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982:(APS) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers. Open to all female physicists who hold PhDs, the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions. In December 2018, the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work. Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer, while the University of California, San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium, bringing together female researchers to discuss current science.
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spinning twirling round and round like tops as they circle the room, each pair both twirling and circling. But only some of those that go counterclockwise are twirling counterclockwise. The others are twirling clockwise while circling counterclockwise. The same is true of those that are dancing around clockwise: some twirl clockwise, others twirl counterclockwise.
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Some even condescended to give her work, though they refused to pay her, and the topics were typically 'feminine', such as figuring out what causes colors ⊠the
University of Chicago finally took her seriously enough to make her a professor of physics. Although she got her own office, the department
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prevented Johns
Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member. These rules, created at many universities to prevent patronage, had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members. She was given a job as
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Think of a room full of waltzers. Suppose they go round the room in circles, each circle enclosed within another. Then imagine that in each circle, you can fit twice as many dancers by having one pair go clockwise and another pair go counterclockwise. Then add one more variation; all the dancers are
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Fermi and Maria were talking in her office when Enrico was called out of the office to answer the telephone on a long distance call. At the door he turned and asked his question about spin-orbit coupling. He returned less than ten minutes later and Maria started to 'snow' him with the detailed
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Joe Mayer was fired in 1937. He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences, which he thought was provoked by
Goeppert Mayer's presence in the laboratory. Herzfeld agreed and added that, with Goeppert Mayer, Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins, some
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In the spring of 1924, Göppert entered the
University of Göttingen, where she studied mathematics. She spent one year at Cambridge university, in England, before returning to Göttingen. A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying
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before
Goeppert Mayer in June 1949, Goeppert Mayer's work was received for review in February 1949, while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949. Afterwards, she collaborated with them. Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled
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explanation. You may remember that Maria, when excited, had a rapid fire oral delivery, whereas Enrico always wanted a slow detailed and methodical explanation. Enrico smiled and left: 'Tomorrow, when you are less excited, you can explain it to me.'
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who was one of James Franck's assistants. The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the
Goeppert family. The couple moved to Mayer's home country of the United States, where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at
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an assistant in the physics department working with German correspondence, for which she received a very small salary, a place to work and access to the facilities. She taught some courses, and published an important paper on
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was founded on July 1, 1946, Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division. She responded, "I don't know anything about nuclear physics." She programmed the
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775:, and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school. When Teller also accepted a position there, she was able to continue her Opacity work with him. When the nearby
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still didn't pay her ⊠When the
Swedish academy announced in 1963 that she had won her profession's highest honor, the San Diego newspaper greeted her big day with the headline "S.D. Mother Wins Nobel Prize".
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748:, Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project, which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the
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thought that there were too many German scientists there. There were also complaints from some students that Mayer's chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics. Mayer took up a position at
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834:, which she published in 1950. Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations. These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called
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and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions. This method proved impractical at the time, but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of
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later described the thesis as "a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness". At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the
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943:. Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there, she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years. She was elected a Fellow of the
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458:. She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, which she shared with
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She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together. She described the idea as follows:
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870:, were also working on solving the same problem, and arrived at the same conclusion independently. While their results were announced in an issue of the
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at the
University of California, San Diego, and the university's physics department is housed in Mayer Hall, which is named after her and her husband.
840:: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. In an account relayed by Joe Mayer, Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi.
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prevented Johns
Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member, but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on
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506:. Göppert was closer to her father than to her mother. "Well, my father was more interesting", she later explained. "He was after all a scientist".
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642:. She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931, 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born, writing an article with him for the
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Der letzte
Physiknobelpreis fĂŒr eine Frau? Maria Goeppert Mayer: Eine Göttingerin erobert die Atomkerne. Nobelpreis 1963. Zum 50. JubilĂ€um
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Simon, Rita James; Clark, Shirley Merritt; Tifft, Larry L. (Autumn 1966). "Of Nepotism, Marriage, and the Pursuit of an Academic Career".
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887:"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure." The other half of that years Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to
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Goeppert-Mayer, Maria (April 1950). "Nuclear Configurations in the Spin-Orbit Coupling Model. II. Theoretical Considerations".
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in this area. They collaborated on a number of papers, including a paper with Herzfeld's student A.L. Sklar on the spectrum of
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During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s, Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of
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that ousted professors of Jewish descent, Goeppert Mayer as well as Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts.
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Goeppert-Mayer, Maria (April 1950). "Nuclear configurations in the spin-orbit coupling model. I. Empirical Evidence".
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by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the
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mathematics at a time of high unemployment, and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen,
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In December 1941, Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position, teaching science part-time at
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when her father, a sixth-generation university professor, was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the
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came to power in 1933, and many academics, including Born and Franck, lost their jobs. Concerned by the 1933
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permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a
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in Göttingen, a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education. In 1921, she entered the
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578:(in 1954, 1925, and 1928, respectively). With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the
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558:-doped crystal. To honor her fundamental contribution to this area, the unit for the two-photon
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1721:; Mayer, M. G. (1947). "Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Isotopic Exchange Reactions".
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Goeppert-Mayer, M.; Sklar, A.L. (1938). "Calculations of the Lower Excited Levels of Benzene".
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760:, and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Teller's group at the
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1503:"Last woman to win Nobel Prize in physics referred to as 'San Diego mother' in news coverage"
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Göppert-Mayer, M. (August 11, 2009). "Elementary processes with two quantum transitions".
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isotope in natural uranium; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of
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After the war, Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of physics at the
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The Disappearing Spoon and Other True Tales from the Periodic Table of the Elements
2272:"A Tradition Flowers: The Maria Goeppert Mayer Interdisciplinary Symposium at SDSC"
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454:(where her husband and Teller worked) and a senior physicist at the university-run
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In February 1946, Joe became a professor in the chemistry department and the new
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Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries
535:, but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates.
