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877:
and in more superficial layers compared to aggregates formed without dust particles present and these aggregates with increased lithogenic material have also been correlated with particulate organic carbon fluxes, however when they become heavily ballasted with lithogenic material they cannot scavenge any additional minerals during their descent, which suggests that carbon export to the deep ocean in regions with high dust deposition is strongly controlled by dust input to the surface ocean while suspended dust particles in deeper water layers do not significantly interact with sinking aggregates.
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915:
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151:
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hypothesis". Evidence for this has been found by
Alldredge and Cohen (1987) who found evidence of both respiration and photosynthesis within aggregates, suggesting the presence of both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. During zooplankton's vertical migration, the abundances of aggregates increased while size distributions decreased. Aggregates were found in the abdomen in zooplankton indicating their grazing will fragment larger aggregates.
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728:
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3208:
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20:
858:. The colloidal fraction of the ocean contains a large amount of organic matter unavailable to grazers. This fraction has a much higher total mass than either phytoplankton or bacteria but is not readily available due to size characteristics of the particles in relation to potential consumers. The colloidal fraction must aggregate in order to be more
838:
take up nutrients from small local concentrations of organic material (e.g. fecal matter from an individual zooplankton cell, regenerated nutrients from organic decomposition by bacteria). As the aggregates slowly sink to the bottom of the ocean, the many microorganisms residing on them are constantly respiring and contribute greatly to the
1045:
The deep ocean harbors more than 98% of the dissolved inorganic carbon pool, along with a rapid sedimentation rate that results in low particulate organic carbon inputs. It is yet to be resolved what effect microbes have on the global carbon cycle. Studies show that microbes in the deep ocean are not
876:
Aggregates that sink more quickly to the bottom of the ocean have a greater chance of exporting carbon to the deep sea floor. The longer the residence time in the water column the greater the chance of being grazed upon. Aggregates formed in high dust areas are able to increase their densities faster
837:
Marine snow aggregates exhibit characteristics that fit
Goldman's "aggregate spinning wheel hypothesis". This hypothesis states that phytoplankton, microorganisms and bacteria live attached to aggregate surfaces and are involved in rapid nutrient recycling. Phytoplankton have been shown to be able to
933:
are further defined into two categories, free-living or particle associated. The two are separated by filtration. Particle-associated bacteria are often difficult to study because marine snow aggregates are often ranging in sizes from 0.2 to 200 μm, often rendering sampling efforts difficult. These
1050:
by not only heterotrophs but by autotrophs as well. There is a mismatch from the microbial carbon demand in the deep ocean and the carbon export from the surface ocean. Dissolved inorganic carbon fixation is on similar orders of magnitude as heterotrophic microbes in the surface ocean. Model-based
1036:
It was previously thought that due to fragmentation, bacterial communities would shift as they travel down the water column. As seen in experiments, it now appears that the communities that form during aggregation remain associated with the aggregate and any community changes are due to grazing or
834:: As sunlight cannot reach them, deep-sea organisms rely heavily on marine snow as an energy source. The small percentage of material not consumed in shallower waters becomes incorporated into the muddy "ooze" blanketing the ocean floor, where it is further decomposed through biological activity.
1059:
Large aggregates can become anoxic which gives rise to anaerobic metabolisms. Typically anaerobic metabolisms are confined to areas where it is more energetically favorable. Given the abundance of denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria, it is thought that these metabolisms are able to thrive
885:
Once particles have aggregated to several micrometers in diameter, they begin to accumulate bacteria, since there is sufficient site space for feeding and reproduction. At this size, it is large enough to undergo sinking. It also has the components necessary to fit the "aggregate spinning wheel
815:. As phytoplankton accumulate, they aggregate or get captured in other aggregates, both of which accelerate the sinking rate. Aggregation and sinking is actually thought to be a large component of sources for algae loss from surface water. Most organic components of marine snow are consumed by
1032:
Microbial communities that form on the aggregates vary from the communities in the water column. The concentration of attached microbes are typically orders of magnitude larger than free-living microbes. Isolated bacterial cultures have up to 20 times more enzymatic activity within 2 hours of
1022:. Smaller aggregates do not harbor as many eukaryotic organisms which is similar to what is found in the deep ocean. The bathypelagic aggregates mostly resembled those found in the surface ocean. It implies higher rates of remineralization in the bathypelagic zone.
1100:
seek to boost the production of organic material in the surface ocean, with a concomitant rise in marine snow reaching the deep ocean. These efforts have not yet produced a sustainable fertilization that effectively transports carbon out of the system.
780:, fecal matter, sand, and other inorganic dust. Most trapped particles are more vulnerable to grazers than they would be as free-floating individuals. Aggregates can form through abiotic processes (i.e. extrapolymeric substances). These are natural
946:. Aggregates can be enriched about one thousand times more than the surrounding seawater. Seasonal variability can also have an effect on microbial communities of marine snow aggregates with concentrations being the highest during the summer.
