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309:(literally "empty hands") were to help in the repair of roads, irrigation tanks and follow other orders. He set up a reporting structure which was almost entirely made up of Indians. There was no code of law in 1834 and Cubbon drew upon and expanded a system described by his uncle Wilks in 1804. Cubbon created a judicial system that became quite popular but it was causing considerable demands on the system and in 1841 they made vexatious suitors liable to fines. Cubbon made himself the superior authority for handling serious crimes. In some cases he intervened and there were some cases where he conflicted with the decisions taken by the courts. The use of a uniform code of law across all classes was novel in the Kingdom of Mysore. Cubbon also reduced the powers of the poligars or local chieftains. They were paid a pension that was calculated on the basis of what it would take to maintain them in prison. There was considerable friction between communities belonging to different religions and castes. Cubbon resorted to the use of a majority vote to resolve several disputes relating to religious gurus.
387:, work on the Nugu, Shimsha (Maddur), Hemavathi (near Sakleshpur), Tunga & Bhadra (near Shimoga) and Kaveri river project near Siddapur. He founded the agri-horticultural society in 1839 and had the Lalbagh gardens transferred to it. In 1836 he wrote that "great public benefit may be expected to arise from this institution, not only in regard to objects merely horticultural and the extension of botanical knowledge, but in the promotion of the agricultural interest of the country, by introductions suited to the climate, amongst which may be enumerated varieties of sugar-cane, cotton, and tobacco far superior to any produced in Mysore, and by affording the people the means of obtaining gratuitous instruction in improved modes of cultivation." Cubbon introduced new crops, varieties of crops, new breeds of livestock (apart from maintaining traditional breeds like the
516:
305:
Cubbon improved the system of
Silladars or native horsemen who would provide services to the government for a fixed monthly charge. He raised their pay to ensure that they could not be corrupted and created a force of about 4000 horses with seven regiments, with a detachment for every taluk. There was no police force until July 1834, when a code or police hukumnama was formulated. This separated the local police from the military force. There was an armed and unarmed section with the armed part having the duty of dealing with prisoners, any field service needing them, killing tigers (with a reward of Rs 10 for adults and Rs 5 for cubs) and to accompany state guests or travellers. They would also prevent thefts, watch key positions and towns and prevent sandal trees from being cut. The unarmed peons or
508:
542:, Cubbon's successor as Commissioner of Mysore. The statue was initially placed in the parade ground at Bangalore but moved later in front of the main government buildings (the Attara Kacheri now housing the Karnataka High Court). When the statue was unveiled the forehead was marked with the three lines of ash, symbols of Brahminism, a prank by some young soldiers that was referred to in "The Painting of the Statue" in the "Lays of Ind" by W.S. Yeldham writing under the pen name of "Aliph Cheem". Cubbon Road, Cubbonpet and
482:
espionage to obtain information, a method used by many others in the past. He was required in his work to host public dinners but did not relish parties and especially disliked dance balls. Fond of horses, he maintained as many as sixty in his stables. He did not visit church and made jokes on the inconsistencies of religious professors but he enforced the closure of all offices on
Sundays. Cubbon was unmarried.
30:
252:
298:
531:
body to
Liverpool and then to Douglas. All flags were flown at half mast and on 17 May his body was interred in the Maughold Churchyard amid a large gathering. The Archdeacon announced, "In that vault lies the greatest man this island has produced for centuries back." When news of his death reached Mysore, all public offices were closed for three days.
