562:
without telegraph service, men ran carrying last minute messages. With the information from these messengers, Carrera hatched their plan of defense leaving his brother Sotero by troops who presented a slight resistance in the city. Carrera pretended to flee and led the ragtag army to the heights of
Aceituno as only had about four men and the same number of loads rifle, plus two old cannons. The city was at the mercy of the army of Morazán, with bells of their twenty temples ringing for divine assistance. Once Morazán reached the capital, he took it easily and freed Guzman, who immediately left for Quetzaltenango to give the news that Carrera was defeated; Carrera then, taking advantage of what his enemies believed, applied a strategy of concentrating fire on the Central Park of the city and also employed surprise attack tactics with which caused heavy casualties to the army of Morazán to finally force the survivors to fight for their lives. Now in such combat scenario, Morazán's soldiers lost the initiative and their numerical superiority. Furthermore, unaware of their surroundings in the city, Morazan's troops had to fight, carry their dead and care for their wounded while still resented being tired by the long march from
582:, had gone back to Quetzaltenango to tell the good news. The city liberal criollo leaders rapidly reinstated the Los Altos State and celebrated Morazán's victory. However, as soon as Carrera and the newly reinstated Rivera Paz heard the news, Carrera went back to Quetzaltenango with his voluntary army to regain control of the rebel liberal state once and for all. On 2 April 1840, after entering the city, Carrera told the citizens that he had already warned them after he defeated them earlier that year. Then, he ordered the majority of the liberal city hall officials from Los Altos to be shot on his orders. Carrera, then forcibly annexed Quetzaltenango and much of Los Altos back into conservative Guatemala. After the violent and bloody reinstatement of the State of Los Altos by Carrera in April 1840,
526:, which contributed to the harsh criticism. Moreover, there was the fact that Los Altos was the region with more production and economic activity of the former State of Guatemala; without Los Altos, conservatives lost many merits that held the hegemony of the State of Guatemala in Central America. Then, the government of Guatemala tried to reach to a peaceful solution, but altenses, protected by the recognition of the Central American Federation Congress, did not accept; Guatemala's government then resorted to force, sending the commanding general of the Army Rafael Carrera subdue Los Altos.
443:- swore they would never forgive Morazan even in his grave, as they felt that no one could respect someone who could not avenge family members. After sending several envoys, who Carrera would not receive -especially Barrundia who was not received because Carrera did not want to murder him in cold blood- Morazán began a strong scorched earth offensive, destroying villages in his path and stripping them of their few assets, thus forcing Carrera forces to hide in the mountains. Believing that Carrera was totally defeated, Morazán and Barrundia marched on to
1445:
1412:
1379:
97:
495:
battle of Villa Nueva. Taking advantage of
Salazar's good faith and Ferrera's weapons, Carrera caught by surprise Guatemala City on April 13, 1839; at that moment, Castro Salazar, Mariano Gálvez and Barrundia fled before the arrival of Carrera militia men. Salazar, in his nightshirt, vaulted roofs of neighboring houses and sought refuge; then, as he could, he reached the border disguised as a peasant and fled Guatemala. With Salazar gone, Carrera reinstated Rivera Paz as Head of State of Guatemala
606:
510:
586:-conservative member of the Aycinena Clan then secretary general of the Guatemalan government of recently reinstated Rivera Paz- obtained from the vicar Larrazabal authorization to dismantle the regionalist Church. Acting priests of Quetzaltenango -capital of the would-be-state of Los Altos, priest Urban Ugarte and his coadjutor, priest José Maria Aguilar, were removed from their parish and likewise the priests of the parishes of
545:
530:
the first time they had challenged him, but sternly warned them that there would be no mercy if there was a second time. Finally, the general Guzmán, and the head of state of Los Altos, Marcelo Molina, were sent to the capital of
Guatemala, where they were displayed as trophies of war during a triumphant parade on February 17, 1840; in the case of Guzman, shackled, still with bleeding wounds, and riding a mule.
25:
575:. In Guatemala, survivors from his troops were shot without mercy, while Carrera was out in pursuit of Morazan, who he failed to catch. This lance definitely sealed the status of General Carrera and marked the decline of Morazán., and forced the conservative Aycinena clan criollos to negotiate with Carrera and his peasant revolutionary supporters.
