1028:. Ayatollah Khomeini referred to Karbala and martyrdom many times in his speeches, most notably in the speech given on the eve of the Shah's departure from Iran " taught us that if a tyrant rules despotically over the Muslims in any age, we must rise up against him." Khomeini labeled the Shah as "the Yazid of our time," referring to the caliph of Husayn's time whose soldiers were responsible for the Karbala massacre. Popular slogans also reflected the importance of symbols of martyrdom, such as the slogan often seen on banners: "every land is Karbala, every month is Muharram, every day is Ashura." The revolutionaries therefore considered those who died at the hands of the Shah's secret police to be martyrs, especially those killed during the Black Friday Massacre (link), a clash between government troops and peaceful protestors that led to the deaths of around 100 people. The willingness of the revolutionaries to die for their cause in the name of martyrdom was a powerful tool in overthrowing the Shah. Major clashes with police would often occur in a 40-day cycle, as Iranian tradition demanded 40 days of mourning ending with public memorial processions for the deceased. The memorial processions of the martyrs of the revolution would thus turn into protest marches that led to more clashes with police and more deaths, starting the cycle over again and increasing the number of participants and therefore the strength of the revolution. Additionally, individuals participating in these protest marches would sometimes wear white burial cloths during the march to signify their willingness to die as martyrs for the cause. The symbolism of martyrdom provided a rallying point for the revolution and connected the events of the time with one of the most important historical narratives in Iranian culture, the massacre of Karbala and the martyrdom of Husayn.
981:, where there is even a theater that plays dramatic reenactments of battles from the war. The state does a lot to remind the public of the sacrifices of the dead even beyond the graveyard. After the Iran/Iraq war, many street names and school names were changed to the names of martyrs, and these names remain even today. Portraits of deceased soldiers are included in murals that line the streets, and pictures of martyrs hang from the walls in local mosques. Martyrs museums can be found in most major Iranian cities, and there are even some camps where children of martyrs from the Iran/Iraq war can go to learn about the sacrifices of their fathers and sing songs from the revolution. Additionally, the themes of martyrdom are evident in children's textbooks from a very young age, with as much as 10 percent of the texts depicting themes of death and martyrdom.
1057:'s Iraq was seen as the Sunni aggressor against the Shia people and therefore took on the role of the new Yazid in Iranian political discourse. Iranian leaders strongly emphasized the similarities between Karbala and the war with Iraq in order to retain public support for the war and keep the flow of volunteer soldiers steady. The death toll was high, with about two hundred thousand dead on the Iranian side alone. To encourage volunteers, religious leaders broadened the definition of a martyr, announcing that all fatalities of the war were to be considered martyrs for the country, and therefore for Islam. Even Non-Muslim Iranian soldiers who sacrificed themselves in the line of duty were celebrated by the clerical regime. For example, Mehrdad Nahravand, a Zoroastrian Air Force pilot from the city of
960:
995:
percentage of spots in many schools were reserved for the children of martyrs and having a martyr in the family gave a job applicant an edge against other applicants. Families of war martyrs were given certificates of martyrdom at the event of their child's death which gave them discounts for groceries and clothes. Societies were set up for the sole purpose of helping the families martyrs or the "living martyrs" who were injured during the Iran/Iraq War. However, some families complained, especially later in the Iran/Iraq War, that their sacrifices were being increasingly ignored, and donations meant for martyrs' families were decreasing.
1088:
that came from the death of Qassim, a companion of Husayn at
Karbala who was killed just before his wedding and whose body was placed in the tent where he was intended to be married. This emphasis on life after death and the comparisons to Hussein's martyrdom, one of the most important figures in Shi'a Islam, provided the Iranian state with volunteers for their human wave attacks, where young men would attack the fronts with little or no protection. Often martyrdom meant suicide missions on the battlefield, such as the famous example of the 13-year-old boy
1083:
mobility as the families of those who died. Additionally, Iranian leaders would manufacture parallels between the war and the events at
Karbala. In one memorable example, Iranian state television reported seventy-two deaths in a particularly bloody bombing in Iran. While in reality the death toll was higher, this fabricated number matched the number of Husayn's followers who were martyred in Karbala. Battles were named Karbala Two, Three, and so on. Actors were hired to play the role of the
1037:
977:
and the graves are well maintained, surrounded by
Islamic flags, shady plants, framed pictures of the deceased, and carvings of Quranic verses. Graveyards that hold the bodies of martyrs have taken on the characteristics of a public park, with families gathering to have picnics by the graves of their loved ones while listening to hired performers play music, recite poetry, or read verses from the Quran. The largest of these graveyards is the
968:
of years. The explorer Thomas
Herbert reported on his travels to the area now known as Iran in 1650, and gave this description of the events of Muharram: "I haue seene them nine seuer-all days in great multitudes, in the streets all together crying out Hussan Hussan." During these ten days, mourners reenact the events at Karbala and pay respect to Husayn and several of his companions and family members who were also martyred.