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2678:. Göttingen, Germany: Termessos Verlag. pp. 148, 44 photos, 2 diagrams.
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373:. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being
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1635:(Second ed.). Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. pp. 190â193.
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In 1960, Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the
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and moved to the United States, where he was an associate professor at
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1293:"Two-Photon Absorption Measurements: Establishing Reference Standards"
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is named the "GM". One GM is 10 cm s photon. Her examiners were three
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in the 1960s later permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon
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1949:
Goeppert-Mayer, Maria (June 1949). "On Closed Shells in Nuclei. II".
694:. This proved to be correct. In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the
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Instead, Göppert became interested in physics, and chose to pursue a
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388:, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible
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542:. In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible
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and his wife Maria née Wolff. In 1910, she moved with her family to
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in 1956. In 1963, Goeppert Mayer and Jensen shared one half of the
2297:"Space Images: Venus â Stereo Image Pair of Crater Goeppert Mayer"
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Kaiser, W.; Garrett, C.G.B. (1961). "Two-photon excitation in CaF
690:, she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
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A life of One's Own: Three Gifted Women and the Men they Married
964:
381:
for early-career women physicists was established in her honor.
7100:
6772:
6277:
5602:
5433:
5242:
5203:
4955:
3444:
2727:
822:
Maria Goeppert Mayer walking into the Nobel ceremony with King
2150:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
539:
466:. In 1960, she was appointed full professor of physics at the
2657:
https://archive.org/details/ladylaureateswom0000opfe/page/194
1639:
this attachment to a Report to the Historical Resources Board
891:. She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics, after
718:. In the spring of 1942, with the United States embroiled in
1912:(June 1949). "On the "Magic Numbers" in Nuclear Structure".
1496:
1494:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
478:
Maria Göppert was born on June 28, 1906, in Kattowitz (now
353:; June 28, 1906 â February 20, 1972) was a German-American
2247:"Maria Goeppert Mayer is role model for women scientists"
1457:
1455:
994:. In 2011, she was included in the third issuance of the
521:
that aimed to prepare girls for university. She took the
1665:
1663:
1661:
1614:
1612:
895:, and would be the last for over half a century, until
2651:
The Lady Laureates: Women who have won the Nobel Prize
2399:. University of California, San Diego. January 7, 2016
1128:
1126:
598:. They had two children, Maria Ann (who later married
7279:
2632:(1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
2508:
Maria Goeppert Mayer 1906â1972: A Biographical Memoir
2222:"Argonne National Laboratory Named APS Historic Site"
1053:
1051:
7395:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2514:. Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences
7208:
7152:
7111:
7027:
6966:
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6783:
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6643:
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6394:
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5846:
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5528:
5507:
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5465:
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5364:
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5065:
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5016:
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4249:
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3482:
3296:
3265:
3198:
2987:
2856:
2770:
2321:
National Women's Hall of Fame, Maria Goeppert Mayer
310:
296:
284:
243:
233:
215:
196:
188:
163:
127:
117:
107:
88:
53:
34:
2648:
2625:
2541:(4). London: Harvard University Press: 1171â1175.
2528:
2480:
2422:
929:Commemorative plaques for Maria Goeppert Mayer in
879:. Goeppert Mayer was elected to the United States
27:German-American theoretical physicist (1906â1972)
662:, where the chairman of the physics department,
634:at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with
2717:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1963
1530:. Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. June 10, 2015
1446:
963:that had struck her the previous year left her
851:
842:
622:
7490:Members of the American Philosophical Society
5215:
4967:
3456:
2739:
2655:. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. pp. [
1159:"Ăber Elementarakte mit zwei QuantensprĂŒngen"
951:, and received the Golden Plate Award of the
752:, the wartime program for the development of
8:
998:collection of US postage stamps, along with
877:Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure
423:, where she took an unpaid position. During
7460:University of California, San Diego faculty
1693:
7108:
7097:
6780:
6769:
6285:
6274:
5610:
5599:
5441:
5430:
5250:
5239:
5222:
5208:
5200:
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4960:
4952:
3463:
3449:
3441:
2746:
2732:
2724:
2712:
2456:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
1641:of the City of San Diego, August 18, 2016.
739:separation of isotopes by laser excitation
42:
31:
2363:"Register of Maria Goeppert Mayer Papers"
1750:
1528:"Research Profile â Maria Goeppert Mayer"
1431:
1182:
7485:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
7400:Fellows of the American Physical Society
5050:International Committee of the Red Cross
756:. In February 1945, Joe was sent to the
7445:Scientists from the Province of Silesia
7286:
2177:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2172:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter M"
1862:
1860:
1047:
400:is named the Goeppert Mayer (GM) unit.
7370:20th-century American women scientists
796:. While in Chicago, Mayer derived the
585:On January 19, 1930, Goeppert married
7405:German emigrants to the United States
2111:
2099:
2087:
1985:
1851:
1839:
1705:
1669:
1618:
1473:
1461:
1340:
1240:
1132:
1105:
1093:
1069:
1057:
945:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
678:. Fermi asked her to investigate the
347:
333:
7:
1888:
1681:
1603:
1591:
1485:
1390:
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1321:
1144:
1117:
1081:
788:to solve criticality problems for a
2367:University of California, San Diego
941:University of California, San Diego
468:University of California, San Diego
271:University of California, San Diego
3211:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2487:. New York: Little, Brown and Co.
494:, the only child of paediatrician
25:
5382:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
2050:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963"
1631:McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch (1998).
1501:Hamblin, Abby (October 2, 2018).
7425:Johns Hopkins University faculty
7360:20th-century American physicists
7325:
7313:
7301:
7289:
3427:
3426:
2700:Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906â1972
959:, on February 20, 1972, after a
955:in 1965. Goeppert Mayer died in
922:
911:
316:
6452:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
2530:"Has Feminism Changed Science?"
