487:) and the tail was also like in mallard drakes' nuptial plumage, including curled-up central tail feathers, but the tips of the speculum feathers were buff. The underside was a mix between the vermiculated grey feathers of the mallard and the brown ones of the Pacific black duck. The remainder of the bird looked like a male Pacific black duck with lighter underwings. The bill was black at the base and olive at the tip, the feet reddish orange with darker webs and the iris brown. The
81:
206:
350:
661:. By the 1940s, flocks of more than a dozen birds were seldom seen. On Guam, the last sightings were in 1949 and 1967—the latter being a single, possibly vagrant, bird—and on Tinian in 1974. As Lake Susupe offered the most plentiful and least accessible habitat, although it too suffered from pollution by sugar mill wastes, the Saipan population lingered on for a few more years. The Mariana mallard was listed as
544:
55:
465:
31:
534:
between Saipan and Tinian, which are just 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) apart, was recorded, these were probably vagrant migrating ducks, although
Marshall (1949) suspected from circumstantial evidence that such movement did indeed take place. However, the distance between Guam and Rota is nearly 80
688:
Collection of specimens for museums and private collections must have had a temporary impact during the
Japanese control over the islands. Although fewer than 100 specimens are on record, most were taken in the 1930s and 1940s for Japanese collectors; given the rather sedentary habits and small
627:
Breeding was recorded from at least
January to July, with a peak in June–July at the end of the dry season. One male specimen taken in October was also in breeding condition; thus, the birds may have bred nearly year-round at least on occasion. The courtship behavior, which in the strongly
483:(breeding) plumage: the head was green as in mallard drakes, but less glossy, with some buff feathers on the sides, a dark brown eyestripe and a faint whitish ring at the base of the neck. The upper breast was dark ruddish chestnut brown with blackish-brown spots. The wing patch (
656:
The birds declined due to draining of wetlands for agriculture and construction. Hunting pressure was probably heavy, despite a ban on gun ownership under
Japanese control (1914–1945), as the birds were unwary to traps, and at any rate the gun ban was lifted after
613:), where they also nested. Usually, pairs or small flocks were encountered, but in the key habitats larger groups of dozens and rarely up to 50–60 individuals could be found. Apart from possible inter-island movement, the birds were not migratory.
502:
feathers had broader buff edges, and the underwings were lighter. The speculum was usually as in the "platyrhynchos" type, i.e. mallard-like, but at least two specimens have the green speculum of the
Pacific black duck. The bill was like that of
443:
Neither
Mariana mallards nor their progenitor species are known from fossils on the Marianas, casting into doubt the assumption that a resident black duck population had been long established on the islands. However, most
636:
consisted of 7–12 pale grey-green oval eggs, measuring 6.16 x 3.89 cm on average. Incubation lasted around 28 days, males took no part in it and neither in caring for the ducklings. The
1107:
665:
on June 2, 1977. In 1979, two males and a female were found on Saipan and caught; one male was later released, the last wild bird ever to be encountered. The pair was brought to
472:
Mariana mallards were 51–56 cm (20–22 in) long and weighed approximately 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), making them marginally smaller than mallards. Two intergrading color
632:
mallard is focused more on presentation of visual cues than in the monomorphic
Pacific black duck (although it is generally similar in both species), was never recorded.
1286:
915:
1108:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Mariana Mallard and the Guam Broadbill From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife"
616:
Feeding and reproduction are not well documented, but cannot expected to differ significantly from its immediate relatives. The
Mariana mallard fed on aquatic
694:
361:
The taxonomic status of the
Mariana mallard is disputed, since it resembles an intermediate of the mallard and the Pacific black duck, two closely related
440:. If Yamashina's hypothesis is correct, the Mariana mallard would have presumably evolved into near species status in only about ten thousand years.
1273:
1085:
Fish and
Wildlife Service (1977). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination that the Mariana Mallard is an Endangered Species".
1299:
689:
population size of the species, this may have jeopardized local populations to the point of extinction. Outside Japan, 7 specimens (including the
677:, where it was attempted to have them reproduce in captivity. However, this was unsuccessful and the species became extinct with the death of the
1130:
1388:
1373:
436:, have considered the Mariana mallard a simple hybrid, so it was absent from Delacour's four-volume monograph on the ducks and from the
714:
706:
1363:
895:
840:
765:
554:
The Mariana mallard inhabited wetlands, mostly inland but occasionally also in coastal areas. On Guam, it was most abundant in the
1383:
1378:
1325:
510:
Females looked essentially like a dark mallard female with the orange of the feet and near the bill tip usually a bit more pure.
702:
1204:
1161:
1304:
681:
in 1981. Surveys were conducted in the following years, but the species was certainly gone by then. It was removed from the
930:
476:
were found in males, called the "platyrhynchos" and the "superciliosa" type after the species they resembled more.
