1346:
733:, of which she was an adherent. Acting on orders from Charles III, Tanucci revived a law from 1751 banning Freemasonry in response to the discovery of a Masonic lodge among the royal regiment. Angered, the queen expressed to Charles III her opinion that Tanucci was ruining the country through the medium of a letter written by her husband, thus making it look as if it was his idea. Resigned to the queen's wishes, Ferdinand dismissed Tanucci in October 1776, causing a rift with his father. The appointment of Tanucci's successor, the Marquis of Sambuca, Maria Carolina's powerless puppet, represented the end of Spanish influence in Naples, hitherto virtually a province of that country. Maria Carolina proceeded to alienate large swaths of the nobility by replacing the influence of Spain with that of Austria. Her unpopularity among the nobility was increased by her attempts to curb their prerogative.
1044:. Maria Carolina was so horrified by that event that she refused to speak French, "that monstrous language", and banned the "inflammatory" philosophical works of Galanti and Filangeri, who had hitherto enjoyed the queen's patronage. In 1794, following the discovery of a Jacobin plot to overthrow the government, Maria Carolina ordered Medici to suppress the Freemasons, of which she was once an adherent, believing they were partaking in treasonable activities with the French. The army was kept perpetually mobilised in case of sudden attack, occasioning a huge increase in taxation. Fearing for the safety of her family, Maria Carolina employed food-testers and switched the royal families' apartments on a daily basis. What compelled Maria Carolina to do this was the general terror reigning throughout the city, in which "nobody was safe".
510:
940:
803:
1462:
1175:
664:
877:
1551:
1732:
5744:
1376:
683:
1608:
1702:
1112:
707:. Pursuant to Empress Maria Theresa's instructions, Maria Carolina gained Ferdinand's trust by feigning interest in his favourite activity—hunting. With it, she obtained a back door to the administration of the state, to be fully realised only by the birth of an heir in 1775, and her consequent admission to the Privy Council. Until then, Maria Carolina presided over the rejuvenation of Neapolitan court life, largely neglected since the advent of her husband's regency. Academics
1294:
1428:
53:
360:
781:
letter written by the king, expounding to
Charles III that Acton, the son of a French woman, was not English and that he was appointed before Spanish hostilities with Britain broke out. Charles's attacks against Acton only served to endear the latter more to the queen, who proceeded to appoint him Field-Marshal. Acton's reforms were not restricted to the expansion of the navy; at the same time, he cut the expenditure of his department by 500,000
742:
1771:
1127:, an ancient Greek colony which existed on the site of the future city of Naples) was an attempt by the French to obtain the support of the Neapolitan people. During the republican period, a government was installed with Ercole D'Agnese as elected President, press freedom was proclaimed, and future reforms were prepared. However, after only 6 months, the young republic ended when the
1525:
1499:
1402:
3485:
993:, was secretly a radical himself. Concurrently, Maria Carolina arranged a treaty of alliance with Great Britain, on whom France had latterly declared war. By this treaty, Naples was to contribute four men-of-war, four frigates and four smaller ships, along with six thousand soldiers, to protect commerce in the Mediterranean. In August 1793, following the
825:, who famously painted the queen's family in an informal garden setting in 1783, and gave her daughters lessons in drawing. Maria Carolina showered Kauffman with gifts, but she preferred the artistic circles in Rome to Naples. The queen's patronage was not restricted to portrait painters: she allotted landscape painter
559:. A testament to their closeness is the fact that when one caught an illness the other did too. In August 1767 Maria Theresa separated the two girls, hitherto raised together under the auspices of Countess Marie von Brandis, because of their bad behaviour. Soon after in October of the same year, Maria Carolina's sister
1135:, attacked and invaded Naples (21 June 1799). The collapse of the republic was largely due to the English fleet, which had supplied the royal army with weapons. Again, it was Admiral Nelson who successfully defeated the French in the middle of 1799 from Naples and Sicily securing the throne for the Royal couple.
931:, had not yet received her. However, they soon struck up a friendship, Emma singing duets with the king and dining privately with the royal family. The queen, whom Emma thought "most excellent and strictly good and upright", was drawn closer to Emma by her willingness to betray Britain's diplomatic secrets.
1030:
899:
to Naples from Vienna, earlier than expected, where they were greeted by Pius VI in a private audience. The pope agreed to cede to the king the right of appointing bishops to vacant sees. Thus, because the king and queen had not made any concessions in return, the prestige of Naples was augmented. On
785:
and invited foreign drill-sergeants and officers to fill vacancies in the army. Acton and Maria
Carolina were seen to have become so close by 1782 that, according to the Sardinian ambassador in Naples, people falsely believed they were lovers. That the rumour was untrue was not known to the king, who
919:
and was determined to prevent its ideology gaining prevalence in Naples. She did this by sub-dividing Naples into twelve police wards, controlled by government-appointed commissioners, replacing the popularly elected alderman system. The effectiveness of the wards was increased by the creation of a
988:
were rendered useless in the face of the subversive actives of
Latouche's fleet, which was obliged to return to Naples shortly after leaving by a storm. The French sailors, "republican agents", were allowed to land on this occasion, inculcating their anti-monarchical sentiments in the Neapolitans.
976:
to seek redress, which arrived on 17 December in Naples. Latouche stipulated that, if Acton did not apologise to him in person for the SĂ©monville affair, he would bombard and lay waste to Naples within an hour. The queen's decision to accede to
Latouche's demands earned her the criticism of some
780:
in alliance with the United States, was angered by Acton's appointment to the
Ministry of War and of Marine because he felt his Spanish candidate, Don Antonio Otero, was more worthy of such a high government post by virtue of the fact he was not English. Maria Carolina once again replied using a
583:
or Maria
Carolina. Because Maria Amalia was five years older than his son, Charles III opted for the latter. Maria Carolina reacted badly to her engagement, crying, entreating and saying that Neapolitan marriages were unlucky, considering that two of her sisters had died before they could marry
963:
caused tension with that country. John Acton, now Prime
Minister of Naples, allayed Maria Carolina's fervent desire to go to war with France and tried to placate Mackau until he could rely on British military support. His plan, however, backfired when the French government intercepted a letter
639:
Maria
Carolina's dislike of her husband, however, did not get in the way of her bearing children, as her most important wifely duty was to perpetuate the dynasty. In total, Maria Carolina bore Ferdinand eighteen children, of whom seven survived into adulthood including his successor,
894:
over ecclesiastical laws and the investiture and choice of bishops. Consequently, Naples had stopped paying its annual tribute of 7,000 ducats. Therefore, Maria
Carolina arranged a meeting with the pope. To emphasise their desire to see him, the king and queen arrived in Rome,
636:, where she met her husband, whom she found "very ugly". To the Countess of Lerchenfeld, she wrote, "I love him only out of duty..." Ferdinand was not taken with her either, declaring, after their first night together, "She sleeps like the dead and sweats like a pig."
