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course of the day (less carbon is absorbed at night) and over the course of the year (less carbon is absorbed in winter). While organic matter in animals generally decays quickly, releasing much of its carbon into the atmosphere through respiration, carbon stored as dead plant matter can stay in the biosphere for as much as a decade or more. Different plant types of plant matter decay at different rates - for example, woody substances retain their carbon longer than soft, leafy material. Active carbon in soils can stay sequestered for up to a thousand years, while
1806:
1778:
1766:.". The airborne fraction has been around 60% since the 1950s, indicating that about 60% of the new carbon dioxide in the atmosphere each year originated from human sources. For clarity, this is not meant to suggest that 60% of the uptake of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere comes from human activity. It means that the atmosphere exchanges around 210 gigatonnes of carbon annually, but absorbs between 6 and 10 gigatonnes more than it loses. Of this net gain, about 60% is attributable to the burning of fossil fuels.
1689:
1709:
1623:. In regions of ocean upwelling, carbon-rich water from the deep ocean comes to the surface and releases carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are dissolved in cold water in higher latitudes. This water sinks down and brings the carbon into the deeper ocean levels, where it can stay for anywhere between decades and several centuries. Ocean circulation events cause this process to be variable. For example, during
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2081:; Pirani, Anna; Connors, Sarah L.; Péan, Clotilde; Berger, Sophie; Caud, Nada; Chen, Yang; Goldfarb, Leah; Gomis, Melissa I.; Huang, Mengtian; Leitzell, Katherine; Lonnoy, Elisabeth; Matthews, J. B. Robin; Maycock, Tom K.; Waterfield, Tim; Yelekçi, Ozge; Yu, Rong; Zhou, Baiquan, eds. (2021-08-09). "Summary for Policymakers".
834:) is one of the more potent greenhouse gases and is mainly produced by the digestion or decay of biological organisms. It is considered the second most important greenhouse gas, yet the methane cycle in the atmosphere is currently only poorly understood. The amount of methane produced and absorbed yearly varies widely.
861:
has an atmospheric lifetime of about eight years. This keeps the concentration of methane in the atmosphere relatively low and is the reason that it currently plays a secondary role in the greenhouse effect to carbon dioxide, despite the fact that it produces a much more powerful greenhouse effect per volume.
1915:
Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P.; Linder, S.; MacKenzie, F. T.; Moore III, B.; Pedersen, T.; Rosenthal, Y.; Seitzinger, S.; Smetacek, V.; Steffen, W. (2000). "The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our
Knowledge of Earth
860:
free radical (OH). It can also leave the atmosphere by entering the stratosphere, where it is destroyed, or by being absorbed into soil sinks. Because methane reacts fairly quickly with other compounds, it does not stay in the atmosphere as long as many other greenhouse gases, e.g. carbon dioxide. It
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present in the atmosphere. The two main carbon isotopes are C and C. Plants absorb the lighter isotope, C, more readily than C. Because fossil fuels originate mainly from plant matter, the C/C ratio in the atmosphere falls when large amounts of fossil fuels are burned, releasing C. Conversely, an
1600:
The residence time of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere varies and is dependent on a large number of factors. The uptake of carbon into the biosphere occurs on various time scales. Carbon is absorbed primarily during plant growth. A pattern of increased carbon uptake is observable both over the
1566:
Atmospheric carbon is exchanged quickly between the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere. This means that at times the atmosphere acts as a sink, and at other times as a source of carbon. The following section introduces exchanges between the atmospheric and other components of the global carbon
2475:
Denman, Kenneth; Brasseur, Guy; Chidthaisong, A.; Ciais, P.; Cox, P.; Dickinson, R..; Hauglustaine, D.; Heinze, C.; Holland, E.; Jacob, D.; Lohmann, U.; Ramachandran, S.; da Silva Dias, P.; Wofsy, S.; Zhang, X. (2007), "Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry",
925:
introduced makes up only a small portion of the global carbon cycle, carbon dioxide's long residence time makes these emissions relevant for the total carbon balance. The increased carbon dioxide concentration strengthens the greenhouse effect, causing changes to the global
1846:
Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Hauck, Judith; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Sitch, Stephen; Le Quéré, Corinne; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Alin, Simone (2020).
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Anthropogenic methane is produced in various ways, e.g. by raising cattle or through the decay of trash in landfills. It is also produced by several industrial sources, including the mining and distribution of fossil fuels. More than 70% of atmospheric methane comes from
934:
and deforestation. Because gaseous carbon dioxide does not react quickly with other chemicals, the main processes that change the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere involve exchanges with the earth's other carbon reservoirs, as explained in the following sections.