566:
to
Guatemala Carrera, by then an experienced military men was able to stand up and defeat Morazán thoroughly. The disaster for the liberal general was complete: aided by Angel Molina who knew the streets of the city, had to flee with his favorite men, disguised shouting "Long live Carrera!" through
521:
which seeks independence from
Guatemala. The most important members of the Liberal Party of Guatemala and liberal enemies of the conservative regime moved to Los Altos, who no longer had to emigrate to El Salvador, having a pro liberal state practically in his country agglutinated The liberals in Los
461:
a little later, thereby forcing Morazán to return to El
Salvador to fight for his dying federal mandate. Along the way, Morazán increased repression in eastern Guatemala, as punishment for helping Carrera, whom he considered expired. Knowing that Morazán had gone to El Salvador, Carrera tried to take
466:
with the small force that remained, but was defeated, losing his brother
Laureano in combat. With just a few men left, he managed to escape, badly wounded, to Sanarate. After recovering a little bit, attacked a detachment in Jutiapa and managed to get a little booty which he handed to the volunteers
447:
where they were welcomed as saviors by the state governor Pedro
Valenzuela and members of the conservative Aycinena Clan, who even proposed to sponsor one of the liberal battalions, while Valenzuela and Barrundia gave Morazán all the Guatemalan resources needed to solve any financial problem he had.
529:
Carrera defeated
General Agustin Guzman when the former Mexican officer tried to ambush him and then went on to Quetzaltenango, where he imposed a harsh and hostile conservative regime for liberals. Calling all council members, he told them flatly that he was behaving kindly to them for being that
654:
region became increasingly dangerous; rebel leader
Vicente Cruz was murdered there after trying to take over the Corregidor office in 1849. On February 26, 1849, when Rivera Paz went to take possession of the provincial government of Jalapa, he was killed by the "Lucios" Roberto Reyes and Agustín
617:
His term of office was in a time of great political turmoil for Guatemala, but he kept general Rafael Carrera by his side to help him. When hostilities started with El Salvador in June 1844, Rivera Paz closed the borders to prevent an invasion using inmates of the state border for these the watch
561:
On March 18, 1840, liberal caudillo Morazán invaded Guatemala with 1500 soldiers to avenge the insult done in Los Altos and fearing that such action would end with liberal efforts to hold together the Central American Federation. Guatemala had a cordon of guards from the border with El Salvador;
494:
Meanwhile, despite insistent advice to definitely crush Carrera and his forces, Salazar tried to negotiate with him diplomatically; he even went as far as to show that he neither feared nor distrusted Carrera by removing the fortifications that were in place in the Guatemalan capital since the
452:
of both parties celebrated until dawn that they finally had a caudillo like Morazan, who was able to crush the peasant rebellion. Morazán used the proceeds to support Los Altos and then replaced Valenzuela by Rivera Paz, member of the Aycinena clan, although he did not return to that clan any
404:
491:; instead, Morazán left Carrera in charge of a minute fort in Mita, and without any weapons. Knowing that Morazán was going to attack El Salvador, Francisco Ferrera gave a thousand arms and ammunition to Carrera and convinced him to attack Guatemala City.
467:
who accompanied him and prepared to attack Petapa, near Guatemala City, where he triumphed, but with heavy casualties. In September of that year, Carrera attempted an assault on the capital of Guatemala, but the liberal general
639:
594:. Larrazabal ordered the priests Fernando Antonio Dávila, Mariano Navarrete and Jose Ignacio Iturrioz to cover the parishes of Quetzaltenango, San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Toliman, respectively.
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597:
The liberal criollos defeat and execution in Quetzaltenango reinforced Carrera ally status within the native population of the area, whom he respected and protected.
1224:
1245:
Weaver, Frederic S. (March 1999). "Reform and (Counter) Revolution in Post-Independence Guatemala: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Postmodern Controversies".
