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save their son Alexei and their daughter. When the Grand
Duchess Marie made a visit to her mother in May 1880, she was horrified to learn of the imperial mistress' living arrangements and confronted her father. Courtiers spread stories that the dying Empress was forced to hear the noise of Catherine's children moving about overhead, but their rooms were actually far away from each other. After Maria Alexandrovna asked to meet her husband's children with Catherine, he brought their two older children, George and Olga, to her deathbed, where she kissed and blessed both children. Both rulers were in tears during the meeting. With her blessing, the couple entered into a morganatic marriage on 18 July [
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after
England." As his son had carefully planned, Nicholas I received the letter nine days later on the day of the annunciation and saw the timing as a good omen. He gave his approval despite the gossip surrounding her birth: if Ludwig II recognized her as his daughter, that was good enough. In early June, Alexander returned to Darmstadt to propose to Marie, who accepted. As she wasn't yet fifteen, a long engagement period was necessary before the actual marriage would take place. Towards the closing weeks of 1839, he returned to Darmstadt to visit her again. A Russian Orthodox priest came to Darmstadt to give her instruction in the Russian Orthodox religion.
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1033:. Although her facial features were regular, her beauty lay in the delicate color of her skin and her large blue eyes, which looked at you with both perception and timidity... She seemed almost out of place and uneasy in her role as mother, wife, and empress. She was tenderly attached to her family and conscientiously fulfilled the duties which her exalted rank demanded. Her mind was like her soul: refined, subtle, penetrating and extremely ironic, but lacking in breadth and initiative.
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1350:. At the end of August 1861, Maria, her husband, and their children Alexei, Sergei and Paul visited Crimea for the first time. She was charmed by the southern flora, the mild climate, the beautiful house, and the surrounding park. The modest villa was expanded with the additions of a large palace, a small palace, and a church. Construction took place between 1862 and 1866 under the direction of
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1498:, but the couple would wed anyway in 1874. In December 1875, Empress Maria visited England to meet her first British grandchild. Queen Victoria wrote in her diary: "I thought her very ladylike, kind and amiable. We were at ease at once, but she has a sad expression and looks so delicate. I think we should get on very well together, poor thing. I pity her much."
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1317:' should belong to a nation from whose vocabulary the words truth, justice, and humanity are lacking. Silly old fool." When her daughter Maria complained about Queen Victoria, she sympathized with Maria: "To be quite frank, it is difficult to take such a mother-in-law seriously, and I am sorry on Marie's account."
991:, swings and slides were provided for the children. Indoors, she played the piano and created tapestries with her family. In July 1849, both parents were devastated when their daughter Alexandra died from infant meningitis at the age of six and a half. Grief-stricken by her loss, Maria had to go to the sea town of
1408:, whom she would marry the following year. Both Alexander II and Maria were devastated by the death of their eldest son on whom their hopes for the future lay. The Tsarina spent the following year grieving and found some solace with her family in Hesse, since her brother Karl had recently lost his only daughter
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After
Princess Alice died in 1878, it was Maria Alexandrovna's turn to pity the British royal family. She invited her motherless relatives to visit during the holidays she spent with brother Alexander at Heiligenberg. It was during these visits that her second youngest son Sergei met his future wife,
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objected to her son's choice of a wife. The
Empress wasn't only disturbed by the rumors surrounding Marie's paternity, but ill-disposed towards the Hesse family and concerned that Marie might have inherited her mother's consumption. In a letter to his mother, Alexander wrote: "I love her, and I would
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Alexander was smitten and stayed to dine with the boring Ludwig II to see Marie again. Before he left
Darmstadt, she gave him a locket containing a piece of her hair. That night Alexander wrote to his father: "I liked her terribly at first sight. If you permit it father, I will come back to Darmstadt
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In 1866, Alexander II and Maria
Alexandrovna celebrated their silver wedding anniversary. With the passing of the years, they still respected each other but grew apart romantically, particularly after the deterioration of her health and the death of their eldest children. Alexander had many affairs,
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The humid summers in Saint
Petersburg began to take a toll on Maria's frail constitution, to the point she was absent from Russia's capital for long periods of time. In June 1864, she left Russia, accompanied by her husband and their three youngest children, to take the waters in the Bavarian spa of
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Tsar
Alexander II relied on Maria Alexandrovna's judgment and serious nature to support his government, opening official documents and discussing states of affairs with her. She supported Alexander's ideals of introducing reforms. Two opposite philosophical currents divided Russian politics of their
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The first time I set eyes on the Grand
Duchess, she was already twenty-eight years old, but still looked very young. She retained that youthful appearance all her life; when she was forty, she could have been taken for a woman of thirty. Although she was tall and slender, the Empress was so thin and
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Maria
Alexandrovna struggled to assimilate herself with the court and make friends. Endless balls and court receptions bored her, but etiquette obliged her to fulfill the duties of representation as the wife of the Tsarevich. She reflected that life at court demanded "daily heroism... I lived like a
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Marie won the hearts of all those Russians who could get to know her. Sasha became more attached to her every day, feeling that his choice fell on God-given. Their mutual trust grew as they recognized each other. Papa always began his letters to her with the words: "Blessed be Thy Name, Mary." ...
