208:
180:) is another defining characteristics. On average, a grapevine needs around 710 mm (28 in) of water for sustenance during the growing season, not all of which may be provided by natural rain fall. In Mediterranean and many continental climates, the climate during the growing season may be quite dry and require additional irrigation. In contrast, maritime climates often suffer the opposite extreme of having too much rainfall during the growing season which poses its own viticultural hazards.
725:
173:. When the average daily temperature is between 17 and 20 °C (63 and 68 °F) the vine will begin flowering. When temperatures rise up to 27 °C (80 °F) many of the vine's physiological processes are in full stride as grape clusters begin to ripen on the vine. One of the characteristics that differentiates the various climate categories from one another is the occurrence and length of time that these optimal temperatures appear during the growing season.
216:
673:
709:
1265:
689:
30:
662:
654:
2814:
1285:
1339:
254:
122:
242:
1313:
228:
1324:
1297:
1355:
1399:. Like continental climates, maritime climates will have distinct seasonal changes, but they are usually not as drastic, with warm, rather than hot, summers and cool, rather than cold, winters. Maritime climates also exist in some wine-growing areas of highlands of subtropical and tropical latitudes, including the southern
775:
There are more wine regions with continental climates in the northern hemisphere than there are in the southern hemisphere. This is due, in part, to small land mass size of southern hemisphere continents relative to the large oceans nearby. This difference means that the oceans exert a more direct
1377:
and inland seas) that moderate their temperatures. Maritime climates share many characteristics with both
Mediterranean and continental climates and are often described as a "middle ground" between the two extremes. Like Mediterranean climates, maritime climates have a long growing season, with
137:
grown in a region and the type of viticultural practices that will be used. The presence of adequate sun, heat and water are all vital to the healthy growth and development of grapevines during the growing season. Additionally, continuing research has shed more light on the influence of
276:
change, with temperatures in the winter generally warmer than those of maritime and continental climates. During the grapevine growing season, there is very little rainfall (with most precipitation occurring in the winter months) which increases the risk of the viticultural hazard of
739:
are characterised by the very marked seasonal changes that occur throughout the growing season, with hot temperatures during the summer season and winters cold enough for periodic ice and snow. This is generally described as having a high degree of
165:. The physiological processes of a lot of grapevines begin when temperatures reach around 10 °C (50 °F). Below this temperature, the vines are usually in a period of dormancy. Drastically below this temperature, such as the
784:
due to their altitude or distance from the sea. These regions will have more distinct seasonal change than
Mediterranean climates, but still retain some characteristics like a long growing season that is very dry during the summer.
776:
influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere wine regions (making them maritime or possibly
Mediterranean) than they would on the larger northern hemisphere continents. There are also several wine regions (such as
1382:
moderating the region's temperatures. However, Mediterranean climates are usually very dry during the growing season, and maritime climates are often subject to the viticultural hazards of excessive rain and
2189:
Fraga, H., Santos, J.A., Malheiro, A.C., Oliveira, A.A., Moutinho-Pereira, J. and Jones, G.V., 2015. Climatic suitability of
Portuguese grapevine varieties and climate change adaptation. Int. J. Clim.:
764:
can be viticultural hazards. Depending on the particular macroclimate of the region, irrigation may be needed to supplement seasonal rainfall. These many climatic influences contribute to the wide
2070:
Fraga, H., Garcia de C. A. I., Malheiro, A.C., Santos, J.A., 2016. Modelling climate change impacts on viticultural yield, phenology and stress conditions in Europe. Global Change
Biology:
2836:
133:
Beyond establishing whether or not viticulture can even be sustained in an area, the climatic influences of a particular area goes a long way in influencing the type of
2740:
2678:
1127:
113:, the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.
33:
The climate characteristics of a wine region will have significant influence on the viticulture in the area. Pictured are terraced vineyards in
2418:
2294:
1489:
657:
The Saxony wine region of eastern
Germany is much more of a continental climate than the Rhine Valley, where most German wines are produced.