483:
arrival in 1823. Morazán had the opportunity to shoot him, but could not because he needed the support of the Guatemalan peasants to counter the attacks of
571:
to El Salvador, to save his life. In his absence, Morazán had been relieved as Head of State of that country, which is why he had to embark for exile in
626:
In 1840, Belgium began to act as an external source of support for his independence movement, in an effort to exert influence in Central America. The
46:
33:
1492:
479:, Carrera was surrounded and wounded, and he had to capitulate to the Mexican General Agustin Guzman, who lay in Quetzaltenango since the time of
618:
over. In December 1844, Rivera Paz presented his irrevocable resignation to the Assembly due to the pressure and demands from Rafael Carrera.
1100:
416:
368:
454:
439:. Upon learning this, Carrera and his wife Petrona - had come to confront Morazán as soon as they learned of the invasion and were in
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1213:
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tried to invade Guatemala for the second time in 1840 after having invaded in 1829 and expelled members of the Aycinena clan and
1487:
431:
invaded Guatemala and reached San Sur, where they executed Chúa Alvarez, father-in-law of the Guatemalan military leader
428:
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38:
346:
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472:
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1340:
674:
635:
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1378:
96:
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Invención criolla, sueño ladino, pesadilla indigena, Los Altos de Guatemala: de región a Estado, 1740-1871
587:
223:
114:
522:
Altos began harshly criticizing the Conservative government of Rivera Paz; even had their own newspaper -
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468:
290:
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664:
631:
591:
557:. In 1840 he was defeated by Carrera overwhelmingly, marking the end of his career in Central America
549:
539:
605:
1175:
Historia del Benemérito Gral. Don Francisco Morazán, ex Presidente de la República de Centroamérica
651:
583:
518:
480:
544:
1262:
513:
State Coat of Los Altos, carved in stone on the grave of heroes in the Cemetery of Quetzaltenango
1178:(in Spanish). Tegucigalpa: Ministerio de Educación Pública, Ediciones Técnicas Centroamericana.
509:
1281:
1209:
1203:
1096:
1070:
730:
517:
On April 2, 1838, in the city of Quetzaltenango, a secessionist group founded the independent
484:
729:]. Vol. 4. Guatemala: Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. 1994. p. 100.
1254:
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Agustin Guzmán, who was freed by Morazán when the latter had seemingly defeated Carrera in
440:
332:
1184:
1459:
1426:
1352:
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679:
610:
579:
554:
476:
449:
444:
432:
412:
356:
162:
1066:
1471:
1266:
1169:
1153:
La patria del criollo; ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca
1046:"Colonisation du district de Santo-Thomas de Guatemala par la Communauté de l'Union"
458:
67:
403:
1205:
Piety, Power, and Politics: Religion and Nation Formation in Guatemala, 1821-1871
1132:
435:
and laid his head on a pike to teach a lesson to all followers of the Guatemalan
563:
488:
1258:
1059:
1011:
1009:
613:
after being appointed President for Life of the Republic of Guatemala in 1854.
363:
392:
336:
1126:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.
463:
24:
1275:
894:
892:
890:
888:
436:
1277:
Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871
925:
923:
921:
919:
848:
846:
844:
842:
1330:
Carrera even had suffered two previous defeats at the hands of Morazán.
1194:
572:
71:
1113:(1959). "El capítulo de las efemérides: José Milla y Rafael Carrera".
940:
938:
875:
873:
1190:
1144:
Racismo y Análisis Histórico de la Definición del Indio Guatemalteco
723:
Historia General de Guatemala. Desde la república federal hasta 1898
640:
Eastern Coast of Central America Commercial and Agricultural Company
1050:
Collection de renseignements publiés ou recueillis par la Compagnie
727:
General history of Guatemala. From the federal republic until 1898.
1309:
Altenses is how people from Quetzaltenango are known in Guatemala.
972:
970:
508:
475:
and Carrera had to retreat. After an unsuccessful attempt to take
402:
1052:(in French). Original held and digitised by the British Library.
457:
voted for the dissolution of the Central American Federation in
1015:
957:
955:
953:
18:
630:(Belgian Colonization Company), commissioned by Belgian King
1186:
Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan
391:(24 December 1804 – 26 February 1849) was Head of State of
1318:
In these battles participated the famous Guatemalan poet
1339:
Angel Molina was the son of Guatemalan Liberal leader
417:
Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo
1183:
Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854).