1135:
with previously thought to be isolated populations of bacteria inhabiting the breadth of the ocean floor. In such an immense area there may be as yet undiscovered species tolerant of high pressures and extreme cold, perhaps finding use in
1007:. Between 1% and 40% of the primary production is exported out of the euphotic zone, which attenuates exponentially towards the base of the mesopelagic zone and only about 1% of the surface production reaches the sea floor.
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3149:
808:) also contribute to the constituents of marine snow aggregates. These aggregates grow over time and may reach several centimeters in diameter, traveling for weeks before reaching the ocean floor.
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microbes and zooplankton, thus maintaining a vertical gradient in concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This deep-ocean DIC returns to the atmosphere on millennial timescales through
906:
Particles and small organisms floating through the water column can become trapped within aggregates. Marine snow aggregates are porous, however, and some particles are able to pass through them.
2080:
Brakstad OG, Lewis A, Beegle-Krause CJ (2018). "A critical review of marine snow in the context of oil spills and oil spill dispersant treatment with focus on the
Deepwater Horizon oil spill".
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2015:
Lampitt RS, Achterberg EP, Anderson TR, Hughes JA, Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Kelly-Gerreyn BA, Lucas M, Popova EE, Sanders R, Shepherd JG, Smythe-Wright D, Yool A (November 2008).
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can remain out of contact with the atmosphere for more than 1000 years. That is, when the marine snow is finally decomposed to inorganic nutrients and dissolved
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126:. Marine snow can be an important food source for organisms living in the aphotic zone, particularly for organisms that live very deep in the water column.
5136:
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2522:
1937:
Reinthaler T, van Aken HM, Herndl GJ (August 2010). "Major contribution of autotrophy to microbial carbon cycling in the deep North
Atlantic's interior".
1402:"The ballasting effect of Saharan dust deposition on aggregate dynamics and carbon export: Aggregation, settling, and scavenging potential of marine snow"
238:
118:. As the origin of marine snow lies in activities within the productive photic zone, the prevalence of marine snow changes with seasonal fluctuations in
823:
and other filter-feeding animals within the first 1,000 metres of their journey. In this way marine snow may be considered the foundation of deep-sea
523:
196:
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1584:
Ivancic I, Paliaga P, Pfannkuchen M, Djakovac T, Najdek M, Steiner P, Korlevic M, Markovski M, Baricevic A, Tankovic MS, Herndl GJ (December 2018).
991:
is the sedimentation out of the mesopelagic zone (at approximately 1000 m depth). A portion of the particulate organic carbon is respired back to CO
1586:"Seasonal variations in extracellular enzymatic activity in marine snow-associated microbial communities and their impact on the surrounding water"
5269:
2672:
696:
1449:
Alldredge AL, Cohen Y (February 1987). "Can microscale chemical patches persist in the sea? Microelectrode study of marine snow, fecal pellets".
223:
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898:. For example, Kepkay et al. found that bubble coagulation leads to an increase in bacterial respiration since more food is available to them.
759:
577:
1503:, Alldredge AL (2000-07-01). "Fragmentation of marine snow by swimming macrozooplankton: A new process impacting carbon cycling in the sea".
1025:
Numerically, the largest component of marine snow are the prokaryotes that colonize the aggregates. Bacteria are largely responsible for the
701:
1972:
Bianchi D, Weber TS, Kiko R, Deutsch C (April 2018). "Global niche of marine anaerobic metabolisms expanded by particle microenvironments".
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Basu, S. and Mackey, K.R. (2018) "Phytoplankton as key mediators of the biological carbon pump: Their responses to a changing climate".
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within marine snow aggregates. In a model developed by
Bianchi et al., it shows the various redox potentials within an aggregate.
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1877:"Colonization in the photic zone and subsequent changes during sinking determine bacterial community composition in marine snow"
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1014:(eukaryotic microorganisms). Marine snow aggregates collected from the bathypelagic zone were found to consist largely of
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McCarthy JJ, Goldman JC (February 1979). "Nitrogenous nutrition of marine phytoplankton in nutrient-depleted waters".
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aggregate attachment. The dark ocean harbors around 65% of all pelagic
Bacteria and Archaea.(Whitman et al., 1998)
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1720:"Eukaryotic microbes, principally fungi and labyrinthulomycetes, dominate biomass on bathypelagic marine snow"
914:
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Turner, J.T. (2015) "Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the ocean's biological pump".
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of the water column. Increasing stratification decreases the availability of phytoplankton nutrients such as
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1828:"Colonization of marine snow aggregates by invertebrate zooplankton: Abundance, scaling, and possible role"
1051:
data reveal that dissolved inorganic carbon fixation ranges from 1 mmol C m d to 2.5 mmol C m d.
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1084:. Consequently, enhancing the quantity of marine snow that reaches the deep ocean is the basis of several
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NIWA, What grows up must fall down: the potential impact of climate change on plankton and carbon export
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1080:, these are effectively isolated from the surface ocean for relatively long time scales related to
1019:
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228:
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Marine snow is made up of a variety of mostly organic matter, including dead or dying animals and
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1997:
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Aggregates begin as the colloidal fraction, which typically contains particles sized between one
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2070:(2015). "Marine Snow: A Brief Historical Sketch". Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, 24:5-10.