1345:
989:
Upon
Latouche's departure, on 29 January 1793, Maria Carolina launched an ineffective offensive against Neapolitan radicals, allowing the most dangerous schemers to escape justice. Why the offensive failed can be explained by the fact that her chief of police,
1240:, for the restoration of her husband and herself to the Neapolitan throne. However, this never happened: Maria Carolina died on 8 September as a consequence of a stroke, without seeing the final defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of her husband by the
848:. While the king supported the match, Maria Carolina shunned it. Like her mother, she had carefully chosen the prospective husbands and wives of her children, matches that were to cement political alliances of her choosing. The death of the queen's nephew
954:
and Queen Marie Antoinette were arrested on 10 August 1792. Hence, the Neapolitan government refused to recognise French diplomatist Baron Armand de Mackau's recently arrived legation. Queen Maria Carolina was so horrified at what had happened at the
972:. When France started making preparations for war in November to avenge this insult, the king and queen finally capitulated and begrudgingly recognized Mackau and the Republic. However, the national assembly had already sent 9 ships under Admiral
1186:. The European states were concerned by Napoleon's growing power, which reached its peak with his Imperial coronation on 18 May 1804. By 1805 Italy was again the center of interest of the new Emperor, whose crown bore the inscription
1067:
in 1797 offered Maria Carolina a brief respite from the affairs of war, which had taken a toll on her health. Maria Carolina entered a secret defensive alliance with Austria on 20 May 1798, in response to France's occupation of the
485:
was declared, which repudiated Bourbon rule in Naples for six months. Deposed as Queen of Naples for a second time by French forces, in 1806, Maria Carolina died in Vienna in 1814, a year before her husband's restoration to Naples.
844:, was eager to be on good terms with his brother, the King of Naples, sending the Spanish fleet to salute to him. To consolidate their reconciliation, Charles IV proposed that his daughter marry the king and queen's eldest son,
5629:
1162:, where she arrived two months later. Maria Carolina stayed two years in her homeland, where she arranged advantageous marriages for her children. In the family circle, she spent most time with her favorite grandchild,
883:, Queen of France, here depicted by Jean-Baptiste Gautier Dagoty, was Maria Carolina's favourite sister. It was as a response to her treatment by the French that Maria Carolina allied Naples with Britain during the
763:
advice, Maria Carolina and Acton revamped the Neapolitan navy, then neglected, opening 4 marine colleges and commissioning 150 ships of various sizes. The merchant navy, too, was augmented by trade pacts with
1205:, on the throne of Naples. The royal family was forced to flee to Sicily in February 1806. In their exile, the refugees relied on the help of Great Britain, but after the death of Admiral Nelson in the
786:
tried several times to "surprise you together" and threatened to kill them both in a rage. In response, Maria Carolina set spies on her husband, but a reconciliation was soon achieved. As part of this
359:
920:
secret police force, which had in its pay spies of every class. It was through her secret police that Maria Carolina learned of her substantial decline in popularity among all classes of society.
829:
a wing of the palace at Francavilla. Like Kauffman, he gave lessons to the queen's children and enjoyed her confidence. On recommendation from Hackert, the king and queen restored the statues of
5622:
703:
Ferdinand, having received a lacklustre education from the Prince of San Nicandro, lacked the ability to rule, relying completely on his father Charles III of Spain's counsel, communicated by
5057:
4827:
6005:
5514:
4940:
1108:
succeeded rapidly, and in January 1799 he occupied Naples and forced the royal family to escape to Sicily. In the Sicilian exile Maria Carolina continued her politics towards Naples.
5615:
4964:
4584:
6000:
537:
37:
1209:(21 October 1805), the British developed more and more aversion to Maria Carolina. Finally in 1813, her husband essentially (but not officially) abdicated and appointed their son
959:
that day that she almost broke off relations with France altogether. The king and queen's procrastination regarding Mackau's requests to be recognised as a representative of the
5579:
5526:
5045:
4952:
4702:
4579:
4574:
2781:
4725:
5497:
5462:
4867:
4785:
446:. Like her mother, Maria Carolina arranged politically advantageous marriages for her children. Maria Carolina promoted Naples as a centre of the arts, patronising painters
5392:
4655:
4631:
4322:
3906:
3666:
1052:
4643:
4564:
533:
33:
5100:
837:
colony, a village with its own unique laws and customs whose sole object was to weave silk. She also commissioned ornamental snuff boxes and jewellery from goldsmiths.
4731:
4199:
579:, father of Ferdinand IV, requested one of Maria Josepha's sisters as a replacement. The empress offered the court of Madrid, negotiating on behalf of that of Naples,
4395:
4156:
3840:
4430:
5685:
965:
4893:
4352:
973:
5404:
5380:
4969:
4850:
4713:
4667:
4637:
4485:
4277:
572:
4400:
5866:
4888:
4737:
4615:
5841:
5212:
5069:
4425:
4357:
2342:, who had sought refuge from the turmoil engulfing France there. From them, Maria Carolina learned of her sister's maltreatment at the hands of the French.
1714:
1598:
270:
4479:
1055:. Bonaparte's successes in Northern Italy compelled Maria Carolina to sue for peace, under which Naples had to pay to France a war indemnity of 8 million
939:
4812:
5316:
5311:
5243:
907:
The return from Vienna marked a new epoch in the politics of Naples. Alarmed by developments in France, especially in regards to her favourite sister,
5485:
4855:
4538:
4415:
3399:
Recca, Cinzia (2016). "The Diary of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, 1781-1785: New Evidence of Queenship at Court". Palgrave McMillan:London -New York
2351:
At the time, there was a convention that disbarred women from being received by a foreign sovereign if they had not been received by their native one.
5468:
5439:
4797:
4791:
4707:
6035:
593:
509:
1461:
1244:. Her maid found the queen lying dead on the floor among scattered letters. Maria Carolina was the last surviving child of Empress Maria Theresa.
6045:
5894:
5445:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4719:
4420:
4306:
4283:
4051:
2241:
1440:
1064:
802:
481:. As a result of a failed Neapolitan invasion of French-occupied Rome, she fled to Sicily with her husband in December 1798. One month later, the
5995:
5955:
5010:
4974:
4445:
4016:
3899:
3659:
3301:
Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
6030:
5930:
5925:
5532:
5491:
4958:
4883:
4861:
4802:
4775:
4495:
4390:
4342:
4332:
4249:
4031:
3692:
3471:
3450:
3436:
3366:
4312:
6025:
5940:
5935:
5888:
5851:
5831:
5410:
4920:
4673:
4533:
4300:
4192:
4056:
4036:
1999:
1652:
1515:
1358:
865:
560:
280:
260:
4126:
3816:
1967:
5233:
5950:
5861:
5846:
5826:
5821:
5801:
5386:
4649:
4435:
4121:
3810:
3718:
1879:
1763:
1722:
1631:
1489:
1452:
1336:
1236:, Maria Carolina finally arrived in Vienna in January 1814, where she began negotiations with Prince Metternich and her nephew, Emperor
861:
853:
295:
290:
275:
255:
250:
245:
230:
5270:
3489:
1174:
923:
In an attempt to please Great Britain, with a military alliance in mind, the queen deigned to meet the wife of the English ambassador,
6015:
5796:
4994:
3966:
3947:
1284:
857:
663:
225:
2788:
5990:
5965:
5960:
5836:
5725:
5573:
5567:
5039:
5033:
4780:
4770:
4218:
3892:
3754:
3728:
3675:
3652:
3422:
3407:
3394:
3380:
3352:
1541:
928:
653:
372:
265:
3759:
1182:
After her stay in Vienna, Maria Carolina returned to Naples on 17 August 1802. It is said that Napoleon claimed that the queen was
1550:
5970:
5720:
5700:
5690:
5095:
4605:
4410:
4327:
3986:
3698:
2209:
2183:
657:
5811:
5757:
5710:
5205:
5090:
4984:
4979:
4873:
4385:
4185:
4116:
3915:
3875:
3804:
1392:
1084:
to take command. War council meetings, comprising the queen, the king, Mack, Sir William Hamilton, the English ambassador, and
564:
380:
376:
240:
186:
6010:
5561:
5398:
5051:
5027:
4807:
4760:
4743:
4661:
4347:
4337:
4146:
2089:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1237:
1163:
849:
625:
580:
5348:
1941:
575:
was previously engaged to the young king, but she too had died from smallpox. Anxious to save the Austro-Spanish alliance,
5975:
5945:
5816:
5549:
5520:
5280:
5063:
5015:
4989:
4946:
4915:
4910:
4833:
4467:
3738:
2121:
2063:
1905:
1731:
1418:
1375:
1210:
1093:
1060:
944:
845:
760:
641:
529:
514:
431:
338:
6050:
5980:
5301:
5074:
4543:
755:
Without Tanucci in government, the queen alone ruled Naples and Sicily, assisted by her French-born, English favourite,
5743:
4136:
3828:
3306:
Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
6040:
6020:
5555:
5021:
4765:
4500:
4317:
1821:
1104:
When the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily joined the Second Coalition, Napoleon found a reason to act. The French General
756:
745:
624:, where she took leave of her native attendants. From Terracina, she and her remaining suite, comprising her brother,
498:
404:
1213:
regent. This deprived her of any political influence, and the queen was forced to leave Sicily and return to Vienna.