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in St. Petersburg, on the eve of Alexander's twenty-third birthday. Maria wore a white dress richly embroidered with silver, a crimson robe with white satin and fine ermine fastened on her shoulders, and diamond jewelry (tiara, earrings, a necklace, and bracelets). Her future mother-in-law decorated
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As Empress consort, Maria Alexandrovna had to attend many state functions, but from the 1860s her health declined. The doctors advised her to spend the winters in a warm climate and stop intercourse with her husband in an effort to prolong her life. Preferring to remain in Russia, she agreed to the
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Tsar Alexander had three children with Princess Dolgorukova, whom he moved into the Imperial Palace during Maria's final illness out of fear that she might become the target of assassins. The affair, in the face of the Tsarina's declining health, served to alienate the rest of his adult children,
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for which hundreds of palm trees were brought to the Winter Palace in horse-drawn boxes. However, Maria Alexandrovna did not share her husband's enthusiasm since she still disliked court events and considered Russian nobility frivolous. Society complained that she seemed cold, distant, and had no
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on the Neva is wonderful!" Her arrival in Russia was greeted with great ceremony with a continuous round of amusements. French plays, operas and new ballets were performed in the Chinese theater, and each Sunday her future mother-in-law gave a banquet in the Alexander Palace. However, Marie had a
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did not initially enjoy court life because of her withdrawn nature, and the fact that she found the splendor and extravagance of the Russian court daunting after the frugality that she was accustomed to. Marie soon grew to identify strongly with her adopted country, and her young age at marriage
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Maria and Alexander made a happy couple, full of tender care for one another. He ordered that banquets of fresh strawberries should be placed on his wife's dining table and enjoyed her company spending his mornings sitting on her bed. There were regular informal gatherings at the young couple's
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that she purchased that same year. Wilhelmine Marie was 4 years old when she moved with 5-years-old Alexander and their mother to Heiligenberg, where the siblings spent most of their childhood. The castle had been previously a nunnery and was located some 20 kilometers from Darmstadt. In 1829,
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was to write about this period in the life of her mistress: "Having been raised in seclusion even, one might say, in austerity, in the little castle of Jugenheim, where she saw her father only rarely, she was more frightened than bedazzled when she was suddenly brought to the most opulent and
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however, their parents celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in apparent harmony. In 1830, their paternal grandfather, Ludwig I of Hesse, died and their father became the new reigning Grand Duke. The ducal couple gradually reconciled and used Heiligenberg in the summer months.
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by the Grand Duke, Alexander was introduced to 14-year-old Marie, who was slender and tall for her age, but still wore her hair loose. She was eating cherries and had to spit the pits into her hands when she was pushed forward to be introduced to the Tsesarevich. Alexander's tutor,
608:. Although her parents were double first cousins, they were a mismatched couple: Ludwig was dull, shy and withdrawn, while Wilhelmine, eleven years his junior, was pretty and charming. After the birth of three sons, the couple grew apart during the turbulent years of the
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Maria Alexandrovna was the supreme patroness of the Red Cross: In total, she patronized 5 hospitals, 12 alms-houses, 30 shelters, 2 institutes, 38 gymnasiums, 156 lower schools, and 5 private charitable societies. Empress Maria expanded charitable activities during the
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after the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. By her wish, a large park was established off the southern side of the palace. The palace was used as a residence for visiting members of the imperial family until 1917. Currently it is the official ceremonial residence of the
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her hair with orange blossoms sticking them between the diamonds in her tiara and pinned a small branch on her chest. The wedding was attended by members of the Russian Imperial family, the court and numerous guests and it was followed by a festive dinner ball.
1015:, one of his sister's ladies-in-waiting. As a consequence, he fell from grace and had to resign his Russian commission. He left the country, returning to Heiligenberg, the siblings' childhood home. In October 1853, Maria had a much-awaited second daughter,
1373:. The new theatre was named Mariinsky after its imperial patroness. (The name was changed into Kirov Theatre during the Soviet period, but the original name was restored in 1992, and at present there is a bust of the Empress in the main entrance foyer.)
716:, Alexander's entourage made an unplanned stop at the court of Hesse. Although the Grand Duke's only surviving daughter wasn't on the list of possible brides, they stopped for one day in Darmstadt because it was on their way and they needed some rest.
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Despite identifying strongly with Russia and Russian interests, she visited her native Hesse regularly every year from the early 1860s onward, and kept in touch with her own family, as also with her husband's relatives across Europe. She suffered from
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A few weeks after her sixteenth birthday in August 1840, Marie's party set out for Russia. She was escorted by her brother Alexander and her governess, Mlle. von Grancy, who remained in Russia. Marie arrived in September and shared her impressions of
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Instead of letting the gossips affect her, Empress Maria paid great attention to the upbringing and education of her children, carefully choosing experienced teachers and ensuring their environment was strict. Her efforts centered on her eldest son,
1439:. It was in total disrepair and abandoned for almost half a century after the palace burned down in a series of fires in the early 19th century. The commission was assigned in 1867 to the architect Konstantin Mayevsky, using old drawings and
1432:, a distant cousin of his former mistress. Catherine resisted his advances for over a year, but they became lovers in July 1866. Empress Maria inevitably heard about the affair, but she initially did not attach great importance to it.
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brilliant court of all European nations. She told me that many times. After constant battles of overcoming her awkwardness, later on, under cover of darkness and the stillness of her room, she would give freedom to her muffled cries".
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The engagement between the Princess of Hesse and the Russian Tsesarevich was officially announced in April 1840. Two generations earlier, another princess of Hesse-Darmstadt had married a Tsesarevich: Marie's paternal great-aunt,
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fell in September 1855. With a prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856 in Paris. The humiliation of defeat was left behind by the coronation festivities that were held with
630:, who was a year older, lived to adulthood. While Prince Ludwig officially recognized the children as his, he and his wife became estranged by 1827. Her ancestry chart below assumes her legitimacy. See Grancy's page for her
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Dad joyfully watched the manifestation of the strength of this young character and admired Marie's self-control. This, in his opinion, balanced the lack of Sasha's lack of energy from which he constantly worried about.
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464:, she was given a good education and raised in relative austerity, with an emphasis on simplicity, piety and domesticity. Her mother died when Marie was only twelve, and when she was fourteen, she caught the eye of
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Since Russian tradition gave precedence to the Empress Mother over the reigning tsar's consort, it was only then that Maria Alexandrovna took a more decisive role in charitable activities. It was with her that the
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On 18 February 1855, Nicholas I died of pneumonia and was succeeded by Alexander to the Russian throne as Tsar. It was a turbulent period as Russian troops were being defeated by an international coalition in the
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and becoming an ardent abolitionist. The Tsarevich and the Tsarevna charmed their guests with their manners. She gave useful advice to her husband, who in turn gave her confidence to guide herself into society.
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After their mother's death, Marie and Alexander moved permanently to their father's court in Darmstadt. The siblings would remain very close throughout their lives. She became close to her two elder brothers
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During her first decade in Russia, Maria Alexandrovna enjoyed the company and support of her brother Alexander, who had accompanied her to Russia to follow a military career there. In 1851, he contracted a
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Empress Maria Alexandrovna died on 3 June 1880, aged 55. She was buried with full dignity with her children present and remembered for her wisdom and grace. In later years, Nicholas II's eldest daughter,
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26 August] 1856. When four court ladies tried to fix the crown to the 30-years-old Empress's head it nearly clattered to the ground, saved only by the fold of her cloak, a bad omen by the time.