234:, had passed a pledge that was unpopular among the Europeans in the Madras Army. Cubbon refused to sign the declaration and he lost his appointment during this so-called white mutiny in Madras. He was reappointed in 1810 in the Commissariat Department initially under Col. Close in central India during the
530:
on 23 April 1861 while returning to
England in the company of his physician, Dr. Campbell. He died of liver ailment or possibly an abscess in the lungs, his last words being recorded as "And through no merit of my own." From Southampton, Campbell was joined by Haines and Colonel Macqueen who took the
172:
system, introduced judicial and economic reforms and through action in all spheres of governance helped develop the economy of Mysore. He resigned from his office in 1860 due to ill-health and left for
England for the first time since his arrival in India as a cadet in 1800. The administration of the
493:
I am visiting a charming old
General, Sir Mark Cubbon, 1,500 feet above the table-land of Bangalore, and with a view over about 150 miles of country on all sides. It is cool fresh air and a very pleasant spot, and the old gentleman is very delightful. He has been all this century in India, but seems
304:
At the close of the 1831 uprising in Mysore, and the
British takeover on 19 October 1831, the first priority for Cubbon was law and order. Prior to his actions, murders to settle disputes were extremely common in the towns and villages and Cubbon was disturbed by its apparent acceptance in society.
429:
In 1859, when orders were issued to transfer the superintendence of Mysore affairs from the
Governor-General to the government of Madras, Cubbon submitted his resignation, as he held it to be impolitic and contrary to the declaration made by the Honourable Court of Directors in 1838. The order was
391:
that had helped Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan win battles) and also took an interest in forestry. In 1846 sisoo plantations were tried and in 1855-56 teak was planted in
Lakwalli on the banks of the Tunga and Bhadra. He issued an order to ensure that valuable woods could not be cut without government
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Cubbon made full use of natives in administration and reduced the need for
European appointments. From 1834 there was a single commissioner for Mysore ; in 1836 he was given charge of Coorg and from 1843 was also to act as Resident for Mysore without any increase in his own salary. Cubbon's
481:
Cubbon grew up in India with a deep understanding for native sentiment and empathy for the people and their traditions. He was considered very fair and was tactful, making use of a native style of argumentation when required. In his dealings with the Mysore king, he outright avoided the use of
367:
Cubbon supported educational institutions run mainly by missionaries and also worked on healthcare, establishing hospitals and homes for lepers. He also issued rules against various forms of slavery that were traditionally followed in parts of Mysore. All forms of punishment, forced labour and
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in 1831, and the Rajah was unable to control it. This uprising was suppressed with the aid of the British and a commission was instituted to examine the causes. The commission which included Major-General Hawker, William Morison, John Macleod, and Mark Cubbon made a report which showed extreme
242:
in Kurnool. A year later, he was then made an Assistant Commissary-General, a position well above the ranks within the army. He became a Major on 23 November 1823 and was a Lieutenant-Colonel on 22 April 1826. In 1827 he moved south to serve under the Travancore Resident as Commissary-General,
225:
Cubbon arrived in India earlier than required in the summer of 1801 at Calcutta. He gained an appointment to the 2nd Madras Battalion in 1802, and moved to the 2nd Battalion 5th Native Infantry in July 1804, serving in Travancore under Col. John Chalmers. Cubbon had great admiration for the
288:
for direct administration of the Kingdom with two Commissioners viz. J. Briggs & C.M. Lushington. The two however quarreled and this led to the appointment of a sole Commissioner, William Morrison, in May 1834 but on his transfer in June 1834, Cubbon was then made as Commissioner.
209:. The seventh of ten children, he grew up enjoying scrambling up the local hills and studied at the local Parish school before studying under the tutorship of Maddrell of Ramsey. His uncle Mark Wilks arranged for Cubbon to enroll as a cadet in India in the spring of 1802.
371:
During the 1857 rebellion, Mysore was relatively peaceful owing to governance of Cubbon. A small band of Mohammedans in Srirangapatna were however planning rebellion and Cubbon had the uprising quashed secretly with the help of a small band of
395:
He also worked towards improving the road system with four classes of roads and oversaw the building of bridges at key points such as at Fraserpert, Maddur, Hoskote, Shimoga and Hiriyur. The road system also required key passes through the
217:
275:, the minister during Tipu's rule, to effectively administer until the prince grew up. The revenue collection under this system was however considered unfair and corruption was widespread. This led to an uprising, the
352:
Prior to Cubbon, government documents were written in Urdu, Hindi, Persian, Kannada or Marathi and this led to difficulties and corruption. Cubbon restricted the languages to be used to Kannada and Marathi.