1105:
5856:
5198:
4878:
4817:
4151:
3591:
3504:
1692:
1139:
285:
540:, who died several hours after being baptised – but she was known as Charlotte by her family. Her godparents were
5985:
5121:
4522:
4490:
4379:
3600:
1847:
1559:
1477:
1190:. From then on, events came quickly and Maria Carolina was surprised by the news of the defeat of Austria in the
890:
Maria Carolina was anxious to improve Neapolitan-Papal relations, which had deteriorated owing to arguments with
884:
1607:
571:
epidemic before she could leave for Naples to marry him. Just five years earlier, Maria Josepha's older sister,
5715:
4600:
4559:
4021:
4006:
3708:
1616:
1566:
1312:
777:
649:
478:
384:
5306:
1059:. However, neither country intended to observe this treaty in the long-term. The marriage of her eldest son,
981:, who overlook the fact that Naples was unable to mount a defence at the time as the navy was not mobilised.
584:
Ferdinand. Her objections, however, did not delay her preparation for her new role as Queen of Naples by the
5806:
4076:
3621:
3576:
3555:
1444:
1366:
1305:
1081:
876:
791:
645:
494:
490:
235:
91:
67:
5669:
5248:
5238:
4516:
4373:
4221:. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.
4161:
3846:
3614:
3567:
3548:
1623:
1320:
994:
912:
716:
463:
423:
408:
17:
524:
in Vienna, Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia was the thirteenth and sixth surviving child of
5147:
5116:
4569:
4141:
4091:
3834:
3774:
2303:
1299:
1248:
1120:
960:
826:
482:
447:
427:
5285:
5265:
3932:
2369:
Napoleon had conquered Parma, Modena, Lombardy and the main fortresses of Piedmont in rapid succession.
1701:
1111:
5920:
5915:
5695:
5651:
5126:
4440:
4233:
4101:
4066:
4026:
3937:
3786:
3749:
3686:
1191:
1006:
773:
749:
660:. Maria Carolina of Austria gave birth to eighteen children in twenty one years, from 1772 to 1793.
629:
585:
576:
556:
545:
521:
435:
130:
122:
5705:
5275:
4822:
4473:
4271:
4111:
4011:
4001:
3981:
3971:
3798:
3723:
3713:
1751:
1741:
1206:
1018:
1014:
990:
924:
841:
668:
58:
3220:
1293:
840:
In 1788, with the death of King Charles III, Neapolitan-Spanish relations improved. The new king,
4528:
4265:
4131:
4071:
3976:
3942:
3863:
3822:
3764:
2339:
2334:
1241:
1123:
was proclaimed in Naples by the French troops led by General Championnet. The chosen name (after
1073:
1041:
1034:
1010:
708:
604:
The fifteen-year-old Queen of Naples journeyed at leisure from Vienna to Naples, making stops at
455:
1571:
1427:
1040:
The execution of Marie Antoinette in October 1793 breathed a new lease of life into the queen's
4106:
4086:
3991:
3957:
3792:
3703:
3512:
3467:
3446:
3432:
3418:
3403:
3390:
3376:
3362:
3348:
2316:
1217:
1089:
916:
822:
810:
769:
633:
617:
451:
412:
328:
209:
150:
134:
52:
5780:
5638:
5422:
4685:
4096:
4081:
4046:
4041:
3923:
3780:
3769:
3743:
3299:
1198:
1077:
1002:
956:
908:
880:
814:
726:
712:
704:
687:
552:
470:
459:
5131:
4461:
4061:
3733:
1138:
In June 1800, Maria Carolina traveled with her three unmarried daughters, her younger son
998:
978:
830:
474:
158:
438:
was king. Following the birth of a male heir in 1775, Maria Carolina was admitted to the
434:, Maria Carolina married Ferdinand as part of an Austrian alliance with Spain, of which
3996:
3534:
2302:
Charles III was King of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759, when his half-brother,
1221:
1132:
1085:
969:
765:
589:
371:(Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was
169:
5909:
4610:
4405:
2147:
1202:
1056:
525:
439:
348:
4177:
1770:
588:. Nine months later, on 7 April 1768, Maria Carolina married Ferdinand IV of Naples
489:
Maria Carolina was the last surviving child of Maria Theresa. She was also the last
2320:
1069:
891:
682:
416:
392:
3254:
1197:
Napoleon then did not hesitate to conquer Naples and installed first his brother
5607:
3858:
3636:
1575:
in 1809 and had issue; Queen of the French 1830–1848; died in exile in England.
901:
730:
396:
3331:
A Sister of Marie Antoinette: The Life-Story of Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples
1401:
1524:
985:
868:, respectively, during the Neapolitan royal family's visit to Vienna in 1790.
834:
32:
Not to be confused with her two sisters of the same name who died in infancy,
5190:
856:, afforded her an opportunity to fulfil her marital ambitions. Her daughters
833:
and brought them to Naples. In 1784, the queen established the philanthropic
729:'s fall from grace came about over an argument with Maria Carolina regarding
3345:
Naples and Napoleon: southern Italy and the European revolutions (1780–1860)
3308:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 1.
3273:
1498:
1155:
951:
621:
400:
3884:
3644:
1029:
3484:
741:
415:, when, in order to prevent its ideas gaining currency, she made Naples a
4208:
1481:
1233:
1147:
1048:
613:
568:
541:
469:
Maria Carolina, abhorring how the French treated their queen, her sister
528:, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of the Habsburg dominions, and
1447:
in 1802 and had issue; was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830.
1251:
in Vienna. Her parents and most of her siblings are also buried there.
1151:
1143:
1047:
The cessation of Franco-Spanish hostilities in the summer of 1795 gave
609:
323:
173:
2378:
France had replaced the Papal States with a republic in February 1798.
1072:, which shared a border with Naples. After the British victory at the
1470:
1225:
1159:
1051:, a Corsican general in the French army, the opportunity to focus on
782:
605:
443:
154:
126:
1216:
During her trip, she received the news of Napoleon's defeat at the
2360:
The French monarchy had just been abolished, on 21 September 1792.