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is defined as the sedimentation out of the surface layer (at approximately 100 m depth) and
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and their consumers into organic aggregates (marine snow), which is then exported to the
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1985:
1950:
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24:
Marine snow is a shower of organic material falling from upper waters to the deep ocean.
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2021:
Philosophical
Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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and fragmentation of aggregates. Remineralization occurs typically below 200 m depth.
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2001:
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939:
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773:
123:
111:
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2101:
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104:
88:
58:
42:
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1108:, may result in a decrease in the production of marine snow due to the enhanced
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115:
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1958:
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Passow, U. and
Carlson, C.A. (2012) "The biological pump in a high CO2 world".
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The microbial communities associated with marine snow are also interesting to
855:
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1435:
1286:
1124:, and could lead to a decrease in primary production and, thus, marine snow.
961:. The particulate organic carbon formed in the euphotic zone is processed by
5340:
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del
Giorgio PA, Duarte CM (November 2002). "Respiration in the open ocean".
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1400:
van der Jagt H, Friese C, Stuut JB, Fischer G, Iversen MH (2018-02-19).
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Aggregates may also form from colloids trapped on the surface of rising
19:
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1270:"Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPSs) in Ocean Systems"
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dormant, but are metabolically active and must be participating in
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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1072:, carbon transported as marine snow into the deep ocean by the
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1540:"Particle aggregation and the biological activity of colloids"
1131:. Recent research indicates transported bacteria may exchange
107:
1068:
Because of the relatively long residence time of the ocean's
2017:"Ocean fertilization: a potential means of geoengineering?"
1939:
Deep Sea
Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1104:
Increases in ocean temperatures, a projected indicator of
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fragmentation rather than new bacterial colony formation.
938:
are the most abundant organisms in aggregates followed by
91:. Because of the role of export production in the ocean's
1875:
Thiele S, Fuchs BM, Amann R, Iversen MH (February 2015).
1505:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1651:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1718:
Bochdansky AB, Clouse MA, Herndl GJ (February 2017).
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exuded as waste products mostly by phytoplankton and
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4208:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
2138:U. Bangor, Marine Snow: Formation and composition
1323:. Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 94–95, 266–267.
934:aggregates are hotspots for microbial activity.
5361:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
4987:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
4198:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
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2458:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
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37:") is a continuous shower of mostly organic
5137:List of commercially important fish species
4982:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
2523:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
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45:. It is a significant means of exporting
5109:Regional fishery management organisation
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697:Territorialisation of carbon governance
141:
95:, it is typically measured in units of
16:Shower of organic detritus in the ocean
3529:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2148:Primary production and vertical export
1881:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2133:U. Georgia, Marine Snow and Particles
1010:The largest component of biomass are
702:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
41:falling from the upper layers of the
7:
4992:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
4476:
5167:Future of Marine Animal Populations
5044:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
5034:Monitoring control and surveillance
2786:Oceanic physical-biological process
2648:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1338:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 35.
920:Central role of marine snow in the
110:). The term was coined by explorer
61:below, which is referred to as the
4356:National Oceanographic Data Center
3783:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3671:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
910:Particle-associated microorganisms
14:
5366:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
5099:National Marine Fisheries Service
5094:European Fisheries Control Agency
4203:Global Sea Level Observing System
2072:https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.10005
5012:
4758:
4575:Population dynamics of fisheries
4486:
4475:
4466:
4465:
3661:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3577:
3566:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3192:
2824:
2496:
2313:Colored dissolved organic matter
1644:
1168:
1154:
727:
726:
149:
5296:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
5152:Environmental impact of fishing
4391:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4114:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2658:Latin America and the Caribbean
2102:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.028
957:using solar energy and produce
949:As illustrated in the diagram,
811:Marine snow often forms during
5270:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4630:Otolith microchemical analysis
3140:Ecological values of mangroves
2683:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1667:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1544:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1268:Decho AW, Gutierrez T (2017).
662:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
5265:European Environmental Agency
5255:Grey nurse shark conservation
5162:Destructive fishing practices
4660:Pop-up satellite archival tag
1525:10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00105-3
1336:Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems
1194:Diffusion-limited aggregation
5245:Marine conservation activism
4695:Climate change and fisheries
3651:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3621:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3377:Luke's variational principle
3160:Marine conservation activism
3145:Fisheries and climate change
1707:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.005
1471:10.1126/science.235.4789.689
1371:10.1126/science.203.4381.670
632:Carbonate compensation depth
297:Particulate inorganic carbon
5509:Oceanographical terminology
3155:Human impact on marine life
3032:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2268:Aquatic population dynamics
1334:Mann KH, Lazier JR (2006).
