1568:
182:
1556:
170:
31:
1544:
158:
3540:, the short versions of the long vowels , are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in
48:
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of
Standard German in Knowledge (XXG) articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value
3586:
The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long when stressed and short when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with irrespective of length, and the in these sequences may optionally be
4596:
3419:
As several other
Germanic languages, Standard German has mid and open schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as
3182:
is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German
Standard German, voiceless as well as occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for
3234:
and it may instead be uvular , depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨
3256:
in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only , that pronunciation is now found mainly in
Switzerland,
3293:. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed.
3471:, but one needs to remember that Standard German has no such free variation and is always open, just as is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed
4653:
3260:
and
Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant . In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the
3137:
3625:. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to (or in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word
4632:
124:
38:
3131:
3730:
1767:
4606:
1321:
2033:
553:
3785:
3754:
1973:
4601:
3709:
4591:
1041:
959:
3794:
2528:
1731:
777:
353:
112:
69:
42:
3125:
2280:
1694:
1662:
3871:
2622:
1935:
1206:
1175:
54:
4033:
2591:
2430:
1896:
1860:
1626:
1594:
1104:
1073:
923:
875:
2563:
2398:
1832:
1795:
1238:
431:
270:
3944:
3588:
1294:
1002:
742:
458:
119:
pronunciations in
Knowledge (XXG) articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
4465:
4410:
4280:
4061:
4003:
2685:
2491:
2069:
866:
240:
131:
4400:
4158:
3924:
3849:
3844:
3834:
2653:
2459:
2325:
2001:
4520:
4405:
4103:
4088:
2217:
1266:
805:
493:
314:
201:
3558:
etc. In casual speech short preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a ) may be replaced with , e.g. , (
4320:
4295:
4230:
4018:
3959:
3866:
3839:
3778:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3618:
3517:
3500:
3496:
3472:
3404:
3400:
3383:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3290:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3211:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
2971:
2949:
2942:
2913:
2883:
2852:
2823:
2796:
2766:
2724:
2353:
2346:
2225:
2179:
2154:
2113:
1922:
1717:
65:
50:
4627:
4550:
3592:
3298:
814:
661:
607:
79:
4350:
4275:
4078:
3996:
3949:
3876:
1363:
1354:
388:
4535:
4360:
4310:
4235:
4220:
3954:
3886:
4515:
4395:
4325:
4290:
4250:
4133:
4118:
4113:
4066:
4008:
3939:
3906:
3811:
715:
688:
634:
580:
135:
4530:
4500:
4415:
4390:
4375:
4265:
4240:
4215:
4165:
4093:
4083:
4048:
4043:
4013:
3966:
3934:
3861:
3856:
3816:
3771:
3751:
3727:
3706:
2271:
4560:
4540:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4345:
4330:
4300:
4270:
4255:
4225:
4210:
4185:
4153:
4138:
4028:
3991:
3981:
3919:
3911:
3891:
3821:
3666:
3492:
3396:
3273:
3187:
1501:
1469:
1429:
1388:
852:
4570:
4565:
4485:
4420:
4355:
4340:
4315:
4305:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4098:
4038:
4023:
3976:
3901:
3896:
3881:
3829:
3806:
3679:
3294:
2208:
1438:
116:
4575:
4555:
4545:
4525:
4480:
4475:
4445:
4285:
4245:
4205:
4175:
4143:
4128:
4108:
4073:
3986:
3971:
3763:
3718:
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009),
4647:
4490:
4335:
4260:
4123:
3265:
4200:
4148:
1143:
120:
3739:
3085:
3053:
3022:
2991:
1585:
1567:
181:
3642:
occurs only in
English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short
3337:. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
3166:
In
Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents
2338:
2105:
148:
4622:
3457:(especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in
1447:
61:
17:
3257:
1555:
1543:
169:
157:
125:
Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters
3703:
Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of
English
3346:
Used in some loanwords from
English, especially by younger speakers.
3491:
is a perfect replacement for Standard German . Also, especially in
1534:
3767:
3520:
only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.
