1290:(1982) 4 FLR 332, the Court of Appeal considered the case of a nineteen-year-old Hindu woman who was dating a Muslim man. Her parents told the petitioner that unless she married a Hindu of their choosing, she would be ostracized socially from her family and left to fend for herself. Under the circumstances, the Court agreed that the petitioner had acted without full consent in marrying her parents' choice of husband. Thus, it is for the courts of all countries to strike a balance between well-intentioned parental authority to arrange marriages in the face of a reluctant child, and unreasonable threats that would overbear the will of any reasonable person, while maintaining the trust of local communities whose cultures have included arranged marriages for centuries. As to transnational recognition, it will be difficult to disturb the validity of the marriage if no complaint of coercion was made around the time the ceremony was performed in the
1225:
its citizens, including their marital status. If a Taiwan citizen marries in another country, however, this information may not find its way into the records. Many thousands of ROC soldiers who came to Taiwan in 1949 left behind wives in mainland China, but married local
Taiwanese women. Since the two polities did not share records, the result was a pattern of legally recognized second marriages, despite the ban on polygamy by both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Today, foreigners wishing to marry Taiwan citizens must present letters from their countries' representative offices testifying that they are not already married. (Of course a determined bigamist might marry in some third country.) In the case of countries which lack centralized family records (such as the USA), a notarized affidavit is accepted.
1340:
minimise the prospects of familial jealousies and dysfunction by preventing the intermarriage of people already related by marriage. Difficult questions arise on whether an adopted child may marry his or her adoptive parents, or the natural children of the adoptive parents. No matter what legislative decisions are taken, there will always be citizens who wish to evade the application of the law. There will be no problem if they relocate and establish a matrimonial home in a state that allows their marriage. But any attempt to evade such laws by going through a ceremony in a state that permits the marriage and then returning to the original state (which will usually be their state of domicile, nationality or habitual residence) will fail, and may even expose the couple to the risk of prosecution for
1216:), or by habit and repute. Because the need for conformity between states requires respect for the legal systems, it is now very difficult to identify states with no local system for the celebration and registration of marriages, and even more difficult for the courts of one state to justify a decision to support the prejudices of two of its citizens against the laws of the second state. However, other states permit informal marriages to acquire legal status and, where this happens, there is no reason in principle why international recognition should not follow.
1360:(one woman having more than one husband at the same time) and it has been practiced sparsely throughout history in almost all cultures and sanctioned by various religions where it was considered necessary to meet population or economic needs. In some economically poor areas where infant mortality is high but children are a vital source of labor to maintain the earning capacity of the family, polygamy may provide more children. States which prohibit polygamous marriages under national law often also criminalize
1183:
similarly recognizes all customary marriages entered into after the commencement of the Act where the High Court approves a written contract regulating the future matrimonial property systems for marriages (both present and prospective spouses must be joined in the application). Such measure represented a major shift, because custom marriages were often potentially or actually polygamous as against public policy, and were not recognized under the new law.
38:
1802:. Some tribal jurisdictions do not recognize same-sex marriage. In the United States, Congress (not the federal courts) has legal authority over Indian country. Thus, unless Congress passes a law regarding same-sex marriage for Indian tribes, federally recognized American Indian tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws.
1372:. Under section 293(a) of the Canadian Criminal Code, everyone who enters into any form of polygamy or any "conjugal union with more than one person at a time" is guilty of an offense, and under s. 293(b), there is a separate offense for any person who "celebrates, assists or is a party to a rite that sanctions a polygamous marriage".