2158:American Academy of Achievement
2028:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963
1723:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1551:The Journal of Chemical Physics
953:American Academy of Achievement
899:was awarded the prize in 2018.
517:, a private high school run by
419:in 1935. In 1937, she moved to
403:Maria Goeppert married chemist
178:
7480:Women on the Manhattan Project
7465:University of Göttingen alumni
7455:Sarah Lawrence College faculty
7450:People from Leonia, New Jersey
7365:20th-century German physicists
6131:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
2429:. New York: Harper & Row.
2276:San Diego Supercomputer Center
2024:"Maria Goeppert Mayer â facts"
1299:. June 8, 2007. Archived from
1297:Australian National University
1027:List of female Nobel laureates
949:American Philosophical Society
490:city in the former Kingdom of
335:[maËÊiËaËÉĄĆpÉÊtËmaÉȘÌŻÉ]
1:
5232:National Women's Hall of Fame
2704:American Institute of Physics
2397:Facilities Information System
1447:Simon, Clark & Tifft 1966
992:National Women's Hall of Fame
769:Institute for Nuclear Studies
630:There was little interest in
6478:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
3371:Oppenheimer security hearing
2197:"Maria Goeppert Mayer Award"
1637:Excerpt can also be seen as
1356:. EpiGeneSys. Archived from
1032:Timeline of women in science
881:National Academy of Sciences
509:Göppert was educated at the
7390:Columbia University faculty
7380:American nuclear physicists
6661:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
6065:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
2702:at Scientific Biographies,
2527:Schiebinger, Londa (1999).
2251:Argonne National Laboratory
790:liquid metal cooled reactor
777:Argonne National Laboratory
576:Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
456:Argonne National Laboratory
266:Argonne National Laboratory
7506:
7435:Nobel laureates in Physics
6217:Katharine Dexter McCormick
5515:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
976:Maria Goeppert Mayer Award
811:
710:Portrait of Goeppert Mayer
379:Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award
7415:German nuclear physicists
7385:American women physicists
7107:
7096:
6779:
6768:
6284:
6273:
6075:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
5609:
5598:
5440:
5429:
5249:
5238:
5127:
3424:
3314:Bismuth phosphate process
3309:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2761:
2674:Wuensch, Daniela (2013).
2628:Women pioneers of science
2301:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2201:American Physical Society
1936:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1766.2
1279:10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.229
1157:Goeppert-Mayer M (1931).
980:American Physical Society
858:Three German scientists,
824:Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
798:Bigeleisen-Mayer equation
696:American Physical Society
315:
306:
226:
41:
7475:Women nuclear physicists
7430:Manhattan Project people
7375:American Nobel laureates
6306:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
6116:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
5889:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
2647:Opfell, Olga S. (1978).
2072:A nuclear physics primer
1870:. Soylent Communications
1184:10.1002/andp.19314010303
1010:. Her papers are in the
596:Johns Hopkins University
560:absorption cross section
409:Johns Hopkins University
398:absorption cross section
7420:German women physicists
6796:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
6686:Catherine Filene Shouse
6539:Patricia Roberts Harris
6177:Mary Steichen Calderone
6045:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
5914:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
5718:Martha Wright Griffiths
3391:S-1 Executive Committee
3339:EinsteinâSzilard letter
1973:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1969
1752:2027/mdp.39015074123996
1259:Physical Review Letters
969:El Camino Memorial Park
885:Nobel Prize for Physics
782:Aberdeen Proving Ground
504:University of Göttingen
411:. Strict rules against
386:University of Göttingen
122:University of Göttingen
7410:German Nobel laureates
6742:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
6237:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
6101:Frances Xavier Cabrini
6015:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
5793:Ellen Swallow Richards
5763:Constance Baker Motley
5413:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
5346:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
5133:Nobel Prize recipients
5098:Physiology or Medicine
3476:Nobel Prize in Physics
2833:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
2582:Sociology of Education
2452:Ferry, Joseph (2003).
2052:. Nobel Prize Outreach
2030:. Nobel Prize Outreach
1999:"Maria Goeppert Mayer"
1868:"Maria Goeppert-Mayer"
1408:"Maria Goeppert Mayer"
1354:"Maria Goeppert-Mayer"
1220:10.1002/andp.200910358
856:
847:
827:
716:Sarah Lawrence College
711:
646:. This ended when the
627:
443:on the development of
251:Sarah Lawrence College
220:Nobel Prize in Physics
7470:Women Nobel laureates
7256:Anna Wessels Williams
6943:Carlotta Walls LaNier
6676:Elisabeth KĂŒbler-Ross
6534:Martha Matilda Harper
6498:Mary Engle Pennington
6336:Frances Oldham Kelsey
6121:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
5874:Jane Cunningham Croly
5803:Katherine Siva Saubel
5698:Marian Wright Edelman
5621:Margaret Bourke-White
5546:Harriet Beecher Stowe
3411:X-10 Graphite Reactor
3366:Nobel Prize laureates
3236:509th Composite Group
2624:Haber, Louis (1979).
2333:"American Scientists"
1827:10.1103/PhysRev.78.22
1790:10.1103/PhysRev.78.16
1488:, pp. 27â28, 31.