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Wilhelmine Marie grew up under the care of her mother, who was responsible for her high education and had preference for French culture. This was evident in her lessons, which had special emphasis on
1269:. While subzero temperatures and icy winds kept the streets empty, balls and banquets were held indoors in overheated palaces, where their gracious host, Alexander II, gave intimate parties known as
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volunteer fireman, ready to jump up at the alarm. Of course, I wasn't too sure about where to run or what to do." She preferred country life in Tsarskoye Selo, where she enjoyed a more private life.
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From the early 1860s through the 1870s, Maria Alexandrovna began to pay extended visits to her homeland. Usually accompanied by her husband, children and their Russian entourage, she stayed at
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1081:, her eighth and final child, but was so weakened that she was forced to spend several months resting on a couch in her boudoir in the Winter Palace. A month later, her mother-in-law died.
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fragile that at first glance she gave no impression of a 'belle dame'. However, she was unusually elegant, with that special kind of grace only found in old German paintings or Madonnas by
528:, who died just before the date of his intended wedding. She was noted for her wisdom and intellect, and her generous devotion to family, including her husband's mistress and her children.
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in a letter to her family: "St. Petersburg is much more beautiful than I thought. The Neva River contributes to this. I think it is difficult to find a greater city. The view from the
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5 December] 1840 and became Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. On the next day, the official betrothal was held in the presence of the Imperial Family, the whole court, the
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1514:. A legend alleges that on a visit to Darmstadt, upon meeting Alix, Empress Maria turned to her ladies-in-waiting with the words, "Kiss her hand. That is your empress to be."
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After a gap of eleven years, Princess Wilhelmine went on to have four more children, but court rumors attributed the biological paternity of the second set of children to
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In 1828, Princess Wilhelmine moved with her two younger children and their household to Heiligenberg, a mountainside estate nestled on a hill overlooking the village of
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In order to have comfortable accommodations and rest in their route from St Petersburg to Crimea, Alexander II ordered the reconstruction of the Imperial Palace in
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from 1863 onwards and spent long periods of time in southern Europe to avoid the harsh winters of Russia. Her health worsened after the death of her eldest son,
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was established in Russia, which quickly turned into the largest and wealthiest public structure. Under her organization, the institution accumulated in its
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rather give up the throne, than not marry her. I will marry only her, that has my decision!" After being persuaded by her husband, Empress Alexandra went to
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account too." When she learned about Queen Victoria's negative view of Russians, she wrote "The insulting things that the Queen says in her letters to
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Through her marriage with Alexander II, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to and raised eight children, which consisted of six sons and two daughters:
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12 April] 1865. Princess Dagmar, who was with the Romanovs during her fiancé's final days, was quickly engaged to his brother, the future
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which was founded in 1863 to promote nursing and medical care across the world. She also established Russia's first all-female schools. She gave
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to recuperate. Even many years later, she would still cry over the death of her eldest child. In January 1850, she gave birth to a fourth son,
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of Russia. After the death of her mother-in-law in 1860, Maria took on a greater role in public life. She became one of the founders of the
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came to meet his distant aunt and became infatuated with her. In late July, Alexander II returned to Russia, but Maria traveled to
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from all over the Empire. The women's committees recollected twice the average funds recollected by provincial committees.
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to recuperate. To mark each birth, Alexander and Maria planted oak trees in their private garden at Tsarskoye Selo, where
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Empress Maria Alexandrovna with two of her children: Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich.
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stands in the left center; her uncle Georg is to the left of Ludwig; her uncle Friderich is between them; and her uncle
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is standing between his brother and the statue, while Marie herself stands to the right of the statue. Her husband
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Royal Russia Annual: a Celebration of the Romanov Dynasty & Imperial Russia in Words & Photographs. No 2
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Like her mother, Maria took great interest in horticulture and imported flowers from her native Germany, such as
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about the Tsar and the Russian people are worthy of a fish-wife. Added to this is her grief that 'our dear
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Royal Russia: a Celebration of the Romanov Dynasty & Imperial Russia in Words & Photographs. No 4
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Empress Maria Alexandrovna with her husband and children. Seated in the first row, left to right are:
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but they did not threaten their marriage. From the mid-1850s until 1862, he had a relationship with
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splendor from 14 to 26 August 1856. The coronation ceremony lasted five hours took place at the
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3584:Манифестъ. — О кончинѣ Ея Императорскаго Величества Государыни Императрицы Маріи Александровны.
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After the wedding, the young couple settled in a suite of rooms in the south-west block of the
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Memories of 1839. The first meeting of Emperor Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna
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3288:[Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia].
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as an opera and ballet house. The theatre opened on 2 October 1860, with a performance of
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household of loud readings, music, and card playing. Alongside her husband, Maria read
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Although she embraced Slavism with fervor, Maria Alexandrovna encouraged freedom and
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Sixteen months after her wedding, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to her first child,
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In this early period of her life in Russia, Maria was guided by her husband's aunt,
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as guide. Work took place from 1868 to 1870 and the Kievan palace was then renamed
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suggestion of recuperating in Crimea. Alexander II then bought for his wife the
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Nine months after the coronation, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to a fifth son,
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The Last Empress: the Life and Times of Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia
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of Western Europe. The couple were married after Marie turned sixteen. The new
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Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia with her children Maria and Sergei, 1861.
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Empress Maria Alexandrovna alongside her husband, Tsar Alexander II of Russia.
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hard time adapting to her new surroundings. Years later, her-lady-in waiting
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593:
468:
Alexander Nikolaevich, who was visiting her father's court while making his
104:
1554:
on her lap, and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. In the second row, same order:
3286:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia"
626:
of the Grand Duke of Hesse. Of those four children, Marie and her brother
2894:
1823:
1811:
1506:. It was also here that Maria met Elisabeth's youngest surviving sister,
1134:
819:
646:
616:
484:, in 1855, Alexander became emperor and, now known as Maria, she became
313:
3447:
Burke's Royal Families of the World: Volume I Europe & Latin America
1361:
in St Peterburg in 1859–1860, built according to the plans of architect
3708:
1396:, where she received the announcement of the Tsarevich's engagement to
1347:
1238:
1126:
996:
992:
984:
705:
266:
540:
Marie of Hesse with her family in 1841: The statue is her grandfather
3285:
3412:
Imperial Crimea: Estates Enchanment & The Last of the Romanovs.