369:
Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo
1093:
La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala
374:
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342:
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305:
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222:
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199:
156:
146:
113:
87:
1058:
929:
898:
852:
697:
1137:(in Spanish). Editorial "José de Pineda Ibarra".
1027:
988:
976:
944:
910:
879:
864:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
709:
423:Conflagration between Liberals and Conservatives
961:
78: and the second or maternal family name is
1229:(in Spanish). Guatemala: CIRMA. Archived from
1498:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni
1355:was to become the next president of Guatemala
1164:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
1160:Montúfar, Lorenzo; Salazar, Ramón A. (1892).
8:
1095:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter.
1280:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
1162:El centenario del general Francisco Morazán
1361:
1202:Sullivan-González, Douglass (2008-08-18).
1155:(in Spanish). México: Ediciones en Marcha.
1057:Faubert, Denis; Soldevila, Carlos (2000).
453:property confiscated in 1829; in revenge,
427:In 1838 the liberal forces of Morazan and
84:
638:for a time, replacing the failed British
1065:. Ulysses Travel Publications. pp.
1044:Compagnie Belge de Colonisation (1844).
1000:
604:
543:
236:13 April 1839 – 3 December 1839
103:the National History Museum of Guatemala
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1302:
1146:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Universitaria.
690:
270:29 July 1838 – 30 January 1839
188: – 25 February 1842
135: – 11 December 1844
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
7:
1122:Hernández de León, Federico (1930).
1016:Compagnie Belge de Colonisation 1844
621:
534:Second invasion and Morazán's defeat
499:Invasion and absorption of Los Altos
1091:González Davison, Fernando (2008).
1421:April 13, 1839 - December 3, 1839
1134:Francisco Morazán y Rafael Carrera
1131:Marroquín Rojas, Clemente (1971).
14:
1454:May 14, 1842 - December 11, 1844
1388:July 27, 1838 - January 30, 1839
1443:
1410:
1377:
1208:. University of Pittsburgh Pre.
1151:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990).
1142:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1988).
280:Pedro José Valenzuela y Jauregui
95:
23:
628:Compagnie belge de colonisation
411:Mariano Rivera Paz was born in
37:may be too short to adequately
1493:19th-century Guatemalan people
655:Pérez in Sampaquisoy, Jalapa.
634:, became the administrator of
622:Belgium's colonization attempt
471:defeated him in the fields of
407:Portrait of Mariano Rivera Paz
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1197:: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.
455:Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol
1274:Woodward, Ralph Lee (1993).
710:Faubert & Soldevila 2000
70:, the first or paternal
1247:Latin American Perspectives
1111:Hernández de León, Federico
224:Chief of State of Guatemala
1519:
1450:Head of State of Guatemala
1384:Head of State of Guatemala
1259:10.1177/0094582X9902600207
1124:El libro de las efemérides
670:Los Altos, Central America
650:In eastern Guatemala, the
537:
505:Los Altos, Central America
502:
115:Head of State of Guatemala
101:Portrait of Rivera Paz at
65:
1456:
1441:
1433:
1423:
1408:
1400:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1223:Taracena, Arturo (1999).
395:and its first president.
382:
296:
263:
229:
180:3 December 1839
173:
120:
109:
94:
1117:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
429:José Francisco Barrundia
1341:Pedro Molina Mazariegos
675:Presidents of Guatemala
636:Santo Tomas de Castilla
415:and studied law in the
1488:Guatemalan politicians
930:Hernández de León 1959
899:Hernández de León 1959
853:Hernández de León 1959
698:Sullivan-González 2008
614:
588:San Martin Jilotepeque
558:
533:
514:
408:
1417:Governor of Guatemala
1404:Carlos Salazar Castro
1394:Carlos Salazar Castro
1028:González Davison 2008
989:González Davison 2008
977:González Davison 2008
945:González Davison 2008
911:González Davison 2008
901:, p. January 29.