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Other human-caused changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle are due to anthropogenic changes to carbon reservoirs. Deforestation, for example, decreases the biosphere's ability to absorb carbon, thus increasing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
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As the industrial use of carbon by humans is a very new dynamic on a geologic scale, it is important to be able to track sources and sinks of carbon in the atmosphere. One way of doing so is by observing the proportion of stable carbon
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930:. Of the increased amounts of carbon dioxide that are introduced to the atmosphere each year, approximately 80% are from the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production. The other ~20% originate from
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converts it into methane. After respiration, both carbon dioxide and methane are typically emitted into the atmosphere. Organic carbon is also released into the atmosphere during burning.
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in the atmosphere, it takes an extremely long time for carbon dioxide levels to sink after sudden rises, due to e.g. volcanic eruptions or human activity and among the many long-lasting
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2035:
Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M., O'Sullivan, M., Andrew, R., Hauck, J., Peters, G., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C. and 66 others (2019) "Global carbon budget 2019".
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The atmosphere is one of the Earth's major carbon reservoirs and holds approximately 720 gigatons of carbon as of year 2000. The concentration of mostly carbon-based
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
816:. This makes an understanding of the carbon component of the atmosphere highly important. The two main carbon greenhouse gases are methane and carbon dioxide.
2209:; Lowe, D.C.; Myhre, G.; Nganga, J.; Prinn, R.; Raga, G.; Schulz, M.; Van Dorland, R. (2007), "Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing",
2099:
3305:
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Keeling, C. D.; Whorf, T. P.; Wahlen, M.; Van Der
Plichtt, J. (1995). "Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980".
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Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange. Carbon dioxide equilibrates between the atmosphere and the ocean's surface layers. As
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2478:
Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2211:
Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
255:
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Houghton, R. A. (2003). "Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850-2000".
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of organic material and is produced in organisms' digestive tracts, soil, etc. Natural methane production accounts 10-30% of global methane sources.
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Van Der Werf, G. R.; Randerson, J. T.; Collatz, G. J.; Giglio, L.; Kasibhatla, P. S.; Arellano Jr, A. F.; Olsen, S. C.; Kasischke, E. S. (2004).
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23:
Schematic representation of the overall perturbation of the global carbon cycle caused by anthropogenic activities, averaged from 2010 to 2019.
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Human activities change the amount of carbon in the atmosphere directly through the burning of fossil fuels and other organic material, thus
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Each year, the ocean and atmosphere exchange large amounts of carbon. A major controlling factor in oceanic-atmospheric carbon exchange is
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Ocean and land sinks have taken up about half of fossil carbon emissions into the atmosphere. It's uncertain how long this will continue.
89:, have disturbed the previous balance of the atmospheric carbon cycle and have been mostly responsible for the ongoing rapid growth in CO
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1022:
183:
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Keppler, F.; Hamilton, J. T. G.; Brass, M.; Röckmann, T. (2006). "Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions".
1642:, they modify this balance, allowing the water to absorb more carbon dioxide or causing it to emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
4254:
4115:
4072:
3568:
1473:
1093:
2365:"Interannual variation of 13C in tropospheric methane: Implications for a possible atomic chlorine sink in the marine boundary layer"
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increase in the C/C in the atmosphere suggests a higher biospheric carbon uptake. The ratio of the annual increase in atmospheric CO
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sources. Methane levels have risen gradually since the onset of the industrial era, from ~700 ppb in 1750 to ~1775 ppb in 2005.
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74:(CO), and other human-made compounds are present in smaller concentrations and are also part of the atmospheric carbon cycle.
1718:
emissions show that most emissions have been absorbed by carbon sinks, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (
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that is exposed through geological processes absorbs carbon from the atmosphere when it is exposed to air by the processes of
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104:
grew to 10 GtC/year, with a cumulative total of about 450 GtC injected into the cycle. The terrestrial and ocean
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2712:"Temporal and spatial variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the western Pacific region"
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Carbon is exchanged with varying speed with the terrestrial biosphere. It is absorbed in the form of carbon dioxide by
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production. The burning of fossil fuels and cement production are the main reasons for the increase in atmospheric CO
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Computer model showing a year in the life of atmospheric carbon dioxide and how it travels around the globe
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carbon or GtC) in and out of the atmosphere throughout the course of each year. Atmospheric concentrations of CO
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143:. Such effects are generally projected to accelerate further until net emissions are stabilized and reduced.