1265:
The Russian court began its season early December and lasted until
3574:
3341:
Road to Ekaterinburg: Nicholas and Alexandra's Daughters 1913–1918
3238:
Road to Ekaterinburg: Nicholas and Alexandra's Daughters 1913–1918
1800:
1537:
1459:
1332:
1324:
1256:
1248:
1144:
1110:
1088:
779:
680:
535:
792:
and her daughters-in-law: Grand Duchesses Maria Alexandrovna and
560:
is the tall man in the center behind her sister-in-law, his wife
3078:
3076:
3074:
2603:
2601:
2043:
Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg
1436:
1393:
1266:
704:, but he was unmoved. On 13 March, after visiting the courts of
4032:
3896:
3673:
3555:
Romanov Autumn:Stories from the last century of Imperial Russia
3372:
My Russia: The Children's Island, Alexander Park, Tsarkoye Selo
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
860:
A dream of youth. Memories of the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
4247:
Viktoria Feodorovna (Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
3118:
Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. (1994).
1424:, one of Russia's most illustrious families and the Tsarina's
1392:
As she was still sick, Maria Alexandrovna spent the winter in
758:, though she died when Marie was only two years old. However,
4371:
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
3839:
3718:
3122:. France: Laballery. pp. 73, 232, 244, 258–260, 274.
1346:, a two-story wooden villa from the heirs of Polish Count
874:. Their apartments were located in the Zubov wing of the
596:, Hesse, Germany, the youngest of seven siblings born to
500:
strong moral support as he navigated the legislations to
3284:
Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017).
592:
Maximiliane Wilhelmine Auguste Sophie Marie was born in
552:
stands on the extreme right. The portrait is her mother
4220:
Militza Nikolaevna of Montenegro (Milica of Montenegro)
1097:, the symbols from which the movement derives its name.
955:, sharing Alexander's sympathies for the plight of the
4205:
Alexandra Georgievna (Alexandra of Greece and Denmark)
4200:
Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine)
1753:
Alexandra of Greece and Denmark (Alexandra Georgievna)
1301:
that England was "certainly hostile to us. That makes
2995:
Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.65-6
3442:. Russian Antiquity., 94, No.4 .. – 1898. – 19–22 p.
1490:. She resisted Alice's suggestion that her brother,
1329:
Empress Maria Alexandrovna wearing a mourning dress.
516:
were built under her patronage and named after her.
218:
Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4255:
4239:
4210:
Elizaveta Mavrikievna (Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg)
4182:
4151:
4120:
4099:
4083:
4066:
4010:
3974:
3958:
3942:
3930:
3828:
3707:
3013:
Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.73
3004:
Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.66
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
303:
293:
277:
265:
240:
183:
155:
142:
118:
89:
85:
75:
67:
60:
39:
4263:Leonida Georgievna (Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani)
4107:Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt)
3982:Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven
3414:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.
2472:
2470:
2468:
4164:Alexandra Iosifovna (Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg)
4133:Anna Feodorovna (Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld)
4112:Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)
4290:title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
1838:Ancestors of Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)
1357:Feeling better, Maria Alexandrovna financed the
1274:taste in dress. Behind her back, she was called
32:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878)
2534:
2532:
2530:
1026:
850:
685:Alexander II and Maria Alexandrovna. Engraving.
504:. She also interested herself in the arts: The
443:Princess Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
93:Princess Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
4361:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism
4225:Maria Georgievna (Maria of Greece and Denmark)
4215:Anastasia Nikolaevna (Anastasia of Montenegro)
4195:Maria Pavlovna (Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
4091:Catherine Alexeievna (Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst)
1678:Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Maria Pavlovna)
752:Louise of Baden (Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna)
4074:Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
4044:
3908:
3685:
3424:Korneva, Galina & Cheboksarova, Tatiana.
3120:L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VII – Oldenbourg
2939:
2937:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2702:
2700:
2621:
2619:
2617:
1337:The Mariinskyi Palace as it appeared in 1918.
1286:, her favorite child who resembled her most.
885:Maria won the approval of her father-in-law,
653:. After her mother died of tuberculosis, her
436:
413:
198:Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia
8:
4386:Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire
3987:Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia
2838:
2836:
2718:
2716:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2364:
2362:
2348:
2346:
2344:
1065:of Moscow Kremlin on 7 September [
251:Maximilianne Wilhelmine Auguste Sophie Marie
4169:Alexandra Petrovna (Alexandra of Oldenburg)
4138:Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
3966:Anna, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3640:Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
3021:
3019:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2165:Princess Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
786:Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
760:Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
391:Anna, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4321:19th-century women from the Russian Empire
4051:
4037:
4029:
3915:
3901:
3893:
3692:
3678:
3670:
3591:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
1949:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
1843:
1834:
1430:Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova
1295:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
420:
406:
320:
45:
36:
4143:Elena Pavlovna (Charlotte of Württemberg)
3701:Tsaritsas and empresses consort of Russia
2286:Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken
2133:Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
1922:Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken
1890:Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
1733:Elisabeth of Hesse (Elizabeth Feodorovna)
1985:Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt
1504:Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine
1418:Princess Alexandra Sergeevna Dolgorukova
1289:Empress Maria expressed her anger about
568:is on the extreme left, behind his wife
4284:also a Grand Duchess of Russia by birth
2340:
1052:. After a siege lasting eleven months,
612:while Ludwig was in the battlefields.