1256:NOAA National Ocean Service
87:) before it sinks into the
5525:
5291:Marine Stewardship Council
5084:EU Common Fisheries Policy
3716:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3564:
1959:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.023
1832:Limnology and Oceanography
1406:Limnology and Oceanography
1209:Particulate organic matter
959:particulate organic carbon
953:fix carbon dioxide in the
869:
687:Carbon capture and storage
291:Particulate organic carbon
285:Dissolved inorganic carbon
5445:Glossary of fishery terms
5440:Index of fishing articles
5430:
5157:Fishing down the food web
5132:Maximum sustainable yield
5010:
4960:
4935:
4756:
4690:Match/mismatch hypothesis
4559:
4542:
4461:
4251:Ocean acoustic tomography
4064:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3656:General circulation model
3292:Benjamin–Feir instability
3186:
2842:
2822:
2771:Marine primary production
2719:
2706:
2665:List of marine ecoregions
2494:
2204:
2190:
2082:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1994:10.1038/s41561-018-0081-0
1853:10.4319/lo.2000.45.2.0479
1590:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1274:Frontiers in Microbiology
981:by zooplankton and fish.
692:Carbon cycle re-balancing
5331:Save Our Seas Foundation
5064:Individual fishing quota
5039:Vessel monitoring system
4685:Hydrographic containment
4381:Ocean surface topography
3756:Thermohaline circulation
3746:Subsurface ocean current
3686:Hydrothermal circulation
3519:Wave–current interaction
3297:Boussinesq approximation
3017:Coastal biogeomorphology
3012:Marine coastal ecosystem
1826:KiØrboe T (March 2000).
1695:Progress in Oceanography
1287:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00922
1070:thermohaline circulation
1005:thermohaline circulation
667:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
627:Carbonate–silicate cycle
595:Carbon dioxide clathrate
590:Clathrate gun hypothesis
418:Net ecosystem production
279:Dissolved organic carbon
5484:Biological oceanography
4977:Exclusive economic zone
4655:GIS and aquatic science
4610:Standard weight in fish
4418:Sea surface temperature
4401:Outline of oceanography
3596:Atmospheric circulation
3534:shallow water equations
3524:Waves and shallow water
3417:Significant wave height
2925:Paradox of the plankton
2736:Diel vertical migration
2630:Freshwater swamp forest
2348:GIS and aquatic science
2196:General components and
1321:Biological Oceanography
973:(200–1000 m depth) and
677:Deep Carbon Observatory
137:Part of a series on the
5206:Turtle excluder device
4879:Shoaling and schooling
4413:Sea surface microlayer
3778:Wind generated current
2751:Large marine ecosystem
2443:Shoaling and schooling
2042:10.1098/rsta.2008.0139
1736:10.1038/ismej.2016.113
926:
497:Continental shelf pump
273:Total inorganic carbon
239:Satellite measurements
83:that is not recycled (
26:
5489:Chemical oceanography
5230:Marine protected area
5104:Regional fishery body
4730:Census of Marine Life
4625:Catch per unit effort
4246:Deep scattering layer
4228:World Geodetic System
3736:Princeton Ocean Model
3616:Coriolis–Stokes force
3266:Physical oceanography
3170:Marine protected area
3097:Salt pannes and pools
2872:Marine larval ecology
2847:Census of Marine Life
2731:Deep scattering layer
2688:San Francisco Estuary
2653:Africa and Madagascar
2478:Underwater camouflage
2258:Aquatic biomonitoring
2198:freshwater ecosystems
1603:10.1093/femsec/fiy198
963:marine microorganisms
917:
682:Global Carbon Project
413:Ecosystem respiration
114:as observed from his
22:
5494:Ecological processes
5069:Minimum landing size
5029:Fisheries management
5004:Magnuson–Stevens Act
4999:Fisheries Convention
4750:Fisheries scientists
4266:Underwater acoustics
3826:Perigean spring tide
3691:Langmuir circulation
3402:Rossby-gravity waves
2905:Marine bacteriophage
2867:Marine invertebrates
1901:10.1128/AEM.02570-14
1253:What is marine snow?
1090:carbon sequestration
999:at depth, mostly by
511:Carbon sequestration
267:Total organic carbon
5346:Defying Ocean's End
5250:Salmon conservation
5240:Marine conservation
5180:The End of the Line
5173:The Sunken Billions
5142:Sustainable seafood
5127:Sustainable fishery
4740:Fisheries databases
4670:Age class structure
4640:Fisheries acoustics
4428:Science On a Sphere
4034:Convergent boundary
3706:Modular Ocean Model
3666:Geostrophic current
3382:Mild-slope equation
2781:Ocean fertilization
2590:Trophic state index
2548:Lake stratification
2278:Aquatic respiration
2094:2018MarPB.135..346B
2033:2008RSPTA.366.3919L
1986:2018NatGe..11..263B
1951:2010DSRII..57.1572R
1893:2015ApEnM..81.1463T
1844:2000LimOc..45..479K
1789:10.1038/nature01165
1781:2002Natur.420..379D
1556:1994MEPS..109..293K
1517:2000DSRI...47.1227D
1463:1987Sci...235..689A
1418:2018LimOc..63.1386V
1363:1979Sci...203..670M
1258:. Updated:06/25/18.