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events there is less deep ocean upwelling, leading to lower outgassing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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1992:"Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010"
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of the planet's surface waters and soils. Despite comprising less than 0.05% of all atmospheric gases by
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concentration in the atmosphere has risen from about 280 ppm to almost 400 ppm. Although the amount of CO
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concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black).
1719:
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1589:. Carbon is also released from the biosphere into the atmosphere in the course of biological processes.
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have thus far absorbed half of the added carbon, and half has remained in the atmosphere primarily as CO
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Born, M.; Dorr, H.; Levin, I. (1990). "Methane consumption in aerated soils of the temperate zone".
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the organic carbon and producing carbon dioxide. Another human-caused source of carbon dioxide is
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Carbon is generally exchanged very slowly between the atmosphere and geosphere. Two exceptions are
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2578:"Continental-Scale Partitioning of Fire Emissions During the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina Period"
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913:, it is the most important because it makes up the largest fraction of the atmosphere. Since the
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remain stable over longer timescales only when there exists a balance between these two flows.
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Methane can be removed from the atmosphere through a reaction of the photochemically produced
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Forster, P.; Ramawamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; Fahey, D.W.; Haywood, J.;
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2298:"GCOS Atmospheric Composition ECV: Methane (CH4) and other Long-Lived Green House Gases"
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2007:
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1658:, both of which release high amounts carbon into the atmosphere very quickly. Fresh
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under permafrost and on continental shelves. Additional methane is produced by the
471:
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339:
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159:
78:
48:
2324:"Hemispheric average Cl atom concentration from C/C ratios in atmospheric methane"
116:
concentration is on a path to at least double by the latter half of this century.
1937:
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1815:
flows from human activity (left) into atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (right).
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Allan, W.; Lowe, D. C.; Gomez, A. J.; Struthers, H.; Brailsford, G. W. (2005).
2228:
Prather, M.; et al. (2001), "Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases",
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1883:
1827:
Anthropogenic carbon flows during years 1850-2018 (left) and 2009-2018 (right).
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51:, supporting the exchange of more than 200 billion tons of carbon (i.e.
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2016:
1991:
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927:
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60:
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2798:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Media Studios
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have been caused by different sources ramping up one after the other (
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converts organic carbon into carbon dioxide and a particular type of
728:
3204:
2795:
1762:
emissions from fossil fuel and cement manufactured is called the "
1557:
1487:
874:
788:
723:
135:, the recent rise in carbon concentrations has caused substantial
18:
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2553:"Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 | Earth 530: The Critical Zone"
2057:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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897:) has a large warming effect on global temperatures through the
4148:
3853:
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3149:
3061:
2942:
2894:
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43:), between Earth's atmosphere, the oceans, and the terrestrial
47:. It is one of the faster components of the planet's overall
4111:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2636:"Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning"
77:
Human activities, primarily the extraction and burning of
1605:
in soils can stay sequestered for more than a millennium.
112:. Assuming the growth trend in emissions continues, the CO
16:
Transformation of atmospheric carbon between various forms
4287:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2710:
Nakazawa, T.; Morimoto, S.; Aoki, S.; Tanaka, M. (1997).
2059:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1634:
add or subtract carbon dioxide from the water through
1562:
Major global carbon reservoirs and flows between them.
119:
The atmospheric carbon cycle also strongly influences
4128:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2796:"GMS: Carbon and Climate Briefing - 12 November 2015"
2296:
Global Observing Systems Information Center (2011).
837:
Large stores of methane can be found in the form of
4305:
4190:
4159:
4088:
4023:
3945:
3867:
3818:
3735:
3692:
3602:
3509:
3372:
3319:
3162:
2986:
2955:
2121:
2119:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
812:has increased dramatically since the onset of the
2499:"The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide"
4328:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2150:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2069:
2067:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
3073:History of climate change policy and politics
2868:
2470:
2468:
2291:
2289:
1539:
770:
8:
2836:Carbon Dioxide - Information Analysis Center
2821:Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment
3190:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1741:since the beginning of the industrial era.
4409:
4397:
4156:
4145:
3864:
3850:
3599:
3586:
3159:
3146:
3058:
2952:
2939:
2891:
2875:
2861:
2853:
1546:
1532:
948:
777:
763:
150:
100:concentrations. As of year 2019, annual
3955:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
3098:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2735:
2659:
2456:
2388:
2347:
2015:
1882:
1872:
1681:Carbon dioxide emissions and partitioning
3659:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
96:
66:
4015:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3804:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2322:Platt, U.; Allan, W.; Lowe, D. (2004).
2031:
2029:
2027:
1838:
1773:
956:
714:Territorialisation of carbon governance
158:
3664:Economics of climate change mitigation
3627:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2978:Scientific consensus on climate change
2841:World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases
4323:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2497:Prentice, I. C.; et al. (2001).