1602:
Teresa Amelia Giovanna Battista Francesca Gaetana Maria Anna Lucia
1173:
1110:
1028:
938:
875:
740:
681:
662:
551:
Maria Carolina formed a very close bond with her youngest sister,
508:
442:. She dominated the Council until 1812, when she was sent back to
4975:
Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-SchillingsfĂĽrst
1635:
Teresa Amelia Antonietta Giovanna Battista Anna Gaetana Polcheria
1480:
in 1807; had no issue; it was she who ordered the excavations of
548:. Maria Carolina was the daughter who resembled her mother most.
407:, and the expulsion of Spanish influence. She was a proponent of
4374:
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands
1262:
Children of Maria Carolina of Austria by Ferdinand IV of Naples
1229:
5755:
5649:
5611:
5194:
4181:
3888:
3648:
1142:, and accompanied by William and Emma Hamilton and Nelson over
813:. This portrait represents a break with typical depictions of
794:, but returned to Naples three times a week to see the queen.
513:
Archduchess Maria Carolina holding a portrait of her father,
3256:
Napoli nobilissima: rivista di topografia ed arte napoletana
1178:
Coat of arms of Maria Carolina as Queen of Naples and Sicily
391:
ruler of her husband's kingdoms, Maria Carolina oversaw the
821:
Maria Carolina patronised German-Swiss artists, foremostly
5533:
Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1033:
The effigies of Maria Carolina and her husband on a 1791
943:
Maria Carolina as she appeared in 1791, in a painting by
4539:
Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
1166:, who later became the wife of her arch-enemy Napoleon.
927:, in audience, despite the fact that the British Queen,
395:
of many reforms, including the revocation of the ban on
3429:
Marie Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter
3373:
Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide
1329:
Marie Louise, Empress of the French and Queen of Italy
915:
and started on a reactionary course. She rejected the
817:, incorporating an Arcadian landscape and simple poses
5527:
Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria
964:
detailing how he sabotaged the diplomatic mission of
947:. She strongly resembles her sister, Marie Antoinette
555:. From very early on they shared the same governess,
1443:
in 1797 and had issue; married another first cousin
473:, allied Naples with Britain and Austria during the
5789:
5768:
5678:
5662:
5542:
5507:
5478:
5455:
5432:
5373:
5357:
5341:
5325:
5294:
5258:
5226:
5140:
5109:
5083:
5003:
4903:
4843:
4753:
4695:
4624:
4593:
4552:
4509:
4454:
4366:
4293:
4258:
4242:
4226:
4217:Generations are numbered by male-line descent from
3956:
3922:
536:, who died two weeks after her first birthday, and
354:
344:
334:
322:
314:
German: Maria Carolina Luise Josefa Johanna Antonia
308:
208:
180:
164:
140:
109:
105:
97:
90:
73:
66:
45:
4889:Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
3387:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
1220:on 19 October 1813. After a long journey through
748:, Maria Carolina's favourite, from a painting by
567:as part of an alliance with Spain, died during a
6006:Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
5486:Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria
4959:Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1100:Escape and creation of the Parthenopean Republic
1750:Died in childhood (died of exhaustion on board
900:leaving, Maria Carolina was presented with the
798:Artistic patronage and the death of Charles III
759:, from 1778 onwards. Acting on her brother the
694:ruler of Naples and Sicily from 1759 until 1776
5623:
5206:
4534:Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine
4193:
4157:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
3900:
3841:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
3660:
935:The SĂ©monville affair and the First Coalition
8:
5568:Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri
5011:Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
3206:
3204:
3202:
3174:
3172:
3144:
3142:
3084:
3082:
3048:
3046:
3044:
2992:
2990:
2947:
2945:
2917:
2915:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2638:
2636:
1396:Giuseppa Antonietta Francesca Gaetana Teresa
532:. She was a namesake of her elder sisters –
27:Queen of Naples and Sicily from 1768 to 1814
5317:Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat
3072:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3034:
3032:
3022:
3020:
2980:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2740:
2738:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2520:
2518:
2499:
2497:
1088:, the victor of the Nile, were held in the
497:before the unification of the two into the
6001:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
5765:
5752:
5659:
5646:
5630:
5616:
5608:
5498:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-BĂĽdingen
5417:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily
5213:
5199:
5191:
4868:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-BĂĽdingen
4200:
4186:
4178:
3907:
3893:
3885:
3667:
3653:
3645:
3495:
3415:Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France
3114:
3112:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2410:
2408:
1802:
1793:
1422:Gennaro Giuseppe Saverio Giovanni Battista
1354:Hofburg Imperial Palace, 19 September 1802
1258:
1201:, and four years later his brother-in-law
51:
42:
18:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily
5574:Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio
5040:Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio
4446:Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
4416:Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
3445:. The J. Paul Getty Museum: Los Angeles.
1319:, in 1790; had issue, among them Emperor
911:, Maria Carolina ended her experiment in
4926:Margarete Sophie, Duchess of WĂĽrttemberg
4798:Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
4776:Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
1626:; died from tuberculosis; had no issue.
1410:Royal Palace of Naples, 22 February 1780
1407:Royal Palace of Naples, 23 November 1775
801:
399:, the enlargement of the navy under her
5580:Princess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis PĂ©rez
5286:Claudia, Archduchess of Further Austria
5244:Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara
3389:. Columbia University Press: New York.
2395:
2295:
2242:Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
1441:Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria
1065:Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria
984:Maria Carolina's preventatives against
616:, and Rome on the way. She entered the
5550:Helena, Duchess Philipp of WĂĽrttemberg
4856:Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria
4818:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
4738:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria
3443:European Art of the Eighteenth Century
2338:, the last two surviving daughters of
2163:
2043:
2039:
2029:
1921:
1811:
1807:
1797:Ancestors of Maria Carolina of Austria
1315:, she married her double first cousin
1311:Named after her maternal grand mother
305:
5776:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
5446:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria
5168:also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
5064:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg
4965:Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
4720:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria
4544:Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress
4272:Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway
4266:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France
3459:. Cambridge University Press: London.
2239:
2229:
2225:
2213:
2207:
2197:
2181:
2171:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2119:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2023:
2013:
2000:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
1997:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1893:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1845:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1624:Infante Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias
1504:Royal Palace of Naples, 12 April 1780
1184:the only man in the Kingdom of Naples
231:Luisa Maria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
7:
5349:Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine
5312:Anna, Archduchess of Further Austria
5127:Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine
5058:Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil
4970:Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
4523:Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress
4501:Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress
4323:Maria, Duchess of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
1662:Royal Palace of Naples, 31 July 1787
1530:Royal Palace of Naples, 18 June 1781
1359:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1351:Royal Palace of Naples, 27 July 1773
866:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
5842:Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias
5598:did not have a royal or noble birth
5492:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani
5387:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
5132:Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
5101:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
4936:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
4862:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani
4834:Maria Beatrix, Countess of MontizĂłn
4828:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord
4766:Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
4761:Marie Louise, Empress of the French
4650:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
4560:Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
4278:Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia
3719:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
3347:. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
1696:Giovanni Giuseppe Michele of Naples
1164:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
271:Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias
246:Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies
5822:Maria Christina, Queen of Sardinia
4884:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
4744:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria
4380:Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy
1737:Royal Palace of Naples, 2 May 1792
25:
5857:Prince Leopold, Prince of Salerno
5837:Maria Amalia, Queen of the French
5096:Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
4995:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski
4496:Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
4219:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
4209:Austrian archduchesses by descent
1715:Archduchess Clementina of Austria
1665:Caserta Palace, 20 September 1792
1644:Caserta Palace, 10 September 1792
1247:Maria Carolina was buried in the
1115:Flag of the Parthenopean Republic
929:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
864:married Crown Prince Francis and
266:Maria Amalia, Queen of the French
251:Maria Cristina, Queen of Sardinia
226:Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress
5797:Maria Teresa, Holy Roman Empress
5742:
5593:* also an archduchess of Austria
5521:Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony
5469:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
5070:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
4792:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
4732:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
4606:Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
4486:Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
4358:Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
3483:
2332:In Rome, Maria Carolina met the
2210:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick
2184:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick
1769:
1730:
1700:
1641:Caserta Palace, 18 February 1786
1613:Caserta Palace, 14 December 1784
1606:
1549:
1533:Caserta Palace, 19 February 1783
1523:
1497:
1460:
1439:Married his double first cousin
1426:
1400:
1384:Caserta Palace, 17 December 1778
1374:
1357:Married her double first cousin
1344:
1292:
1076:, the queen decided to join the
904:, a great mark of Papal favour.