1088:schemes to enhance
1020:labyrinthulomycetes
890:Surface coagulation
558:Atmospheric methane
524:Soil carbon storage
374:Reverse Krebs cycle
229:Ocean acidification
29:In the deep ocean,
5435:Outline of fishing
5054:Fisheries observer
4705:Aquatic ecosystems
4084:Seafloor spreading
4074:Outer trench swell
4039:Divergent boundary
3939:Continental margin
3924:Carbonate platform
3821:Lunitidal interval
3047:Intertidal wetland
3042:Intertidal ecology
2910:Marine prokaryotes
2852:Deep-sea community
2746:Iron fertilization
2669:Specific examples
2595:Upland and lowland
2513:Freshwater biology
2378:Microbial food web
2288:Aquatic toxicology
2231:Aquatic adaptation
2184:Aquatic ecosystems
2068:Mary Wilcox Silver
1641:10.3390/su10030869
1565:10.3354/meps109293
1538:Kepkay PE (1994).
1319:Miller CB (2004).
1162:Marine life portal
1098:iron fertilisation
989:sequestration flux
979:vertical migration
975:bathypelagic zones
927:
846:Aggregate dynamics
637:Great Calcite Belt
585:Aerobic production
405:Carbon respiration
347:Metabolic pathways
307:Primary production
81:primary production
27:
5499:Fisheries science
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5417:Threatened sharks
5316:Ocean Conservancy
5301:Friend of the Sea
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4839:Lobster fisheries
4784:Diversity of fish
4580:Shifting baseline
4549:Fisheries science
4501:
4500:
4493:Oceans portal
4453:World Ocean Atlas
4443:Underwater glider
4386:Ocean temperature
4049:Hydrothermal vent
4014:Submarine volcano
3949:Continental shelf
3929:Coastal geography
3919:Bathymetric chart
3801:Amphidromic point
3489:Wave nonlinearity
3347:Infragravity wave
3232:
3231:
3213:Oceans portal
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3057:Hydrothermal vent
2993:
2992:
2882:Seashore wildlife
2713:Marine ecosystems
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2468:Thermal pollution
2433:Ramsar Convention
2373:Microbial ecology
2333:Fisheries science
2273:Aquatic predation
2027:(1882): 3919–45.
1974:Nature Geoscience
1679:10.3354/meps09985
1427:10.1002/lno.10779
1094:Ocean nourishment
1082:ocean circulation
1055:Microenvironments
922:ocean carbon pump
866:Ballasting effect
770:
769:
568:Methane emissions
224:In the atmosphere
71:is the amount of
69:Export production
5516:
5397:Marine pollution
5201:Cetacean bycatch
5196:Incidental catch
5016:
4962:
4937:
4904:Humboldt current
4762:
4680:Trophic cascades
4620:Data storage tag
4605:Fish measurement
4600:Stock assessment
4561:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4491:
4490:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4408:Pelagic sediment
4346:Marine pollution
4140:Deep ocean water
4009:Submarine canyon
3944:Continental rise
3836:Rule of twelfths
3751:Sverdrup balance
3681:Humboldt Current
3606:Boundary current
3581:
3570:
3387:Radiation stress
3357:Iribarren number
3332:Equatorial waves
3287:Ballantine scale
3282:Airy wave theory
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3199:Lakes portal
3197:
3196:
3195:
3165:Marine pollution
2857:Deep-water coral
2840:
2828:
2761:Marine chemistry
2721:
2708:
2625:Freshwater marsh
2518:Freshwater biome
2500:
2216:Acoustic ecology
2206:
2192:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2121:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1775:(6914): 379–84.
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1724:The ISME Journal
1715:
1709:
1691:
1682:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1511:(7): 1227–1245.
1497:
1491:
1490:
1457:(4789): 689–91.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1412:(3): 1386–1394.
1397:
1391:
1390:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1048:nutrient cycling
1027:remineralisation
872:Ballast minerals
802:appendicularians
762:
755:
748:
735:
730:
729:
534:pelagic sediment
428:Soil respiration
423:Photorespiration
153:
134:
75:produced in the
33:(also known as "
5524:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5474:Aquatic ecology
5464:
5463:
5462:
5449:
5426:
5422:Threatened rays
5402:Mercury in fish
5375:
5274:
5260:Shark sanctuary
5218:
5115:
5049:Catch reporting
5017:
5008:
4956:
4923:
4829:Krill fisheries
4794:Coral reef fish
4779:Ocean fisheries
4770:
4763:
4754:
4595:Condition index
4566:
4555:
4538:
4532:
4502:
4497:
4485:
4457:
4296:
4270:
4232:
4213:Sea-level curve
4184:
4123:
4109:Transform fault
4059:Mid-ocean ridge
4025:
4018:
3984:Oceanic plateau
3890:
3876:Tidal resonance
3846:Theory of tides
3787:
3696:Longshore drift
3646:Ekman transport
3582:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3514:Wave turbulence
3447:Trochoidal wave
3372:Longshore drift
3268:
3263:
3233:
3228:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3174:
3135:Coral bleaching
3121:
3102:Seagrass meadow
2999:Marine habitats
2989:
2963:Coral reef fish
2929:
2915:Marine protists
2891:
2829:
2820:
2791:Ocean turbidity
2766:Marine food web
2715:
2694:
2636:
2575:River ecosystem
2528:Freshwater fish
2501:
2492:
2298:Bioluminescence
2283:Aquatic science
2200:
2186:
2181:
2129:
2124:
2079:
2064:
2062:Further reading
2059:
2058:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1945:(16): 1572–80.