2132:NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
719:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
31:accounts for the exchange of gaseous
7:
4345:Representative Concentration Pathway
3296:Tipping points in the climate system
2972:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
871:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4116:Nationally determined contributions
3826:Individual action on climate change
3041:World energy supply and consumption
2826:Carbon Dioxide - Global Circulation
2794:Lynch, Patrick (12 November 2015).
2634:Andreae, M. O.; Merlet, P. (2001).
1577:Terrestrial biological carbon cycle
1454:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
4447:Climate change and the environment
4255:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
14:
4182:Satellite temperature measurement
3787:forestry for carbon sequestration
3078:History of climate change science
2528:Concise Environmental Engineering
2328:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
2169:A Year In The Life Of Earth’s CO2
1971:from the original on 5 March 2016
4408:
4396:
4385:
4384:
4372:
4033:Climate Change Performance Index
2697:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.01450.x
2426:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.00002.x
2052:
1820:
1804:
1792:
1776:
1707:
1687:
1513:
1512:
964:
744:
743:
166:
4172:Instrumental temperature record
4123:Sustainable Development Goal 13
2716:Journal of Geophysical Research
2369:Journal of Geophysical Research
2105:from the original on 2021-08-13
1959:Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011).
939:Interactions with other systems
4240:Climate variability and change
3281:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2146:"What is Ocean Acidification?"
2126:Tans, Pieter; Keeling, Ralph.
679:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
4350:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3885:Climate emergency declaration
2445:Nature Reports Climate Change
4333:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3559:Middle East and North Africa
2640:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1938:10.1126/science.290.5490.291
1199:Marine biogeochemical cycles
649:Carbonate compensation depth
314:Particulate inorganic carbon
2177:Goddard Space Flight Center
1849:"Global Carbon Budget 2020"
4463:
4167:Global surface temperature
4058:Popular culture depictions
3970:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3700:Carbon capture and storage
3622:Carbon offsets and credits
2148:. National Ocean Service,
2128:"Trends in Carbon Dioxide"
2096:Cambridge University Press
1612:
1574:
942:
868:
823:
704:Carbon capture and storage
308:Particulate organic carbon
302:Dissolved inorganic carbon
4379:Climate change portal
4366:
4272:Extreme event attribution
4155:
4144:
3895:School Strike for Climate
3863:
3849:
3774:Climate-smart agriculture
3598:
3585:
3158:
3145:
3068:
3057:
2951:
2938:
2921:Climate change adaptation
2916:Climate change mitigation
2911:Effects of climate change
2901:
2890:
2049:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
2037:Earth System Science Data
2017:10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y
1874:10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
1853:Earth System Science Data
709:Carbon cycle re-balancing
4282:Global warming potential
4089:International agreements
3736:Preserving and enhancing
3180:Arctic methane emissions
3102:Years in climate change
3009:Greenhouse gas emissions
2906:Causes of climate change
2458:10.1038/climate.2008.122
2075:Masson-Delmotte, Valérie
1621:thermohaline circulation
1267:Arctic methane emissions
1262:clathrate gun hypothesis
1177:Carbonate–silicate cycle
901:. Although individual CO
684:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
644:Carbonate–silicate cycle
612:Carbon dioxide clathrate
607:Clathrate gun hypothesis
435:Net ecosystem production
296:Dissolved organic carbon
29:atmospheric carbon cycle
4313:Climate change scenario
3965:Disaster risk reduction
3617:Carbon emission trading
3427:U.S. insurance industry
3407:Civilizational collapse
3254:sea surface temperature
2605:10.1126/science.1090753
2557:www.e-education.psu.edu
2349:10.5194/acp-4-2393-2004
1421:environmental chemistry
905:molecules have a short
694:Deep Carbon Observatory
154:Part of a series on the
4306:Research and modelling
3990:Nature-based solutions
3810:Nature-based solutions
3752:Carbon dioxide removal
3669:Fossil fuel divestment
3654:Climate risk insurance
3564:Small island countries
3185:Arctic sea ice decline
1654:and the combustion of
1563:
887:
805:
514:Continental shelf pump
290:Total inorganic carbon
256:Satellite measurements
121:Earth's energy balance
24:
4437:Atmospheric chemistry
4267:Earth's energy budget
4150:Background and theory
4038:Climate crisis (term)
3710:Fossil fuel phase-out
3604:Economics and finance
3569:by individual country
3511:By country and region
3486:Security and conflict
3481:Psychological impacts
3170:Abrupt climate change
3093:Charles David Keeling
2926:By country and region
1720:Global Carbon Project
1700:Global Carbon Project
1674:Anthropogenic sources
1595:anaerobic respiration
1571:Terrestrial biosphere
1561:
958:Biogeochemical cycles
915:Industrial Revolution
878:
801:
699:Global Carbon Project
430:Ecosystem respiration
129:acidity or alkalinity
87:Industrial Revolution
22:
4096:Glasgow Climate Pact
3757:Carbon sequestration
3332:Mass mortality event
2661:10.1029/2000GB001382
2390:10.1029/2004JD005650
1615:Oceanic carbon cycle
1104:nitrogen and lichens
879:2011 carbon dioxide
528:Carbon sequestration
284:Total organic carbon
4235:Climate sensitivity
4010:The Adaptation Fund
3466:Infectious diseases
3373:Social and economic
2832:; 13 December 2016)
2765:1995Natur.375..666K
2728:1997JGR...102.1271N
2689:2003TellB..55..378H
2652:2001GBioC..15..955A
2597:2004Sci...303...73V
2441:"Carbon is forever"
2418:1990TellB..42....2B
2381:2005JGRD..11011306A
2340:2004ACP.....4.2393P
2264:10.1038/nature04420
2256:2006Natur.439..187K
2180:, 17 November 2014.