1101:
323:
168:
66:
25:
854:
1009:
900:
Talib (600–661). Yet the political reality in the decades after
Muhammad's death diverged from that vision. After the death of Mohammad in the year 632, a disagreement arose between the followers of Mohammad as to who should be appointed as Muhammad's successor. The Muslims were split between two groups, those who supported
942:. However, the governor of Kufa was aware of Husayn's presence and sent close to 4000 troops to Karbala. After several days of failed negotiations, as Husayn refused to recognize Yazid as caliph, the governor's soldiers massacred Husayn and 72 of his men. This massacre, which occurred on the 10th day of the month of
1087:
before dangerous battles, calling out to the soldiers to participate in suicide missions. Slogans on the soldiers' shirts read "Imam
Khomeini has given me special permission to enter Heaven." For those martyred in the war who were unmarried, wedding tables were set up above their graves, a tradition
976:
In Iran today, those who died in the revolution and the soldiers who died in the Iran/Iraq War are also considered martyrs. These modern-day martyrs are also treated with great respect after their deaths. The special treatment of martyrs begins during the burial, as martyrs have special burial rites
967:
The
Iranian concentration on the Martyrs of the past, especially the Imam Husayn, is evident during the Month of Muharram. The first ten days of this month are filled with public processions and demonstrations that recall the suffering of Husayn. These demonstrations have been occurring for hundreds
929:
and Husayn, who the Shia believe continued their father's struggle in different ways. Hasan renounced his right to the caliphate in a compromise with Mu'awiya, which the Shi'a view as Hasan's rational recognition of his own constraints at the time, but Husayn sought to restore the caliphate to the
1082:
battalion and single-handedly attacked an Iraqi Tank in order to save his commanding officer, for which the city council of Yazd commissioned a street name for him Even those who did not die in battle but were wounded were called living martyrs- however this position did not bring as much social
899:
was transferred to his biological descendants after his death in 632 CE. The resulting claim to the rightful leadership of the Muslim community (the ummah) was thus supposed to pass, in the form of the
Imamate, to the descendants of Muhammad’s daughter Fatima (606–632) and her husband Ali b. Abi
1125:
a young student who was shot to death during a protest. A video of her death spread throughout the world, and her image became a symbol of resistance used to gain international political support. The fact that her name, Neda, means voice or calling in
Persian, was also important, because it
994:
for many families. It was a mark of respect to have lost a son in the war, and the public displays honoring martyrs kept the memory of a family's loss alive in the community. Even beyond the social support of the community, the families of martyrs received certain tangible benefits. A large
1052:
from 1980 to 1988. The extremely costly and destructive war between a Sunni-controlled country (Iraq) and a Shi'a-controlled country (Iran) had several parallels with the events at
Karbala, which led to further exploitation of the Iranian reverence for martyrdom.