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who considered it a shame that British statues were still standing in public spaces suggesting that they be moved into museums. On 28 June 2020, the statue was moved from the High Court premises to
379:
Agriculture had been particularly hit by anarchy, with money lenders and revenue officials causing great trouble to farmers. Cubbon worked on the improvement of irrigation. These included the
553:
in 1947, the statue of Mark Cubbon was garlanded for the first time at a celebration of Cubbon's 238th birth anniversary on 23 August 2013. The function required special permission from the
1229:
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As part of financial reforms record keeping of all revenues collected was made stringent and all spending was controlled. Cubbon maintained public accounts using the Kantarayi
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in Bangalore are named after him. A medallion portrait of Cubbon is found on the ceiling at the west end of the Central Hall in the Karnataka High Court building.
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Cubbon also made administration very strict and based on codes. Revenue officers taking bribes and a court officer holding extreme
657:
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in 1799's Fourth Anglo-Mysuru war, the British had restored the former Hindu royal family of Mysore under a child prince with
1110:
The story of Two Noble Lives; being memorials of Charlotte, Countess canning, and Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford. Volume II
260:
231:
1410:
161:
95:
622:
368:
torture in civil life were made illegal. The prison system was improved and convict labour was utilized in public works.
550:
507:
259:(c. 1850) and Cubbon seated to the right next to the steps leading to the throne. Next to him are Lady Montgomery and
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364:) as the currency. This system was followed until 1854 and replaced by the East India Company currency in 1855.
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on 23 August 1775. His father was Vicar Thomas Cubbon and his mother Margaret Wilks was the sister of Colonel
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and respected their religious views. In 1809 he received a civil appointment but the new governor of Madras,
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455:
412:
256:
235:
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1074:
986:
969:
361:
689:
539:
285:
239:
651:
H. M. Stephens & James Lunt (reviser) (2004). "Sir Mark Cubbon (1784–1861)". In Lunt, James (ed.).
601:
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administration is estimated to have costed only about £13000 a year and required only four Europeans.
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554:
1362:
From Mann to Mysore : the Indian careers of Col. Mark Wilks FRS and Lt. General Sir Mark Cubbon
221:
Public Offices, now the High Court, with an equestrian statue of Sir Mark Cubbon in Bangalore (1890)
434:. At the beginning of the next year, however, Cubbon felt compelled to resign owing to ill-health.
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warriors. In reward for their actions, an exception in the Disarmament Act was made for Coorg.
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Mark Cubbon took special interest and financially supported the publication of the first
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407:, temples, old age homes and other institutions that were supported by the maharaja.
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971:
The Bankruptcy of India; An enquiry into the administration of India under the Crown
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Mark Cubbon also financially supported the printing and publication of the first
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Cubbon maintained traditional religious institutions and granted concessions to
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permission. He also issued orders against kumri or slash-and-burn agriculture.
666:
557:, and police protection was provided. This celebration was however opposed by
251:
206:
1304:
A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present
1023:
The Bhagavat-Geeta, Or, Dialogues of Krishna and Arjoon in Eighteen Lectures
498:
old man I almost ever saw." (The Story of Two Noble Lives, by A. J. C. Hare)
313:
186:
1319:
452:
The Bhagavat-Geeta, Or, Dialogues of Krishna and Arjun in Eighteen Lectures
400:
and for this he opened up passes at Agumbe, Boond, Sampaje and Periambadi.
892:
A manual of Indian cattle and sheep, their breeds, management and diseases
454:, with Sanskrit, Canarese and English in parallel columns, edited by Rev.