1303:on September 14, 2013
984:Crater Goeppert Mayer
974:After her death, the
957:San Diego, California
821:
773:University of Chicago
762:Los Alamos Laboratory
754:thermonuclear weapons
750:Teller's "Super" bomb
709:
610:Strict rules against
544:two-photon absorption
452:University of Chicago
445:thermonuclear weapons
441:Los Alamos Laboratory
427:, she worked for the
390:two-photon absorption
355:theoretical physicist
331:German pronunciation:
276:University of Chicago
261:Los Alamos Laboratory
150:Two-photon absorption
100:San Diego, California
7440:People from Katowice
6953:Mary Harriman Rumsey
6791:St. Katharine Drexel
6635:Mary Burnett Talbert
6630:Blanche Stuart Scott
6615:Mother Marianne Cope
6595:Ruth Fulton Benedict
6554:Mildred Robbins Leet
6252:Angelina Grimké Weld
6126:Maria Goeppert Mayer
6096:Charlotte Anne Bunch
5673:Antoinette Blackwell
5652:Gertrude Belle Elion
5582:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
5351:Helen Brooke Taussig
5341:Margaret Chase Smith
5081:Maria Goeppert Mayer
3319:British contribution
3221:Operation Peppermint
3216:Operation Crossroads
3075:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2709:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2454:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2373:on September 3, 2013
2129:search.amphilsoc.org
2125:"APS Member History"
1652:"APS Fellow Archive"
967:. She was buried at
735:uranium hexafluoride
684:transuranic elements
682:of the undiscovered
602:) and Peter Conrad.
327:Maria Goeppert Mayer
36:Maria Goeppert Mayer
7170:Rebecca S. Halstead
7144:Mary Church Terrell
6831:Barbara A. Mikulski
6559:Patsy Takemoto Mink
6544:Stephanie L. Kwolek
6483:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
6457:Emily Howell Warner
6402:Dorothy H. Andersen
6376:Annie Dodge Wauneka
6371:Mary Edwards Walker
6296:Faye Glenn Abdellah
6227:Edith Nourse Rogers
6207:Shirley Ann Jackson
6182:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
6060:Sandra Day O'Connor
6040:Matilda Joslyn Gage
5636:Florence B. Seibert
5473:Carrie Chapman Catt
5403:Juliette Gordon Low
5286:Elizabeth Blackwell
5281:Mary McLeod Bethune
3080:George Kistiakowsky
3035:Charles Critchfield
2421:Dash, Joan (1973).
2154:www.achievement.org
2102:, pp. 322â323.
1965:1949PhRv...75.1969M
1928:1949PhRv...75R1766H
1854:, pp. 320â321.
1819:1950PhRv...78...22M
1782:1950PhRv...78...16M
1735:1947JChPh..15..261B
1708:, pp. 319â320.
1684:, pp. 296â299.
1563:1938JChPh...6..645G
1424:1972PhT....25e..77W
1381:, pp. 258â259.
1360:on January 17, 2015
1343:, pp. 311â312.
1271:1961PhRvL...7..229K
1212:2009AnP...521..466G
1175:1931AnP...401..273G
1120:, pp. 233â234.
996:American Scientists
978:was created by the
814:Nuclear shell model
808:Nuclear shell model
744:Through her friend
692:rare earth elements
660:Columbia University
644:Handbuch der Physik
587:Joseph Edward Mayer
421:Columbia University
405:Joseph Edward Mayer
367:nuclear shell model
256:Columbia University
170:Joseph Edward Mayer
155:Goeppert Mayer unit
145:Nuclear shell model
7332:History of science
7308:Nuclear technology
7129:Barbara Rose Johns
7080:Flossie Wong-Staal
7055:Nicole Malachowski
6984:Lorraine Hansberry
6928:Marcia Greenberger
6882:Mary Joseph Rogers
6821:Coretta Scott King
6806:Abby Kelley Foster
6722:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
6610:Rita Rossi Colwell
6386:Frances E. Willard
6222:Rozanne L. Ridgway
6172:Lydia Moss Bradley
6157:Madeleine Albright
6050:Nannerl O. Keohane
6020:Anne Dallas Dudley
5949:Betty Bone Schiess
5919:Susette La Flesche
5904:Zora Neale Hurston
5899:Helen LaKelly Hunt
5823:Madam C. J. Walker
5738:Mary Putnam Jacobi
5688:Jacqueline Cochran
5668:Ethel Percy Andrus
5536:Barbara McClintock
5112:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
3145:Henry DeWolf Smyth
2924:Robert Oppenheimer
2879:Priscilla Duffield
2711:on Nobelprize.org
2479:Kean, Sam (2010).
1906:Jensen, J. Hans D.
1200:Annalen der Physik
947:, a member of the
828:
794:Monte Carlo method
712:
688:ThomasâFermi model
676:Leonia, New Jersey
591:Rockefeller fellow
433:isotope separation
384:A graduate of the
365:for proposing the
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7231:Kimberlé Crenshaw
7226:Elouise P. Cobell
7190:Katherine Johnson
7160:Octavia E. Butler
7092:
7091:
7088:
7087:
6999:Clare Boothe Luce
6811:Helen Murray Free
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6625:Patricia A. Locke
6590:Florence E. Allen
6574:Sheila E. Widnall
6519:Linda G. Alvarado
6503:Mercy Otis Warren
6462:Victoria Woodhull
6447:Barbara Holdridge
6442:Beatrice A. Hicks
6417:Lydia Maria Child
6331:Leontine T. Kelly
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6091:Louisa May Alcott
6005:Mary Breckinridge
5884:Geraldine Ferraro
5869:Annie Jump Cannon
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5331:Eleanor Roosevelt
5230:Inductees to the
5197:
5196:
5087:J. Hans D. Jensen
4949:
4948:
3438:
3437:
3360:Los Alamos Primer
3349:Interim Committee
3304:African Americans
3256:The Great Artiste
3115:Isidor Isaac Rabi
3110:Norman Ramsey Jr.
2909:Franklin Matthias
2848:Heavy water sites
2755:Manhattan Project
2685:978-3-938016-15-2
2666:978-0-8108-1161-4
2556:978-0-674-38113-1
2494:978-0-552-77750-6
2463:978-0-7910-7247-9
2436:978-0-06-010949-3
2337:US Postal Service
2114:, pp. 84â86.