532:
668:
is removed from
Atlantic and Mediterranean influences by distance and mountains, causing its wine regions to have a continental climate.
2344:
1156:
713:
85:). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the
2324:
2264:
2244:
2219:
2178:
2147:
1162:
1063:
781:
45:
In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the
58:
753:
196:
90:
86:
2771:
2403:
1652:
1574:
1570:
1015:
2781:
1862:
1608:
1552:
1140:
756:, with very warm temperatures during the day that drop drastically at night. During the winter and early spring months,
562:
2423:
1727:
1670:
1032:
272:
are characterised by their long growing seasons of moderate to warm temperatures. Throughout the year there is little
146:
when the grapevine essentially shuts down and reserves its energy for the beginning of the next year's growing cycle.
2550:
1305:
1205:
199:—which can define different climate categories—can also have pronounced influences on the viticulture of an area.
2846:
2745:
2643:
2555:
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2287:
1580:
1252:
1192:
1146:
407:
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717:
207:
1773:
1540:
2755:
2608:
2349:
2329:
2090:
1089:
1078:
992:
988:
752:) that can moderate their temperatures. Often during the growing season continental climates will have wide
697:
522:
297:
162:
62:
2776:
2630:
2483:
2107:
2015:
1742:
1566:
1133:
1113:
1042:
34:
2712:
2658:
2478:
1752:
1701:
1624:
1602:
1417:
1400:
1151:
1120:
1057:
1019:
526:
301:
269:
94:
46:
1782:
1292:
adjacent to major cities. Its climate is maritime, which provides ample weather for wine-growing areas.
708:
2841:
2817:
2280:
2124:
1936:
1887:
1096:
858:
800:
749:
569:
432:
293:
192:
2730:
2707:
1731:
1640:
1494:
1038:
813:
736:
511:
285:
98:
82:
78:
1514:
2688:
2438:
1998:
1822:
1817:
1777:
1718:
1712:
1485:
1462:
1246:
1108:
677:
641:
538:
150:
70:
1183:
215:
1361:
has a continental climate, except on the coast of the
Matsumae Peninsula, where it is maritime.
724:
672:
2668:
2260:
2240:
2215:
2174:
2143:
1657:
1449:
1174:
1102:
1050:
973:
731:
is NW China located near the centre of Asia, so its vineyards have a very continental climate.
177:
1330:
is an inland sea promoting a maritime climate in its surrounding wine regions, including the
2699:
2648:
2598:
2191:
2071:
1987:
1904:
1763:
1686:
1504:
1422:
1403:
in the United States, the eastern
Australian highlands and the central highlands of Mexico.
1201:
1073:
1068:
495:
470:
437:
396:
382:
246:
245:
Central
Chilean wine regions experience a Mediterranean climate cooled in the summer by the
154:
106:
1264:
29:
2791:
2750:
2735:
2526:
2516:
1954:
1767:
1666:
1585:
1558:
1472:
1366:
1269:
914:
829:
794:
769:
516:
505:
501:
464:
458:
235:
220:
134:
688:
2693:
2585:
2511:
2379:
1946:
1897:
1880:
1838:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1737:
1723:
1634:
1618:
1595:
1388:
1273:
998:
977:
901:
877:
741:
653:
588:
584:
573:
556:
473:
442:
370:
346:
317:
166:
143:
2830:
2488:
2448:
1994:
1873:
1794:
1748:
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1522:
1426:
1412:
1392:
1379:
1242:
1224:
1178:
1083:
1011:
938:
925:
883:
870:
863:
849:
684:, has a continental climate characterized by hot summers and moderately cold winters.
631:
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615:
609:
551:
484:
418:
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389:
376:
305:
74:
1338:
1312:
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2413:
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2319:
1966:
1907:
1844:
1831:
1809:
1757:
1707:
1691:
1532:
1468:
1431:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1025:
984:
952:
945:
833:
819:
777:
604:
545:
453:
448:
423:
402:
364:
332:
327:
321:
261:
257:
253:
66:
54:
50:
1958:
598:
241:
176:
In addition to temperature, the amount of rainfall (and the need for supplemental
121:
2541:
2468:
2303:
1917:
1850:
1518:
1456:
1445:
1319:
is a major inlet promoting a maritime climate in its American Viticultural Area.