2008:2014ClCh..122..229H
1930:2000Sci...290..291F
1884:20.500.11850/458765
1865:2020ESSD...12.3269F
1591:Aerobic respiration
1585:and converted into
1442:Ocean acidification
1252:Atmospheric methane
952:Part of a series on
826:Atmospheric methane
575:Atmospheric methane
541:Soil carbon storage
391:Reverse Krebs cycle
246:Ocean acidification
141:ocean acidification
3806:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3778:Forest management
3762:Direct air capture
3727:Sustainable energy
3684:Net zero emissions
3679:Low-carbon economy
3674:Green Climate Fund
3461:Indigenous peoples
3364:Plant biodiversity
3152:Effects and issues
2846:2016-04-06 at the
2439:Inman, M. (2008).
1990:Heede, R. (2014).
1961:"The Carbon Cycle"
1714:Partitioning of CO
1652:volcanic eruptions
1564:
888:
806:
654:Great Calcite Belt
602:Aerobic production
422:Carbon respiration
364:Metabolic pathways
324:Primary production
127:, and affects the
85:starting with the
25:
4424:
4423:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4297:Radiative forcing
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
3960:Adaptive capacity
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3705:Energy transition
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3301:Tropical cyclones
3227:Urban heat island
3141:
3140:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3014:Carbon accounting
2968:Greenhouse effect
2934:
2933:
2737:10.1029/96JD02720
2722:(D1): 1271–1285.
2538:978-87-403-0197-7
2250:(7073): 187–191.
1965:Earth Observatory
1924:(5490): 291–296.
1764:airborne fraction
1587:organic compounds
1556:
1555:
1411:geochemical cycle
1257:Methane clathrate
1055:mycorrhizal fungi
1045:deep carbon cycle
899:greenhouse effect
799:
787:
786:
585:Methane emissions
241:In the atmosphere
125:greenhouse effect
4454:
4412:
4411:
4400:
4399:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4340:Paleoclimatology
4157:
4146:
3907:Ecological grief
3890:Climate movement
3865:
3851:
3831:Plant-based diet
3722:Renewable energy
3600:
3587:
3422:Economic impacts
3354:Invasive species
3210:Coastal flooding
3160:
3147:
3083:Svante Arrhenius
3059:
3029:from agriculture
3019:Carbon footprint
3004:Greenhouse gases
2953:
2940:
2892:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2773:10.1038/375666a0
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2451:(812): 156–158.
2436:
2430:
2429:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2300:. Archived from
2293:
2284:
2283:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2043:(4): 1783–1838.
2033:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2002:(1–2): 229–241.
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1859:(4): 3269–3340.
1843:
1824:
1808:
1796:
1780:
1711:
1691:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1428:Biosequestration
1416:chemical cycling
1126:Phosphorus cycle
989:deep water cycle
968:
949:
911:greenhouse gases
890:Carbon dioxide (
810:greenhouse gases
800:
779:
772:
765:
752:
747:
746:
551:pelagic sediment
445:Soil respiration
440:Photorespiration
170:
151:
99:
69:
33:carbon compounds
4462:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4373:
4371:
4354:
4301:
4292:Orbital forcing
4186:
4151:
4132:
4106:Paris Agreement
4084:
4080:Warming stripes
4019:
3985:Managed retreat
3980:Loss and damage
3941:
3875:Business action
3859:
3837:
3814:
3737:
3731:
3688:
3649:Climate finance
3594:
3573:
3505:
3368:
3344:Extinction risk
3320:Flora and fauna
3315:
3276:Permafrost thaw
3271:Ozone depletion
3200:Extreme weather
3154:
3137:
3064:
3045:
2982:
2947:
2930:
2897:
2886:
2881:
2848:Wayback Machine
2817:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2591:(5654): 73–76.