2003:www.nasonline.org
1959:(12): 1969â1970.
1743:10.1063/1.1746492
1571:10.1063/1.1750138
1507:San Diego Tribune
1464:, pp. 40â45.
1433:10.1063/1.3070875
1404:Wigner, Eugene P.
1163:Annals of Physics
864:J. Hans D. Jensen
724:Manhattan Project
722:, she joined the
702:Manhattan Project
632:quantum mechanics
617:double beta decay
511:Höhere Technische
496:Friedrich Göppert
460:J. Hans D. Jensen
429:Manhattan Project
417:double beta decay
324:
323:
297:Doctoral students
228:Scientific career
204:Friedrich Göppert
135:Double beta decay
92:February 20, 1972
16:(Redirected from
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7306:
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7292:
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7065:Louise Slaughter
6989:Victoria Jackson
6948:Philippa Marrack
6933:Barbara Iglewski
6841:Kathrine Switzer
6836:Donna E. Shalala
6781:
6770:
6727:Allie B. Latimer
6707:Louise Bourgeois
6681:Judith L. Pipher
6488:Katharine Graham
6432:Marian de Forest
6351:Anna Howard Shaw
6301:Emma Smith DeVoe
6286:
6275:
6187:Joan Ganz Cooney
6111:Oveta Culp Hobby
6106:Mary A. Hallaren
5969:Sarah Winnemucca
5838:Gloria Yerkovich
5833:Rosalyn S. Yalow
5788:Jeannette Rankin
5768:Georgia O'Keeffe
5723:Fannie Lou Hamer
5683:Shirley Chisholm
5631:Billie Jean King
5611:
5600:
5562:Gwendolyn Brooks
5442:
5431:
5271:Susan B. Anthony
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3604:Kamerlingh Onnes
3598:
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3582:
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3562:
3554:
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3538:
3530:
3522:
3506:
3494:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3381:Quebec Agreement
3165:John von Neumann
3105:George B. Pegram
2914:Dorothy McKibbin
2748:
2741:
2734:
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2716:
2689:
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2448:
2428:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:. Archived from
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2343:on April 4, 2016
2339:. Archived from
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2312:
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1793:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1694:Schiebinger 1999
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1206:(7â8): 466â479.
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1037:Women in physics
926:
915:
903:Death and legacy
897:Donna Strickland
802:Jacob Bigeleisen
664:George B. Pegram
652:anti-Jewish laws
580:lattice dynamics
352:
345:
344:
343:
337:
332:
320:
286:Doctoral advisor
182:
180:
95:
67:
65:
46:
32:
21:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7326:
7324:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7280:
7278:
7265:
7261:Serena Williams
7204:
7148:
7134:Henrietta Lacks
7124:Barbara Hillary
7119:Aretha Franklin
7103:
7084:
7070:Sonia Sotomayor
7023:
6962:
6913:Tenley Albright
6901:
6887:Bernice Sandler
6845:
6826:Lilly Ledbetter
6801:Loretta C. Ford
6775:
6756:
6695:
6691:Henrietta Szold
6651:Eleanor K. Baum
6639:
6605:Hillary Clinton
6578:
6529:Gertrude Ederle
6524:Donna de Varona
6507:
6466:
6412:Rosalynn Carter
6390:
6366:Wilma L. Vaught
6321:Crystal Eastman
6316:Sylvia A. Earle
6280:
6261:
6257:Chien-Shiung Wu
6232:Felice Schwartz
6202:Julia Ward Howe
6145:
6136:Maria Tallchief
6079:
6035:Margaret Fuller
6030:Ella Fitzgerald
6025:Mary Baker Eddy
5978:
5934:Antonia Novello
5909:Anne Hutchinson
5842:
5783:Esther Peterson
5758:Wilma Mankiller
5678:Emily Blackwell
5656:
5640:
5605:
5586:
5550:
5524:
5503:
5482:
5478:Frances Perkins
5461:
5457:Sojourner Truth
5452:Margaret Sanger
5436:
5417:
5386:
5360:
5306:Emily Dickinson
5266:Marian Anderson
5245:
5234:
5228:
5198:
5193:
5131:
5123:
5114:(Great Britain)
5108:(Great Britain)
5092:
5083:(United States)
5077:(United States)
5061:
5036:
5031:Giorgos Seferis
5012:
4987:
4980:
4950:
4945:
4929:
4913:
4897:
4881:
4865:
4849:
4833:
4817:
4805:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4749:
4737:
4721:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4665:
4649:
4633:
4617:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4572:
4560:
4544:
4535:Cohen-Tannoudji
4528:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4444:
4428:
4412:
4400:
4384:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4344:
4328:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4268:
4256:
4245:
4229:
4217:
4201:
4185:
4177:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4117:
4101:
4085:
4077:
4065:
4057:
4045:
4029:
4017:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3731:
3723:
3712:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3509:
3497:
3489:
3478:
3469:
3439:
3434:
3420:
3386:RaLa Experiment
3292:
3261:
3226:Project Alberta
3194:
3190:Chien-Shiung Wu
3120:James Rainwater
3055:Richard Feynman
3045:John R. Dunning
3020:Norris Bradbury
2983:
2969:Stafford Warren
2939:William Purnell
2919:Kenneth Nichols
2899:Ernest Lawrence
2874:James B. Conant
2852:
2766:
2757:
2752:
2719:The Shell Model
2696:
2686:
2673:
2667:
2646:
2640:
2623:
2620:
2618:Further reading
2594:10.2307/2111918
2579:
2557:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2478:
2464:
2451:
2437:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1952:Physical Review
1948:
1947:
1943:
1915:Physical Review
1900:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1806:Physical Review
1802:
1801:
1797:
1769:Physical Review
1765:
1764:
1760:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1557:(10): 645â652.