1316:
1301:
1289:
1209:
1196:
963:
931:
907:
853:
693:
637:
358:
341:
126:
102:
1354:
284:
The Mediterranean climate is most readily associated with the areas around the
17:
2801:
2683:
2531:
2433:
2173:
Third Edition pg 179-195, 388, 428-434, 716-714 Oxford University Press 2006
1950:
1940:
1867:
1856:
1827:
1695:
1479:
1188:
894:
745:
352:
289:
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are characterised by their close proximity to large bodies of water (such as
2603:
2443:
2361:
1962:
1891:
1680:
1548:
1374:
1331:
969:
843:
806:
428:
158:
38:
2034:
Actually Central-Northern Tuscany has a Submediterranean climate (between
227:
2786:
2560:
2408:
2366:
2354:
2043:
1925:
1913:
1536:
1510:
1440:
1384:
1358:
1277:
1229:
1168:
728:
701:
273:
231:
188:
139:
1323:
1296:
129:
in Switzerland, can have a moderating effect on the climate of a region.
2618:
2613:
2570:
2521:
2428:
1978:
1972:
1435:
1220:
1214:
765:
665:
278:
2075:
2195:
1982:
1930:
1921:
1788:
1645:
1396:
1370:
1235:
1004:
681:
336:
110:
2046:), while coastal and southern zones belong to Mediterranean proper (
2536:
2372:
2334:
1353:
1337:
1322:
1311:
1295:
1283:
1263:
757:
723:
707:
687:
671:
660:
652:
252:
240:
226:
214:
206:
170:
120:
28:
2796:
2638:
2593:
803:
and other Northern Rhone wine regions (maritime by US standards)
768:
variation that is often typical of continental climates such as
761:
619:
184:
2276:
2272:
744:. Regions with this type of climate are often found inland on
292:
first flourished on a large scale due to the influence of the
153:
which grant the vines long, warm periods during the crucial
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2206:
2204:
281:
and may present the need for supplemental irrigation.
169:
of 0 °C (32 °F) the vines can be damaged by
2112:
Dummies.com Reference page. Accessed: 18 January 2010
2125:
The Washington wine difference: it's in the vineyard
644:, since largely grown in Australia and South Africa)
2764:
2721:
2627:
2584:
2502:
2459:
2389:
2310:
2231:
2229:
2227:
264:, are from grapes grown in a Mediterranean climate.
748:without a significant body of water (such as an
692:Although the climate is tempered somewhat by a
57:are categorised (somewhat loosely based on the
1350:have a very mild subtropical maritime climate.
2288:
8:
2741:Effects of climate change on wine production
2837:Climate and weather classification systems
2295:
2281:
2273:
2214:pg 20-21 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005
1482:regions (continental by French standards)
1465:regions (continental by French standards)
1459:regions (continental by French standards)
1255:, New Zealand (maritime by US standards)
312:Wine regions with Mediterranean climates
211:Wine regions with Mediterranean climates
2063:
2027:
53:are acknowledged, the climates of most
2095:TLC Cooking, Accessed: 18 January 2010
789:Wine regions with continental climates
2259:pg 20-21 Global Book Publishing 2006
223:regions have a Mediterranean climate.
