186:. Her father was Leon Ludwig, a physicist, and her mother was Agnes Sutermeister Ludwig, a worker in the social services. Soon after her birth, her father accepted a job as the director of the Westinghouse facility, resulting in the family move to Buffalo, NY. As a child in school, Ludwig found a passion for
205:. Together, they enjoyed many outdoor activities such as skiing, hiking and bird-watching as well as cooking. Known for her love of crystallography and rigorous teaching style, Ludwig was feared by graduate students. As Cinda-Sue Davis, the current director of the Women in Science and Engineering at the
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Ludwig was also a mentor to young crystallographers such as Cathy
Drennan, a current professor at MIT. Drennan recalls Ludwig being a patient and caring mentor, while also demanding excellence and thoroughness. Ludwig held her students to a high level of thinking and learning, insisting that they
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colleagues including
Vincent Massey, to uncover why there was a very low potential associated with the reduction of semiquinone. Ludwig started a collaboration with Richard Swenson from Ohio State University, where they examined the redox state of a flavodoxin from
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and phthalate dioxygenase reductase. Ludwig continued close collaborations with faculty studying redox biology at the
University of Michigan, resulting in structure determinations of phthalate dioxygenase reductase in collaboration with the laboratory of
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An important aspect to her career, Ludwig made significant service contributions the
University of Michigan. During her time there, she directed the Molecular Biophysics Training Grant and served as the chair of the Biophysics Research Department.
213:'s physical biochemistry course. Students said that it was one of the most challenging courses they took in graduate school. While her problem sets were among the most challenging, students said that she pushed them and taught them how to think.
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While studying at
Berkeley, Ludwig took Howard Schachman's course in physical biochemistry; she later credited this course with setting the direction for her own research. She completed her Ph.D. thesis on the biosynthesis of
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in her laboratory. In 1969, Ludwig had her first publication which focused on the crystallization of both oxidized and semiquinone forms of protein from
Clostridium pasteurianum. Ludwig also worked on
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know the theory behind every step. She would meet with her students for hours and solve problems together. Instead of promoting her work, she dedicated her time to her students’ learning.
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Her laboratory focused on proteins involved in electron and group transfer reactions; over the next four decades it helped elucidate, amongst others, the structures of
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In 1967, she became an assistant professor in the
Department of Biological Chemistry and an assistant research biophysicist in the Biophysics Research Division at the
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during the 1980s with James Fee, a colleague from the
Biophysics Research Division at the University of Michigan. In 1990, Ludwig continued to collaborate with
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in collaboration with the laboratory of
Charles Williams Jr., and cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase in collaboration with
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from 1959 to 1962. In 1962 Ludwig's interests switched from classical techniques of biochemistry to the then-emerging field of
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in 1956. While at
Cornell, Ludwig conducted her Ph.D. research in biochemistry under
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and Graham Palmer; focusing on studying flavoproteins. Ludwig focused on studying
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162:(August 16, 1931 – November 27, 2006) was an American macromolecular
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Distinguished University Professor of Biological Chemistry at the
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puzzles and hoped to become a scientist in the future.
304:, one of the first enzyme structures to be described.
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
182:Ludwig was born on August 16, 1931, in Pittsburgh,
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627:Deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States
568:"Martha Ludwig papers 1974–2006 (bulk 1988–2002)"
455:Martha L. Ludwig 1931-2006: A Biographical Memoir
408:Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award from the
280:, and followed this with postdoctoral studies at
300:. Ludwig determined the structure of the enzyme
505:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
236:in 1952. She received her master's degree in
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662:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
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18:
617:University of California, Berkeley alumni
551:"University of Michigan Board of Regents"
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220:on November 27, 2006, from colon cancer.
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652:20th-century American women scientists
343:structure, iron-superoxide dismutase,
457:. National Academy of Sciences, 2011
286:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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476:. January 10, 2007. Archived from
278:Cornell University Medical College
92:Cornell University Medical College
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292:and she joined the laboratory of
84:University of California Berkeley
647:20th-century American biologists
259:and studied the biosynthesis of
501:"Biography of Martha L. Ludwig"
263:in D.B. Melville's laboratory.
642:21st-century American chemists
622:University of Michigan faculty
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393:National Institutes of Health
345:p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase
313:Vincent Massey (enzymologist)
424:National Academy of Sciences
296:to work on the structure of
144:Other academic advisors
657:21st-century American women
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667:Chemists from Pennsylvania
632:Scientists from Pittsburgh
597:American crystallographers
592:American women biochemists
572:Bentley Historical Library
284:from 1957 to 1959 and the
216:Ludwig died in Ann Arbor,
612:Cornell University alumni
403:American Chemical Society
244:, followed by a Ph.D. in
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395:Career Development Award
330:Clostridium beijerinckii
242:University of California
51:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
518:10.1073/pnas.0401014101
250:Cornell Medical College
232:and received a B.A. in
193:During her post-doc at
637:Chemists from Michigan
410:University of Michigan
325:University of Michigan
309:University of Michigan
282:Harvard Medical School
207:University of Michigan
195:Harvard Medical School
172:University of Michigan
128:University of Michigan
431:Institute of Medicine
362:Rowena Green Matthews
358:thioredoxin reductase
290:X-ray crystallography
118:X-ray Crystallography
321:superoxide dismutase
451:Matthews, Rowena G.
257:Vincent du Vigneaud
23:Martha Louis Ludwig
16:American biochemist
302:carboxypeptidase A
230:Cornell University
168:J. Lawrence Oncley
76:Cornell University
511:(11): 3727–3728.
480:on March 13, 2017
474:University Record
399:Garvan-Olin Medal
387:Helen Hay Whitney
240:in 1955 from the
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139:Donald B Melville
104:Scientific career
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298:carboxypeptidase
294:William Lipscomb
228:Ludwig attended
211:Howard Schachman
199:carboxypeptidase
164:crystallographer
148:William Lipscomb
135:Doctoral advisor
67:27 November 2006
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72:Alma mater
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429:Member of the
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415:Fellow of the
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354:Vincent Massey
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254:Nobel Laureate
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178:Personal life
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482:. Retrieved
478:the original
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389:Fellow award
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350:David Ballou
341:flavoprotein
339:, the first
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274:ergothionine
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261:ergothionine
246:biochemistry
238:biochemistry
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188:mathematical
184:Pennsylvania
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124:Institutions
114:Biochemistry
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607:2006 deaths
602:1931 births
203:Bert Vallee
586:Categories
470:"Obituary"
438:References
337:flavodoxin
317:flavodoxin
63:2006-11-27
44:1931-08-16
484:March 13,
248:from the
234:chemistry
224:Education
90:) (1955)
82:) (1952)
537:15010540
267:Research
218:Michigan
98:) (1956)
401:of the
368:Service
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528:374311
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433:(2006)
426:(2003)
419:(2001)
412:(1986)
405:(1984)
381:Awards
110:Fields
554:(PDF)
201:with
96:Ph.D.
533:PMID
486:2017
88:M.A.
57:Died
38:Born
523:PMC
513:doi
509:101
276:at
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