272:
297:
462:
443:
384:
1341:
Mysore. A Gazetteer Compiled for Government. Revised Edition. Volume 1
177:
had almost no impact in the region. He died in 1861 on board ship at
538:
was unveiled on 16 March 1866 in a large gathering and addressed by
1145:
Men whom India has known: Biographies of Eminent Indian Characters
514:
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415:
wrote in 1901 that one of the solutions to India's famines was to
404:
296:
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227:
216:
73:
857:
Copy of extracts of correspondence... Native Government in Mysore
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to know all that has gone on all over the world, and is the most
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527:
255:
Engraving by F.C. Lewis (senior) showing the Dusserah Darbar of
178:
69:
1230:"Cubbon garlanded in hush-hush ceremony in front of High Court"
974:. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co. pp. 101–103.
316:
tenets were dismissed. He set up nine departments or kacheris:
1352:
The Administration of Mysore under Sir Mark Cubbon (1834–1861)
708:
The Administration Of Mysore Under Sir Mark Cubbon (1834-1861)
458:, published by the Wesleyan Mission Press, Bangalore in 1849.
1148:(2 ed.). Madras: Higginbotham and Co. pp. 96–97.
1076:
Reminiscences of life in Mysore, South Africa and Burmah
602:"Manx Worthies (No II): General Sir Mark Cubbon, K.C.B."
173:
Kingdom of Mysore under his leadership ensured that the
473:
and published in 1858, by the Wesleyan Mission Press.
1124:"The Inauguration of the Statue of Sir Mark Cubbon".
895:(3 ed.). Madras: Higginbotham and Co. p. 4.
1204:"Shift British-era statues to museum: Vatal Nagaraj"
694:(2 ed.). London: Trübner and Co. pp. 9–12.
419:
its administration (i.e. to use native government).
1330:
Mysore Gazetteer, Compiled for Government. Volume 2
936:
Report on the administration of Mysore, for 1863-64
133:
126:
109:
101:
89:
79:
59:
36:
20:
168:1834 to 1861. During his tenure, he established a
1274:"Sir Mark Cubbon statue moved into park premises"
991:. New York: Charles Scribner's sons. p. 255.
1364:. London: Centre for Manx Studies monographs, 4.
1045:Reeve, William (1858). Sanderson, Daniel (ed.).
623:"Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'"
600:Harrison, Rev. S. N. (1885). Moore, A.W. (ed.).
511:Inauguration of the statue on the parade grounds
489:in 1834. Lady Canning left a memoir of a visit:
1137:
1135:
1020:Garrett, John; Wilhelm, Humboldt, eds. (1849).
491:
1256:"Case of controversial statue comes to an end"
8:
661:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
485:Cubbon built a summer home on the summit of
465:- English dictionary, which was compiled by
1096:London: Trubner & Co. pp. 191–192.
1079:. Dublin: George Herbert. pp. 112–122.
691:The Mysore Reversion, "an exceptional case"
280:misgovernance. A decision was taken by the
84:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1416:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
1344:. London: Archiband Constable and Company.
1093:The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume X.
742:The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume X.
595:
593:
591:
589:
123:
28:
17:
1128:(1369). London, England: 450. 5 May 1866.
1113:. London: George Allen. pp. 426–428.
988:India old and new with a memorial address
1401:British East India Company Army generals
1068:
1066:
1188:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
658:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
653:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
585:
575:Administration of the Kingdom of Mysore
156:(23 August 1775 – 23 April 1861) was a
1178:
1168:
939:. Mysore Government Press. p. 92.
711:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd
646:
644:
642:
640:
745:London: Trubner & Co. p. 95.
7:
1236:. No. Bangalore. 24 August 2013
1355:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
1349:Sastri, K. N. Venkatasubba (1932).
1159:"Aliph Cheem"=W.S. Yeldham (1873).
1051:. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press
1026:. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press
197:Cubbon was born at the vicarage of
1333:. Bangalore: Government of Mysore.
1048:A Dictionary, Canarese and english
860:. India Office. 1878. p. 162.
14:
1406:People from the Kingdom of Mysore
705:Sastri, K N Venkatasubba (1932).
611:(2). Douglas: G.H.Johnson: 51–54.
688:Bell, Evans (15 October 1866).
1302:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) .
1:
1107:Hare, Augustus J. C. (1893).