7:
1407:Wine regions with maritime climates
117:Influence of climate on viticulture
2345:International Grape Genome Program
1157:Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA
714:Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA
25:
2325:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2239:pg 12-21 Workman Publishing 2001
2142:pg 14-15 Dorling Kindersley 2005
2140:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"
2091:How the Tuscany Wine Region Works
1565:bordering continental, primarily
1475:(continental by French standards)
1452:(continental by French standards)
1276:, promotes a maritime climate in
1163:Western Connecticut Highlands AVA
1064:Eastern Connecticut Highlands AVA
809:region (maritime by US standards)
782:continental Mediterranean climate
780:) that have areas that exhibit a
149:In general, grapevines thrive in
2813:
2812:
2129:Wines & Vines, November 2005
1658:Cowra highlands, New South Wales
1126:Most of the Missouri portion of
320:and most other Central-Southern
1581:North Fork of Roanoke, Virginia
846:(Mediterranean by US standards)
125:Large bodies of water, such as
2257:The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine
2171:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
754:diurnal temperature variations
197:diurnal temperature variations
183:Other climate factors such as
1:
2772:Glossary of viticulture terms
2404:Diurnal temperature variation
2210:H. Johnson & J. Robinson
2108:France's Bordeaux Wine Region
1812:wine-growing areas including
1653:Canberra District wine region
544:Western and southern coastal
59:Köppen climate classification
2782:Glossary of winemaking terms
1553:Southeastern New England AVA
1141:Southeastern New England AVA
720:, has a continental climate.
1033:Central Delaware Valley AVA
696:, it is continental in the
2863:
2551:Integrated pest management
1834:, South Africa (semi-arid)
1715:highlands, New South Wales
1555:and bordering continental)
1306:Northeastern United States
1206:North Chungcheong Province
980:(maritime by US standards)
816:(maritime by US standards)
797:(maritime by US standards)
618:regions (irrigated by the
234:winery, Magill Estate, in
2810:
2746:Environmental stewardship
1387:that may promote various
1253:Central Otago wine region
1193:North Gyeongsang Province
1147:Texas Davis Mountains AVA
1028:, Argentina (subtropical)
2674:Great French Wine Blight
1609:Upper Hiwassee Highlands
1308:have a maritime climate.
832:and most other Northern
718:Midwestern United States
676:The Columbia Valley, in
408:Languedoc and Roussillon
288:, where viticulture and
2756:Sustainable agriculture
2537:Frost damage prevention
2419:Regional climate levels
2212:The World Atlas of Wine
1965:, central highlands of
1823:KwaZulu-Natal highlands
1785:, Argentina (semi-arid)
1766:wine regions including
1719:Orange, New South Wales
1272:, which feeds into the
1090:Lake Michigan Shore AVA
698:Lake Michigan Shore AVA
2777:Glossary of wine terms
2016:Climate classification
1743:Tumbarumba wine region
1724:Port Phillip, Victoria
1362:
1351:
1335:
1320:
1309:
1293:
1281:
1134:Snake River Valley AVA
1114:Niagara Escarpment AVA
1074:Grand Valley, Colorado
1022:and except western BC)
732:
721:
705:
685:
669:
658:
533:Chilean Central Valley
270:Mediterranean climates
265:
250:
238:
224:
212:
203:Mediterranean climates
195:, sunlight as well as
130:
49:. While variations in
42:
1778:Buenos Aires Province
1702:Heathcote wine region
1603:Shenandoah Valley AVA
1401:Appalachian Mountains
1357:
1341:
1326:
1315:
1299:
1287:
1267:
1152:Texas High Plains AVA
1121:Ohio River Valley AVA
1058:Cumberland Valley AVA
727:
711:
691:
675:
664:
656:
587:Valley, Southwestern
527:South Australian wine
256:
244:
230:
218:
210:
124:
61:) as being part of a
32:
1791:wine region, Bolivia
1728:Mornington Peninsula
1569:, and including the
1304:wine regions of the
1097:Lancaster Valley AVA
737:continental climates
649:Continental climates
640:region, Iran (until
601:(bordering maritime)
563:Mediterranean Region
559:(bordering maritime)
445:(bordering tropical)
433:Jerez de la Frontera
193:atmospheric pressure
2731:Adaptive management
1687:Grampians, Victoria
1673:, South Australia (
1641:Australian Pyrenees
1079:Hudson River Region
1014:regions (including
512:Southern Oregon AVA
286:Mediterranean basin
105:does exist in some
99:southern hemisphere
79:continental climate
2649:Botrytis bunch rot
2469:Grapevine planting
2399:Climate categories
2255:C. Fallis, editor
2104:M. Ewing-Mulligan
1988:Matsumae Peninsula
1890:regions including
1783:RĂo Negro Province
1486:Bizkaiko Txakolina
1463:Liechtenstein wine
1365:Wine regions with
1363:
1352:
1336:
1334:metropolitan area.