908:, and those who supported Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in law. Ultimately, Abu Bakr became the first caliph, and his followers are today known as Sunni Muslims. The followers of Ali are known as Shia Muslims. Abu Bakr served for three years, and appointed
1065:
jet into a column of Iraqi Tanks after being shot down, was lauded as a 'martyr' despite his religion and statues of him were erected in his hometown. Similar was the case of Ardeshir Esfandpour, a Zoroastrian Helicopter pilot from the city of
912:
as his successor in 634. Umar served as caliph for ten years, during which he was responsible for the rapid spread of Islam through military and territorial gains. Upon his death in 644, a council of Islamic leaders elected a new Caliph,
277:
is the majority religion, at 89% of the estimated 79 million inhabitants, and is a very important part of public and political life. The Shia concept of Martyrdom has been shaped by the deaths of the early martyrs of the Shia faith,
1121:, the theme of martyrdom was reclaimed by anti-government protestors as a form of "secular martyrdom." Activists in the 2009 green revolution began calling those killed during protests "martyrs." One important example is
1408:
1351:
1176:
1163:
1116:
in 2009, protests concerning the validity of the vote and the possibility of voter-fraud broke out that led to thousands of arrests and close to a hundred deaths. During these protests, which became known as the
989:
While the loss of a loved one is clearly a tragic and distressing event for a family, the families of martyrs in Iran were well taken care of. Having a martyr in the family meant immediate and permanent
1036:
925:, a relative of Uthman and the governor of Syria. When Ali was murdered in the year 661 by a supporter of Muawiyah, he became the first martyr of the Shia faith. Ali had two sons,
245:
is understood in the Western world as facing persecution and giving of one's life for a set of beliefs, most often religious beliefs. The definition of martyrdom is expanded in
917:, of the Umayyad family. However, in 656 supporters of Ali, who believed that a descendant of Mohammad should lead the Muslim community, assassinated Uthman and installed
1024:
reinterpreted the events of Karbala as a stand against oppression, using this narrative to strengthen the resolve of the people against Iran's leader at the time, Shah
1074:, deliberately called in an airstrike on his position, which was being captured by the Iraqis. Or Hoshang Nowshirwanian, a poor Zoroastrian carpenter from the city of
959:
1492:
1274:
882:
1016:
The concept of martyrdom in Iranian society has played an important role in the major political conflicts of the past century. During the
938:, a supposed stronghold of Shia support, Husayn and a small numbers of his family and supporters traveled to Kufa, camping out in nearby
83:
38:
177:
228:
210:
149:
52:
1062:
489:
347:
130:
1092:
who strapped explosives to his body and ran under an Iraqi tank. Such actions were widely publicized and praised as martyrdom.
102:
87:
109:
921:
as the fourth caliph. Ali's reign was marred by numerous violent struggles between his supporters and the supporters of
683:
499:
367:
362:
1188:
Halm, Heinz 1997 Shi'a Islam; from Religion to Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey. Markus Weiner Publishers. pg. 4-16
895:
The genesis of Shi’a Islam is rooted in the idea that the charismatic and politico-religious authority possessed by
1305:
Farsoun, Samih and Mehrdad Mashayekhi 1991 Political Culture in the Islamic Republic. London, UK. Routledge.pg. 172
702:
504:
116:
1409:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
1352:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
1206:
Halm, Heinz 1997 Shi'a Islam; from Religion to Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey. Markus Weiner Publishers. pg. 62
1197:
Halm, Heinz 1997 Shi'a Islam; from Religion to Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey. Markus Weiner Publishers. pg. 45
1177:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
1164:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
76:
1089:
603:
372:
273:) are greatly revered, including martyrs from the distant past as well as martyrs from the modern age. In Iran,
181:
875:
830:
422:
357:
98:
1286:
1237:
1067:
800:
259:
286:, and Iranian society and government have further shaped the understanding of martyrdom in the modern age.
1510:
1118:
1105:
934:
assumed the caliphate, Husayn renewed his efforts to regain the caliphate. On the advice of supporters in
765:
409:
379:
352:
44:
1025:
905:
494:
484:
477:
454:
593:
588:
815:
780:
637:
524:
459:
389:
1520:
1113:
868:
795:
732:
404:
384:
305:
1515:
1041:
1017:
342:
1049:
123:
1021:
858:
825:
790:
722:
549:
519:
1341:
Reuter, Christoph 2004 My Life is a Weapon. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press. pg. 50
1332:
Reuter, Christoph 2004 My Life is a Weapon. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press. pg. 45
1215:
1122:
914:
835:
810:
727:
250:
991:
978:
775:
620:
1143:
529:
1365:
Myth and Mobilization in Revolutionary Iran: The Use of the Friday Congregational Sermon
1054:
840:
742:
678:
610:
283:
1287:"Inside Iran - Martyrs Never die | Terror and Tehran | FRONTLINE | PBS"
1238:"Inside Iran - Martyrs Never die | Terror and Tehran | FRONTLINE | PBS"
1504:
1323:
Kamalkhani, Zahra 1998 Women's Islam. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. pg. 79
1314:
Kamalkhani, Zahra 1998 Women's Islam. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. pg. 71
1265:
Kamalkhani, Zahra 1998 Women's Islam. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. pg. 79
1256:
Kamalkhani, Zahra 1998 Women's Islam. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. pg. 81
926:
737:
598:
583:
785:
615:
514:
192:
1100:
322:
1084:
715:
630:
625:
576:
509:
464:
449:
444:
434:
399:
65:
1227:
Kamalkhani, Zahra 1998 Women's Islam. New York, NY. Columbia University Press.