1936:
1935:
1926:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1692:
1685:
1664:
1657:
1626:
1619:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1357:(4381): 670–2.
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1184:Biological pump
1174:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1129:microbiologists
1074:biological pump
1066:
1057:
1043:
1012:marine protists
995:in the oceanic
994:
977:by sinking and
944:nanoflagellates
936:Marine bacteria
925:
912:
904:
892:
883:
874:
868:
848:
766:
725:
718:
717:
716:
656:
648:
647:
646:
611:
601:
600:
599:
552:
542:
541:
540:
529:Marine sediment
513:
503:
502:
501:
462:Solubility pump
450:Biological pump
444:
434:
433:
432:
407:
397:
396:
395:
379:Carbon fixation
364:
349:
339:
338:
337:
318:
302:
255:
253:Forms of carbon
245:
244:
243:
218:
208:
207:
206:
161:
132:
93:biological pump
64:biological pump
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5522:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:Fish slaughter
5389:
5383:
5381:
5380:Related issues
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5321:Ocean Outcomes
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Marine reserve
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5120:Sustainability
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4950:sustainability
4940:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4884:Marine habitat
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4844:Shrimp fishery
4841:
4836:
4834:Kelp fisheries
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Crab fisheries
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:Marine biology
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Coded wire tag
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Fish mortality
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4557:
4556:
4553:wild fisheries
4547:
4540:
4539:
4537:science topics
4533:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4473:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Stratification
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4325:
4323:Color of water
4320:
4318:Benthic lander
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4223:Sea level rise
4220:
4218:Sea level drop
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Marine geology
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Passive margin
3991:
3989:Oceanic trench
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Ocean dynamics
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Coriolis force
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Stokes problem
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Kinematic wave
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3202:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2953:Saltwater fish
2950:
2948:Marine reptile
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:Marine viruses
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2897:Microorganisms
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:Wild fisheries
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:Thorson's rule
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Marine biology
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Brackish marsh
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Lake ecosystem
2540:
2535:
2533:Hyporheic zone
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Microbial loop
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Eutrophication
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Cascade effect
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2236:Aquatic animal
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2127:External links
2125:
2123:
2122:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2007:
1980:(4): 263–268.
1964:
1924:
1887:(4): 1463–71.
1867:
1838:(2): 479–484.
1818:
1759:
1730:(2): 362–373.
1710:
1683:
1655:
1629:Sustainability
1617:
1571:
1530:
1492:
1441:
1392:
1341:
1326:
1311:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1149:
1146:
1138:bioengineering
1110:stratification
1106:climate change
1092:by the ocean.
1086:geoengineering
1078:carbon dioxide
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1042:
1041:Carbon cycling
1039:
992:
918:
911:
908:
903:
900:
891:
888:
882:
879:
867:
864:
847:
844:
840:microbial loop
768:
767:
765:
764:
757:
750:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
720:
719:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
672:Deep biosphere
669:
664:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
645:
644:
642:Redfield ratio
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:Nutrient cycle
619:
613:
612:
609:Biogeochemical
607:
606:
603:
602:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
565:
563:Methanogenesis
560:
554:
553:
548:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
537:
536:
526:
521:
515:
514:
509:
508:
505:
504:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
477:Microbial loop
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
446:
445:
440:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
409:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
376:
371:
365:
363:
362:
360:Chemosynthesis
357:
355:Photosynthesis
351:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
336:
335:
330:
325:
319:
317:
316:
315:
314:
303:
301:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
257:
256:
251:
250:
247:
246:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
220:
219:
216:Carbon dioxide
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
146:
145:
139:
138:
131:
128:
124:ocean currents
120:photosynthetic
73:organic matter
35:ocean dandruff
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5521:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:Bioindicators
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Shark finning
5410:
5408:
5407:Shark culling
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Sea Around Us
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Seafood Watch
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5212:Shrimp-Turtle
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Pulse fishing
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Fisheries law
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4942:Fisheries law
4938:
4934:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Eel fisheries
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Cod fisheries
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Demersal fish