2580:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2375:(D11): D11306.
2362:
2361:
2357:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2184:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2087:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2034:
2025:
1996:Climatic Change
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1914:
1913:
1900:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1694:Emissions of CO
1692:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1648:
1617:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1552:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1483:
1468:
1467:Research groups
1460:
1459:
1458:
1437:
1406:Biogeochemistry
1400:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1225:Calcareous ooze
1208:Biological pump
1203:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1007:
997:
996:
995:
978:
947:
941:
932:land use change
924:
920:
904:
895:
873:
867:
843:anaerobic decay
833:
828:
822:
804:
789:
783:
742:
735:
734:
733:
673:
665:
664:
663:
628:
618:
617:
616:
569:
559:
558:
557:
546:Marine sediment
530:
520:
519:
518:
479:Solubility pump
467:Biological pump
461:
451:
450:
449:
424:
414:
413:
412:
396:Carbon fixation
381:
366:
356:
355:
354:
335:
319:
272:
270:Forms of carbon
262:
261:
260:
235:
225:
224:
223:
178:
149:
115:
111:
98:
94:
92:
72:Carbon monoxide
68:
64:
58:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4245:Cloud feedback
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4101:Kyoto Protocol
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4053:Media coverage
4050:
4045:
4043:Climate spiral
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3932:Public opinion
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3880:Climate action
3877:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3792:REDD and REDD+
3789:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3769:Carbon farming
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3501:Water security
3498:
3496:Water scarcity
3493:
3491:Urban flooding
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Forest dieback
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Sea level rise
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3259:stratification
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Carbon leakage
3021:
3016:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2963:Climate system
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2884:Climate change
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2816:
2815:External links
2813:
2810:
2809:
2786:
2743:
2702:
2683:(2): 378–390.
2667:
2626:
2568:
2544:
2537:
2518:
2482:
2464:
2431:
2396:
2355:
2334:(9/10): 2393.
2314:
2285:
2234:
2215:
2182:
2161:
2137:
2115:
2063:
2023:
1982:
1951:
1916:as a System".
1898:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:Atmospheric CO
1782:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1759:
1758:compared to CO
1755:
1738:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1647:
1644:
1636:photosynthesis
1613:Main article:
1610:
1607:
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1433:Deep biosphere
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1399:Related topics
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:Siliceous ooze
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:microbial loop
1204:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:Nitrogen cycle
1086:
1084:Hydrogen cycle
1080:
1079:
1076:Nutrient cycle
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:Boreal forests
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
993:
992:
991:
980:
979:
974:
973:
970:
969:
961:
960:
954:
953:
943:Main article:
940:
937:
922:
918:
907:residence time
902:
893:
869:Main article:
866:
865:Carbon dioxide
863:
831:
824:Main article:
821:
818:
814:industrial era
802:
785:
784:
782:
781:
774:
767:
759:
756:
755:
754:
753:
737:
736:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
689:Deep biosphere
686:
681:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
659:Redfield ratio
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:Nutrient cycle
636:
630:
629:
626:Biogeochemical
624:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
598:
597:
592:
582:
580:Methanogenesis
577:
571:
570:
565:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
554:
553:
543:
538:
532:
531:
526:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Microbial loop
491:
486:
481:
476:
475:
474:
463:
462:
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
420:
419:
416:
415:
411:
410:
409:
408:
403:
393:
388:
382:
380:
379:
377:Chemosynthesis
374:
372:Photosynthesis
368:
367:
362:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
347:
342:
336:
334:
333:
332:
331:
320:
318:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
274:
273:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
236:
233:Carbon dioxide
231:
230:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
163:
162:
156:
155:
148:
147:Relevant gases
145:
137:global heating
113:
109:
90:
56:
40:
37:carbon dioxide
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4459:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Climate model
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:Cloud forcing
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4025:Communication
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Vulnerability
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Flood control
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3797:reforestation
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:afforestation
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:Nuclear power
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Carbon budget
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:Mental health
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:United States
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:deoxygenation
3242:
3240:
3239:acidification
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:from wetlands
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Deforestation
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:(6533): 666.
