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was thus nicknamed the "sulfur sticks faith." At the same time, they tried to spread their faith. Because they rejected civil government they frequently faced resistance from local government. Around 1820, that led to a prison sentence for Leer, who also spent a year in the women's prison in St. George
Hospital in
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With Muller, she engaged in a "spiritual marriage". The religion held property communally and refused to accept the authority of the civil government. While Muller was considered the group's leader, he was not formally appointed as such. The group earned a living by making and selling matchsticks and
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In 1823, the brotherhood became more regulated, and Valk went his own way after that. In 1829, the group settled in
Zwijndrecht, where they bought a shipyard and tried there to realize their ideals of a Christian commune. After the death of Muller in 1833, Leer tried to continue his work. But her
114:, where she ran a shop. From 1860, she lived in the Bethlehemhof in Leiden, where she was able to buy a house from the proceeds of the sale of the community's possession. A continued intellectual curiosity sustained her even after her banker lost her pension. At that time, she met the writer
78:. She was the fifth of six children, and her father and mother died when she was a child. She grew up in the orphanage for poor children in Edam and received some schooling to prepare her for a position as a domestic servant.
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radical views on freedom of marriage and the common property were shared by fewer and fewer members of the church. In 1843, the community was abolished and Leer moved in with her daughter Josina in
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with the help of a
Waddinxveen bailiff, Dirk Valk. The income-pooling community aimed to "revive the apostolic communism practiced at the beginning of the Christian era".
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118:, who chronicled Leer's memoirs and published them in 1892 under the pseudonym D.N. Anagrapheus. Leer died in July 1866 at the age of 78 from
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She worked briefly as a maid with a
Catholic family, but lost her position for trying to convert them. She later became a seamstress in
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27:(June 20, 1788 – July 3, 1866) was a prophetess and Dutch religious figure, one of the leaders of the
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New
Lighters), a religious community with communist features which opposed social conventions. With
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Dutch
Culture in a European Perspective: 1900, the age of bourgeois culture
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Biografisch lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het
Nederlands protestantisme
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Biografisch lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het
Nederlands protestantisme
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163:"Over Zwijndrechtse Nieuwlichters of mensen van het zwavelstokkengeloof"
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66:, the daughter of Pieter Jansse Leer (originally from
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47:, and along with assistance from Dirk Valk, a
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287:Povée, Henk "Het 'zwavelstokkengeloof'" in:
236:. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. 2004. p. 540.
306:Het nieuws van den dag d.d. 4 oktober 1903
190:. Princeton University Press. p. 494.
141:Dieteren, Fia. "Leer, Maria (1788?–1866)".
265:Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek
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161:Berg, C. R. van den (25 November 1983).
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144:Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland
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356:Founders of new religious movements
297:Historische Vereniging Zwijndrecht
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289:Tien eeuwen tussen Lek en IJssel
220:. Vol. 1. pp. 198–99.
62:Maria Leer was born in 1788 in
41:, a barge skipper, she founded
341:19th-century religious leaders
308:de Zwijndrechtse Nieuwlichters
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184:Brock, Peter (8 March 2015).
299:Zwijndrechtse Nieuwlichters
214:(1978). "Muller, Stoffel".
92:Zwijndrechtse nieuwlichters
44:Zwijndrechtse nieuwlichters
30:Zwijndrechtse nieuwlichters
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187:Pacifism in Europe to 1914
336:People from Edam-Volendam
58:Early years and education
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116:Louise Sophie Blussé
351:Deaths from cholera
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243:978-90-232-3965-9
197:978-1-4008-6749-3
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331:1866 deaths
326:1788 births
275:Leer, Maria
272:Jansen, D.
261:Leer, Maria
122:in Leiden.
72:QuakenbrĂĽck
49:Waddinxveen
35:Zwijndrecht
320:Categories
311:(in Dutch)
302:(in Dutch)
293:(in Dutch)
283:(in Dutch)
268:(in Dutch)
126:References
25:Maria Leer
20:Maria Leer
108:Rotterdam
100:Dordrecht
88:Amsterdam
76:Lutherans
169:16 March
68:Holstein
120:cholera
52:bailiff
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112:Leiden
82:Career
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263:in:
238:ISBN
192:ISBN
171:2015
64:Edam
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