328:
534:(thousands of years ago). The first figures are derived by Aitken & Stokes from Bassinot et al. (1994), with the figures in parentheses alternative estimates from Martinson et al. for stage 4 and for the others the SPECMAP figures in Imbrie et al. (1984). For stages 1β16 the SPECMAP figures are within 5 kya of the figures given here. All figures up to MIS 21 are taken from Aitken & Stokes, Table 1.4, except for the sub-stages of MIS 5, which are from Wright's Table 1.1.
39:
162:
31:
147:"horizons" (events rather than periods) may also be used, with for example MIS 5.5 representing the peak point of MIS 5e, and 5.51, 5.52 etc. representing the peaks and troughs of the record at a still more detailed level. For more recent periods, increasingly precise resolution of timing continues to be developed.
229:
caused by cyclical slight changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation β the "orbital theory". Indeed, that the MIS data matched
Milankovich's theory, which he formed during World War I, so well was a key factor in the theory gaining general acceptance, despite some remaining problems at
723:
Pettitt and White date MIS 3 as 59,000 to 24,000 BP. They say: "In the terrestrial record, five non forested MIS3 interstadials have been identified from Dutch and German organic deposits, from oldest to youngest the Oerel, Glinde, Moershoofd/Moershoofd
Complex, Hengelo (c. 39,000 β c. 36,000 years
201:
deposition. Currently a number of methods are making additional detail possible. Matching the stages to named periods proceeds as new dates are discovered and new regions are explored geologically. The marine isotopic records appear more complete and detailed than any terrestrial equivalents, and
181:
suggested that the fluctuations over time in the marine isotope ratios that had become evident by then were caused not so much by changes in water temperature, as
Emiliani thought, but mainly by changes in the volume of ice-sheets, which when they expanded took up the lighter oxygen-16 isotope in
146:
Over 100 stages have been identified, currently going back some 6 million years, and the scale may in future reach back up to 15 mya. Some stages, in particular MIS 5, are divided into sub-stages, such as "MIS 5a", with 5 a, c, and e being warm and b and d cold. A numeric system for referring to
275:
records, although there are others. This high resolution chronology was derived from several isotopic records, the composite curve was then smoothed, filtered and tuned to the known cycles of the astronomical variables. The use of a number of isotopic profiles was designed to eliminate 'noise'
284:, some 18,000 years ago, with some of the research also directed at the climate some 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial. The theoretical advances and greatly improved data available by the 1970s enabled a "grand synthesis" to be made, best known from the 1976 paper
250:. For older core samples, individual annual depositions cannot usually be distinguished, and dating is taken from the geomagnetic information in the cores. Other information, especially as to the ratios of gases such as
143:, the main chemical component of the shells and other hard parts of a wide range of marine organisms, should vary depending on the prevailing water temperature in which the calcite was formed.
277:
724:
BP) and
Denekamp (c. 32,000 β c. 28,000 years BP) interstadials. In Britain only one interstadial has been identified (as of 2012), the Upton-Warren (c. 44,000 β c. 42,000 years BP).
1171:
186:
evidence of glacials and interglacials. A graph of the entire series of stages then revealed unsuspected advances and retreats of ice and also filled in the details of the
131:
or the study of the early climate of the Earth, representing "the standard to which we correlate other
Quaternary climate records". Emiliani's work in turn depended on
276:
errors, that could have been contained within a single isotopic record. Another large research project funded by the US government in the 1970s and 1980s was
1221:
1099:
Sowers, Janet M., "Correlating
Quaternary Landforms and Deposits to Global Climate Change", in Noller, Jay S., Sowers, Janet M., Lettis, William R. (eds),
339:). The figures, in thousands of years ago, are from Lisiecki's website. Numbers for substages in MIS 5 denote peaks of substages rather than boundaries.
1216:
Alexander J. Dickson , Christopher J. Beer , Ciara
Dempsey , Mark A. Maslin , James A. Bendle , Erin L. McClymont & Richard D. Pancost
1191:
1236:
824:
302:
1009:
Andrews, John T., "Dating
Glacial Events and Correlation to Global Climate Change", in Noller, Jay S., Sowers, Janet M., Lettis, William R. (eds),
358:. The LR04 date of 14 kya had to accommodate less well studied time intervals, and the generally accepted date of 11.7 kya is to be preferred.
1139:
1116:
1090:
1071:
1049:
1026:
1000:
1122:
Wright, James D., "Global
Climate Change in Marine Stable Isotope Records", in Noller, Jay S., Sowers, Janet M., Lettis, William R. (eds),
305:
dropped other lists of MIS dates and started using the
Lisiecki & Raymo (2005) LR04 Benthic Stack, as updated. This was compiled by
1181:
1004:
1131:
1108:
1063:
1041:
1018:
992:
1242:
Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years, v.2010, International Commission on Stratigraphy
1261:
1075:
1143:
505:
84:
and represent cold glacial periods, while the odd-numbered stages are lows in the oxygen-18 figures, representing warm
1161:(updated version 2011), Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, International Commission on Stratigraphy: Cambridge.