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Trophic level
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Marine energy
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Acidification
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:SOFAR channel
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Oceanic crust
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Fracture zone
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Oceanic basin
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Abyssal plain
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Internal tide
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Ocean current
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3569:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Wave shoaling
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Ursell number
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Internal wave
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Breaking wave
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Sponge ground
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Marine biomes
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Demersal fish
2971:
2969:
2968:Deep-sea fish
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Marine mammal
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Trophic level
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Sediment trap
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Phytoplankton
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Aquatic plant
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Anoxic waters
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Vampire squid
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Sediment trap
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:Oceans portal
1171:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:heterotrophic
998:
990:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:euphotic zone
952:
951:phytoplankton
947:
945:
941:
940:cyanobacteria
937:
932:
924:
923:
916:
909:
907:
901:
899:
897:
889:
887:
881:Fragmentation
880:
878:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
845:
843:
841:
835:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:phytoplankton
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
743:
741:
740:
734:
724:
723:
722:
721:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
652:
651:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:Marine cycles
615:
614:
610:
605:
604:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
546:
545:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
507:
506:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
447:
443:
438:
437:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
401:
400:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
343:
342:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
249:
248:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
217:
212:
211:
203:
200:
198:
197:Boreal forest
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
136:
135:
129:
127:
125:
122:activity and
121:
117:
113:
112:William Beebe
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:remineralised
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
21:
5504:Geochemistry
5223:Conservation
5211:
5178:
5171:
4954:conservation
4909:Algal blooms
4894:Water column
4888:
4809:Pelagic fish
4789:Coastal fish
4735:OSTM/Jason-2
4710:Bioeconomics
4645:Acoustic tag
4615:Fish counter
4448:Water column
4396:Oceanography
4371:Observations
4366:Explorations
4336:Marginal sea
4329:
4287:OSTM/Jason-2
4119:Volcanic arc
4094:Slab suction
3811:Head of tide
3701:Loop Current
3641:Ekman spiral
3427:Stokes drift
3337:Gravity wave
3312:Cnoidal wave
3127:Conservation
2978:Pelagic fish
2958:Coastal fish
2862:Marine fungi
2775:
2600:Water garden
2483:Water column
2428:Productivity
2403:Pelagic zone
2363:Macrobenthos
2353:Hydrobiology
2323:Ecohydrology
2085:
2081:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1942:
1938:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1698:
1694:
1670:
1666:
1632:
1628:
1593:
1589:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1204:Martin curve
1126:
1122:silicic acid
1103:
1067:
1064:Implications
1058:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1009:
997:water column
988:
984:
983:
965:(microbes),
948:
928:
919:
905:
893:
884:
875:
860:bioavailable
854:and several
849:
836:
813:algal blooms
810:
792:secreted by
771:
471:
455:Martin curve
442:Carbon pumps
369:Calvin cycle
323:Black carbon
261:Total carbon
202:Geochemistry
143:Carbon cycle
89:aphotic zone
68:
62:
59:aphotic zone
43:water column
34:
30:
28:
5147:Overfishing
5059:Catch share
4889:Marine snow
4874:Sardine run
4859:Fish screen
4854:Fish ladder
4804:Forage fish
4438:Thermocline
4155:Mesopelagic
4128:Ocean zones
4099:Slab window
3964:Hydrography
3904:Abyssal fan
3871:Tidal range
3861:Tidal power
3856:Tidal force
3741:Rip current
3676:Gulf Stream
3636:Ekman layer
3626:Downwelling
3601:Baroclinity
3588:Circulation
3484:Wave height
3474:Wave action
3457:megatsunami
3437:Stokes wave
3397:Rossby wave
3362:Kelvin wave
3342:Green's law
3112:Sponge reef
3087:Rocky shore
3082:Oyster reef
3052:Kelp forest
2935:Vertebrates
2835:Marine life
2811:Viral shunt
2776:Marine snow
2678:Maharashtra
2585:Stream pool
2488:Zooplankton
2408:Photic zone
2368:Meiobenthos
2221:Algal bloom
2088:: 346–356.
1797:10261/89751
1701:: 205–248.
1673:: 249–271.
1550:: 293–304.
1189:Detritivore
985:Export flux
971:mesopelagic
967:zooplankton
931:prokaryotes
929:Planktonic
856:micrometers
825:mesopelagic
821:zooplankton
794:zooplankton
519:Carbon sink
482:Viral shunt
472:Marine snow
328:Blue carbon
182:Deep carbon
177:Atmospheric
167:Terrestrial
130:Composition
116:bathysphere
55:photic zone
31:marine snow
5468:Categories
5371:Greenpeace
5079:Slot limit
5022:Management
4946:management
4914:Dead zones
4869:Salmon run
4849:Eel ladder
4745:Institutes
4585:Fish stock
4376:Reanalysis
4275:Satellites
4256:Sofar bomb
4104:Subduction
4079:Ridge push
3974:Ocean bank
3954:Contourite
3881:Tide gauge
3866:Tidal race
3851:Tidal bore
3841:Slack tide
3806:Earth tide
3726:Ocean gyre
3546:Wind setup
3541:Wind fetch
3504:Wave setup
3499:Wave radar
3494:Wave power
3392:Rogue wave
3322:Dispersion
3092:Salt marsh
3027:Coral reef
2816:Whale fall
2796:Photophore
2673:Everglades
2641:Ecoregions
2580:Stream bed
2553:Macrophyte
2506:Freshwater
2338:Food chain
2251:Water bird
1635:(3): 869.