3333:, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart
25:
3365:, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of
3268:
is vocalized to after long vowels or after all vowels, and
3650:, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.
3705:(2nd ed.), Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press,
136:
German orthography § Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences
3621:
occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as
108:
Knowledge (XXG) key to pronunciation of Standard German
94:
87:
3329:, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis
3226:
and belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed
1406:
45:
transcriptions of Standard German on Knowledge (XXG).
3230:. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and
4615:
4584:
3313:
3311:
1504:
1472:
1391:
3222:
3220:
138:for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.
3613:
3611:
2373:
2316:
2245:
905:
843:
533:
411:
333:
220:
1513:
3248:
3246:
3244:
2369:
2297:
2241:
1487:
1403:
1025:
831:
761:
520:
298:
60:For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3779:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3138:Category:Pages with Swiss Standard German IPA
2381:
2320:
2254:
1481:
909:
847:
537:
415:
337:
224:
8:
3744:
3720:
3683:
3669:
3596:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3302:
3092:
3060:
3029:
2998:
2955:
2919:
2889:
2858:
2829:
2802:
2772:
2730:
2692:
2660:
2629:
2598:
2570:
2535:
2498:
2466:
2437:
2405:
2359:
2287:
2231:
2185:
2160:
2119:
2076:
2040:
2008:
1980:
1942:
1903:
1867:
1839:
1802:
1774:
1738:
1701:
1669:
1633:
1601:
1454:
1370:
1328:
1301:
1273:
1245:
1213:
1182:
1152:
1111:
1080:
1048:
1009:
966:
930:
882:
821:
784:
749:
722:
695:
668:
641:
614:
587:
560:
524:
500:
465:
438:
395:
360:
321:
277:
247:
208:
3659:or is the German rendering of the English
3321:and replace it with its fortis counterpart
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
1484:
70:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3786:
3772:
3764:
3214:are devoiced to at the end of a syllable.
3170:are voiceless and are distinguished from
1572:
1409:
186:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3415:
3413:
1412:
1397:
4602:Knowledge (XXG) pronunciation respelling
3210:In German Standard German, voiced stops
1530:
144:
4607:Other English pronunciation respellings
3726:, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter,
3602:
3559:
3150:
3132:Category:Pages with Austrian German IPA
896:
1560:
1548:
174:
162:
3678:
2984:Shortened vowels (Non native vowels)
1507:
1475:
113:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
7:
4654:International Phonetic Alphabet help
3354:
3352:
3326:
1510:
1478:
1415:
1400:
1394:
24:
3629:can be pronounced as either or .
3186:, often also word-initially. See
3084:
3052:
3021:
2990:
2684:
2652:
2621:
2590:
2562:
2527:
2490:
2458:
2429:
2397:
2279:
2270:
2216:
2068:
2032:
2000:
1972:
1934:
1895:
1859:
1831:
1794:
1766:
1730:
1693:
1661:
1625:
1593:
1446:
1428:
1362:
1320:
1293:
1265:
1237:
1205:
1174:
1142:
1103:
1072:
1040:
1001:
958:
922:
874:
865:
813:
804:
776:
741:
714:
687:
660:
633:
606:
579:
552:
492:
457:
430:
387:
352:
313:
269:
239:
200:
3665:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1500:
1468:
1387:
180:
168:
156:
64:. For the distinction between ,
29:
3795:International Phonetic Alphabet
3595:of a following consonant, e.g.
3174:only by articulatory strength (
4633:Manual of Style: Pronunciation
3722:Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch
3280:is alternatively realized as .