1071:
922:
770:
542:
313:
274:
946:, elevated the martyrdom of Husayn to almost mythical levels in Shia belief.
805:
690:
564:
242:
188:
930:
family of Ali by military means. When Muawiyah died in the 680 and his son
943:
901:
896:
695:
668:
654:
394:
853:
1008:
939:
931:
571:
559:
554:
1421:
1079:
1058:
820:
760:
663:
644:
439:
429:
337:
1218:
1998 Women's Islam. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. pg. 70
1099:
1035:
958:
673:
649:
1104:
Protesters in Tehran carrying a long green textile as a sign of
1075:
935:
909:
246:
1291:
1242:
1070:
who after being shot down behind enemy lines in a battle near
918:
279:
161:
59:
18:
1367:. Washington, D.C. The American University Press. pg. 68
1048:
The definition of a martyr broadened further during the
1463:
The Persian Night: Iran under the Khomeinist Revolution
1040:
Iranian soldier killed during the Iran–Iraq War with
264:
1380:. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press. pg. 43
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1012:Protesters carrying the body of one of the victims
1020:of 1979, revolutionary leaders such as Ayatollah
1126:represented a call to martyrdom for the cause.
876:
8:
1422:"آمار واقعی شهدای جنگ؛ ۱۹۰ یا ۲۲۰ هزار نفر؟"
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1354:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 43-46.
883:
869:
298:
191:. Please do not remove this message until
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1007:
187:Relevant discussion may be found on the
16:Aspect of Shia Islamic influence in Iran
1465:. New York, NY. Encounter Books. pg. 87
1411:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.
1179:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 40.
1135:
1112:Following the re-election of President
301:
950:Cult of martyrdom in the public domain
7:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
1166:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51.
254:
14:
34:This article has multiple issues.
852:
321:
166:
64:
23:
1061:, who deliberately crashed his
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1:
1078:, who was conscripted into a
963:Mourning of Muharram in Iran
684:Bektashism and folk religion
999:Politicization of martyrdom
295:Martyrdom of Ali and Husayn
265:
193:conditions to do so are met
1537:
1090:Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh
972:Martyrs in the modern day
831:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
1376:Reuter, Christoph 2004
1044:'s photo on his uniform
1119:Iranian Green Movement
1109:
1106:Iranian Green Movement
1096:Iranian green movement
1045:
1013:
964:
766:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
353:Succession to Muhammad
1103:
1039:
1026:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1011:
962:
906:companion of Muhammad
859:Shia Islam portal
485:Verse of purification
332:Beliefs and practices
289:
781:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
460:Mourning of Muharram
390:Mourning of Muharram
84:improve this article
1378:My Life is a Weapon
1114:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
955:Muharram and Ashura
796:Ruqayya bint Husayn
703:Extinct Shi'a sects
423:Days of remembrance
410:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
405:The Four Companions
180:of this article is
99:"Martyrdom in Iran"
1461:Taheri, Amir 2009
1110:
1046:
1042:Rouhollah Khomeini
1018:Iranian Revolution
1014:
965:
616:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
543:Branches and sects
490:Two weighty things
1363:Ram, Haggay 1994
1216:Kamalkhani, Zahra
1022:Ruhollah Khomeini
893:
892:
826:Fatimah bint Asad
791:Fatima bint Hasan
520:Battle of Karbala
263:
249:, where martyrs (
239:
238:
231:
221:
220:
213:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
1528:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1123:Neda Agha-Soltan
915:Uthman ibn Affan
885:
878:
871:
857:
856:
836:Ruqayya bint Ali
811:Fatima bint Musa
325:
316:
310:
309:
299:
268:
258:
256:
234:
227:
216:
209:
205:
202:
196:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:Time (magazine)
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:Time (magazine)
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1144:"Archived copy"
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1098:
1034:
1006:
1001:
992:social mobility
987:
985:Social mobility
979:Behesht-e Zahra
974:
957:
952:
889:
851:
846:
845:
776:Zaynab bint Ali
756:
748:
747:
718:
708:
707:
621:Sulaymani Bohra
545:
535:
534:
505:Fatimah's house
480:
470:
469:
425:
415:
414:
333:
312:
311:
303:
302:
297:
292:
241:The concept of
235:
224:
223:
222:
217:
206:
200:
197:
186:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1483:Reuter, pg. 48
1476:
1474:Reuter, pg. 47
1467:
1454:
1445:
1443:Reuter, pg. 47
1436:
1427:
1413:
1400:
1398:Reuter, pg. 39
1391:
1389:Reuter, pg. 42
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1229:
1220:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1097:
1094:
1055:Saddam Hussein
1033:
1030:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
986:
983:
973:
970:
956:
953:
951:
948:
891:
890:
888:
887:
880:
873:
865:
862:
861:
848:
847:
844:
843:
841:Sayyida Nafisa
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Hakimah Khātūn
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
676:
671:
661:
660:
659:
658:
657:
652:
642:
641:
640:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:Hebtiahs Bohra
608:
607:
606:
581:
580:
579:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
376:
375:
370:
365:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
318:
317:
296:
293:
291:
288:
284:Husayn ibn Ali
237:
236:
219:
218:
201:September 2022
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
140:September 2022
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1533:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Islam in Iran
1509:
1508:
1506:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1050:Iran–Iraq War
1043:
1038:
1032:Iran–Iraq War
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
993:
984:
982:
980:
971:
969:
961:
954:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:Hasan ibn Ali
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
898:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
866:
864:
863:
860:
855:
850:
849:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
752:
751:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
717:
712:
711:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:Dawoodi Bohra
597:
596:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
474:
473:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Eid al-Ghadir
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
419:
418:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
324:
320:
319:
315:
307:
300:
294:
287:
285:
281:
276:
272:
269:, sing. شهید
267:
261:
252:
248:
244:
233:
230:
215:
212:
204:
194:
190:
184:
183:
179:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1416:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1290:
1281:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1111:
1047:
1015:
988:
975:
966:
894:
786:Umm al-Banin
515:Second Fitna
395:Intercession
385:Judgment Day
270:
240:
225:
207:
198:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1452:Ram, pg. 72
1434:Ram, pg. 70
1085:Hidden Imam
716:Ahl al-Kisa
631:Qutbi Bohra
626:Alavi Bohra
604:Progressive
530:Persecution
510:First Fitna
465:Omar Koshan
450:Eid al-Adha
445:Eid al-Fitr
348:Prophethood
290:Shi'a roots
1521:Shia Islam
1505:Categories
1149:2012-02-07
1004:Revolution
923:Muawiyah I
771:Umm Salama
755:Holy women
343:Holy Books
338:Monotheism
314:Shia Islam
275:Shia Islam
178:neutrality
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1516:Martyrdom
1108:, 16 June
806:Shahrbanu
691:Qizilbash
260:romanized
243:martyrdom
189:talk page
45:talk page
944:Muharram
902:Abu Bakr
897:Muhammad
723:Muhammad
679:Bektashi
655:Satpanth
589:Musta'li
584:Isma'ili
495:Mubahala
435:Arba'een
306:a series
304:Part of
182:disputed
940:Karbala
932:Yazid I
594:Tayyibi
565:Shaykhi
555:Akhbari
550:Ja'fari
478:History
368:Twelver
363:Ismaili
358:Imamate
266:šahidân
262::
251:Persian
124:scholar
1407:Gölz,
1350:Gölz,
1175:Gölz,
1162:Gölz,
1080:Sapper
1068:Mianeh
1059:Gorgan
821:Narjis
761:Fatima
743:Husayn
733:Fatima
696:Ishiki
664:Ghulat
645:Nizari
638:Hafizi
577:Houthi
525:Origin
440:Mawlid
430:Ashura
400:Clergy
380:Angels
255:شهیدان
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1130:Notes
801:Rubab
738:Hasan
674:Alevi
669:Alawi
650:Khoja
572:Zaydi
560:Usuli
500:Khumm
373:Zaydi
271:šahid
131:JSTOR
117:books
1076:Yazd
1072:Ilam
936:Kufa
910:Umar
904:, a
282:and
247:Iran
175:The
103:news
1292:PBS
1243:PBS
1063:F-4
919:Ali
728:Ali
280:Ali
86:by
1507::
1289:.
1240:.
308:on
257:,
253::
48:.
1424:.
1295:.
1246:.
1152:.
884:e
877:t
870:v
232:)
226:(
214:)
208:(
203:)
199:(
195:.
185:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