1240:References
1224:Whale fall
902:Filtration
870:See also:
832:ecosystems
492:Whale pump
487:Jelly pump
467:Lipid pump
192:Permafrost
160:By regions
5341:WorldFish
5306:SeaChoice
4919:Fish kill
4899:Upwelling
4864:Migration
4771:fisheries
4565:Fisheries
4238:Acoustics
4190:Sea level
4089:Slab pull
4026:tectonics
3934:Cold seep
3896:Landforms
3773:Whirlpool
3768:Upwelling
3551:Wind wave
3479:Wave base
3407:Sea state
3327:Edge wave
3317:Cross sea
3117:Tide pool
3022:Cold seep
2806:Upwelling
2570:Rheotaxis
2563:Fish pond
2538:Limnology
2463:Substrate
2448:Siltation
2318:Dead zone
2002:134801363
1862:247706757
1501:Dilling L
1436:0024-3590
1118:phosphate
942:and then
852:nanometer
806:pteropods
49:from the
5351:HERMIONE
5279:Advocacy
5191:Discards
4725:FishBase
4715:EconMult
4665:EcoSCOPE
4471:Category
4423:Seawater
4150:Littoral
4145:Deep sea
4004:Seamount
3886:Tideline
3831:Rip tide
3761:shutdown
3731:Overflow
3464:Undertow
3307:Clapotis
3224:Category
3150:HERMIONE
3067:Mangrove
2877:Seagrass
2423:Pleuston
2418:Plankton
2398:Particle
2343:Food web
2118:52948259
2110:30301046
2051:18757282
1919:25527538
1805:12459775
1754:27648811
1612:30299466
1487:46033413
1479:17833630
1387:33059073
1379:17813381
1306:28603518
1214:Sea snot
1148:See also
1142:pharmacy
817:microbes
796:(mostly
786:bacteria
782:polymers
778:protists
733:Category
39:detritus
5387:CalCOFI
5356:PROFISH
5286:FishAct
5186:Bycatch
4720:Ecopath
4635:Biomass
4567:science
4535:Fishery
4481:Commons
4351:Mooring
4301:Related
4292:Jason-3
4282:Jason-1
4165:Pelagic
4160:Oceanic
4135:Benthic
3452:Tsunami
3422:Soliton
3077:Mudflat
3037:Estuary
3007:Bay mud
2985:Seabird
2741:f-ratio
2724:General
2605:Wetland
2393:Neuston
2358:Hypoxia
2303:Biomass
2293:Benthos
2209:General
2090:Bibcode
2029:Bibcode
1982:Bibcode
1947:Bibcode
1910:4309695
1889:Bibcode
1840:Bibcode
1813:4392859
1777:Bibcode
1745:5270556
1552:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1459:Bibcode
1451:Science
1414:Bibcode
1359:Bibcode
1351:Science
1297:5445292
1280:: 922.
1199:f-ratio
1114:nitrate
896:bubbles
829:benthic
578:Wetland
550:Methane
333:Kerogen
234:Removal
57:to the
5326:Oceana
5089:EU MLS
4170:Photic
3999:Seabed
3412:Seiche
3062:Lagoon
2388:Nekton
2246:Mammal
2241:Insect
2116:
2108:
2049:
2000:
1917:
1907:
1860:
1811:
1803:
1769:Nature
1752:
1742:
1610:
1596:(12).
1485:
1477:
1434:
1385:
1377:
1304:
1294:
1234:Seston
804:, and
731:
712:CO2SYS
573:Arctic
312:marine
172:Marine
99:(e.g.
97:carbon
53:-rich
47:energy
4361:Ocean
4330:Alvin
4180:Swash
4024:Plate
3969:Knoll
3959:Guyot
3914:Atoll
3793:Tides
3556:model
3442:Swell
3274:Waves
2453:Spawn
2114:S2CID
1998:S2CID
1858:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1483:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1133:genes
1016:fungi
798:salps
790:Mucus
707:C4MIP
655:Other
299:(PIC)
293:(POC)
287:(DIC)
281:(DOC)
275:(TIC)
269:(TOC)
77:ocean
51:light
5214:case
4952:and
4769:Wild
4551:and
4328:DSV
4313:Argo
4175:Surf
3631:Eddy
2558:Pond
2106:PMID
2047:PMID
1915:PMID
1801:PMID
1750:PMID
1608:PMID
1475:PMID
1432:ISSN
1375:PMID
1302:PMID
1140:and
1120:and
1096:and
1018:and
827:and
263:(TC)
187:Soil
4965:Law
2620:Fen
2610:Bog
2098:doi
2086:135
2037:doi
2025:366
1990:doi
1955:doi
1905:PMC
1897:doi
1848:doi
1793:hdl
1785:doi
1773:420
1740:PMC
1732:doi
1703:doi
1699:130
1675:doi
1671:470
1637:doi
1598:doi
1560:doi
1548:109
1521:doi
1467:doi
1455:235
1422:doi
1367:doi
1355:203
1292:PMC
1282:doi
79:by
5470::
4948:,
4944:,
2112:.
2104:.
2096:.
2084:.
2045:.
2035:.
2023:.
2019:.
1996:.
1988:.
1978:11
1976:.
1953:.
1943:57
1941:.
1927:^
1913:.
1903:.
1895:.
1885:81
1883:.
1879:.
1856:.
1846:.
1836:45
1834:.
1830:.
1807:.
1799:.
1791:.
1783:.
1771:.
1748:.
1738:.
1728:11
1726:.
1722:.
1697:,
1686:^
1669:,
1658:^
1643:.
1633:10
1631:,
1620:^
1606:.
1594:94
1592:.
1588:.
1574:^
1558:.
1546:.
1542:.
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