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1023:
1017:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
927:
918:
917:
916:
905:
872:Physical Review
816:
810:
704:
628:
608:
476:
431:at Columbia on
377:. In 1986, the
340:
339:
338:
330:
301:Robert G. Sachs
280:
211:
184:
181: 1930)
176:
172:
159:
118:Alma mater
112:
103:
97:
93:
84:
79:(now Katowice,
78:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7503:
7501:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7342:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7298:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7241:Judith Plaskow
7238:
7236:Peggy McIntosh
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7200:Michelle Obama
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7115:
7113:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7075:Laurie Spiegel
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6994:Sherry Lansing
6991:
6986:
6981:
6979:Temple Grandin
6976:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6938:Jean Kilbourne
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6862:Ina May Gaskin
6859:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6816:Billie Holiday
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6549:Dorothea Lange
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6422:Bessie Coleman
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Eileen Collins
6007:
6002:
6000:Amelia Bloomer
5997:
5992:
5990:Virginia Apgar
5986:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Nettie Stevens
5956:
5954:Muriel Siebert
5951:
5946:
5941:
5939:Linda Richards
5936:
5931:
5929:Maria Mitchell
5926:
5924:Louise McManus
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5879:Catherine East
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:Faye Wattleton
5825:
5820:
5815:
5813:Helen Stephens
5810:
5808:Gloria Steinem
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5733:Dolores Huerta
5730:
5728:Dorothy Height
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:Barbara Jordan
5623:
5617:
5615:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5494:Belva Lockwood
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5356:Harriet Tubman
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Florence Sabin
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Alice Hamilton
5313:
5311:Amelia Earhart
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5004:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4927:
4911:
4895:
4879:
4863:
4847:
4831:
4815:
4803:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4747:
4735:
4719:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4663:
4647:
4631:
4615:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4570:
4558:
4542:
4526:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4442:
4426:
4410:
4398:
4382:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4342:
4326:
4314:
4298:
4282:
4271:P. W. Anderson
4266:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4227:
4215:
4199:
4183:
4175:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4115:
4099:
4092:Goeppert Mayer
4083:
4075:
4063:
4055:
4043:
4027:
4015:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3967:
3955:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3819:
3816:C. D. Anderson
3807:
3799:
3792:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3627:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3507:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Chicago Pile-1
3326:
3324:Calutron Girls
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3297:Related topics
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:StanisĆaw Ulam
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
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1719:Bigeleisen, J.
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3672:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3580:Van der Waals
3576:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3544:J. J. Thomson
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Franck Report
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Alsos Mission
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Robert Wilson
3178:
3176:
3175:Eugene Wigner
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Edward Teller
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Glenn Seaborg
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Mark Oliphant
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Willard Libby
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Robert Bacher
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2979:Roscoe Wilson
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:John Lansdale
2892:
2890:
2889:Leslie Groves
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Vannevar Bush
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2518:September 14,
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:Sachs, Robert
2500:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2377:September 14,
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2306:September 14,
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2281:September 14,
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2256:September 14,
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2206:September 14,
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:, p. 87.
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1874:September 14,
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 59.
1695:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Physics Today
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1364:September 22,
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1307:September 14,
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:, p. 23.
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:, p. 18.
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Melvin Calvin
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
932:
925:
914:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
889:Eugene Wigner
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
855:
850:
846:
841:
839:
838:
837:magic numbers
833:
825:
820:
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:Edward Teller
742:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:valence shell
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Karl Herzfeld
633:
626:
620:
618:
613:
606:United States
605:
603:
601:
600:Donat Wentzel
597:
592:
588:
583:
582:of crystals.
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Eugene Wigner
545:
541:
536:
534:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:Frauenstudium
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
464:Eugene Wigner
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:Edward Teller
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351: Göppert
350:
342:
336:
328:
319:
314:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
287:
283:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
171:
166:
162:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:United States
110:
106:
101:
91:
87:
82:
77:
76:German Empire
73:
68:June 28, 1906
58:Maria Göppert
56:
52:
48:Mayer in 1963
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
7337:
7246:Loretta Ross
7221:Ruby Bridges
7165:Judy Chicago
7060:Rose O'Neill
7040:Angela Davis
7019:Alice Waters
7014:Janet Rowley
7009:Carol Mutter
6897:Emma Willard
6877:Nancy Pelosi
6872:Kate Millett
6737:Ruth Patrick
6732:Emma Lazarus
6717:Karen DeCrow
6712:Mildred Cohn
6407:Lucille Ball
6381:Eudora Welty
6356:Sophia Smith
6341:Kate Mullany
6197:Sarah Grimké
6162:Maya Angelou
6125:
5995:Ann Bancroft
5974:Fanny Wright
5894:Grace Hopper
5818:Lillian Wald
5773:Annie Oakley
5753:Mary Mahoney
5577:Mary Risteau
5567:Willa Cather
5520:Bessie Smith
5398:Dorothea Dix
5326:Helen Keller
5301:Mary Cassatt
5276:Clara Barton
5163:
5080:
5007:Giulio Natta
5001:Karl Ziegler
4379:von Klitzing
4371:Van der Meer
4091:
3416:Y-12 Project
3401:Smyth Report
3396:S-50 Project
3358:
3354:K-25 Project
3283:Pumpkin bomb
3254:
3247:
3240:
3170:John Wheeler
3140:Louis Slotin
3135:Emilio SegrĂš
3085:George Koval
3074:
3065:James Franck
3050:Enrico Fermi
2995:Luis Alvarez
2954:Paul Tibbets
2929:Deak Parsons
2718:
2675:
2650:
2627:
2585:
2581:
2538:
2534:
2516:. Retrieved
2507:
2482:
2453:
2424:
2401:. Retrieved
2396:
2393:"Mayer Hall"
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:the original
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2327:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2241:
2231:December 15,
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2166:
2153:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1981:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1922:(11): 1766.