880:González Davison 2008
865:González Davison 2008
834:González Davison 2008
822:González Davison 2008
810:González Davison 2008
798:González Davison 2008
786:González Davison 2008
774:González Davison 2008
762:González Davison 2008
750:González Davison 2008
608:
547:
512:
469:Carlos Salazar Castro
406:
291:Carlos Salazar Castro
246:Carlos Salazar Castro
127:14 May 1842
1320:José Batres Montúfar
962:Marroquín Rojas 1971
16:Guatemalan Statesman
1437:José Venancio López
932:, p. March 16.
855:, p. April 20.
584:Luis Batres Juarros
218:José Venancio López
152:José Venancio López
1365:Political offices
1003:, p. 240-241.
947:, p. 148-154.
882:, p. 122-127.
615:
559:
519:State of Los Altos
515:
409:
389:Mariano Rivera Paz
378:Lawyer, politician
89:Mariano Rivera Paz
1466:
1465:
1457:Succeeded by
1424:Succeeded by
1391:Succeeded by
1102:978-84-89452-81-7
665:Francisco Morazán
592:San Lucas Tolimán
550:Francisco Morazán
540:Francisco Morazán
485:Francisco Ferrera
386:
385:
64:
63:
1510:
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1434:Preceded by
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1401:Preceded by
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1372:Pedro Valenzuela
1370:Preceded by
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824:, p. 91-92.
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752:, p. 84-85.
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609:Captain General
481:Vicente Filísola
329:
326:26 February 1849
316:24 December 1804
315:
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301:Personal details
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441:Mataquescuintla
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343:Political party
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32:This article's
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17:
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5:
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1505:
1503:Rafael Carrera
1500:
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1460:Rafael Carrera
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1427:Rafael Carrera
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1402:
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1353:Rafael Carrera
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1253:(2): 129–158.
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1115:Diario la Hora
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1075:
1054:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1030:, p. 275.
1020:
1005:
993:
991:, p. 155.
981:
979:, p. 158.
966:
949:
934:
915:
913:, p. 140.
903:
884:
869:
857:
838:
826:
814:
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790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
735:
714:
702:
700:, p. 147.
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
680:Rafael Carrera
677:
672:
667:
660:
657:
647:
644:
623:
620:
611:Rafael Carrera
602:
599:
580:Guatemala City
555:regular orders
538:Main article:
535:
532:
503:Main article:
500:
497:
477:Quetzaltenango
445:Guatemala City
433:Rafael Carrera
424:
421:
413:Guatemala City
400:
397:
384:
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357:Guatemala City
354:
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349:
344:
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330:(aged 44)
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318:Guatemala City
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1231:the original
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459:San Salvador
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328:(1849-02-26)
286:Succeeded by
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252:Succeeded by
231:
214:Succeeded by
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158:Succeeded by
122:
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79:
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68:Spanish name
52:
36:
34:lead section
1483:1849 deaths
1478:1804 births
1170:Rosa, Ramón
569:El Incienso
564:El Salvador
489:El Salvador
473:Villa Nueva
276:Preceded by
256:Himself as
242:Preceded by
205:himself as
201:Preceded by
148:Preceded by
1472:Categories
1237:2015-01-10
686:References
601:Presidency
567:ravine of
524:El Popular
375:Profession
364:Alma mater
312:1804-12-24
192:1842-02-25
184:1839-12-03
139:1844-12-11
131:1842-05-14
1267:143757705
1061:Guatemala
632:Leopold I
399:Biography
393:Guatemala
353:Residence
337:Guatemala
266:In office
232:In office
176:In office
167:President
123:In office
39:summarize
1172:(1974).
659:See also
548:General
450:criollos
437:caudillo
66:In this
55:May 2020
1195:England
347:Liberal
190: (
182: (
137: (
129: (
72:surname
1284:
1265:
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1191:London
1099:
1082:27 May
1073:
733:
652:Jalapa
464:Salamá
333:Jalapa
76:Rivera
1297:Notes
1263:S2CID
725:[
646:Death
1282:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1084:2013
1071:ISBN
731:ISBN
590:and
573:Perú
448:The
323:Died
306:Born
165:(as
1255:doi
1069:–.
487:in
80:Paz
74:is
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