1321:
1310:
1294:
1282:
1128:Ozark Mountain AVA
1109:Missouri Rhineland
1043:Walla Walla Valley
987:regions including
735:Wine regions with
733:
722:
706:
686:
670:
659:
539:South African wine
523:Western Australian
504:and other coastal
268:Wine regions with
266:
251:
239:
225:
213:
151:temperate climates
142:that occurs after
131:
43:
2824:
2823:
2669:Grapevine yellows
2169:J. Robinson (ed)
2076:10.1111/gcb.13382
2001:, United States (
1937:ChĂŁ das Caldeiras
1863:England and Wales
1745:, NSW (semi-arid)
1648:, New South Wales
1625:Willamette Valley
1541:Martha's Vineyard
1367:maritime climates
1260:Maritime climates
1175:Nagano Prefecture
1103:Lehigh Valley AVA
570:Thracian Lowlands
107:tropical climates
35:Northern Portugal
16:(Redirected from
2854:
2847:Wine terminology
2816:
2815:
2700:Uncinula necator
2689:Pierce's disease
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2253:
2247:
2233:
2222:
2208:
2199:
2196:10.1002/joc.4325
2187:
2181:
2167:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2068:
2051:
2032:
1999:Washington state
1905:Black Sea Region
1868:Southern Ireland
1764:Vancouver Island
1753:British Columbia
1505:New Zealand wine
1346:wine regions of
1288:Wine regions of
1247:Washington state
1202:Yeongdong County
1069:Finger Lakes, NY
1020:British Columbia
993:Eastern Anatolia
989:Central Anatolia
830:Italian Piedmont
678:Washington State
537:Western coastal
496:Azerbaijani wine
438:Balearic Islands
397:Montenegrin wine
383:Palestinian wine
247:Humboldt Current
163:ripening periods
21:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2806:
2792:Outline of wine
2760:
2751:Organic farming
2736:Biodynamic wine
2723:
2717:
2708:Red spider mite
2629:
2623:
2580:
2542:Green harvest (
2527:Erosion control
2504:
2498:
2479:Row orientation
2461:
2455:
2391:
2385:
2330:Grape varieties
2312:
2306:
2301:
2271:
2270:
2254:
2250:
2234:
2225:
2209:
2202:
2188:
2184:
2168:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2103:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2012:
1768:Cowichan Valley
1708:Henty, Victoria
1671:Langhorne Creek
1667:Kangaroo Island
1611:(GA/NC)(mostly
1409:
1270:Gironde Estuary
1262:
1249:, United States
1184:TendĹŤ, Yamagata
1039:Columbia Valley
1016:Okanagan Valley
915:Macedonian wine
791:
651:
517:Baja California
506:California wine
465:Portuguese wine
459:Vinos de Madrid
314:
236:South Australia
221:California wine
205:
135:grape varieties
119:
109:, most notably
83:Columbia Valley
23:
22:
18:Maritime (wine)
15:
12:
11:
5:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2694:Powdery mildew
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:Vendange verte
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Trellis design
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2380:Vitis vinifera
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2248:
2237:The Wine Bible
2223:
2200:
2182:
2151:
2131:
2114:
2097:
2080:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1947:Aguascalientes
1943:
1934:
1928:
1911:
1901:
1898:Krasnodar Krai
1894:
1884:
1881:Abkhazian wine
1877:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1839:Ethiopian wine
1837:Some highland
1835:
1825:
1820:
1814:St Francis Bay
1807:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1635:Alpine Valleys
1632:
1622:
1619:Volcano Winery
1616:
1606:
1599:
1596:Rocky Knob AVA
1593:
1583:
1578:
1556:
1530:
1523:Malleco Valley
1515:BĂo BĂo Valley
1511:Southern Chile
1508:
1502:
1492:
1490:Basque Country
1483:
1476:
1469:Moselle Valley
1466:
1460:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1389:grape diseases
1380:water currents
1274:Atlantic Ocean
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1136:(Idaho/Oregon)
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1105:, Pennsylvania
1100:
1099:, Pennsylvania
1093:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1002:
999:Ukrainian wine
995:
981:
967:
960:
949:
942:
935:
929:
922:
911:
905:
902:Hungarian wine
898:
891:
884:Inland Croatia
881:
878:Bulgarian wine
874:
867:
861:
856:
847:
841:
827:
817:
810:
804:
798:
790:
787:
742:continentality
650:
647:
646:
645:
635:
629:
623:
613:
607:
602:
596:
589:Bulgarian wine
581:
574:Bulgarian wine
567:
566:
565:
560:
557:Marmara Region
554:
542:
535:
530:
520:
514:
509:
499:
492:
481:
474:Slovenian wine
468:
461:
456:
454:Jumilla, Spain
451:
446:
443:Canary Islands
440:
435:
426:
421:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
386:
380:
374:
371:Jordanian wine
368:
362:
356:
349:
344:
339:
330:
325:
313:
310:
204:
201:
167:freezing point
118:
115:
47:growing season
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Vine training
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:Environmental