341:
323:
4128:Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)
3997:Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia
2885:
2883:
2227:Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
2206:
2107:Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
2086:
2082:
2072:
1964:
1863:Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
1852:
1848:
822:religion, Marie was received into the
480:After the death of her father-in-law,
237:
4060:Grand Duchesses of Russia by marriage
3523:Heiligenberg: Our Ardently Loved Hill
2283:
2273:
2269:
2257:
2251:
2241:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2162:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2120:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2066:
2056:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1860:
1856:
1713:Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1157:listening to the proclamation of the
870:. During the summer, they resided in
840:Cathedral Church of the Winter Palace
750:. In addition, Marie's maternal aunt
657:and possible paternal aunt, Marianne
373:Maria Alexandrovna, Empress of Russia
18:Marie Alexandrovna, Tsarina of Russia
7:
4331:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse
4190:Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
3950:Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
3662:Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
3596:Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)
3408:Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II
3066:Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II
3040:Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II
3027:Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II
2971:Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II
2857:Livadia in the Reign of Alexander II
2069:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
1755:; had issue – second marriage 1902,
1658:Dagmar of Denmark (Maria Feodorovna)
1639:Dagmar of Denmark (Maria Feodorovna)
1603:Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna
4356:Russian grand duchesses by marriage
4159:Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)
3992:Irene, Princess Heinrich of Prussia
3449:, 1977, pp. 212–215, 474–476.
3426:Russia & Europe: Dynastic Ties
3265:Volume I Europe & Latin America
1237:19 February] 1861, ending
445:(8 August 1824 – 3 June 1880), was
27:Empress of Russia from 1855 to 1880
4366:Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
4174:Olga Feodorovna (Cäcilie of Baden)
2891:"An unexpected error has occurred"
2254:Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
2011:Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
1627:Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich
1095:Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems
25:
4351:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
3478:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar
2692:Alexander II: the Last Great Tsar
2666:Alexander II: the Last Great Tsar
1666:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
1576:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
1572:Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich
1552:Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich
1478:outside Darmstadt. There she met
598:Prince Hereditary Ludwig of Hesse
3924:Princesses of Hesse and by Rhine
3461:Alexander III His Life and Reign
2844:Alexander III His Life and Reign
2828:Alexander III His Life and Reign
2750:Alexander III His Life and Reign
2724:Alexander III His Life and Reign
1793:
1772:
1701:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna
1564:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna
1492:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh
1297:. She complained to her brother
1284:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich
1017:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna
333:
203:Alexander III, Emperor of Russia
150:, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
3170:(Birch Lane Press, 1994), p. 13
1826:are named after Empress Maria.
1721:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
1686:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
1568:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
1560:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
838:16 April] 1841 in the
620:August von Senarclens de Grancy
287:August von Senarclens de Grancy
173:
3445:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh.
3267:, 1977, pp. 212–215, 474–476.
1586:
1299:Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse
1276:la petite bourgeoise allemande
667:Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse
458:Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse
1:
4346:Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
3390:Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo
3263:Royal Families of the World:
2679:Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo
2627:Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo
2370:Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo
1741:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
1556:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
746:, was the first wife of Tsar
282:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse
257:: Maria Alexandrovna Romanova
4278:never converted to Orthodoxy
4230:Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
3495:At the court of two Emperors
3257:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh
3142:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
3095:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
3082:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
3051:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
2651:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
2607:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
2410:Korneva & Cheboksarova,
2191:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
1210:advocated three principles:
1194:, the two Aksakov brothers,
1123:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78
1040:At the court of two Emperors
909:Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna
719:Invited to a performance of
604:, sister of Russian Empress
602:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
492:, part of the International
462:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
298:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
4381:Mothers of Russian emperors
4341:Empresses consort of Russia
3775:Maria Buynosova-Rostovskaya
3557:. Sutton Publishing, 2000.
3539:, Sutton Publishing, 2004.
3507:. Sutton Publishing, 1999.
3360:. Harper & Ross, 1971.
1784:Order of Queen Saint Isabel
1584:
1174:. The Westernizers, led by
624:Grand Master of the stables
477:facilitated this adoption.
4402:
3491:Tiutcheva, Anna Feodorovna
3463:. Gilbert's Books, 2014.
3217:Александр III и его время.
2200:
2084:
1958:
1850:
1805:Order of Queen Maria Luisa
1494:, marry her only daughter
1398:Princess Dagmar of Denmark
826:on 17 December [
818:Having been raised in the
71:2 March 1855 – 3 June 1880
29:
4272:
3653:
3647:Empress consort of Russia
3644:
3636:
3629:
3594:
3396:. Gilbert's Books, 2012.
3378:. Gilbert's Books, 2013.
3343:. SilverWood Books 2012.
3240:. SilverWood Books 2012.
2271:
2263:
2235:
2212:
2208:
2172:
2150:
2142:
2114:
2092:
2088:
2050:
2028:
2020:
1992:
1970:
1966:
1930:
1907:
1899:
1871:
1854:
1548:Tsarevna Maria Feodorovna
1502:Alice's second daughter,
1231:Emancipation Proclamation
1159:Emancipation Proclamation
632:rumored paternal ancestry
490:Russian Red Cross Society
437:
245:
236:
62:Empress consort of Russia
44:
4336:House of Hesse-Darmstadt
3763:Maria Skuratova-Belskaya
3601:House of Hesse-Darmstadt
3537:The Camera and the Tsars
3497:. Moscow, Novosti. 1990.
3197:Radzinsky (2005), p. 300
2522:The Camera and the Tsars
1613:nicknamed Lina, died of
659:von Senarclens de Grancy
588:is between her and Emil.
148:Peter and Paul Cathedral
53:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
4326:Nobility from Darmstadt
3577:, Mariagessen.narod.ru
1522:6 July] 1880.
1486:and wife of her nephew
824:Russian Orthodox Church
193:Grand Duchess Alexandra
3844:
3723:
3505:The Romanovs 1818–1959
2593:The Romanovs 1818–1959
2560:The Romanovs 1818–1959
2478:The Romanovs 1818–1959
1579:
1465:
1338:
1330:
1271:Les Bals des Palmières
1262:
1254:
1162:
1141:Emancipation Manifesto
1098:
1045:
952:A Sportsman's Sketches
864:
797:
686:
589:
526:Nicholas Alexandrovich
162:Alexander II of Russia
3853:Catherine Alekseyevna
3843:
3722:
3480:. Free Press, 2006.
3428:. Eurohistory, 2013.