976:
682:
722:
369:, called the "platyrhynchos" and the "superciliosa" types after the species they resembled more. It was first
424:
examined those specimens in Japanese museums in 1948, and decided that the Mariana mallard was an example of
666:
432:). However, no molecular genetic evidence is available to support this hypothesis. Some scientists, such as
338:
80:
30:
1260:
1215:
916:"The Prehistory of Vertebrates, Especially Birds, on Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota, Northern Mariana Islands"
662:
256:
65:
1368:
797:
494:
Males of the "superciliosa" type resembled a Pacific black duck with a less distinctly marked head, the
449:
370:
176:
1330:
1252:
1138:
1050:
Reichel, James D.; Lemke, Thomas O. (April 1994). "Ecology and Extinction of the Mariana Mallard".
856:
567:
421:
406:
44:
1067:
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563:
334:
218:
75:
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and cheeks being buffy and the cheek (malar) stripe hardly visible. The upper breast, flank and
1291:
624:
and plants, and although they were not observed up-ending like mallards, they probably did so.
385:. Salvadori suggested it was related to the Pacific black duck. It was previously known to the
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kilometres (50 mi), making intentional migration between these islands unlikely.
1353:
1347:
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633:
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437:
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232:
428:, and was descended from the mallard and the Pacific black duck's Palau subspecies (
1165:
658:
445:
354:
132:
621:
584:
571:
495:
413:
543:
321:. Its taxonomic status is debated, and it has variously been treated as a full
752:
Waterfowl: an Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World
641:
609:
417:
362:
326:
260:
59:
1238:
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92:
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when about eight weeks old and became sexually mature the following year.
530:. Two unidentified ducks were seen on Rota in 1945, but as no movement of
1317:
1232:
592:
452:. A species of flightless duck is known from a prehistoric bone found on
365:
species which frequently hybridise. Its males had two intergrading color
314:
142:
112:
1278:
1247:
1071:
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in 1994; it was apparently not closely related to the Mariana mallard.
330:
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297:
872:
1019:
Ornithological surveys of wetlands in Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Pagan
726:
670:
645:
527:
523:
102:
1209:
1063:
995:
38:
The last Mariana mallard drake, a bird of the "superciliosa" morph.
698:
542:
463:
348:
305:
1021:. Honolulu: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division.
685:
Endangered Species List on February 23, 2004, due to extinction.
579:
519:
309:
301:
152:
122:
1213:
507:, and the iris and legs similar to the "platyrhynchos" type.
1036:. Honolulu: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District.
835:. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. pp. 17–19.
518:
It occurred, in recent times at least, on the islands of
977:"The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian, Guam and Palau"
574:. The birds were rather reclusive, preferring sheltered
1187:(2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications. pp.
888:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
1160:
Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange (1996–1997).
1222:
1179:Greenway, James C. (1967). "Marianas Island Duck".
562:and Lake Makpo (before it was drained and known as
1180:
749:
448:and caves on the Marianas were obliterated in the
381:, named after its collector, the French zoologist
491:looked similar to a dark eclipse mallard drake.
721:. There are reports of additional specimens in
420:, considered it a subspecies of the mallard.
8:
786:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
412:After Salvadori, most taxonomists, such as
213:Former distribution of the Mariana mallard
1210:
1045:
1043:
970:
968:
578:with plenty of wetland and water plants –
204:
53:
29:
20:
1205:Pacific Worlds article on Saipan wetlands
859:(1948). "Notes on the Marianas mallard".
1183:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
945:
943:
826:
824:
822:
820:
929:(2): 319–345 (338, 340). Archived from
743:
741:
737:
806:
795:
337:, or sometimes as a subspecies of the
1162:"Mariana Mallard, ESIS101048 (draft)"
7:
1131:"CNMI's Mariana mallard now extinct"
961:: 99–119 (part 1), 443–448 (part 2).
756:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
748:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988).
1106:Fish and Wildlife Service (2004).
1052:The Journal of Wildlife Management
715:American Museum of Natural History
707:National Museum of Natural History
695:National Museum of Natural History
14:
1129:Ravelo, John (25 February 2004).
1034:A guide to Pacific wetland plants
886:Steadman, David William (2006).
79:
1164:. Virginia Tech. Archived from
890:. University of Chicago Press.
703:Natural History Museum at Tring
479:Only the former had a distinct
377:as a full species in the genus
1:
975:Marshall, Joe T. Jr. (1949).
268:Anas poecilorhyncha oustaleti
1389:Fauna of the Mariana Islands
430:Anas superciliosa pelewensis
252:Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti
1374:Bird extinctions since 1500
228:Anas superciliosa oustaleti
1405:
831:Weller, Milton W. (1980).
224:
217:
212:
203:
182:
175:
76:Scientific classification
74:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1364:Extinct birds of Oceania
1032:Stemmermann, L. (1981).
723:Cambridge, Massachusetts
566:), and on Saipan on the
371:scientifically described
1384:Birds described in 1894
1379:Controversial bird taxa
912:Steadman, David William
667:Pohakuloa Training Area
468:Photo published in 1949
339:Indian spot-billed duck
16:Extinct species of bird
551:
469:
358:
357:(third bird from left)
1058:(2). Wiley: 199–205.