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2304:on 2012-03-08
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1818:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1701:
1690:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:silicate rock
1657:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:Methane cycle
1240:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Calcium cycle
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:nitrification
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:Sequestration
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
981:
977:
972:
971:
967:
963:
962:
959:
955:
951:
950:
946:
938:
936:
933:
929:
916:
912:
908:
900:
896:
886:
882:
881:mole fraction
877:
872:
864:
862:
859:
854:
852:
846:
844:
840:
835:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
760:
758:
757:
751:
741:
740:
739:
738:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
669:
668:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
634:Marine cycles
632:
631:
627:
622:
621:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
563:
562:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
524:
523:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
460:
455:
454:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
418:
417:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
360:
359:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
321:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
271:
266:
265:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
229:
228:
220:
217:
215:
214:Boreal forest
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
174:
173:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
153:
152:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:mole fraction
130:
126:
122:
117:
107:
103:
88:
84:
81:from Earth's
80:
79:fossil carbon
75:
73:
62:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
21:
4442:Carbon cycle
4413:
4401:
4389:
4370:
4207:
4203:Carbon cycle
4160:Measurements
3855:Society and
3739:carbon sinks
3644:Climate debt
3634:Carbon price
3456:Human rights
3291:Season creep
3249:heat content
3175:Anoxic event
3088:James Hansen
2800:. Retrieved
2789:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2588:
2584:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2531:. Bookboon.
2527:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2505:
2477:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2247:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2210:
2171:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2107:. Retrieved
2083:
2079:Zhai, Panmao
2040:
2036:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1964:
1954:
1921:
1917:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1747:
1743:
1728:
1656:fossil fuels
1649:
1629:
1618:
1603:inert carbon
1599:
1580:
1565:
1371:ozone–oxygen
1283:Other cycles
1191:Marine cycle
1172:Silica cycle
1143:assimilation
1138:Sulfur cycle
1131:assimilation
1121:Oxygen cycle
1114:assimilation
1094:human impact
1017:
1005:Carbon cycle
945:Carbon cycle
889:
855:
847:
836:
829:
807:
472:Martin curve
459:Carbon pumps
386:Calvin cycle
340:Black carbon
278:Total carbon
219:Geochemistry
193:
160:Carbon cycle
123:through the
118:
76:
49:carbon cycle
35:, primarily
28:
26:
4230:Carbon sink
4208:atmospheric
4073:video games
3747:Blue carbon
3380:Agriculture
3359:Marine life
3306:Water cycle
3264:temperature
2999:Fossil fuel
1640:respiration
1218:viral shunt
1050:soil carbon
1040:carbon sink
1023:terrestrial
1018:atmospheric
984:Water cycle
976:Water cycle
885:troposphere
839:methane ice
830:Methane (CH
536:Carbon sink
499:Viral shunt
489:Marine snow
345:Blue carbon
199:Deep carbon
194:Atmospheric
184:Terrestrial
83:lithosphere
4431:Categories
4262:Cryosphere
4223:permafrost
3995:Resilience
3947:Adaptation
3922:Litigation
3912:Governance
3857:adaptation
3639:Carbon tax
3592:Mitigation
3529:Antarctica
3417:Disability
2802:7 November
2646:(4): 955.
2562:2023-10-08
2512:2020-06-20
2412:(1): 2–8.
2308:2012-06-04
2155:2020-10-30
2109:2021-08-09
1833:References
1664:weathering
1632:autotrophs
1583:autotrophs
1159:Rock cycle
509:Whale pump
504:Jelly pump
484:Lipid pump
209:Permafrost
177:By regions
4277:Feedbacks
4048:Education
3549:Caribbean
3544:Australia
3471:Migration
3434:Fisheries
3385:Livestock
3311:Wildfires
3217:Heat wave
2508:: 184–238
1893:1866-3516
1731:oxidizing
1646:Geosphere
1479:GEOTRACES
1447:acid rain
1361:manganese
102:emissions
45:biosphere
4403:Glossary
4391:Category
4213:biologic
3927:Politics
3819:Personal
3524:Americas
3397:Children
3163:Physical
2956:Overview
2896:Overview
2844:Archived
2677:Tellus B
2621:21618974
2613:14704424
2406:Tellus B
2272:16407949
2207:Lean, J.
2100:Archived
1969:Archived
1967:. NASA.