854:Duchess Elisabeth of WĂĽrttemberg
620:on 12 May 1768, disembarking at
358:
6036:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
5802:Luisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
5711:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
5701:Prince Felipe, Duke of Calabria
5696:Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
5670:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
5440:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony
5405:Princess Maria Johanna Gabriela
4947:Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony
4894:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria
4879:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
4771:Clementina, Princess of Salerno
4708:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony
4680:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples
4616:Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine
4491:Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
3581:12 May 1768 – 8 September 1814
3464:The Habsburgs: Embodying Empire
3329:Bearne, Catherine Mary (1907).
1684:Caserta Palace, 1 February 1789
1467:Caserta Palace, 17 January 1779
1445:Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain
850:Crown Prince Francis of Austria
667:Portrait of Maria Carolina (by
198:
6046:Daughters of duchesses regnant
5895:Princesses of the Two Sicilies
5423:Maria Antonia, Queen of France
5399:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
5239:Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano
5016:Helena, Duchess of WĂĽrttemberg
4686:Maria Antonia, Queen of France
4662:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma
4601:Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
4517:Maria Theresa, Queen of France
4474:Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress
4147:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
3560:12 May 1768 – 23 January 1799
3263:, by Riccardo Carafa, page 65.
2090:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1968:Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans
1507:Caserta Palace, 2 January 1789
1381:Caserta Palace, 6 January 1775
1325:Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
1317:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
945:Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun
761:Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II's
596:representing the bride-groom.
520:Born on 13 August 1752 at the
101:12 May 1768 – 8 September 1814
1:
5996:Burials at the Imperial Crypt
5956:House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
5817:Francis I of the Two Sicilies
5639:Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
5075:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg
4570:Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
4234:Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria
3739:Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
3626:13 June 1799 – 30 March 1806
3359:Marie Antoinette: The Journey
3340:. Longman Publishers: London.
2122:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
2064:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1906:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
1726:Lodovico Maria Filipo Gaetano
1556:Caserta Palace, 26 April 1782
1092:. They decided to invade the
1080:against France; Austria sent
872:End of enlightened absolutism
672:
530:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
515:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
339:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
80:12 May 1768 – 23 January 1799
6031:Mothers of Sicilian monarchs
5931:19th-century Austrian people
5926:18th-century Austrian people
5781:Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia
5556:Rosa, Duchess of WĂĽrttemberg
5307:Margherita, Duchess of Parma
5022:Rosa, Duchess of WĂĽrttemberg
4980:Princess Isabella of Bavaria
4307:Joanna, Princess of Portugal
4284:Catherine, Queen of Portugal
3343:Davis, John Anthony (2006).
3326:. Methuen & Co.: London.
1590:Caserta Palace, 19 July 1783
1587:Caserta Palace, 19 July 1783
1001:, comprising Great Britain,
977:Neapolitan historians, like
654:the last Queen of the French
432:Holy Roman Emperor Francis I
83:13 June 1799 – 30 March 1806
6026:Daughters of queens regnant
5941:19th-century Austrian women
5936:18th-century Austrian women
5266:Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua
5249:Virginia, Duchess of Modena
4823:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
4348:Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
3462:Wheatcroft, Andrew (1996).
3375:. Abc-Clio: Santa Barbara.
3259:, Volume 1, Article titled
2862:Jackson, pp. 260–261.
1942:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
1822:Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
1131:, the army led by Cardinal
646:the last Holy Roman Empress
499:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
6067:
5951:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
5221:Tuscan princesses by birth
5174:also a princess of Tuscany
5122:Walburga, Countess Douglas
4990:Renata, Princess Radziwill
4916:Princess Gisela of Bavaria
4529:Maria Anna, Queen of Spain
4441:Constance, Queen of Poland
4391:Elisabeth, Queen of France
4338:Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
4333:Catherine, Queen of Poland
4313:Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
4250:Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
3505:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3500:Maria Carolina of Austria
3336:Crankshaw, Edward (1969).
2782:"V&A Museum inventory"
2771:Bearne, pp. 124–125.
2157:
2041:
1915:
1809:
807:The Royal Family of Naples
650:a Grand Duchess of Tuscany
426:, the thirteenth child of
286:Leopold, Prince of Salerno
215:
31:
6016:Children of Maria Theresa
5883:
5852:Princess Maria Enrichetta
5764:
5751:
5740:
5686:Princess Maria Isabel Ana
5658:
5645:
5589:
5515:Princess Maria Antonietta
5180:also a princess of Modena
5156:
4301:Maria, Holy Roman Empress
4215:
4167:Maria Carolina of Austria
3872:
3853:Maria Carolina of Austria
3682:
3628:
3619:
3609:
3601:Queen of the Two Sicilies
3583:
3574:
3562:
3553:
3540:
3533:
3498:
3490:Maria Carolina of Austria
3466:. Penguin Books: London.
3441:Tarabra, Daniela (2008).
3371:Jackson, Gudia M (2000).
3333:. T. Fisher Unwin: London
2227:
2219:
2191:
2169:
2165:
2129:
2107:
2099:
2071:
2049:
2045:
2026:Maria Carolina of Austria
2007:
1985:
1977:
1949:
1927:
1923:
1887:
1865:
1857:
1848:Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
1829:
1813:
1478:Charles Felix of Sardinia
1261:
1096:, a French puppet state.
1053:France's Italian Campaign
885:French Revolutionary Wars
776:, having declared war on
626:the Grand Duke of Tuscany
479:French Revolutionary Wars
369:Maria Carolina of Austria
313:
304:
281:Princess Maria Enrichetta
50:
46:Maria Carolina of Austria
5991:Austrian Roman Catholics
5966:Royal consorts of Sicily
5961:Royal consorts of Naples
5847:Princess Maria Clothilde
5393:Princess Maria Elisabeth
5281:Princess Maria Maddalena
5162:also an infanta of Spain
4436:Margaret, Queen of Spain
4406:Anna, Holy Roman Empress
4318:Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
4022:Helena Angelina Doukaina
4007:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3916:Royal consorts of Sicily
3709:Andrew, Duke of Calabria
3676:Royal consorts of Naples
3457:Italy: From 1494 to 1790
3455:Vernon, Mrs HM. (1909).
3431:. Bloosmbury: New York.
3417:. Judy Piatkus: London.
3357:Fraser, Antonia (2002).