3316:"General Information"
1646:Emperor Alexander III
1541:
1482:, second daughter of
1463:
1406:Emperor Alexander III
1336:
1328:
1260:
1252:
1233:on 3 March [
1148:
1092:
783:
694:Alexander Nikolaevich
684:
556:. Her eldest brother
539:
449:as the first wife of
325:Grand Ducal Family of
3883:Alexandra Feodorovna
3868:Alexandra Feodorovna
3863:Elizabeth Alexeievna
3606:Cadet branch of the
3188:Van Der Kiste, p. 97
3179:Van Der Kiste, p. 67
3156:President of Ukraine
1544:Emperor Alexander II
1471:Schloss Heiligenberg
1450:President of Ukraine
1383:Ludwig II of Bavaria
1085:Charity Institutions
1063:Assumption Cathedral
894:lilies of the valley
702:Alexandrine of Baden
698:Nicholas I of Russia
606:Elizabeth Alexeievna
572:and their children,
451:Emperor Alexander II
113:German Confederation
109:Grand Duchy of Hesse
3810:Praskovia Saltykova
3800:Agafya Grushetskaya
3790:Maria Miloslavskaya
3728:Anastasia Romanovna
3529:. No 49. July 1995.
3501:Van der Kiste, John
3459:Nelipa, Margarita.
3219:М.: Терра, 2007. —
3144:Russia & Europe
3097:Russia & Europe
3084:Russia & Europe
3053:Russia & Europe
2653:Russia & Europe
2609:Russia & Europe
2412:Russia & Europe
1780:Kingdom of Portugal
1512:Emperor Nicholas II
1422:House of Dolgorukov
1371:A Life for the Tsar
1352:Ippolito Monighetti
1149:A 1907 painting by
1009:morganatic marriage
794:Alexandra Iosifovna
438:Мария Александровна
208:Grand Duke Vladimir
4376:Daughters of dukes
4018:Princess Elisabeth
3873:Maria Alexandrovna
3848:Marta Skavronskaya
3845:
3820:Marta Skavronskaya
3795:Natalya Naryshkina
3785:Eudoxia Streshneva
3724:
3658:Title next held by
3551:Zeepvat, Charlotte
3533:Zeepvat, Charlotte
3519:Zeepvat, Charlotte
2690:Edvard Radzinsky,
2664:Edvard Radzinsky,
1818:, and the city of
1621:at the age of six
1580:
1528:Grand Duchess Olga
1466:
1339:
1331:
1263:
1255:
1180:Vissarion Belinsky
1163:
1111:huge sums of money
1099:
922:A Hero of Our Time
904:at Tsarskoe Selo.
798:
788:with her daughter
744:Natalia Alexeievna
687:
590:
494:Red Cross Movement
433:Maria Alexandrovna
364:Princess Elisabeth
327:Hesse and by Rhine
40:Maria Alexandrovna
4298:
4297:
4026:
4025:
3890:
3889:
3830:Empresses consort
3815:Eudoxia Lopukhina
3780:Maria Dolgorukova
3748:Anna Vasilchikova
3733:Maria Temryukovna
3709:Tsaritsas consort
3668:
3667:
3474:Radzinsky, Edvard
3469:978-1-927604-03-8
3434:978-0-9854603-2-7
3384:978-1-927604-04-5
3366:978-0-06-010908-0
3349:978-1-78132-035-8
3292:(in Portuguese).
3246:978-1-78132-035-8
3225:978-5-275-01507-2
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
1763:
1762:
1631:20 September 1843
1615:infant meningitis
1445:Mariinskyi Palace
1426:ladies-in-waiting
1359:Mariinsky Theatre
1305:very anxious, on
1192:Aleksey Khomyakov
1001:Grand Duke Alexei
971:. Two more sons,
937:Fyodor Dostoevsky
917:Mikhail Lermontov
858:Olga Nikolaevna.
754:had married Tsar
514:Mariinskyi Palace
506:Mariinsky Theatre
447:Empress of Russia
430:
429:
319:
318:
261:
260:
223:Grand Duke Sergei
213:Grand Duke Alexei
16:(Redirected from
4393:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3878:Maria Feodorovna
3858:Maria Feodorovna
3743:Anna Koltovskaya
3694:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3637:Preceded by
3625:
3618:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3392:. Published in
3374:. Published in
3354:Cowles, Virginia
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3254:
3248:
3234:
3228:
3213:
3207:
3206:Tarsaidze (1970)
3204:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3115:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2893:. Archived from
2887:
2878:
2871:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2589:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2543:
2536:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2481:
2474:
2463:
2456:
2441:
2434:
2415:
2408:
2393:
2386:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2350:
1844:
1835:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1788:20 February 1861
1778:
1776:
1775:
1728:17 February 1905
1693:14 November 1908
1673:17 February 1909
1585:
1420:, member of the
1321:Declining health
1206:and his brother
1176:Alexander Herzen
1043:
1038:Anna Tiutcheva.
902:Alexander Palace
876:Catherine Palace
862:
832:Russian nobility
803:Saint Petersburg
790:Maria Nikolaevna
732:Vasily Zhukovsky
721:Gaspare Spontini
510:Saint Petersburg
456:The daughter of
440:
439:
422:
415:
408:
368:Prince Alexander
337:
321:
308:Russian Orthodox
238:
177:
175:
125:
101:
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81:7 September 1855
49:
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3886:
3824:
3805:Marfa Apraksina
3769:Marina Mniszech
3703:
3698:
3659:
3650:
3642:
3631:Russian royalty
3619:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3525:. Published in
3410:. Published in
3388:Gilbert, Paul.
3370:Gilbert, Paul.
3336:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
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3278:
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3235:
3231:
3215:Толмачев Е. П.
3214:
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3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
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2591:Van der Kiste,
2590:
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2558:Van der Kiste,
2557:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2515:
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2493:
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2476:Van der Kiste,
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1832:
1816:Kemerovo Oblast
1794:
1792:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1748:24 January 1919
1708:20 October 1920
1705:17 October 1853
1690:14 January 1850
1653:1 November 1894
1536:
1458:
1323:
1247:
1208:Pyotr Kireevsky
1204:Ivan Kireyevsky
1188:Mikhail Bakunin
1151:Boris Kustodiev
1143:
1113:transferred by
1087:
1044:
1037:
1025:
1013:Julia von Hauke
863:
857:
849:
778:
773:
679:
655:lady-in-waiting
649:, history, and
610:Napoleonic Wars
534:
486:empress consort
426:
386:Prince Heinrich
326:
311:
285:
272:Hesse-Darmstadt
253:
232:
228:Grand Duke Paul
179:
176: 1841)
171:
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4256:8th generation
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4240:7th generation
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4183:6th generation
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4121:4th generation
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4100:3rd generation
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4084:2nd generation
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4067:1st generation
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4011:5th generation
4008:
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4002:Princess Marie
3999:
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3976:
3975:4th generation
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3959:3rd generation
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3943:2nd generation
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3931:1st generation
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3758:Irina Godunova
3755:
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3738:Marfa Sobakina
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3609:House of Hesse
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3581:
3570:
3569:External links
3567:
3566:
3565:
3548:
3530:
3527:Royalty Digest
3516:
3498:
3488:
3486:978-0743284264
3471:
3457:
3443:
3438:Markelov I.I.
