: 2205: 2194:. Retrieved 2187: 2180: 2166:(3): 13–17. 2163: 2159: 2154:Two Brothers 2153: 2130:. Retrieved 2126: 2117: 2105:. Retrieved 2101: 2092: 2082:21 September 2080:. Retrieved 2075: 2045: 2041: 2022: 1986: 1981: 1962: 1956: 1924:(1): 60–69. 1921: 1917: 1885: 1875: 1867:the original 1862: 1853: 1842:. Retrieved 1838:the original 1833: 1824: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1720: 1717:Archaeometry 1716: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1676:. Retrieved 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1624:Nin, Croatia 1400: 1372: 1342:river (near 1337: 1297: 1278: 1259: 1224: 1209: 1200: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1157: 1141:Please help 1129: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1056:Royal Nanhai 1055: 1042: 1038:Two Brothers 1037: 1026:Two Brothers 1025: 1023: 982: 975: 968:Dover Museum 949: 932: 917: 894: 885: 875: 868: 861: 854: 842: 826:Please help 814: 781: 777: 769: 719: 716: 689:360° cameras 670: 652:sand blowers 588:Émile Gagnan 540: 509: 478:Significant 477: 462: 459: 455:last ice age 451: 436: 420: 416: 406: 404: 397: 389: 384: 381: 376: 358: 353: 339: 332: 321: 307:sunk in the 301: 298: 293: 288: 272: 268: 262: 258: 254: 247: 197:Roman empire 189: 177: 169: 138: 126: 104: 100: 99: 76: 67: 48: 5804:Argonautica 5791:(Herodotus) 5754:Flood myths 5651:Museums and 5595:conferences 5560:Vital Alsar 5398:archaeology 5207:Austronesia 5200:Hjortspring 5195:Rochelongue 5145:Pesse canoe 5099:Ship burial 5084:Sea Peoples 5017:Lighthouses 5012:Grave goods 4960:George Bass 4740:Spice trade 4337:exploration 4159:Philippines 4154:Austronesia 4147:Old Kingdom 4024:Trincomalee 3974:Prosphorion 3919:Myos Hormos 3763:Micronesian 3754:By region: 3726:Lighthouses 3534:By region: 3299:Quinquereme 3224:Kunlun ship 3217:Penteconter 3202:Dragon boat 3025:Transgender 2950:Battlefield 2726:Prehistoric 2686:Burnt layer 2623:George Bass 2537:Archaeology 2233:. 7/12/2004 1592:merchantman 1520:Antikythera 1381:'s port at 1358:, close to 1266:Hellenistic 758: / 579:diving bell 412:disturbance 346:Great Lakes 327:Vasa Museum 319:The bow of 206:Netherlands 109:archaeology 62:introducing 5871:Categories 5813:(Polybius) 5457:Hawaiʻiloa 5339:Nemi ships 5224:Black Sea‎ 5170:Khufu ship 5131:and relics 5029:Marine art 5022:Alexandria 4929:Fik Meijer 4912:Historians 4799:Indo-Roman 4612:Greek navy 4514:Salamis II 4504:Hellespont 4464:Artemisium 4454:Nile Delta 4417:Achaemenid 4310:Achaemenid 4179:Langkasuka 4174:Micronesia 4092:Prehistory 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