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2265:1-74048-050-3
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:1-56305-434-5
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:1-84000-332-4
2217:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:0-19-860990-6
2176:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:0-7566-1324-8
2145:
2141:
2138:T. Stevenson
2135:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:Cascade Range
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:wine region,
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:Georgian wine
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:Caxias do Sul
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:Fraser Valley
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Fleurieu zone
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:(all part of
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Lower Navarre
1424:
1423:Irouléguy AOC
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:Cascade Range
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:wine region,
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:(IL/IA/MN/WI)
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1123:(IN/KY/OH/WV)
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:Lake Erie AVA
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:Yakima Valley
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Canadian wine
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
939:Romanian wine
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:Moldovan wine
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
879:
875:
872:
871:Austrian wine
868:
865:
864:Armenian wine
862:
860:
857:
855:
851:
850:Saale-Unstrut
848:
845:
842:
839:
835:
831:
828:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
730:
726:
719:
715:
710:
703:
699:
695:
690:
683:
679:
674:
667:
663:
655:
648:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:Tunisian wine
630:
627:
626:Moroccan wine
624:
621:
617:
616:Egyptian wine
614:
611:
610:Algerian wine
608:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
553:
552:Aegean Region
550:
549:
547:
543:
540:
536:
534:
531:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
485:Croatian wine
482:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
390:Albanian wine
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:Lebanese wine
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
307:
306:ancient world
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
275:
271:
263:
259:
255:
248:
243:
237:
233:
229:
222:
217:
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
136:
128:
123:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:50th parallel
88:
87:30th parallel
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:(for example
64:
63:Mediterranean
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2698:
2664:Downy mildew
2576:Weed control
2566:Millerandage
2543:
2414:Microclimate
2398:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2340:Hybrid grape
2320:Ampelography
2313:horticulture
2256:
2251:
2236:
2211:
2185:
2170:
2139:
2134:
2122:
2117:
2105:
2100:
2088:
2083:
2066:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2002:
1975:wine regions
1908:Turkish wine
1900:wine regions
1888:Crimean wine
1845:Belgian wine
1832:Western Cape
1818:South Africa
1810:Eastern Cape
1758:Gulf Islands
1732:Yarra Valley
1692:Granite Belt
1674:
1628:
1612:
1589:
1575:The Hamptons
1562:
1544:
1533:Block Island
1526:
1519:Itata Valley
1498:
1432:Madiran wine
1364:
1348:South Africa
1344:Garden Route
1328:Port Phillip
1232:wine regions
1171:wine regions
1046:
985:Turkish wine
956:
953:Serbian wine
946:Russian wine
918:
887:
837:
834:Italian wine
823:
814:Loire Valley
812:Most of the
774:
734:
592:
577:
546:Turkish wine
519:wine regions
488:
477:
419:Rhone Valley
365:Israeli wine
322:Italian wine
283:
267:
262:South Africa
260:wines, from
258:Stellenbosch
182:
175:
148:
132:
93:in both the
55:wine regions
51:macroclimate
44:
39:Douro Valley
26:
2842:Viticulture
2474:Propagation
2311:Biology and
2304:Viticulture
2235:K. MacNeil
2087:S. Siddons
1851:Danish wine
1804:SĂŁo Joaquim
1586:Puget Sound
1559:Long Island
1495:RĂas Baixas
1457:German wine
1317:Puget Sound
1302:Outer Lands
1290:New Zealand
1217:wine region
1210:South Korea
1197:South Korea
964:Slovak wine
932:Polish wine
908:Kazakh wine
638:Shiraz wine
572:, Southern
502:Napa Valley
359:Cyprus wine
342:Pantelleria
294:Phoenicians
127:Lake Geneva
103:viticulture
2831:Categories
2802:Winemaking
2724:and issues
2722:Approaches
2684:Phylloxera
2654:Bot canker
2556:Irrigation
2532:Fertilizer
2505:management
2434:Topography
2424:Soil types
2058:References
2050:) climate.