684:
268:
414:
335:
The following are the start dates (apart from MIS 5 sub-stages) of the most recent MIS (Lisiecki & Raymo 2005,
73:
1271:
80:. Working backwards from the present, which is MIS 1 in the scale, stages with even numbers have high levels of
1256:
455:
327:
298:, which is still widely accepted, and covers the MIS timescale and the causal effect of the orbital theory.
679:
377:
373:
322:
156:
1276:
463:
446:
127:
period (the last 2.6 million years), as well as providing the fullest and best data for that period for
280:(CLIMAP), which to a large degree succeeded in its aim of producing a map of the global climate at the
892:
550:
362:
281:
247:
231:
211:
1266:
369:
218:
178:
170:
38:
983:
Aitken, Martin J and Stokes, Stephen, in Taylor, Royal Ervin Taylor and Aitken, Martin Jim (eds),
182:
preference to the heavier oxygen-18. The cycles in the isotope ratio were found to correspond to
918:
27:
Alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's paleoclimate, deduced from oxygen isotope data
1135:
1127:
1112:
1104:
1086:
1067:
1059:
1045:
1037:
1022:
1014:
996:
988:
872:
844:
645:
474:
418:
405:
336:
306:
290:
1211:
858:
669:
time scale (older definitions put this change at 1.806 mya β the MIS date is unaffected)
908:
900:
689:
239:
203:
128:
161:
1241:
880:
470:
222:
116:
109:
101:
896:
836:
214:
of North America are the main factor governing variations in the oxygen isotope ratios.
30:
699:
272:
251:
243:
1250:
876:
539:
459:
351:
310:
34:
5-million-year history, representing the Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) LR04 Benthic Stack
922:
17:
694:
197:
samples of today's glacial ice substantiated the cycles through studies of ancient
93:
85:
69:
1231:
662:
295:
235:
132:
120:
77:
173:
to have access to core-drilling ships and equipment, and began to drill in the
1083:
The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World
881:"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic Ξ΄18O records"
436:
426:
226:
124:
1158:
Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years
1156:
1201:
207:
206:
to be identified. It is now believed that changes in the size of the major
183:
174:
136:
81:
43:
913:
904:
704:
658:
543:
355:
255:
194:
105:
97:
652:
422:
331:
Marine core sections from the South Atlantic, about a million years old
187:
177:
and collect core data. A further important advance came in 1967, when
140:
135:'s prediction in a paper of 1947 that the ratio between oxygen-18 and
600:
562:
492:
198:
89:
1222:
Last Time Carbon Dioxide Levels Were This High: 15 Million Years Ago
666:
609:
518:
The list continues to MIS 104, beginning 2.614 million years ago.
480:
442:
386:
326:
160:
37:
108:, and other data that reflect historic climate; these are called
531:
859:"Version history of the Quaternary chronostratigraphical chart"
1056:
Paleoclimates: understanding climate change past and present
301:
In 2010 the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy of the
115:
The MIS timescale was developed from the pioneering work of
1212:
Oceanic forcing of the Marine Isotope Stage 11 interglacial
1202:
The polar paleoclimate signature of Marine Isotope Stage 31
1032:"Concise", Ogg, James George, Ogg, Gabi, Gradstein F. M.,
840:
Variations in the earthβs orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages
286:
Variations in the earthβs orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages
278:
Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction
971:
all (MIS 22, 62, 103) from "Concise", figs 15.6 and 15.7
68:), are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's
1172:
Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial
242:
also support the MIS data. The sediments also acquire
861:. The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. 2011.