2148:Maria Theresa of Austria
1617:Royal Palace of Aranjuez
1567:Louis Philippe d'Orléans
1313:Maria Theresa of Austria
1119:On 24 January 1799, the
1106:Jean Étienne Championnet
952:King Louis XVI of France
790:, Acton went to live in
411:until the advent of the
385:King of the Two Sicilies
5971:Modern history of Italy
5867:Princess Maria Isabella
5807:Carlo, Duke of Calabria
5726:Prince Francisco Javier
5302:Princess Maria Cristina
4077:Eleanor of Alburquerque
3622:Queen consort of Naples
3592:MarĂa Isabella of Spain
3577:Queen consort of Sicily
3556:Queen consort of Naples
3225:Encyclopædia Britannica
1776:Naples, 2 December 1793
1436:Naples, 8 November 1830
1370:Tito Francesco Giuseppe
1306:Hofburg Imperial Palace
586:Countess of Lerchenfeld
542:King Louis XV of France
296:Princess Maria Isabella
276:Princess Maria Clotilde
236:Carlo, Duke of Calabria
92:Queen consort of Sicily
68:Queen consort of Naples
5721:Prince Antonio Pascual
5411:Princess Maria Josepha
5276:Marie, Queen of France
5046:Princess Maria Antonia
4162:Maria Amalia of Saxony
4137:Marie Louise d'Orléans
4052:Elizabeth of Carinthia
3847:Maria Amalia of Saxony
3829:Marie Louise d'Orléans
3615:Parthenopaean Republic
3568:Parthenopaean Republic
3549:Maria Amalia of Saxony
3427:Nagel, Susan. (2008).
3413:Lever, Evelyn (2006).
3322:Acton, Harold (1956).
3278:www.kapuzinergruft.com
1681:Naples, 26 August 1788
1433:Naples, 14 August 1777
1321:Ferdinand I of Austria
1300:Royal Palace of Naples
1179:
1116:
1037:
948:
913:enlightened absolutism
887:
818:
752:
737:Acton and the military
717:Giuseppe Maria Galanti
695:
679:
658:a Princess of Asturias
565:Ferdinand IV of Naples
517:
464:Giuseppe Maria Galanti
424:archduchess of Austria
409:enlightened absolutism
6011:Daughters of emperors
5691:Princess MarĂa Josefa
4462:Anna, Queen of France
4411:Anna, Queen of Poland
4142:Maria Anna of Neuburg
4092:Isabella I of Castile
3835:Maria Anna of Neuburg
3775:Isabella I of Castile
3385:Jones, Colin (2002).
1779:Naples, 23 April 1801
1710:Naples, 10 March 1851
1177:
1121:Parthenopean Republic
1114:
1032:
942:
879:
827:Jacob Philipp Hackert
805:
744:
685:
666:
512:
483:Parthenopean Republic
448:Jacob Philipp Hackert
428:Empress Maria Theresa
5976:Freemasonry in Italy
5946:Nobility from Vienna
5463:Princess Maria Luisa
4426:Gregoria Maximiliana
4396:Margaret (1567–1633)
4386:Anna, Queen of Spain
4152:Anne Marie d'Orléans
4102:Isabella of Portugal
4067:Blanche I of Navarre
4032:Margaret of Burgundy
4027:Beatrice of Provence
4017:Elisabeth of Bavaria
3938:Eremburga of Mortain
3787:Isabella of Portugal
3750:Isabella of Clermont
3693:Margaret of Burgundy
3687:Beatrice of Provence
3510:Cadet branch of the
3492:at Wikimedia Commons
1238:Francis I of Austria
1192:Battle of Austerlitz
1061:the Duke of Calabria
997:, Naples joined the
966:Huguet de SĂ©monville
846:the Duke of Calabria
630:Maria Luisa of Spain
577:Charles III of Spain
563:, destined to marry
557:Countess Lerchenfeld
381:Ferdinand IV and III
379:as the wife of King
187:Ferdinand IV and III
131:Archduchy of Austria
6051:Daughters of counts
5981:Austrian princesses
5812:Princess Maria Anna
5706:Charles IV of Spain
5381:Princess Maria Anna
4813:Elisabeth Franziska
4431:Eleanor (1582–1620)
4127:Elisabeth of France
4122:Margaret of Austria
4112:Elisabeth of Valois
4057:Constance of Aragon
4037:Isabella of Castile
4012:Isabella of England
4002:Constance of Aragon
3982:Margaret of Navarre
3972:Sibylla of Burgundy
3817:Elisabeth of France
3811:Margaret of Austria
3799:Elisabeth of Valois
3724:Margaret of Durazzo
3714:James IV of Majorca
3361:. Phoenix: London.
2853:Wheatcroft, p. 238.
2612:Acton, pp. 175–176.
1880:Eleonore of Austria
1782:Died in childhood.
1707:Naples, 2 July 1790
1622:Married her cousin
1288:Carolina Giuseppina
1207:Battle of Trafalgar
1194:(2 December 1805).
669:Anton Raphael Mengs
383:, who later became
241:Princess Maria Anna
59:Anton Raphael Mengs
6041:Daughters of dukes
6021:Daughters of kings
4132:Mariana of Austria
4072:Margaret of Prades
3977:Beatrice of Rethel
3943:Adelaide del Vasto
3864:Caroline Bonaparte
3823:Mariana of Austria
3765:Isabella del Balzo
3633:Title next held by
3588:Title next held by
3545:Title last held by
3324:Bourbons of Naples
2432:Crankshaw, p. 274.
2335:Mesdames de France
1747:, 25 December 1798
1713:Married his niece
1687:Died of smallpox.
1668:Died of smallpox.
1647:Died of smallpox.
1536:Died of smallpox.
1510:Died of smallpox.
1413:Died of smallpox.
1387:Died of smallpox.
1242:Congress of Vienna
1188:Rex totius Italiae
1180:
1117:
1074:Battle of the Nile
1049:Napoleon Bonaparte
1042:counter-revolution
1038:
1035:Neapolitan piastra
1021:, against France.
949:
888:
819:
753:
709:Gaetano Filangieri
696:
680:
518:
456:Gaetano Filangieri
436:Ferdinand's father
5903:
5902:
5898:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5188:
5187:
4401:Maria (1584–1649)
4175:
4174:
4107:Mary I of England
3992:Sibylla of Acerra
3967:Elvira of Castile
3958:Kingdom of Sicily
3948:Elvira of Castile
3882:
3881:
3793:Mary I of England
3704:Sancia of Majorca
3643:
3642:
3605:
3513:House of Lorraine
3488:Media related to
3472:978-0-14-023634-7
3451:978-0-89236-921-8
3437:978-0-7475-8159-8
3367:978-0-7538-1305-8
2317:Kingdom of Naples
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
1786:
1785:
1361:, and had issue.