1990:, Hokkaido
1951:Guanajuato
1941:Cape Verde
1857:Dutch wine
1828:Mossel Bay
1726:(includes
1704:, Victoria
1696:Queensland
1683:, Victoria
1665:including
1637:, Victoria
1598:, Virginia
1571:North Fork
1513:including
1480:Swiss wine
1473:Luxembourg
1471:including
1391:, such as
1268:The large
1189:Yeongcheon
1143:(CT/MA/RI)
1092:, Michigan
1086:(NY/PA/OH)
1041:(includes
895:Czech wine
801:CĂ´te-RĂ´tie
750:inland sea
746:continents
694:Great Lake
431:including
353:Greek wine
290:winemaking
178:irrigation
2713:Vine moth
2679:Nematodes
2644:Black rot
2628:Pests and
2604:Noble rot
2599:Festivals
2444:elevation
2392:variation
2362:Rootstock
2121:A. Mumma
1963:Zacatecas
1959:Querétaro
1945:Areas of
1933:, Vietnam
1892:Massandra
1681:Gippsland
1549:Nantucket
1418:Champagne
1375:estuaries
1332:Melbourne
1139:Mainland
955:regions (
917:regions (
836:regions (
807:Jura wine
716:, in the
548:regions:
487:regions (
471:Primorska
449:Catalonia
429:Andalusia
417:Southern
159:fruit set
155:flowering
2818:Category
2787:Oenology
2765:See also
2659:Dead arm
2631:diseases
2609:Ripeness
2561:Klopotec
2503:Vineyard
2462:planting
2460:Vineyard
2409:Drainage
2367:Vineyard
2355:Veraison
2350:Ripening
2044:Florence
2010:See also
1993:West of
1926:Portugal
1914:Pico IPR
1806:, Brazil
1738:Tasmania
1651:Most of
1621:, Hawaii
1601:Some of
1567:east end
1537:Cape Cod
1450:Lorraine
1441:Muscadet
1434:region,
1413:Bordeaux
1385:humidity
1359:Hokkaido
1278:Bordeaux
1241:East of
1230:Xinjiang
1169:Hokkaido
1132:Most of
1119:Most of
1095:Most of
1056:Most of
1031:Most of
1007:, Latvia
978:Slovenia
970:Podravje
795:Burgundy
770:Burgundy
729:Xinjiang
702:Michigan
591:region (
576:region (
483:Coastal
476:region (
413:Provence
347:Sardinia
274:seasonal
232:Penfolds
189:humidity
140:dormancy
101:. While
95:northern
75:Bordeaux
71:maritime
2619:Weather
2614:Vintage
2586:Harvest
2571:Pruning
2522:Coulure
2429:Terroir
2042:, e.g.