558:valley, on Tinian on
546:
539:Ecology and behaviour
467:
352:
1017:Tenorio, J. (1979).
833:The Island Waterfowl
663:federally endangered
240:Polionetta oustaleti
1168:on 19 January 2000.
450:1944 Battle of Guam
422:Yoshimaro Yamashina
45:Conservation status
782:Salvadori, Tommaso
675:SeaWorld San Diego
630:sexually dimorphic
570:and on and around
552:
470:
359:
335:Pacific black duck
243:(Salvadori, 1894)
1341:
1340:
1216:Taxon identifiers
953:(1941–1942). "".
805:Missing or empty
426:hybrid speciation
399:Carolinian people
375:Tommaso Salvadori
282:
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168:A. oustaleti
69:
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1137:. Archived from
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1112:Federal Register
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1088:Federal Register
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547:Illustration by
401:, who called it
389:, who called it
353:Illustration by
271:Salvadori, 1894
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255:Salvadori, 1894
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231:Salvadori, 1894
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24:Mariana mallard
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1313:Observation.org
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1141:on 8 March 2012
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1064:10.2307/3809380
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996:10.2307/1364563
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957:(in Japanese).
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861:Pacific Science
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713:and six in the
711:Washington D.C.
679:last individual
673:, and later to
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541:
516:
505:A. superciliosa
489:eclipse plumage
462:
391:ngånga' (palao)
387:Chamorro people
347:
319:Mariana Islands
290:Oustalet's duck
286:Mariana mallard
199:
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78:
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1224:Anas oustaleti
1220:
1219:
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1200:
1199:External links
1197:
1195:
1194:
1171:
1152:
1135:Saipan Tribune
1121:
1098:
1095:: 28136–28137.
1077:
1039:
1024:
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990:(5): 200–221.
964:
939:
936:on 2010-06-27.
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896:
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556:Talofofo River
549:Julian P. Hume
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383:Emile Oustalet
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294:Anas oustaleti
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857:Yamashina, Y.
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438:IUCN Red List
435:
434:Jean Delacour
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1369:Bird hybrids
1223:
1182:
1174:
1166:the original
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1134:
1124:
1118:: 8116–8119.
1115:
1111:
1101:
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931:the original
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807:|title=
798:cite journal
789:
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659:World War II
655:
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532:A. oustaleti
531:
517:
514:Distribution
509:
504:
493:
478:
471:
442:
429:
411:
403:ghereel'bwel
402:
390:
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355:Allan Brooks
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167:
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153:
133:Anseriformes
62: (1981)
18:
923:Micronesica
867:: 121–124.
622:vertebrates
585:Acrostichum
572:Lake Susupe
564:Makpo Swamp
496:supercilium
460:Description
414:Dean Amadon
300:species of
1348:Categories
951:Kuroda, N.
873:10125/9101
733:References
652:Extinction
642:nidifugous
610:Phragmites
582:thickets (
560:Lake Hagoi
418:Ernst Mayr
407:Carolinian
363:allopatric
333:or of the
327:subspecies
1145:14 August
638:precocial
593:reed beds
313:that was
196:Salvadori
161:Species:
99:Kingdom:
93:Eukaryota
1292:10205735
1266:22734784
1261:BirdLife
1233:Wikidata
914:(1999).
784:(1894).
634:Clutches
620:, small
500:scapular
485:speculum
395:Chamorro
345:Taxonomy
296:) is an
257:Delacour
219:Synonyms
143:Anatidae
139:Family:
113:Chordata
109:Phylum:
103:Animalia
89:Domain:
1279:2498087
1248:Avibase
1239:Q903669
1189:169–171
1072:3809380
1004:1364563
646:fledged
604:Cyperus
598:Scirpus
576:habitat
481:nuptial
331:mallard
329:of the
323:species
317:to the
315:endemic
304:of the
298:extinct
233:Hartert
186:†
165:†
149:Genus:
129:Order:
119:Class:
64: (
60:Extinct
1331:378497
1305:202228
1070:
1002:
984:Condor
894:
839:
764:
727:Lisbon
671:Hawaii
644:young
591:) and
588:aureum
528:Tinian
524:Saipan
474:morphs
367:morphs
273:lapsus
263:, 1945
247:, 1922
245:Kuroda
235:, 1930
198:, 1894
1359:Ducks
1326:WoRMS
1318:79264
1287:IRMNG
1068:JSTOR
1000:JSTOR
980:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
699:Paris
683:USFWS
306:genus
1354:Anas
1300:ITIS
1274:GBIF
1147:2006
955:Tori
892:ISBN
837:ISBN
811:help
792:: 1.
762:ISBN
725:and
691:type
640:and
607:and
580:fern
526:and
520:Guam
454:Rota
416:and
379:Anas
325:, a
310:Anas
302:duck
284:The
261:Mayr
259:and
154:Anas
123:Aves
1060:doi
992:doi
869:hdl
758:213
405:in
393:in
373:by
288:or
66:ESA
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