3436:
3422:
3420:978-1981436828
3404:
3402:978-0986531095
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2984:Romanov Autumn
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2815:Romanov Autumn
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2737:Romanov Autumn
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2631:
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2496:Romanov Autumn
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2354:Romanov Autumn
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1807:
1803:: Dame of the
1790:
1782:: Dame of the
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:Olga Karnovich
1751:married 1889,
1749:
1746:
1745:3 October 1860
1743:
1737:
1736:
1731:married 1884,
1729:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1711:married 1874,
1709:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:married 1874,
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:married 1866,
1654:
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1642:
1641:
1635:
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1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:St. Petersburg
1611:
1608:
1607:30 August 1842
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1535:
1532:
1488:Louis of Hesse
1484:Queen Victoria
1480:Princess Alice
1457:
1454:
1387:Bad Schwalbach
1367:Mikhail Glinka
1322:
1319:
1291:Queen Victoria
1246:
1243:
1142:
1139:
1086:
1083:
1042:, pages 78–80.
1035:
1024:
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872:Tsarskoye Selo
855:
848:
845:
812:Anna Tiutcheva
777:
774:
772:
769:
696:, son of Tsar
678:
675:
580:. Her brother
564:. Her brother
533:
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435:(Russian:
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137:Russian Empire
133:St. Petersburg
126:(aged 55)
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2304:
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2233:
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2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
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2204:
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2198:
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2192:
2186:
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2182:
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2176:
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2170:
2169:
2166:
2160:
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2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2140:
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2134:
2128:
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2123:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
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2098:
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2080:
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2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1917:
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1913:
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1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:22 April 1847
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:10 March 1845
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1634:24 April 1865
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:with her son
1549:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:Princess Alix
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Bad Kissingen
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Livadia villa
1335:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Ivan Turgenev
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1155:Russian serfs
1152:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Bad Kissingen
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
953:
948:
947:Ivan Turgenev
945:, and later,
944:
943:
938:
934:
933:
928:
927:Nikolai Gogol
924:
923:
918:
912:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
868:Winter Palace
861:
854:
846:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
808:
807:Winter Palace
804:
795:
791:
787:
782:
775:
770:
768:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
733:
728:
727:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
683:
676:
674:
672:
671:Karl of Hesse
669:, and Prince
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:. Her father
543:
538:
531:
529:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
434:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
403:
401:
400:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:Grandchildren
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
328:
322:
315:
309:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
288:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
268:
264:
256:
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244:
239:
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229:
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221:
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216:
214:
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209:
206:
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201:
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194:
191:
190:
188:
186:
182:
163:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
129:Winter Palace
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:8 August 1824
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4158:
3949:
3935:
3872:
3767:
3753:Maria Nagaya
3660:
3654:
3645:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3587:(in Russian)
3579:(in Russian)
3554:
3536:
3526:
3522:
3504:
3494:
3477:
3460:
3446:
3439:
3425:
3411:
3407:
3406:King, Greg.
3393:
3389:
3375:
3371:
3358:The Romanovs
3357:
3340:
3339:Banks, ECS.
3320:. Retrieved
3318:(in Russian)
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3293:
3290:Pro Phalaris
3289:
3279:
3264:
3252:
3237:
3236:Banks, ECS.
3232:
3227:(in Russian)
3216:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3119:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2958:The Romanovs
2957:
2952:
2945:The Romanovs
2944:
2929:The Romanovs
2928:
2923:
2916:The Romanovs
2915:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:the original
2875:The Romanovs
2874:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2802:The Romanovs
2801:
2796:
2789:The Romanovs
2788:
2783:
2776:The Romanovs
2775:
2770:
2763:The Romanovs
2762:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2708:The Romanovs
2707:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2608:
2592:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2540:Alexander II
2539:
2521:
2516:
2509:Alexander II
2508:
2503:
2495:
2477:
2460:Heiligenberg
2459:
2437:
2411:
2390:Heiligenberg
2389:
2369:
2353:
2068:
1810:The city of
1809:
1787:
1759:; had issue
1715:; had issue
1680:; had issue
1660:; had issue
1610:10 July 1849
1581:
1524:
1516:
1500:
1469:
1467:
1434:
1414:
1391:
1375:
1370:
1363:Albert Cavos
1356:
1340:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1224:
1168:Westernizers
1164:
1119:
1100:
1072:
1046:
1039:
1031:Albert Dürer
1027:
1005:
962:
950:
940:
930:
920:
913:
906:
891:
884:
880:
865:
859:
851:
817:
799:
740:
736:
724:
718:
688:
663:
644:
636:
614:
591:
522:tuberculosis
518:
479:
455:
442:
432:
431:
372:
284:(officially)
250:
124:(1880-06-03)
51:Portrait by
4316:1880 deaths
4311:1824 births
3624:3 June 1880
3322:January 22,
3166:King, Greg
1725:11 May 1857
1637:engaged to
1441:watercolors
1348:Lev Potocki
1241:in Russia.