3126:Category:Pages with German IPA
111:The charts below show the way
1:
3317:Many speakers lack the lenis
3301:does not have glottal stops (
3694:General and cited references
3272:is pronounced as . Also, in
4592:IPA conventions for English
3701:Hall, Christopher (2003) ,
3443:and the latter variably in
3289:The glottal stop occurs in
4672:
77:
3802:
3082:
3050:
3019:
2988:
2983:
2940:
2911:
2881:
2850:
2821:
2794:
2764:
2722:
2717:
2712:but with the lips rounded
2682:
2650:
2619:
2588:
2560:
2525:
2520:
2488:
2456:
2427:
2395:
2344:
2337:
2277:
2214:
2207:
2177:
2152:
2111:
2104:
2066:
2030:
1998:
1970:
1932:
1893:
1857:
1829:
1792:
1764:
1728:
1691:
1659:
1623:
1591:
1584:
1533:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1384:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1318:
1291:
1263:
1235:
1203:
1172:
1167:
1149:
1101:
1070:
1038:
999:
956:
920:
872:
811:
774:
739:
712:
685:
658:
631:
604:
577:
550:
490:
455:
428:
385:
350:
311:
267:
237:
198:
147:
132:Standard German phonology
3746:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
3677:and the French stressed
3745:
3721:
3597:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3291:German Standard German
3178:is really voiced, and
3093:
3061:
3030:
2999:
2956:
2920:
2890:
2859:
2830:
2803:
2773:
2731:
2693:
2661:
2630:
2599:
2571:
2536:
2499:
2467:
2438:
2406:
2360:
2288:
2232:
2186:
2161:
2120:
2077:
2041:
2009:
1981:
1943:
1904:
1868:
1840:
1803:
1775:
1739:
1702:
1670:
1634:
1602:
1580:English approximation
1455:
1371:
1329:
1302:
1274:
1246:
1214:
1183:
1168:Non-native consonants
1153:
1112:
1081:
1049:
1010:
967:
931:
883:
822:
785:
750:
723:
696:
669:
642:
615:
588:
561:
525:
501:
466:
439:
396:
361:
322:
278:
248:
209:
194:English approximation
3593:place of articulation
3299:Swiss Standard German
49:without establishing
4628:For English speakers
3872:Australian languages
3382:Often replaced with
115:represents Standard
4616:Introductory guides
3750:(6th ed.), Duden,
3499:often merges with
3403:often merges with
2718:Non-native vowels
4641:
4640:
3732:978-3-11-018202-6
3684:Krech et al. 2009
3475:in words such as
3303:Krech et al. 2009
3252:Pronunciation of
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
2521:Shortened vowels
1527:
1526:
1496:(contrasting with
106:
105:
39:pronunciation key
4661:
4597:English dialects
4281:Mauritian Creole
4034:Franco-Provençal
4004:Emilian-Romagnol
3788:
3781:
3774:
3765:
3759:
3748:
3735:
3724:
3714:
3687:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3584:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3538:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3493:southern Germany
3474:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3397:northern Germany
3393:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3305:, pp. 236, 262).
3287:
3281:
3279:
3274:southern Germany
3271:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3191:
3188:fortis and lenis
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3100:
3088:
3068:
3056:
3036:
3025:
3005:
2994:
2966:
2951:
2944:
2926:
2915:
2897:
2885:
2870:
2854:
2836:
2825:
2810:
2798:
2780:
2768:
2750:
2726:
2700:
2688:
2671:
2656:
2636:
2625:
2605:
2594:
2577:
2566:
2546:
2531:
2506:
2494:
2478:
2462:
2445:
2433:
2417:
2401:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2355:
2348:
2322:
2318:
2299:
2294:
2283:
2274:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2220:
2196:
2181:
2167:
2156:
2142:
2115:
2091:
2072:
2052:
2036:
2019:
2004:
1987:
1976:
1956:
1938:
1910:
1899:
1882:
1863:
1847:
1835:
1818:
1798:
1781:
1770:
1753:
1734:
1713:
1697:
1680:
1665:
1648:
1629:
1612:
1597:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1366:
1343:
1324:
1308:
1297:
1281:
1269:
1253:
1241:
1224:
1209:
1193:
1178:
1156:
1146:
1130:
1107:
1091:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1027:
1023:
1005:
989:
962:
945:
926:
911:
907:
898:
893:
878:
869:
849:
845:
833:
828:
817:
808:
791:
780:
763:
759:
745:
729:
718:
702:
691:
675:
664:
648:
637:
621:
610:
594:
583:
567:
556:
539:
535:
531:
522:
518:
496:
480:
461:
445:
434:
417:
413:
409:
391:
375:
356:
339:
335:
331:
317:
300:
296:
273:
254:
243:
226:
222:
218:
204:
188:
185:
184:
176:
173:
172:
164:
161:
160:
145:
141:
140:
97:
90:
67:
33:
32:
26:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4611:
4580:
4401:Scottish Gaelic
3830:Modern Standard
3798:
3792:
3762:
3757:
3738:
3733:
3717:
3712:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3686:, pp. 64, 142).