1979:Thimphu
1973:Kashmir
1955:Hidalgo
1910:regions
1883:regions
1876:regions
1859:regions
1853:regions
1847:regions
1841:regions
1774:MĂ©danos
1605:(VA/WV)
1547:), and
1507:regions
1436:Gascony
1238:, China
1221:Ningxia
1215:Beijing
1060:(PA/MD)
1035:(PA/NJ)
1026:Mendoza
1001:regions
983:Inland
974:Posavje
966:regions
957:Cfa/Cfb
948:regions
941:regions
934:regions
928:regions
910:regions
904:regions
897:regions
888:Cfa/Cfb
880:regions
873:regions
866:regions
854:Germany
838:Cfa/Cfb
824:Cfa/Cfb
766:vintage
666:Hungary
634:regions
628:regions
622:system)
612:regions
605:Madeira
541:regions
529:regions
508:regions
498:regions
467:regions
403:Corsica
399:regions
392:regions
385:regions
379:regions
373:regions
367:regions
361:regions
355:regions
333:Marsala
328:Liguria
324:regions
318:Tuscany
304:of the
279:drought
144:harvest
67:Tuscany
2512:Canopy
2439:aspect
2335:Grapes
2263:
2243:
2218:
2177:
2146:
1983:Bhutan
1967:Mexico
1961:, and
1931:Da Lat
1922:Azores
1799:Brazil
1789:Tarija
1713:Mudgee
1646:Bowral
1521:, and
1446:Alsace
1397:mildew
1371:oceans
1236:Yantai
1049:) and
1005:Sabile
859:Saxony
700:of SW
682:Oregon
599:Azores
585:Struma
583:Upper
337:Sicily
302:Romans
300:, and
298:Greeks
111:Brazil
2639:Birds
2494:Yield
2449:slope
2373:Vitis
2022:Notes
1971:Some
1903:Some
1896:Some
1886:Some
1879:Some
1872:Some
1478:Most
1455:Most
1225:China
1179:Japan
1167:Most
1010:Most
997:Most
962:Most
951:Most
944:Most
937:Most
924:Most
913:Most
900:Most
893:Most
876:Most
869:Most
844:Douro
820:Rioja
778:Spain
758:frost
494:Some
463:Most
424:Malta
395:Most
388:Most
351:Most
219:Most
171:frost
81:(ex:
77:) or
73:(ex:
2797:Wine
2594:Brix
2517:Clos
2261:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2038:and
1918:Pico
1770:, BC
1760:, BC
1730:and
1698:/NSW
1669:and
1573:and
1448:and
1395:and
1393:mold
1342:The
1300:The
1116:, NY
991:and
972:and
762:hail
760:and
712:The
680:and
642:1979
620:Nile
525:and
185:wind
161:and
97:and
89:and
2192:doi
2072:doi
2048:Csa
2040:Cfa
2036:Csa
2003:Csb
1675:Csb
1629:Csb
1613:Cfa
1590:Csb
1563:Cfa
1545:Cfa
1527:Csb
1499:Csb
1047:Csa
919:Cfa
593:Cfa
578:Cfa
489:Cfa
478:Cfa
69:),
37:'s
2833::
2226:^
2203:^
2154:^
1997:,
1957:,
1953:,
1949:,
1939:,
1924:,
1920:,
1916:,
1830:,
1816:,
1797:,
1776:,
1751:,
1694:,
1539:,
1535:,
1517:,
1488:,
1425:,
1373:,
1245:,
1223:,
1208:,
1204:,
1195:,
1177:,
1018:,
976:,
852:,
772:.
335:,
308:.
296:,
191:,
187:,
157:,
2546:)
2358:)
2352:(
2296:e
2289:t
2282:v
2198:.
2194::
2127:"
2123:"
2110:"
2106:"
2093:"
2089:"
2078:.
2074::
2005:)
1734:)
1677:)
1631:)
1627:(
1615:)
1592:)
1588:(
1577:)
1561:(
1543:(
1529:)
1525:(
1501:)
1497:(
1280:.
1053:)
1045:(
959:)
921:)
890:)
886:(
840:)
826:)
822:(
704:.
595:)
580:)
491:)
480:)
249:.
41:.
20:)
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