1919:
1913:
1896:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1847:
1835:
1813:(1): 22â23.
1810:
1804:
1798:
1776:(1): 16â21.
1773:
1767:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1599:
1587:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1481:
1469:
1442:
1418:(5): 77â79.
1415:
1411:
1406:(May 1972).
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1348:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1287:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1236:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1140:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1016:
1008:Severo Ochoa
995:
973:
961:heart attack
938:
876:
857:
852:
848:
843:
835:
829:
766:
743:
720:World War II
713:
686:. Using the
672:Enrico Fermi
656:
643:
629:
623:
609:
584:
572:James Franck
537:
533:Emmy Noether
529:
522:
519:suffragettes
514:
510:
508:
477:
449:
425:World War II
402:
383:
326:
325:
244:Institutions
227:
140:Magic number
94:(1972-02-20)
29:
7355:1972 deaths
7350:1906 births
7251:Sandy Stone
7195:Indra Nooyi
6867:Julie Krone
6666:Swanee Hunt
6656:Julia Child
6620:Maya Y. Lin
6493:Bertha Holt
6427:Dorothy Day
6361:Ida Tarbell
6326:Jeanne Holm
6055:Maggie Kuhn
5854:Bella Abzug
5743:Mae Jemison
5713:Ella Grasso
5703:Alice Evans
5693:Ruth Colvin
5321:Helen Hayes
5261:Jane Addams
5120:(Australia)
5106:John Eccles
4984:Nobel Prize
4423:Steinberger
4339:K. Siegbahn
4331:Bloembergen
4052:Chamberlain
3785:Schrödinger
3695:M. Siegbahn
3624:W. H. Bragg
3620:W. L. Bragg
3231:Silverplate
3185:Leona Woods
3150:Leo Szilard
3125:Bruno Rossi
3070:Klaus Fuchs
2974:Ed Westcott
2964:Harold Urey
2403:February 8,
2347:October 15,
2226:www.aps.org
2134:October 13,
2008:October 13,
1910:Suess, Hans
1902:Haxel, Otto
1512:October 16,
893:Marie Curie
758:Pacific War
731:uranium-235
668:Harold Urey
564:Nobel prize
435:, and with
375:Marie Curie
208:Maria Wolff
108:Citizenship
7344:Categories
7050:Jane Fonda
7045:Sarah Deer
6857:Betty Ford
6346:Janet Reno
6192:Gerty Cori
6167:Nellie Bly
5859:Ella Baker
5778:Rosa Parks
5572:Sally Ride
5541:Lucy Stone
5408:Alice Paul
5018:Literature
4940:L'Huillier
4904:Hasselmann
4860:Strickland
4828:Kosterlitz
4752:Perlmutter
4491:Brockhouse
4196:Schrieffer
4068:Hofstadter
4020:C. N. Yang
3777:Heisenberg
3754:De Broglie
3334:Demon core
3278:Little Boy
3199:Operations
3015:Niels Bohr
3005:Hans Bethe
2988:Scientists
2934:Boris Pash
2813:Los Alamos
2415:References
2112:Ferry 2003
2100:Sachs 1979
2088:Ferry 2003
2056:August 28,
1986:Sachs 1979
1852:Sachs 1979
1840:Sachs 1979
1706:Sachs 1979
1670:Sachs 1979
1619:Sachs 1979
1534:August 12,
1474:Sachs 1979
1462:Ferry 2003
1341:Sachs 1979
1241:Sachs 1979
1133:Sachs 1979
1106:Ferry 2003
1094:Sachs 1979
1070:Sachs 1979
1058:Ferry 2003
868:Hans Suess
860:Otto Haxel
792:using the
648:Nazi Party
546:by atoms.
474:Early life
64:1906-06-28
7296:Biography
7180:Joy Harjo
7102:2020â2029
6774:2010â2019
6564:Sacagawea
6311:Mary Dyer
6279:2000â2009
5748:Mary Lyon
5604:1990â1999
5435:1980â1989
5244:1970â1979
5089:(Germany)
5003:(Germany)
4993:Chemistry
4986:laureates
4924:Zeilinger
4744:Novoselov
4712:Kobayashi
4636:Abrikosov
4483:J. Taylor
4463:de Gennes
4455:R. Taylor
4347:K. Wilson
4295:R. Wilson
4279:Van Vleck
4250:1976â2000
4240:Rainwater
4236:Mottelson
4212:Josephson
4160:Gell-Mann
4124:Schwinger
4112:Prokhorov
4072:Mössbauer
4032:Cherenkov
4024:T. D. Lee
3948:Cockcroft
3939:1951â1975
3738:C. Wilson
3717:1926â1950
3663:Guillaume
3552:Michelson
3512:Becquerel
3483:1901â1925
3472:Laureates
3376:Plutonium
3242:Enola Gay
3060:Val Fitch
3010:Aage Bohr
2959:Bud Uanna
2828:Oak Ridge
2659:194â208.
2602:0038-0407
2573:225088475
1889:Dash 1973
1682:Dash 1973
1604:Dash 1973
1592:Dash 1973
1579:0021-9606
1486:Kean 2010
1391:Dash 1973
1379:Dash 1973
1322:Dash 1973
1145:Dash 1973
1118:Dash 1973
1082:Dash 1973
619:in 1935.