1506:, which contain provisions to restrict settlement in most cases to one wife. But, for less controversial purposes, most states are willing to recognise actually polygamous marriages as valid so long as the parties had the capacity to enter into such relationships and the ceremonies were effective under the
1270:
contract is not valid if the parties do not consent, although there are differences in juristic opinion about exactly how the consent can be manifested. This supposed lack of clarity has led some
Western cultures to question the general morality of "arranged marriages", often stigmatizing the system
1224:
In some countries, the registration of a marriage means that it cannot later be declared invalid, since it has been accepted by the government. In Taiwan, which follows a variation of the
Napoleonic Code (received by way of Japan), the presumption is that each country maintains a central registry of
1339:
and reflect the increased possibility that such marriages will produce children with a genetic defect due to the limitations on their combined gene pool. The limitations based on affinity, by contrast, are predominantly legal and social in origin. The rules relating to affinity reflect the need to
1160:
or proper jurisdiction to adjudicate legal disputes, will usually be the state where the spouses have sought to make their matrimonial home. This state will usually have a clear and direct interest in the applications of its policies to regulate the nature of relationships permitted to confer the
1717:
UKHL 21, (2003) Times, 11 April the
English courts held that the non-recognition of change of gender for the purposes of marriage in s 11(c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 was incompatible with Convention rights. But the House of Lords did not consider that the issues raised in the case were
1239:
Different minimum age requirements also can lead to problems in mutual recognition of marriages. A marriage of young children is in some countries deemed to be against the public order, minimum ages for recognition are sometimes set (which may vary from the minimum ages for marriage itself). For
1182:
retrospectively recognizes as valid all customary marriages so long as they are registered. Further, s2(3) of the Act provides that, if a person has entered into more than one customary law marriage, all valid marriages entered into before the commencement of the Act, are recognized. The Act
1137:
The validity of the marriage is governed by the capacity of the parties to marry each other. Capacity to become a spouse is usually governed by the domicile of the parties. Thus for example, a 13-year-old does not have the capacity to marry in
England, but does have that capacity in Nigeria
1008:
in different jurisdictions. When marriage-related issues arise between couples with diverse backgrounds, questions as to which legal systems and norms should be applied to the relationship naturally follow with various potentially applicable systems frequently conflicting with one another.
1312:
In
Christian cultures, the Biblical proscriptions contained in Leviticus 18:6–18 are used as the basis for restricting marriage between persons who are deemed to be too closely related to each other. More generally, the restrictions fall into two classes (and based on Old Testament laws):
876:
1211:
is very limited. Some couples, whether because there are no local formalities relevant to them or because they have strongly held prejudices against compliance with the local forms, decide to create a marriage either by a simple public exchange of vows
1129:
or the law of the place where the marriage was celebrated or occurred, and is usually considered definitive on whether the ceremony or legal recognition has been effective to create the relationship of marriage and marital rights (see
1173:
In many states, culturally separate communities have retained their own traditions. A developing modern state had to determine whether it should recognize such traditions as it was establishing a centralized system of law. In
1261:
In
Western cultures, other than the age of consent, the issue of consent is also considered of fundamental importance and, if it is not freely given, it can prevent a valid marriage from ever coming into existence: see
871:
1497:
At the time a secular court considers the validity of this marriage, there are already multiple spouses. In
English law, for example, §2 Immigration Act 1988 prohibits certain polygamous wives from exercising their
1093:
by the young person traveling abroad on a holiday to a country with a lower age limit, this would clearly breach the policy of the "parental" state. The same principle would apply to an adult who wished to create a
1186:
Where a state has produced a formal body of law to control recognition, this will establish a general framework under which international recognition can be managed. Where there is no formal rule within the
1248:
as a spouse. Nevertheless, for other purposes, such marriages will be recognized as valid so long as the parties had the relevant capacity under their personal laws and the ceremony was effective under the
1534:
In a
Chinese conception of marriage, a marriage is defined as being a relationship in which unions of various surnames are established in order to increase the lines of succession and property values.
1286:
The test requiring an immediate danger never matched the practical realities facing individuals where the consequences of a refusal to marry might not be immediate, but nevertheless serious. In
1282:
this fear was caused by a threat of immediate danger for which the party was not himself or herself responsible, usually amounting to a threat of physical or fatal injury, or false imprisonment.
1199:
in favor of the validity of any marriage) but it will be difficult for the parties to justify their failure to comply with the local laws that unambiguously would have created a valid marriage.