1220:Nationalism
1196:Konstantine
1172:Slavophiles
1115:benefactors
1050:Crimean War
847:First years
756:Alexander I
710:Württemberg
691:Tsesarevich
502:end serfdom
498:her husband
466:Tsesarevich
122:3 June 1880
4305:Categories
3651:1855–1880
3334:References
2901:2020-07-27
2538:Radinsky,
2507:Radinsky,
1456:Last years
1369:'s opera
1245:Court life
1227:capitalism
1153:depicting
1054:Sevastopol
932:Dead Souls
887:Nicholas I
771:Tsesarevna
726:La vestale
677:Engagement
651:literature
558:Ludwig III
554:Wilhelmine
482:Nicholas I
474:tsesarevna
470:Grand tour
98:1824-08-08
77:Coronation
2982:Zeepvat,
2813:Zeepvat,
2735:Zeepvat,
2677:Gilbert,
2638:Zeepvat,
2625:Gilbert,
2571:Zeepvat,
2520:Zeepvat,
2494:Zeepvat,
2458:Zeepvat,
2436:Zeepvat,
2388:Zeepvat,
2368:Gilbert,
2352:Zeepvat,
1820:Mariehamn
1735:;
1578:. c 1870.
1476:Jugenheim
1216:Orthodoxy
1212:Autocracy
1131:chemistry
1104:Red Cross
1059:Byzantine
973:Alexander
965:Alexandra
942:Poor Folk
765:Frankfurt
689:In 1839,
639:Jugenheim
628:Alexander
594:Darmstadt
586:Alexander
582:Alexander
574:Ludwig IV
570:Elisabeth
546:Ludwig II
532:Childhood
460:, and of
355:Louis III
289:(rumored)
105:Darmstadt
3300:19 March
3068:, p. 153
3042:, p. 145
3029:, p. 148
2973:, p. 146
2960:, p. 190
2956:Cowles,
2947:, p. 189
2943:Cowles,
2931:, p. 173
2927:Cowles,
2918:, p. 172
2914:Cowles,
2877:, p. 185
2873:Cowles,
2859:, p. 147
2842:Nelipa,
2826:Nelipa,
2804:, p. 182
2800:Cowles,
2791:, p. 181
2787:Cowles,
2778:, p. 178
2774:Cowles,
2765:, p. 179
2761:Cowles,
2748:Nelipa,
2722:Nelipa,
2710:, p. 171
2706:Cowles,
2694:, p. 69.
2668:, p. 70.
1830:Ancestry
1812:Mariinsk
1303:the Tsar
1161:in 1861.
1135:medicine
1108:accounts
1036:—
989:skittles
977:Vladimir
969:Nicholas
898:cowslips
856:—
820:Lutheran
784:Tsarina
647:finances
578:Heinrich
562:Mathilde
542:Ludwig I
512:and the
441:), born
381:Louis IV
351:Children
343:Louis II
314:Lutheran
304:Religion
3575:Profile
3261:Burke's
3146:, p. 22
3099:, p. 25
3086:, p. 24
3055:, p. 29
2846:, p. 48
2830:, p. 37
2752:, p. 22
2739:, p. 52
2726:, p. 10
2681:, p. 42
2655:, p. 17
2629:, p. 41
2611:, p. 16
2595:, p. 13
2575:, p. 32
2542:, p. 67
2524:, p. 41
2511:, p. 66
2480:, p. 11
2414:, p. 13
2372:, p. 40
1766:Honours
1381:. King
1307:Marie's
1239:serfdom
1127:physics
1023:Empress
997:Estonia
985:Bavaria
796:, 1853.
776:Wedding
706:Prussia
255:Russian
178:
170:
166:
3834:Russia
3713:Russia
3655:Vacant
3620:
3561:
3543:
3511:
3484:
3467:
3453:
3432:
3418:
3400:
3382:
3364:
3347:
3271:
3244:
3223:
3126:
3064:King,
3038:King,
3025:King,
2986:, p.36
2969:King,
2855:King,
2817:, p.53
2642:, p.33
2562:, p.12
2498:, p.31
2462:, p. 3
2440:, p.50
2392:, p. 2
2356:, p.49
1924:(= 15)
1865:(= 14)
1798:
1777:
1597:Notes
1574:, and
1311:Alfred
1202:, and
1166:time:
1133:, and
1075:Sergei
748:Paul I
312:prev.
294:Mother
278:Father
247:German
156:Spouse
143:Burial
68:Tenure
55:, 1857
3622:Died:
3615:Born:
2336:Notes
2288:(= 9)
2229:(= 8)
1824:Åland
1801:Spain
1594:Death
1591:Birth
1534:Issue
1496:Maria
1315:Marie
1011:with
993:Revel
957:serfs
714:Baden
617:Baron
267:House
241:Names
185:Issue
172:(
168:
4288:***
3936:None
3559:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3451:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3416:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3324:2018
3302:2020
3296:: 10
3269:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3124:ISBN
2284:15.
2225:14.
2163:13.
2105:12.
2041:11.
1983:10.
1588:Name
1520:O.S.
1437:Kiev
1410:Anna
1402:O.S.
1394:Nice
1267:Lent
1235:O.S.
1218:and
1200:Ivan
1198:and
1186:and
1170:and
1093:The
1079:Paul
1067:O.S.
975:and
896:and
836:O.S.
828:O.S.
712:and
600:and
576:and
566:Karl
550:Emil
119:Died
90:Born
4282:**
4265:***
3832:of
3711:of
3259:. "
2252:7.
2189:3.
2131:6.
2067:1.
2009:5.
1947:2.
1920:9.
1888:4.
1861:8.
1822:in
1814:in
1617:in
995:in
983:in
949:'s
939:'s
929:'s
919:'s
723:'s
508:in
453:.
4307::
4276:*
4232:**
3553:.
3535:.
3521:.
3503:.
3493:.
3476:.
3356:.
3294:16
3104:^
3073:^
3018:^
2936:^
2882:^
2864:^
2835:^
2715:^
2699:^
2616:^
2600:^
2580:^
2547:^
2529:^
2485:^
2467:^
2445:^
2419:^
2397:^
2377:^
2361:^
2343:^
1786:,
1570:,
1566:,
1562:,
1558:,
1546:,
1452:.
1412:.
1278:.
1222:.
1214:,
1182:,
1178:,
1137:.
1129:,
1019:.
1003:.
935:,
925:,
878:.
708:,
634:.
622:,
249::
174:m.
135:,
131:,
111:,
107:,
4076:*
4052:e
4045:t
4038:v
3916:e
3909:t
3902:v
3693:e
3686:t
3679:v
3547:.
3515:.
3326:.
3304:.
3132:.
2904:.
421:e
414:t
407:v
310:,
100:)
96:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