1946:11030643
1751:isotopes
1519:Category
1381:vanadium
1376:selenium
1331:fluorine
1321:chromium
1316:chlorine
1291:aluminum
1109:fixation
917:, the CO
858:hydroxyl
851:biogenic
750:Category
53:gigatons
4218:oceanic
4068:fiction
3917:Justice
3868:Society
3476:Poverty
3195:Drought
3063:History
2987:Sources
2781:4238247
2761:Bibcode
2724:Bibcode
2685:Bibcode
2648:Bibcode
2593:Bibcode
2585:Science
2414:Bibcode
2377:Bibcode
2336:Bibcode
2280:2870347
2252:Bibcode
2004:Bibcode
1975:5 April
1926:Bibcode
1918:Science
1861:Bibcode
1770:Gallery
1668:erosion
1625:El Nino
1567:cycle.
1366:mercury
1356:lithium
1311:cadmium
1306:bromine
1296:arsenic
1028:oceanic
928:climate
883:in the
820:Methane
595:Wetland
567:Methane
350:Kerogen
251:Removal
61:Methane
4198:Albedo
4191:Theory
3902:Denial
3693:Energy
3554:Europe
3534:Arctic
3519:Africa
3444:Health
3439:Gender
3402:Cities
3327:Biomes
3234:Oceans
3222:Marine
2945:Causes
2779:
2753:Nature
2619:
2611:
2535:
2278:
2270:
2244:Nature
1944:
1891:
1735:cement
1609:Oceans
1517:
1341:iodine
1326:copper
1013:Global
748:
729:CO2SYS
590:Arctic
329:marine
189:Marine
4415:Index
4177:Proxy
3937:Women
3412:Crime
3339:Birds
3205:Flood
2777:S2CID
2617:S2CID
2581:(PDF)
2502:(PDF)
2276:S2CID
2103:(PDF)
2088:(PDF)
1498:SOLAS
1488:IMBER
1301:boron
724:C4MIP
672:Other
316:(PIC)
310:(POC)
304:(DIC)
298:(DOC)
292:(TIC)
286:(TOC)
106:sinks
4000:Risk
3539:Asia
3131:2024
3126:2023
3121:2022
3116:2021
3111:2020
3106:2019
2830:NASA
2804:2018
2609:PMID
2533:ISBN
2268:PMID
2173:NASA
2092:IPCC
1977:2018
1942:PMID
1889:ISSN
1666:and
1493:NOBM
1474:DAAC
1386:zinc
1351:lead
1346:iron
1336:gold
280:(TC)
204:Soil
139:and
93:and
27:The
4063:art
2769:doi
2757:375
2732:doi
2720:102
2693:doi
2656:doi
2601:doi
2589:303
2453:doi
2422:doi
2385:doi
2373:110
2344:doi
2260:doi
2248:439
2045:doi
2012:doi
2000:122
1934:doi
1922:290
1879:hdl
1869:doi
1638:or
70:),
39:(CO
4433::
2775:.
2767:.
2755:.
2730:.
2718:.
2714:.
2691:.
2681:55
2679:.
2654:.
2644:15
2642:.
2638:.
2615:.
2607:.
2599:.
2587:.
2583:.
2555:.
2504:.
2485:^
2467:^
2447:.
2443:.
2420:.
2410:42
2408:.
2383:.
2371:.
2367:.
2342:.
2330:.
2326:.
2288:^
2274:.
2266:.
2258:.
2246:.
2218:^
2185:^
2175::
2130:.
2118:^
2098:.
2094:/
2090:.
2077:;
2066:^
2051:.
2041:11
2039:,
2026:^
2010:.
1998:.
1994:.
1963:.
1940:.
1932:.
1920:.
1901:^
1887:.
1877:.
1867:.
1857:12
1855:.
1851:.
1811:CO
1670:.
892:CO
406:C4
401:C3
95:CH
65:CH
2974:)
2970:(
2876:e
2869:t
2862:v
2828:(
2806:.
2783:.
2771::
2763::
2740:.
2734::
2726::
2699:.
2695::
2687::
2664:.
2658::
2650::
2623:.
2603::
2595::
2565:.
2541:.
2515:.
2461:.
2455::
2449:1
2428:.
2424::
2416::
2393:.
2387::
2379::
2352:.
2346::
2338::
2332:4
2311:.
2282:.
2262::
2254::
2158:.
2134:.
2112:.
2061:.
2047::
2020:.
2014::
2006::
1979:.
1948:.
1936::
1928::
1895:.
1881::
1871::
1863::
1813:2
1785:2
1760:2
1756:2
1739:2
1722:)
1716:2
1702:)
1696:2
1547:e
1540:t
1533:v
923:2
919:2
903:2
894:2
832:4
778:e
771:t
764:v
114:2
110:2
97:4
91:2
67:4
63:(
57:2
41:2
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