1799:
1682:
recognizes same-sex marriages abroad but does not allow same-sex marriages to be performed within its borders. In several countries worldwide a same-sex couple can be legally partnered in a
1161:
status of husband and wife within their territorial boundaries. It may also attempt to regulate the behavior of those who wish to cohabit within their territory although this may contravene
1986:
1332:
Several exceptions have been described for various
Biblical figures, incestuous relationships such as Abraham and Sarah, Nachor and Melcha, Lot and his Daughters, and Amram and Jochebed.
1767:
828:
783:
1795:
1401:
a court is satisfied that there are valid reasons for wishing to contract a polygamous marriage (e.g., that the existing wife is infertile, has an incurable disease, etc.).
1787:
1294:
or immediately the parties entered the state where proceedings were commenced. It would be more usual to use the local divorce system to terminate the relationship.
1110:, there is also a strong case for legal capacity to be universally enforced to limit to ability of individuals to evade normally mandatory rules. The claims of the
1454:
The vast majority of Muslim majority sovereign states recognize polygamous marriages: these states span from West Africa to Southeast Asia, with the exceptions of
1779:
194:
1603:
1179:
936:
526:
55:
1429:
to terminate it. A married man may celebrate a second marriage (and any others) unless he has specifically undertaken to his first wife, e.g., in the
1675:
1307:
500:
1659:
1083:
so that it is recognised wherever the individual may travel subject only to significant public policy limits. Hence, for example, as an aspect of
1994:
1663:
2080:
793:
180:
1763:
1694:. Couples in these unions or partnerships are afforded rights and obligations similar to, but not identical to, those of a married couple.
1619:
1116:
to apply are weak given that the significance of the location may be no more than the convenience of their laws to those wishing to marry.
984:
2125:
Formal Recognition of Customary Law: An Analysis of the South African Experience in Passing Legislation Recognising Customary Marriages.
102:
2126:
74:
1375:
Other states refer to the current religious practices within their territories as the test for legal acceptability: for example, the
2027:
1969:
1639:
1021:
rules for adjudicating on issues relating to marriage represent a balance between the various public policies of the laws involved:
121:
2098:
1722:
and matches the majority of European states in permitting marriage in the adoptive gender role. The same rights may be allowed in
1791:
1739:
1651:
1623:
486:
81:
1698:
1607:
1575:
1702:
1547:
1543:
519:
59:
1244:, the Immigration Rules 1986 were introduced to bar persons under the age of 16 from entering the UK in reliance upon their
1191:, a forum court could hear expert evidence on whether the marriage would be accepted as effective (see the public policy of
1502:
with the result that any application from such a wife has to be considered in accordance with paragraphs 278 to 280 of the
88:
1744:
1635:
1631:
1571:
866:
217:
2044:"LES EXPERTS DU CEDAW S'INQUIÈTENT DE LA PERSISTANCE DE STÉRÉOTYPES SEXISTES ET DE LA SITUATION DES MINORITÉS EN SERBIE"
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1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1555:
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951:
1824:
1719:
1671:
1655:
1647:
1627:
1615:
1591:
1563:
1559:
1139:
70:
941:
1713:(July 2002) concluded that there is no justification for barring a transsexual from enjoying the right to marry. In
1413:
where the general principle is that, "a woman cannot be the wife of two " (Kid. 7a and Rashi). For a wife, the term
1643:
1611:
1567:
773:
48:
2145:
1783:
906:
861:
512:
430:
337:
1542:. As of 2022, same-sex marriage is legally recognized (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries:
1899:
1874:
1482:
1072:
977:
931:
851:
449:
2121:
1849:
1924:
748:
1691:
1538:
The first law providing for marriage of people of the same sex in modern times was enacted in 2001 in the
1369:
1196:
1112:
803:
788:
692:
470:
404:
380:
187:
154:
2140:
768:
743:
720:
437:
364:
1425:
subsists. Any purported marriage to another man is thus formally invalid but, nevertheless, requires a
95:
1687:
1529:
956:
798:
618:
613:
588:
493:
388:
225:
1718:
suitable for determination by courts and left the matter for Parliament, which has now enacted the
1208:
1107:
970:
682:
578:
355:
328:
161:
1990:
1275:, Sir Jocelyn Simon P. said that for duress to vitiate a valid marriage, it must be proved that:
1263:
1131:
1068:
926:
715:
623:
563:
456:
319:
288:
1089:, a state will define the age at which a person may marry. If such a limitation could simply be
2076:
2023:
2017:
1965:
1959:
1519:
1503:
916:
632:
257:
2070:
1486:
1234:
1001:
846:
697:
687:
652:
642:
608:
310:
137:
2102:
1303:
946:
463:
1271:
as being open to abuse and sometimes leading to forced marriages. In the English case of
1279:
the will of one of the parties had been overborne by a genuine and reasonably held fear;
2095:
2047:
1499:
1325:
1241:
1085:
1047:
1033:
823:
758:
707:
425:
396:
346:
274:
249:
2134:
1471:
1395:
there is proof of sufficient financial capacity to maintain all spouses and children;
1318:
1099:
1090:
1042:
1018:
911:
818:
778:
753:
738:
647:
628:
280:
173:
2043:
1245:
1175:
1029:
601:
568:
420:
210:
17:
1823:
The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage (“Girls Not Brides“) (26 July 2013).