566:winners:
500:Göttingen
311:Signature
72:Kattowitz
7175:Mia Hamm
5033:(Greece)
4932:Agostini
4820:Thouless
4812:McDonald
4800:Nakamura
4768:Wineland
4700:GrĂŒnberg
4656:Politzer
4640:Ginzburg
4628:Giacconi
4608:Ketterle
4563:'t Hooft
4547:Laughlin
4539:Phillips
4519:Osheroff
4447:Friedman
4419:Schwartz
4415:Lederman
4335:Schawlow
4311:Weinberg
4120:Tomonaga
4012:Brattain
4004:Shockley
3913:Blackett
3905:Appleton
3897:Bridgman
3844:Lawrence
3824:Davisson
3804:Chadwick
3687:Millikan
3671:Einstein
3560:Lippmann
3528:Rayleigh
3520:M. Curie
3516:P. Curie
3432:Category
3288:Thin Man
3249:Bockscar
2843:Wendover
2823:New York
2818:Montreal
2808:Inyokern
2783:Berkeley
2764:Timeline
2565:17089478
2505:(1979).
2472:50730923
2181:July 22,
1228:55669501
1021:See also
1004:Asa Gray
965:comatose
931:Katowice
826:in 1963
612:nepotism
568:Max Born
556:europium
488:Silesian
480:Katowice
413:nepotism
291:Max Born
189:Children
7320:Physics
7282:Portals
5067:Physics
5009:(Italy)
4920:Clauser
4884:Penrose
4868:Peebles
4824:Haldane
4792:Akasaki
4780:Englert
4772:Haroche
4756:Schmidt
4716:Maskawa
4668:Glauber
4660:Wilczek
4644:Leggett
4624:Koshiba
4604:Cornell
4595:present
4579:Kroemer
4575:Alferov
4567:Veltman
4551:Störmer
4471:Charpak
4451:Kendall
4435:Dehmelt
4403:Bednorz
4303:Glashow
4291:Penzias
4287:Kapitsa
4259:Richter
4232:A. Bohr
4208:Giaever
4188:Bardeen
4152:Alvarez
4136:Kastler
4128:Feynman
4008:Bardeen
3972:Zernike
3964:Purcell
3734:Compton
3679:N. Bohr
3568:Marconi
3500:Lorentz
3492:Röntgen
3474:of the
3406:Uranium
3273:Fat Man
3266:Weapons
2838:Trinity
2803:Hanford
2788:Chicago
2610:2111918
2077:YouTube
2034:July 9,
1961:Bibcode
1924:Bibcode
1815:Bibcode
1778:Bibcode
1731:Bibcode
1559:Bibcode
1420:Bibcode
1267:Bibcode
1208:Bibcode
1171:Bibcode
771:at the
728:fissile
640:benzene
492:Prussia
439:at the
369:of the
363:Physics
238:Physics
197:Parents
183:
175:
111:Germany
4936:Krausz
4930:2023:
4916:Aspect
4914:2022:
4908:Manabe
4900:Parisi
4898:2021:
4888:Genzel
4882:2020:
4876:Queloz
4866:2019:
4856:Mourou
4852:Ashkin
4850:2018:
4844:Thorne
4840:Barish
4834:2017:
4818:2016:
4808:Kajita
4806:2015:
4790:2014:
4778:2013:
4766:2012:
4750:2011:
4738:2010:
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4682:2006:
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4602:2001:
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4513:1996:
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4445:1990:
4431:Ramsey
4429:1989:
4413:1988:
4407:MĂŒller
4401:1987:
4395:Rohrer
4391:Binnig
4385:1986:
4377:1985:
4367:Rubbia
4365:1984:
4359:Fowler
4353:1983:
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4329:1981:
4319:Cronin
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4104:Townes
4102:1964:
4096:Jensen
4088:Wigner
4086:1963:
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3645:1918:
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1257::Eu".
1226:
1006:, and
866:, and
524:abitur
484:Poland
357:, and
234:Fields
222:(1963)
216:Awards
164:Spouse
102:, U.S.
81:Poland
5164:1963
5042:Peace
4982:1963
4872:Mayor
4836:Weiss
4796:Amano
4784:Higgs
4760:Riess
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4728:Boyle
4708:Nambu
4688:Smoot
4652:Gross
4620:Davis
4593:2001â
4583:Kilby
4495:Shull
4479:Hulse
4387:Ruska
4323:Fitch
4307:Salam
4204:Esaki
4180:Gabor
4144:Bethe
4108:Basov
4048:SegrĂš
4036:Frank
3996:Kusch
3984:Bothe
3960:Bloch
3889:Pauli
3873:Stern
3836:Fermi
3789:Dirac
3762:Raman
3707:Hertz
3655:Stark
3596:Dalén
3572:Braun
2771:Sites
2606:JSTOR
2569:S2CID
2535:Signs
2512:(PDF)
2175:(PDF)
1224:S2CID
1043:Notes
988:Venus
800:with
786:ENIAC
552:laser
486:), a
394:laser
177:(
173:
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7153:2022
7112:2020
7028:2019
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4696:Fert
4672:Hall
4555:Tsui
4503:Perl
4439:Paul
4275:Mott
4263:Ting
4220:Ryle
4172:NĂ©el
4040:Tamm
3992:Lamb
3980:Born
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3865:1942
3858:1941
3851:1940
3812:Hess
3796:1934
3769:1931
3631:1916
3612:Laue
3588:Wien
2778:Ames
2680:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2598:ISSN
2561:PMID
2551:ISBN
2520:2013
2489:ISBN
2468:OCLC
2458:ISBN
2441:OCLC
2431:ISBN
2405:2015
2379:2013
2349:2013
2308:2013
2283:2013
2258:2013
2233:2018
2208:2013
2183:2014
2136:2022
2058:2023
2036:2013
2010:2022
1876:2013
1575:ISSN
1536:2018
1514:2018
1366:2014
1309:2013
670:and
574:and
462:and
89:Died
54:Born
4724:Kao
4531:Chu
2590:doi
2543:doi
2075:on
1969:doi
1932:doi
1823:doi
1786:doi
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1567:doi
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