3668:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3638:The long vowel
3637:
3633:
3617:The diphthongs
3616:
3609:
3585:
3566:
3539:
3524:
3516:
3507:
3418:
3411:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3373:, respectively.
3357:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3316:
3309:
3288:
3284:
3251:
3242:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3194:
3165:
3152:
3147:
3122:
3089:
3057:
3026:
2995:
2952:
2945:
2916:
2886:
2855:
2826:
2799:
2769:
2727:
2689:
2657:
2626:
2595:
2567:
2532:
2495:
2463:
2434:
2402:
2356:
2349:
2284:
2275:
2228:
2221:
2182:
2157:
2116:
2073:
2037:
2005:
1977:
1939:
1900:
1864:
1836:
1799:
1771:
1735:
1698:
1666:
1630:
1598:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1503:
1499:
1471:
1467:
1451:
1433:
1390:
1386:
1367:
1325:
1298:
1270:
1242:
1210:
1179:
1147:
1108:
1077:
1045:
1006:
963:
927:
879:
870:
818:
809:
781:
746:
719:
692:
665:
638:
611:
584:
557:
497:
462:
435:
392:
357:
318:
274:
244:
205:
179:
167:
155:
117:German language
109:
102:
101:
100:
93:
86:
82:
73:
58:
30:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:Serbo-Croatian
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Haitian Creole
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3756:978-3411040667
3755:
3736:
3731:
3715:
3710:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3652:
3631:
3607:
3564:
3522:
3505:
3409:
3388:
3375:
3348:
3339:
3307:
3282:
3240:
3216:
3192:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2967:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2701:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2315:
2295:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:Reduced vowels
2205:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:Syllable break
1435:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1007:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
964:
957:
954:
953:
946:
928:
921:
918:
917:
904:
894:
880:
873:
871:
864:
861:
860:
842:
829:
819:
812:
810:
803:
800:
799:
792:
782:
775:
772:
771:
765:
747:
740:
737:
736:
730:
720:
713:
710:
709:
703:
693:
686:
683:
682:
676:
666:
659:
656:
655:
649:
639:
632:
629:
628:
622:
612:
605:
602:
601:
595:
585:
578:
575:
574:
568:
558:
551:
548:
547:
541:
498:
491:
488:
487:
481:
463:
456:
453:
452:
446:
436:
429:
426:
425:
419:
393:
386:
383:
382:
376:
358:
351:
348:
347:
341:
319:
312:
309:
308:
302:
275:
268:
265:
264:
255:
245:
238:
235:
234:
228:
206:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
177:
165:
152:
151:
107:
104:
103:
99:
98:
91:
83:
78:
76:
74:
59:
47:
34:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Northern Thai
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Luxembourgish
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3711:0-7190-6689-1
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3656:
3653:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3495:and Austria,
3494:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3328:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3276:and Austria,
3275:
3267:
3266:syllable coda
3259:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:roughly like
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:niversität, S
2664:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:somewhat like
2508:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:somewhat like
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:somewhat like
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:somewhat like
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1914:somewhat like
1912:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1497:
1492:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1255:
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1217:
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564:
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530:
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516:
512:
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495:
489:
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482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
454:
450:
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442:
437:
433:
427:
423:
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408:
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399:
394:
390:
384:
380:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
349:
345:
342:
330:
329:
325:
320:
316:
310:
306:
303:
295:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
272:
266:
263:
259:
256:
253:
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246:
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229:
217:
216:
212:
207:
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197:
193:
190:
183:
178:
171:
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159:
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139:
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126:
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118:
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81:
75:
71:
63:
56:
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46:
44:
40:
35:
28:
27:
19:
4551:West Frisian
4056:
4019:Extremaduran
3743:
3740:Mangold, Max
3719:
3702:
3655:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3603:Mangold 2005
3560:Mangold 2005
3486:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3391:
3378:
3342:
3285:
3172:/p,t,k,tʃ,ʃ/
3168:/b,d,ɡ,dʒ,ʒ/
3107:
3103:
3095:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2961:fen, Gouvern
2958:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2874:
2865:
2864:ken, Motherb
2861:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2805:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2643:
2640:roughly like
2639:
2631:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2581:
2572:
2553:
2550:roughly like
2549:
2541:
2537:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2449:
2440:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2362:
2330:
2324:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2234:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2171:
2162:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1991:
1982:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1947:sterreich, M
1944:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1850:
1842:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1785:
1776:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1586:Monophthongs
1521:
1495:
1457:
1376:
1372:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1311:
1303:
1284:
1276:
1256:
1248:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1160:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1117:
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1086:
1082:
1064:
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1031:
1019:
1015:
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678:
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624:
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362:
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327:
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292:
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284:
280:
261:
257:
250:
230:
214:
210:
129:
121:Template:IPA
110:
68:and ⟨⟩, see
37:This is the
36:
4585:Comparisons
4351:Piedmontese
4276:Marshallese
4079:Greenlandic
3997:Old English
3877:Azerbaijani
3589:assimilated
1385:battleship
1306:atcherismus
291:ina, Leipzi
4536:Vietnamese
4361:Portuguese
4311:Neapolitan
4236:Macedonian
4221:Lithuanian
4129:Indonesian
3887:Belarusian
3601:or for (
3555:vielleicht
3518:/o̯,u̯,y̑/
2339:Semivowels
2106:Diphthongs
1337:hiskey, Sq
983:ampagner,
149:Consonants
4516:Ukrainian
4396:Sardinian
4326:Norwegian
4296:Mirandese
4291:Mongolian
4251:Malayalam
4134:Inuktitut
4119:Icelandic
4114:Hungarian
4067:Colognian
4062:Alemannic
4009:Esperanto
3940:Cantonese
3907:Bulgarian
3812:Afrikaans
3605:, p. 65).
3562:, p. 65).
3489:sticiable
3327:Hall 2003
3145:Citations
3106:vingt-et-
2740:, Restaur
2736:, Engagem
2614:but short
1187:ungel, Pi
509:remen, se