1670:. Polls show rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage in most of
1683:
1539:
1525:
1398:
there are safeguards that husband will treat his wives and children equally; and
1064:
1059:
901:
808:
583:
573:
301:
295:
37:
1434:
1142:). Likewise, in Canada no person can be "sanctioned" to have multiple spouses.
1103:
1095:
1051:
813:
542:
372:
234:
1723:
1448:
1380:
1357:
637:
1383:
does not prohibit polygamy for those religions that allow it (i.e. Islam,
1439:
1406:
1388:
1384:
1353:
1336:
1335:
The limitations based on consanguinity derive from a policy of practical
1155:
1005:
763:
677:
243:
1447:
law not deriving from the Talmud) banning polygamy in c. 1000 CE, while
1463:
1459:
1162:
702:
672:
665:
1900:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 19:31-36 - New International Version"
1875:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 11:26-29 - New International Version"
1850:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 20:11-12 - New International Version"
1727:
1679:
1467:
1455:
1410:
1391:), but permits it with the consent of the existing wife or wives if:
1365:
1361:
1341:
1080:
921:
896:
549:
168:
2019:
Social Assessment and Agricultural Reform in Central Asia and Turkey
1417:
implies her exclusive dedication to her husband and there can be no
27:
Conflict of laws with respect to marriage in different jurisdictions
2096:
Israel's Supreme Court approves same-sex marriages performed abroad
1961:
Women, Islam and Everyday Life: Renegotiating Polygamy in Indonesia
1925:"Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 6:19-20 - New International Version"
2113:
Shah, Prakash. "Human Rights and Immigration Law". (2003) Vol. 52
1478:
1444:
2016:
Kudat, Ay?e; Peabody, Stan; Keyder, Ça?lar (29 December 2017).
1451:
Jews who live in Islamic societies have not followed this law.
31:
1485:
bans polygamous marriages, but polygamy is still legal for
1036:
are defined by the personal laws of the parties, namely:
1356:(one man having more than one wife at the same time) or
1766:. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in
1433:, not to do so, or monogamy is the local custom. Thus,
829:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
1825:"CONTROVERSY IN NIGERIA OVER MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE"
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1987:"Tunisia: Protecting Ben Ali's Feminist Legacy"
1437:Jews who live in Christian nations accepted a
1079:The personal laws will usually define status
978:
520:
8:
1421:between her and another man while the first
1180:Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998
1125:The form of the marriage is governed by the
2115:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1207:In some states, the legal acceptability of
1368:, have made polygamy an offense under the
985:
971:
538:
527:
513:
133:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:where the parties are related by blood (
1308:Cousin marriage law in the United States
2120:Sona, Federica. "Polygamy in Britain".
1948:Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 293.
1815:
1756:
1324:where parties are related by marriage (
548:
541:
478:
412:
266:
202:
146:
136:
1098:marriage or to evade a restriction on
181:Conflict of laws in the United States
7:
558:Marriage and other unions and status
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1985:Maike Voorhoeve (31 January 2013).