1218:Battle of Leipzig
1090:Palace of Caserta
974:Latouche Tréville
917:French Revolution
823:Angelica Kauffman
811:Angelica Kauffman
618:Kingdom of Naples
546:Maria Leszczyńska
522:Schönbrunn Palace
452:Angelica Kauffman
413:French Revolution
366:
365:
329:Habsburg-Lorraine
318:
317:
151:Hetzendorf Palace
135:Holy Roman Empire
123:Schönbrunn Palace
16:(Redirected from
6058:
5986:Spanish infantas
5885:
5766:
5753:
5746:
5660:
5647:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5609:
5591:
5562:Princess Dolores
5215:
5208:
5201:
5192:
5034:Maria Inmaculata
4941:Maria Antonietta
4931:Maria Annunciata
4421:Catherine Renata
4202:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4097:Germaine of Foix
4082:Maria of Castile
4047:Eleanor of Anjou
4042:Blanche of Anjou
3924:County of Sicily
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3781:Germaine of Foix
3770:Anne of Brittany
3760:Joanna of Naples
3755:Joanna of Aragon
3744:Maria of Castile
3729:Mary of Lusignan
3669:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3596:
3529:
3528:8 September 1814
3522:
3496:
3487:
3310:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3274:"Kapuzinergruft"
3270:
3264:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3227:. britannica.com
3221:"Roman Republic"
3217:
3211:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3074:
3065:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3027:
3024:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2982:
2973:
2970:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2877:
2874:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2787:. Archived from
2786:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2723:Tarabra, p. 203.
2721:
2715:
2712:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2655:
2652:
2643:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2403:
2400:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2330:
2324:
2319:was nominally a
2313:
2307:
2300:
1803:
1794:
1773:
1734:
1704:
1610:
1600:Maria Antonietta
1553:
1527:
1501:
1464:
1430:
1404:
1378:
1348:
1296:
1259:
1199:Joseph Bonaparte
1078:Second Coalition
1025:Italian campaign
991:Luigi de' Medici
979:General Colletta
909:Marie Antoinette
881:Marie Antoinette
723:, among others.
713:Domenico Cirillo
705:Bernardo Tanucci
688:Bernardo Tanucci
677:
676: 1772–1773
674:
553:Marie Antoinette
471:Marie Antoinette
460:Domenico Cirillo
454:, and academics
362:
306:
219:
202:
200:
147:
144:8 September 1814
119:
117:
55:
43:
21:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6055:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5871:
5832:Prince Giuseppe
5785:
5760:
5747:
5730:
5674:
5654:
5641:
5636:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5585:
5543:12th generation
5538:
5508:11th generation
5503:
5479:10th generation
5474:
5451:
5428:
5369:
5353:
5337:
5321:
5290:
5254:
5222:
5219:
5189:
5184:
5152:
5141:18th generation
5136:
5110:17th generation
5105:
5084:16th generation
5079:
5004:15th generation
4999:
4904:14th generation
4899:
4844:13th generation
4839:
4754:12th generation
4749:
4696:11th generation
4691:
4656:Maria Elisabeth
4632:Maria Elisabeth
4625:10th generation
4620:
4589:
4585:Maria Magdalena
4565:Maria Elisabeth
4548:
4505:
4450:
4362:
4289:
4254:
4238:
4222:
4211:
4206:
4176:
4171:
4117:Anna of Austria
4062:Antonia of Baux
3987:Joan of England
3952:
3933:Judith d'Évreux
3918:
3913:
3883:
3878:
3876:Queen of Sicily
3868:
3805:Anna of Austria
3734:Mary of Enghien
3699:Mary of Hungary
3678:
3673:
3634:
3625:
3617:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3570:
3559:
3546:
3535:Italian royalty
3523:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3480:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3210:Bearne, p. 246.
3209:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:Bearne, p. 238.
3186:
3182:
3178:Bearne, p. 236.
3177:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:Bearne, p. 221.
3147:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3106:Bearne, p. 192.
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:Bearne, p. 191.
3087:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3052:Bearne, p. 164.
3051:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:Bearne, p. 161.
3004:
3000:
2996:Bearne, p. 145.
2995:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2960:Bearne, p. 172.
2959:
2955:
2951:Bearne, p. 143.
2950:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:Bearne, p. 142.
2929:
2925:
2921:Bearne, p. 128.
2920:
2913:
2909:Bearne, p. 138.
2908:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2876:Bearne, p. 127.
2875:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:Bearne, p. 114.
2834:
2830:
2826:Bearne, p. 113.
2825:
2816:
2812:Bearne, p. 112.
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2794:on 3 March 2016
2791:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:Bearne, p. 104.
2713:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:Bearne, p. 102.
2690:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2667:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2642:Bearne, p. 174.
2641:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
1791:
1717:and had issue.
1654:Maria Enricheta
1572:Duke of Orléans
1562:, 24 March 1866
1560:Claremont House
1493:Carlo Francesco
1473:, 11 March 1849
1308:, 13 April 1807
1257:
1172:
1170:Exile and death
1102:
1027:
999:First Coalition
995:Siege of Toulon
961:French Republic
937:
874:
831:Palazzo Farnese
800:
750:Emanuele Napoli
739:
719:frequented her
701:
699:Fall of Tanucci
675:
628:, and his wife
602:
507:
491:queen of Naples
373:Queen of Naples
300:
261:Prince Giuseppe
213:
212:
204:
201: 1768)
196:
192:
189:
176:
159:Austrian Empire
149:
145:
121:
115:
113:
86:
62:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6064:
6062:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5862:Prince Alberto
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5827:Prince Gennaro
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5716:Prince Gabriel
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5456:9th generation
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5436:
5434:
5433:8th generation
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5377:
5375:
5374:7th generation
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5358:6th generation
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5342:5th generation
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5326:4th generation
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5295:3rd generation
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5259:2nd generation
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Princess Maria
5230:
5228:
5227:1st generation
5224:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Maria Caroline
4800:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4644:Maria Carolina
4641:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4594:9th generation
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4553:8th generation
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4513:
4511:
4510:7th generation
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4458:
4456:
4455:6th generation
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4367:5th generation
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4297:
4295:
4294:4th generation
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4259:3rd generation
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4243:2nd generation
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4227:1st generation
4224:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Juana EnrĂquez
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Irene Angelina
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3521:13 August 1752
3509:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3479:
3478:External links
3476:
3475:
3474:
3460:
3453:
3439:
3425:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3383:
3369:
3355:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3291:
3265:
3247:
3245:Acton, p. 308.
3238:
3212:
3198:
3196:Acton, p. 300.
3189:
3180:
3168:
3166:Acton, p. 280.
3159:
3157:Acton, p. 279.
3150:
3138:
3129:
3127:Acton, p. 262.
3120:
3108:
3099:
3097:Acton, p. 258.
3090:
3078:
3076:Acton, p. 256.
3066:
3064:Acton, p. 251.
3054:
3040:
3038:Acton, p. 246.
3028:
3026:Acton, p. 245.
3016:
3014:Lever, p. 285.
3007:
2998:
2986:
2984:Acton, p. 242.
2974:
2972:Acton, p. 241.
2962:
2953:
2941:
2939:Acton, p. 237.
2932:
2923:
2911:
2902:
2900:Acton, p. 233.
2890:
2888:Acton, p. 232.
2878:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2844:Acton, p. 229.
2837:
2828:
2814:
2805:
2773:
2764:
2762:Acton, p. 217.
2755:
2753:Acton, p. 216.
2746:
2744:Acton, p. 215.
2734:
2732:Acton, p. 214.
2725:
2716:
2702:
2700:Acton, p. 190.
2693:
2684:
2682:Acton, p. 188.
2670:
2668:Acton, p. 189.
2656:
2654:Acton, p. 181.
2644:
2632:
2630:Acton, p. 176.
2623:
2621:Bearne, p. 84.
2614:
2605:
2603:Acton, p. 175.
2596:
2594:Bearne, p. 81.
2587:
2585:Bearne, p. 80.
2578:
2576:Bearne, p. 78.