323:
Timeline of glaciation Β§ Uncertain correlations
1192:
Glacial variability over the last two million years
640:Some older stages, in mya (millions of years ago):
217:The MIS data also matches the astronomical data of
1124:Quaternary geochronology: methods and applications
1101:Quaternary geochronology: methods and applications
1011:Quaternary geochronology: methods and applications
806:Aitken & Stokes (1997), 12β13; Wright, 431β432
743:Wright, 427, 429; Aitken & Stokes (1997), 9-14
246:which allows them to be correlated with earth's
962:Aitken & Stokes (1997), p. 14; Wright, p. 6
770:Aitken & Stokes (1997), 12; Wright, 429β431
1182:650,000 years of greenhouse gas concentrations
254:in the atmosphere, is provided by analysis of
202:have enabled a timeline of glaciation for the
408:, also known as the Eemian among other names)
8:
432:MIS 7 β 243 (Aveley Interglacial in Britain)
398:MIS 5c β 96 (peak of interglacial sub-stage)
392:MIS 5a β 82 (peak of interglacial sub-stage)
815:Aitken & Stokes (1997), 10; Wright, 431
271:, has produced one standard chronology for
234:. For relatively recent periods data from
1036:, 2008, Cambridge University Press, 2008,
644:MIS 22 β 1.03 mya, marking the end of the
123:and other fields to express dating in the
912:
119:in the 1950s, and is now widely used in
401:MIS 5d β 109 (peak of glacial sub-stage)
389:β 130, usually sub-divided into a to e:
303:International Commission on Stratigraphy
29:
736:
716:
395:MIS 5b β 87 (peak of glacial sub-stage)
42:Sections of sedimentary cores from off
344:MIS Start date
230:certain points, notably the so-called
88:intervals. The data are derived from
7:
1126:, 2000, American Geophysical Union,
1103:, 2000, American Geophysical Union,
1013:, 2000, American Geophysical Union,
944:Pettitt and White, pp. 294, 296, 374
565:; usually sub-divided into a to 5e:
1058:, Columbia University Press, 2010,
244:depositional remanent magnetization
1081:Pettit, Paul; White, Mark (2012).
985:Chronometric dating in archaeology
368:MIS 3 β 57 (MIS 2-4 is called the
25:
294:), by J.D. Hays, Shackleton and
225:or the effects of variations in
1155:Cohen, K.M. and Gibbard, P.L.,
1034:The Concise Geologic Time Scale
987:, Chapter 1, 1997, BirkhΓ€user,
603:427, the most similar to MIS 1.
169:In 1957 Emiliani moved to the
1:
835:Cronin, 121β122, 121 quoted;
425:in northern Europe and later
935:Email from Lorraine Lisiecki
657:MIS 103 β 2.588, end of the
58:marine oxygen-isotope stages
1085:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
848:), by Shackleton and others
685:Geologic temperature record
546:, continuing to the present
538:MIS 1 β 11 kya, end of the
530:of the most recent MIS, in
350:MIS 1 β 14 kya, end of the
269:National Science Foundation
1293:
651:MIS 62 β 1.75, end of the
561:MIS 5 β 130, includes the
415:Penultimate Glacial Period
320:
267:Project, funded by the US
188:stadials and interstadials
154:
953:Pettitt and White, p. 106
506:BrunhesβMatuyama reversal
421:in North America, later
825:SPECMAP on NASA website
542:marks the start of the
354:marks the start of the
210:such as the historical
165:A store of core samples
680:Timeline of glaciation
526:The following are the
404:MIS 5e β 123 (peak of
378:Weichselian glaciation
374:Wisconsinan glaciation
332:
166:
157:Timeline of glaciation
151:Developing a timescale
76:derived from deep sea
46:
35:
1262:Marine isotope stages
873:Lisiecki, Lorraine E.
464:Holstein Interglacial
447:Purfleet Interglacial
330:
321:Further information:
248:geomagnetic reversals
164:
100:) remains in drilled
62:oxygen isotope stages
50:Marine isotope stages
41:
33:
905:10.1029/2004PA001071
551:Last Glacial Maximum
460:Hoxnian Interglacial
363:Last Glacial Maximum
282:Last Glacial Maximum
232:100,000-year problem
212:Laurentide Ice Sheet
18:Marine Isotope Stage
1054:Cronin, Thomas M.,
897:2005PalOc..20.1003L
477:in northern Europe)
435:MIS 8 β 300 (early
380:in northern Europe)
370:Last Glacial Period
219:Milankovitch cycles
179:Nicholas Shackleton
171:University of Miami
74:oxygen isotope data
636:MIS 21 β 865 (790)
633:MIS 20 β 810 (763)
630:MIS 19 β 787 (736)
627:MIS 18 β 760 (726)
624:MIS 17 β 712 (689)
466:in Central Europe)
376:in North America,
337:LR04 Benthic Stack
333:
167:
47:
36:
1140:978-0-87590-950-9
1117:978-0-87590-950-9
1092:978-0-415-67455-3
1072:978-0-231-14494-0
1050:978-0-521-89849-2
1027:978-0-87590-950-9
1001:978-0-306-45715-9
877:Raymo, Maureen E.