1405:The converse is to be found in the
872:Hague Convention (child abduction)
25:
2105:Israel Insider, 21 November 2006
1796:the United States Virgin Islands
1740:Family Law Act (Alberta, Canada)
487:Enforcement of foreign judgments
36:
1768:Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
47:needs additional citations for
1958:Nurmila, Nina (10 June 2009).
1703:European Court of Human Rights
877:Hague Convention (maintenance)
1:
1745:International child abduction
867:International child abduction
2075:. BiblioBazaar. p. 55.
1788:the Northern Mariana Islands
1253:to create a valid marriage.
952:Paternal rights and abortion
2022:. World Bank Publications.
1720:Gender Recognition Act 2004
1214:per verbis inter praesentes
862:Hague Convention (adoption)
71:"Conflict of marriage laws"
2162:
1523:
1517:
1364:. Some countries, such as
1344:or an equivalent offense.
1301:
1232:
721:Parenting coordinator (US)
2101:30 September 2011 at the
2072:The Chinese Family System
2032:– via Google Books.
1974:– via Google Books.
1800:some tribal jurisdictions
1730:, and some other states.
1140:Northern Muslim Community
998:Conflict of marriage laws
889:Family and criminal code
847:Private international law
841:Private international law
338:Lex loci delicti commissi
142:private international law
1483:Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
1120:Validity of the marriage
932:Parental child abduction
779:Contact & visitation
666:Dissolution of marriages
1220:Government registration
413:Substantive legal areas
2069:Su, Sing Ging (2008).
1764:The Netherlands proper
1692:registered partnership
1508:lex loci celebrationis
1292:lex loci celebrationis
1251:lex loci celebrationis
1197:rebuttable presumption
1189:lex loci celebrationis
1127:lex loci celebrationis
1113:lex loci celebrationis
794:UN Rights of the Child
789:Grandparent visitation
716:Custody evaluator (US)
693:Matrimonial Causes Act
471:Hague Trust Convention
405:Forum selection clause
381:Lex loci celebrationis
188:Public policy doctrine
1715:Bellinger v Bellinger
1302:Further information:
1233:Further information:
774:Filial responsibility
769:Tender years doctrine
744:DNA paternity testing
602:Validity of marriages
494:Anti-suit injunctions
365:Lex loci protectionis
203:Definitional elements
1780:District of Columbia
1688:domestic partnership
1530:Domestic partnership
1266:. In Islamic law, a
957:Right to family life
619:Prenuptial agreement
614:Marriage certificate
589:Domestic partnership
389:Choice of law clause
226:Forum non conveniens
56:improve this article
1493:Actually polygamous
1273:Szechter v Szechter
1229:The age of marriage
1209:common law marriage
1178:, for example, the
1108:the Law of Contract
1025:Status and capacity
683:Grounds for divorce
579:Common-law marriage
356:Lex loci solutionis
329:Lex loci contractus
162:Incidental question
18:Marriage (conflict)
1997:on 23 January 2015
1991:Think Africa Press
1069:habitual residence
927:Legality of incest
633:Voidable marriages
624:Matrimonial regime
564:Types of marriages
320:Lex loci rei sitae
289:Habitual residence
267:Connecting factors
2082:978-0-554-50635-7
1520:Same-sex marriage
1514:Same-sex marriage
1504:Immigration Rules
1377:Marriage Law 1974
1013:The choice of law
995:
994:
917:Domestic violence
891:(or criminal law)
799:Children's rights
733:Children's issues
537:
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258:Lis alibi pendens
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16:(Redirected from
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1993:. Archived from
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1697:On the issue of
1487:Muslims in India
1352:Polygamy may be
1240:example, in the
1235:Marriageable age
1195:which creates a
1193:favor matrimonii
1004:with respect to
1002:conflict of laws
987:
980:
973:
698:Legal separation
688:No-fault divorce
653:Amatonormativity
643:Marriageable age
609:Marriage licence
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529:
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311:Lex loci arbitri
195:Hague Conference
155:Characterisation
138:Conflict of laws
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1288:Hirani v Hirani
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1205:
1171:
1151:
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1027:
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947:Paternity fraud
942:Parents' rights
937:Parental duties
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2048:United Nations
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1699:transsexualism
1660:United Kingdom
1515:
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1500:right of abode
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1396:
1379:(no. 1/74) in
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1118:
1106:as opposed to
1086:parens patriae
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
61:
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51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2141:Marriage law
2114:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2038:
2018:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1980:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1774:
1759:
1714:
1710:
1707:Goodwin v UK
1706:
1696:
1672:the Americas
1640:South Africa
1537:
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804:Emancipation
569:Cohabitation
501:Revenue rule
442:
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211:Jurisdiction
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1934:19 February
1909:19 February
1884:19 February
1859:19 February
1792:Puerto Rico
1684:civil union
1652:Switzerland
1624:New Zealand
1620:Netherlands
1540:Netherlands
1526:Civil union
1065:nationality
1060:lex patriae
1057:either the
1054:states, and
902:Child abuse
809:Foster care
584:Civil union
574:Concubinage
479:Enforcement
302:Lex patriae
296:Nationality
2135:Categories
2117:, 359-400.
2054:3 February
2001:23 January
1810:References
1608:Luxembourg
1576:Costa Rica
1524:See also:
1518:See also:
1435:Ashkenazic
1203:Common law
1104:Family Law
1096:polygamous
1063:or law of
1052:common law
749:Legitimacy
712:Residence
543:Family law
373:Proper law
235:Lex causae
82:newspapers
1724:Australia
1548:Australia
1544:Argentina
1449:Sephardic
1423:kiddushin
1419:kiddushin
1415:kiddushin
1381:Indonesia
1358:polyandry
1073:civil law
739:Paternity
638:Annulment
218:Procedure
2099:Archived
1834:10 March
1734:See also
1636:Slovenia
1632:Portugal
1572:Colombia
1445:rabbinic
1440:takkanah
1431:ketubbah
1409:and the
1407:halakhah
1389:Buddhism
1385:Hinduism
1354:polygyny
1348:Polygamy
1337:eugenics
1326:affinity
1165:rights.
1156:lex fori
1148:Lex fori
1075:states).
1048:domicile
1034:capacity
1006:marriage
907:CPS (US)
857:Marriage
784:CAFCASS
764:Adoption
678:Adultery
457:Property
443:Marriage
431:Contract
426:Capacity
397:Dépeçage
275:Domicile
244:Lex fori
1668:Uruguay
1604:Ireland
1600:Iceland
1596:Germany
1588:Finland
1584:Ecuador
1580:Denmark
1556:Belgium
1552:Austria
1464:Albania
1460:Tunisia
1264:nullity
1257:Consent
1163:privacy
1132:nullity
1000:is the
852:Divorce
703:Alimony
673:Divorce
450:Divorce
96:scholar
2079:
2026:
1968:
1728:Canada
1711:I v UK
1701:, the
1680:Israel
1676:Europe
1662:, the
1658:, the
1656:Taiwan
1648:Sweden
1628:Norway
1616:Mexico
1592:France
1564:Canada
1560:Brazil
1481:, the
1468:Kosovo
1456:Turkey
1411:Talmud
1366:Canada
1362:bigamy
1342:incest
1246:status
1169:Custom
1091:evaded
1081:in rem
1030:Status
922:Incest
897:Bigamy
550:Family
421:Status
169:Renvoi
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1751:Notes
1644:Spain
1612:Malta
1568:Chile
1479:India
1321:); or
1268:nikah
1102:. In
103:JSTOR
89:books
2077:ISBN
2056:2016
2024:ISBN
2003:2015
1966:ISBN
1936:2018
1911:2018
1886:2018
1861:2018
1836:2020
1798:and
1784:Guam
1709:and
1674:and
1666:and
1528:and
1470:and
1306:and
1153:The
1040:the
1032:and
814:Ward
631:and
629:Void
438:Tort
140:and
75:news
1705:in
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