985:Hopkins, E. Washburn (1901).
933:Anonymous (15 October 1864).
243:succeeding William Morrison.
96:Honourable East India Company
1306:. Bangalore: Jupiter books.
675:UK public library membership
166:Chief Commissioner of Mysore
1327:Rao, C. Hayavadana (1930).
1165:. Bombay. pp. 114–121.
1126:The Illustrated London News
1432:
1162:Lays of Ind. Second Series
1142:Higginbotham, J.J (1874).
430:withdrawn by the Viceroy,
293:Administration and reforms
332:military (sowar and barr)
282:Governor-General of India
122:
27:
534:An equestrian statue by
1360:Thrower, L. B. (2006).
438:Contribution to Kannada
413:Edward Washburn Hopkins
257:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III
238:and then under Colonel
968:Hyndman, H.M. (1886).
549:Largely ignored since
523:
512:
500:
329:public works (maramat)
301:
264:
222:
160:army officer with the
1090:Hunter, W.W. (1886).
949:Sastri (1932):127-128
889:Shortt, John (1889).
739:Hunter, W.W. (1886).
667:10.1093/ref:odnb/6857
540:Lewin Bentham Bowring
518:
510:
300:
254:
240:Philip Meadows Taylor
220:
213:Early career in India
189:are named after him.
102:Years of service
1411:History of Karnataka
1073:Dobbs, R.S. (1882).
555:Karnataka High Court
1338:Rice, B.L. (1897).
845:Sastri (1932):94-98
836:Sastri (1932):91-93
827:Sastri (1932):78-81
809:Sastri (1932):73-75
800:Sastri (1932):64-71
791:Sastri (1932):61-64
782:Sastri (1932):48-61
773:Sastri (1932):38-48
764:Sastri (1932):36-47
729:Sastri (1932):15-18
551:Indian Independence
446:translation of the
267:After the death of
605:The Manx Note Book
524:
513:
444:Canarese (Kannada)
348:public instruction
326:police (kandachar)
302:
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181:. Cubbon Road and
162:East India Company
148:Lieutenant-General
114:Lieutenant-General
958:Sastri (1932):161
923:Sastri (1932):100
914:Sastri (1932):117
905:Sastri (1932):116
879:Sastri (1932):105
673:(Subscription or
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65:(1861-04-23)
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1396:Manx people
1391:1861 deaths
1386:1775 births
1214:15 February
1179:|work=
629:17 February
563:Cubbon Park
544:Cubbon Park
520:Cubbon Park
477:Personality
389:Amrit Mahal
383:project in
360:(Kantirava
340:Amrit Mahal
269:Tipu Sultan
236:Pindari War
203:Isle of Man
183:Cubbon Park
134:Nationality
128:Mark Cubbon
54:Isle of Man
1380:Categories
1296:References
1240:5 February
1055:18 January
1030:18 January
677:required.)
487:Nandidroog
381:Marikanive
307:khalihaths
261:Hugh Gough
207:Mark Wilks
193:Early life
80:Allegiance
43:1775-08-23
1208:The Hindu
1181:ignored (
1171:cite book
426:in 1856.
417:cubbonize
345:judiciary
187:Bangalore
117:by Brevet
1312:80905179
569:See also
463:Canarese
273:Purnaiah
199:Maughold
90:Service/
50:Maughold
1320:7796041
1284:29 June
715:29 July
385:Hiriyur
335:medical
314:Wahhabi
158:British
105:1801–61
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671:
625:. 1890
522:(1890)
424:K.C.B.
358:pagoda
247:Mysore
228:Sepoys
92:branch
581:Notes
405:maths
374:Coorg
362:Fanam
74:Egypt
1367:ISBN
1316:OCLC
1308:LCCN
1286:2020
1242:2015
1216:2015
1190:link
1183:help
1057:2017
1032:2017
717:2019
631:2017
528:Suez
179:Suez
137:Manx
110:Rank
70:Suez
60:Died
37:Born
663:doi
185:in
154:KCB
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