661:and start of the
475:Elster glaciation
419:Illinoian glacial
406:Last Interglacial
307:Lorraine Lisiecki
16:(Redirected from
1284:
1272:Paleoclimatology
1096:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
926:
916:
885:Paleoceanography
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827:
822:
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744:
741:
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721:
690:Paleothermometer
648:period in Europe
580:MIS 5e β 130.115
577:MIS 5d β 115.105
549:MIS 2 β 24 near
462:in Britain, and
266:
265:
240:dendrochronology
204:Plio-Pleistocene
129:paleoclimatology
21:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
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1281:
1247:
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1226:Aradhna Tripati
1168:
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1150:Further reading
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783:
779:Cronin, 120β121
778:
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756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
729:
728:
722:
718:
713:
676:
574:MIS 5c β 105.92
558:MIS 4 β 71 (74)
524:
471:Anglian Glacial
325:
319:
263:
262:
223:orbital forcing
159:
153:
117:Cesare Emiliani
102:marine sediment
72:, deduced from
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1290:
1288:
1280:
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1274:
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1259:
1257:Dating methods
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1234:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1167:
1166:External links
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914:2027.42/149224
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571:MIS 5b β 92.84
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568:MIS 5a β 84.74
559:
556:
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547:
523:
522:Older versions
520:
516:
515:
512:
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504:MIS 19 β 790 (
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499:
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469:MIS 12 β 478 (
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430:
417:, also called
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273:oxygen isotope
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1176:NJ Shackleton
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1042:0-521-89849-8
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1019:0-87590-950-7
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993:0-306-45715-6
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540:Younger Dryas
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413:MIS 6 β 191 (
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352:Younger Dryas
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311:Maureen Raymo
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32:
19:
1277:Stratigraphy
1237:NASA SPECMAP
1225:
1215:
1206:Reed Scherer
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1157:
1144:google books
1123:
1100:
1082:
1076:google books
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1005:google books
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839:
837:PDF of paper
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811:
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797:Andrews, 448
793:
784:
775:
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757:
748:
739:
719:
695:Anthropocene
639:
621:MIS 16 β 659
618:MIS 15 β 621
615:MIS 14 β 568
606:MIS 12 β 474
597:MIS 10 β 364
527:
525:
517:
514:MIS 21 β 866
511:MIS 20 β 814
501:MIS 18 β 761
498:MIS 17 β 712
489:MIS 15 β 621
486:MIS 14 β 563
473:in Britain,
452:MIS 10 β 374
361:MIS 2 β 29 (
343:
334:
300:
289:
285:
260:
216:
193:More recent
192:
168:
145:
139:isotopes in
114:
94:foraminifera
86:interglacial
78:core samples
70:paleoclimate
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
1186:RealClimate
788:Wright, 431
761:Wright, 427
752:Sowers, 425
663:Pleistocene
594:MIS 9 β 334
591:MIS 8 β 301
588:MIS 7 β 244
585:MIS 6 β 190
528:start dates
449:in Britain)
439:in Britain)
429:in Britain)
296:John Imbrie
238:dating and
236:radiocarbon
184:terrestrial
133:Harold Urey
121:archaeology
1267:Glaciology
1251:Categories
978:References
891:(1): n/a.
555:MIS 3 β 60
437:Wolstonian
427:Wolstonian
383:MIS 4 β 71
227:insolation
208:ice sheets
155:See also:
125:Quaternary
1196:P Huybers
732:Citations
665:, on the
256:ice cores
175:Caribbean
137:oxygen-16
106:sapropels
82:oxygen-18
44:Greenland
923:12788441
879:(2005).
705:Ice core
674:See also
659:Pliocene
646:Bavelian
544:Holocene
356:Holocene
195:ice core
98:plankton
1232:US NCDC
893:Bibcode
845:Science
653:Tiglian
458:β 424 (
445:β 337 (
423:Saalian
291:Science
264:SPECMAP
141:calcite
110:proxies
104:cores,
1228:, 2009
1218:, 2009
1208:, 2007
1198:, 2007
1188:, 2005
1178:, 2003
1138:
1130:
1115:
1107:
1089:
1070:
1062:
1048:
1040:
1025:
1017:
999:
991:
921:
610:MIS 13
601:MIS 11
563:Eemian
493:MIS 16
481:MIS 13
456:MIS 11
317:Stages
199:pollen
90:pollen
919:S2CID
711:Notes
667:INQUA
612:β 528
495:β 676
483:β 524
443:MIS 9
387:MIS 5
60:, or
1136:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1023:ISBN
1015:ISBN
997:ISBN
989:ISBN
842:(in
309:and
288:(in
261:The
92:and
909:hdl
901:doi
532:kya
221:of
66:OIS
56:),
54:MIS
1253::
1224:,
1214:,
1204:,
1194:,
1184:,
1174:,
1142:,
1134:,
1111:,
1074:,
1066:,
1044:,
1021:,
1003:,
995:,
917:.
907:.
899:.
889:20
887:.
883:.
875:;
372:,
313:.
258:.
190:.
112:.
1119:,
1095:.
1029:,
925:.
911::
903::
895::
508:)
365:)
96:(
64:(
52:(
20:)
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