2569:
2567:Acton, p. 172.
2553:
2551:Acton, p. 114.
2544:
2542:Jones, p. 243.
2535:
2533:Acton, p. 131.
2526:
2524:Bearne, p. 71.
2514:
2512:Bearne, p. 67.
2505:
2503:Acton, p. 130.
2493:
2491:Acton, p. 129.
2484:
2482:Bearne, p. 66.
2475:
2473:Bearne, p. 62.
2466:
2464:Bearne, p. 60.
2452:
2450:Bearne, p. 57.
2443:
2441:Acton, p. 126.
2434:
2425:
2423:Fraser, p. 38.
2416:
2414:Fraser, p. 27.
2404:
2402:Lever, p. 315.
2394:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2325:
2308:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1764:Maria Isabella
1759:
1758:
1748:
1740:Died on board
1738:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:Maria Clotilde
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1581:Maria Carolina
1577:
1576:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1454:Maria Cristina
1449:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1249:Imperial Crypt
1222:Constantinople
1171:
1168:
1133:Fabrizio Ruffo
1101:
1098:
1094:Roman Republic
1086:Admiral Nelson
1026:
1023:
1019:Savoy-Sardinia
970:Ottoman Empire
936:
933:
873:
870:
799:
796:
757:Sir John Acton
746:Sir John Acton
738:
735:
700:
697:
632:, ventured to
601:
598:
592:, her brother
544:and his wife,
538:Maria Carolina
534:Maria Carolina
506:
503:
405:Sir John Acton
364:
363:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
291:Prince Alberto
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:Prince Gennaro
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
220:
206:
205:
194:
190:
185:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:Imperial Crypt
168:
166:
162:
161:
148:(aged 62)
142:
138:
137:
120:13 August 1752
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
88:
87:
85:
84:
81:
77:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6063:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5882:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Princess Anna
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4953:Maria Theresa
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Marie Valerie
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Maria Theresa
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4674:Maria Josepha
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Maria Theresa
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Maria Josepha
4578:
4576:
4575:Maria Theresa
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:0-7499-2194-3
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:9783319319872
3405:
3398:
3396:
3395:0-231-12882-7
3392:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:1-85109-339-7
3378:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:0-19-820755-7
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:Maria Theresa
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3261:La Floridiana
3258:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:Davis, p. 77.
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3118:Davis, p. 76.
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2774:
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855:
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570:
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561:Maria Josepha
558:
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526:Maria Theresa
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440:Privy Council
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349:Maria Theresa
347:
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39:
35:
30:
19:
5893:
5887:
5775:
5758:Ferdinand IV
5597:
5592:
5416:
5364:
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5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
4726:Maria Amalia
4679:
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3386:
3372:
3358:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3317:Bibliography
3305:
3300:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3277:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3224:
3215:
3192:
3183:
3162:
3153:
3132:
3123:
3102:
3093:
3010:
3001:
2956:
2935:
2926:
2905:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2789:the original
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2728:
2719:
2696:
2687:
2626:
2617:
2608:
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2590:
2581:
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2529:
2508:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2398:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2333:
2328:
2311:
2304:Ferdinand VI
2298:
2025:
1762:
1753:
1743:
1723:
1693:
1673:
1653:
1632:
1599:
1580:
1570:
1543:Maria Amelia
1542:
1516:
1490:
1453:
1419:
1393:
1367:
1337:
1286:Maria Teresa
1285:
1246:
1215:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1082:General Mack
1070:Papal States
1046:
1039:
983:
950:
922:
906:
896:
892:Pope Pius VI
889:
839:
820:
815:the Bourbons
806:
792:Castellamare
787:
754:
725:
720:
702:
691:
638:
603:
581:Maria Amalia
550:
519:
488:
468:
421:
417:police state
393:promulgation
388:
368:
367:
214:
146:(1814-09-08)
57:Portrait by
29:
5921:1814 deaths
5916:1752 births
5652:Charles VII
4786:Maria Luisa
3960:(1130–1816)
3926:(1071–1130)
3859:Julie Clary
3637:Julie Clary
3280:(in German)
1593:Stillborn.
1338:Maria Luisa
902:Golden Rose
774:Charles III
731:Freemasonry
600:Early reign
397:Freemasonry
5910:Categories
5886:See also:
4851:Maria Anna
4781:Maria Anna
4714:Maria Anna
4638:Maria Anna
3284:23 January
2385:References
1394:Maria Anna
1129:Sanfedisti
1125:Parthenope
986:Jacobinism
842:Charles IV
835:San Leucio
505:Early life
475:Napoleonic
116:1752-08-13
5769:Spouse(s)
5663:Spouse(s)
4480:Margarita
4328:Magdalena
2798:16 August
2390:Citations
1752:HMS
1742:HMS
1420:Francesco
1013:, Spain,
957:Tuileries
852:'s wife,
642:Francis I
622:Terracina
594:Ferdinand
355:Signature
34:born 1740
5790:Children
5679:Children
5148:Eleonore
5117:Gabriela
5091:Adelheid
4985:Eleonora
4874:Mathilda
4343:Margaret
1789:Ancestry
1754:Vanguard
1744:Vanguard
1694:Leopoldo
1565:Married
1517:Giuseppe
1482:Tusculum
1476:Married
1234:Budapest
1148:Florence
1140:Leopoldo
1015:Portugal
897:en route
692:de facto
686:Marquis
634:Poztella
614:Florence
590:by proxy
569:smallpox
422:Born an
401:favorite
389:de facto
5889:Princes
5052:Assunta
5028:Dolores
4808:Hermine
4668:Johanna
2306:, died.
1724:Alberto
1676:Gennaro
1656:Carmela
1491:Gennaro
1270:Picture
1211:Francis
1156:Laibach
1152:Trieste
1144:Livorno
1011:Prussia
1007:Austria
968:to the
727:Tanucci
610:Bologna
216:more...
203:
195:
191:
174:Austria
4911:Sophie
4353:Helena
3874:*Also
3630:Vacant
3611:Vacant
3585:Vacant
3564:Vacant
3542:Vacant
3524:
3470:
3449:
3435:
3421:
3406:
3393:
3379:
3365:
3351:
1545:Teresa
1471:Savona
1456:Teresa
1323:, the
1279:Notes
1232:, and
1226:Odessa
1160:Vienna
1057:francs
1003:Russia
783:ducats
766:Russia
715:, and
656:, and
606:Mantua
495:Sicily
444:Vienna
377:Sicily
345:Mother
335:Father
181:Spouse
165:Burial
155:Vienna
127:Vienna
98:Tenure
74:Tenure
61:, 1768
4468:MarĂa
3526:Died:
3519:Born:
3304:[
3231:4 May
2792:(PDF)
2785:(PDF)
2323:fief.
2321:Papal
2291:Notes
1674:Carlo
1368:Carlo
1276:Death
1273:Birth
1255:Issue
1063:, to
862:Luisa
809:, by
770:Genoa
721:salon
430:and
387:. As
324:House
309:Names
210:Issue
197:(
193:
5892:and
5365:none
5333:none
3468:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3404:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3377:ISBN
3363:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3286:2023
3233:2010
2800:2012
2315:The
2240:15.
2182:14.
2120:13.
2062:12.
1998:11.
1940:10.
1327:and
1267:Name
1230:Lviv
1154:and
1017:and
860:and
768:and
493:and
477:and
462:and
450:and
375:and
141:Died
110:Born
38:1748
36:and
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114:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