326:ann; Klei
80:Shortcuts
55:talk page
51:consensus
4648:Category
4531:Venetian
4501:Tigrinya
4416:Sicilian
4391:Sanskrit
4376:Romanian
4241:Malagasy
4216:Ligurian
4166:Japanese
4094:Hawaiian
4084:Gujarati
4057:Standard
4049:Georgian
4044:Galician
4014:Estonian
3967:Corsican
3935:Mandarin
3931:Chinese
3920:Standard
3916:Catalan
3867:Asturian
3862:Assamese
3857:Armenian
3850:Tunisian
3845:Lebanese
3835:Egyptian
3817:Albanian
3742:(2005),
3646:or long
3598:Ensemble
3481:stration
3295:Austrian
3120:See also
3078:t Blanc
3046:t-et-un
3003:gagieren
2901:American
2698:chologie
2603:riginell
2386:Scottish
2306:(but not
2259:Scottish
2252:stration
2132:dn, Verl
1808:be, Berl
1577:Examples
1116:eit, Pla
853:Scottish
754:erson, a
404:, Leipzi
258:Scottish
191:Examples
88:H:IPA-DE
62:Help:IPA
18:Help:IPA
4623:Symbols
4561:Yiddish
4541:Walloon
4511:Turkmen
4506:Turkish
4496:Tibetan
4466:Tai Lue
4461:Tagalog
4456:Sylheti
4451:Swedish
4441:Swahili
4436:Spanish
4431:Sorbian
4426:Slovene
4386:Russian
4381:Romansh
4371:Quechua
4366:Punjabi
4346:Persian
4331:Occitan
4301:Nahuatl
4271:Marathi
4256:Maltese
4226:Lombard
4211:Latvian
4186:Kurdish
4159:Central
4154:Italian
4139:Inupiaq
4053:German
4029:Finnish
3992:English
3945:Hokkien
3925:Insular
3912:Burmese
3892:Bengali
3826:Arabic
3822:Amharic
3619:/ɛɪ,ɔʊ/
3591:to the
3371:/t,s,f/
3367:/d,z,v/
3264:in the
3258:Bavaria
3212:/b,d,ɡ/
3184:/b,d,ɡ/
3128:(8,468)
2634:konomie
2411:e, Ital
1951:re, adi
1606:lles, K
1466:flower
1279:erboard
1154:beamtet
1014:ag, Sta
936:en, gro
887:ie, die
53:on the
4571:Zhuang
4566:Yoruba
4486:Telugu
4421:Slovak
4356:Polish
4341:Pashto
4316:Nepali
4306:Navajo
4196:Lakota
4191:Kyrgyz
4181:Korean
4171:Kazakh
4099:Hebrew
4039:French
4024:Fijian
3977:Danish
3902:Breton
3897:Berber
3882:Basque
3840:Hejazi
3807:Adyghe
3663:vowel
3549:soeben
3543:jedoch
3503:into .
3437:chairm
3407:into .
3232:/a,aː/
3104:French
3072:French
3040:French
3009:French
2930:French
2840:French
2784:French
2754:French
2575:talien
2516:ation
2472:ist, G
2128:ser, H
2089:chisch
2081:ber, M
2050:psilon
2046:ssen,
1872:der, h
1743:ben, g
1674:nde, h
1638:ber, s
1610:lender
1535:Vowels
1498:flour
1355:Stress
1199:ungle
1097:anish
1018:; Klei
979:pitz,
975:tadt,
836:French
400:ut; Ta
373:änomen
95:H:IPAG
57:first.
4556:Xhosa
4546:Welsh
4526:Uzbek
4481:Tatar
4476:Tamil
4471:Tajik
4446:Swazi
4286:Mayan
4266:Māori
4246:Malay
4206:Latin
4176:Khmer
4144:Irish
4109:Hmong
4104:Hindi
4074:Greek
3987:Dutch
3972:Czech
3960:Xiang
3661:NURSE
2732:Gourm
2669:venir
2484:ould
2376:: sof
2300:: bal
2190:ro, H
2085:e, ps
1908:ffnen
1747:en, M
1655:ther
1124:dam,
940:, Hau
789:effer
651:rhyth
513:s; Ta
505:ann,
470:ahr,
424:uest
283:, dur
213:ei; a
16:<
4576:Zulu
4521:Urdu
4491:Thai
4411:Shan
4336:Odia
4261:Manx
4149:Isan
4124:Igbo
3982:Dari
3797:keys
3752:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3648:/oː/
3640:/ɔː/
3627:okay
3623:okay
3483:and
3469:gain
3464:and
3452:Chin
3435:and
3429:cann
3405:/eː/
3401:/ɛː/
3369:and
3361:and
3335:/tʃ/
3331:/dʒ/
3270:/ər/
3140:(42)
3134:(49)
3098:dist
3034:pair
3015:son
2943:œːɐ̯
2932:empr
2921:Parf
2842:Le M
2831:Garç
2756:Prov
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1876:e, B
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1456:Ephr
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1085:as,
1058:ello
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1034:all
995:all
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903:ebra
841:ouge
826:eden
770:uck
705:sudd
697:beid
643:groß
627:ust
597:bott
589:Mant
573:ast
565:eben
546:old
486:ard
381:uss
369:on,
365:ür,
346:one
233:all
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123:and
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910:CH
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906:AT
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897:DE
850::
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732:lo
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287:;
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