1123:
though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The
British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits. Garnet Wolseley, one of Britain's most admired late nineteenth-century soldiers, published a damning essay on "The negro as soldier" in 1888, and though his focus was on the African command with which he was most familiar, his dismissive comments are typical of those used against nonwhite soldiers more broadly. While "the Savage" lacked intelligence, was riddled with disease, and enjoyed human suffering, the Anglo-Saxon craved "manly sports" that had developed in him a "bodily strength" unmatched by any other nation.
273:
573:—remain substantially over-represented in the contemporary Indian Armed Forces. In 1984, Haryana, which accounted for 2.2% of India's population, accounted for 7.82% of the armed forces' headcount; the figures for Himachal Pradesh were 0.6% of the population, and 4.68% of the armed forces, and for Punjab, 2.4% of the population and 40% of the armed forces. This was before 1984 and since then the Punjabi people more specifically the Sikhs had left the army and waged a war on the Indian state while accounting for 2.4% of the population they currently are 12.6% of the Armed forces, the decrease of their participation in the army due to political reasons.
33:
257:
286:
584:, which recruits exclusively from Sikhs, Jats and Rajputs in equal proportion. The Indian government has defended what it terms as "class composition" restrictions on the grounds of the "functional requirements" of the ceremonial detachment, namely its "ceremonial duties demand common height, built, appearance and dress for reason of pomp and projection".
132:, the British faced fierce resistance in some regions while easily conquering others. British officials sought 'martial races' accustomed to hunting, or from agricultural cultures from hilly or mountainous regions with a history of conflict. Others were excluded due to their 'ease of living' or branded as
596:
likewise reflected the institutional legacy of the "martial races" theory, although it was no longer formally applied there as well. The
British preference of Punjabis, combined with the fact that Bengalis (who were the single largest group in the new nation) had been disfavored ever since the Revolt
147:
The
British regarded the 'martial races' as valiant and strong but also intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. They were also regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority. For these reasons, the martial races theory
67:
According to modern historian
Jeffrey Greenhut on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen
640:
notes that the limited recruitment of
Bengali personnel in the Pakistan Army was because the West Pakistanis "could not overcome the hangover of the martial race theory". As a result, in 1955, out of the Pakistan Army's 908-strong officer corps, 894 hailed from West Pakistan and a mere 14 from East
111:
Following Indian independence, the Indian government in
February 1949 abolished the official application of "martial race" principles with regard to military recruitment, although it has continued to be applied formally and informally in certain circumstances. In Pakistan, such principles, although
1122:
The
Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory,
699:
claimed success bringing the army's composition closer to national demographics; the proportion of
Punjabis in the army had fallen from 71% in 2001 to 57% in 2007, and was expected to reach 54% by 2011. In turn, the proportion of Sindhis was expected to increase from 15% to 17%, and Balochis from
143:
British general and scholar
Lieutenant-General George MacMunn (1869–1952) noted in his writings "It is only necessary for a feeling to arise that it is impious and disgraceful to serve the British, for the whole of our fabric to tumble like a house of cards without a shot being fired or a sword
59:
as belonging to one of two categories, the 'martial' caste and the 'non-martial' caste. The ostensible reason for this system of classification was the belief that a 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for fighting, while the 'non-martial races' were those races which the
British
1500:…Coorg for the purpose of trying to induce Coorgs and Gaudas to take service, but, after working the whole of Coorg, one recruit only, a Gauda, was obtained . According to the report of the native officer in command of the party, the inhabitants of Coorg, although a warlike race, are much…
840:
Dr . Jeffrey Greenhut has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry . Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of
532:
However, while most caste or tribal bars on recruitment were lifted, recruitment in regions populated by the former "martial races" was progressively intensified, with the result that by the beginning of the 1970s, India had more than doubled the number of "martial class" units. The
645:, the exclusion of East Pakistani Bengalis from military leadership translated into their exclusion from the nation's political leadership. This deepened the alienation of East Pakistanis from the Pakistani government, which would eventually lead to the
700:
3.2% in 2007 to 4% in 2011. The report also projected an increase in the soldiers from Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan from 0% to 9% by 2011. However, noting that, for instance, a disproportionately large share of new recruits from Sindh are ethnic
144:
unsheathed". To this end, it became British policy to recruit only from those tribes whom they classified as members of the 'martial races', and the practice became an integral part of the recruitment manuals for the Army in the British Raj.
68:
from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait. British-trained Indian soldiers were among those who had rebelled in 1857 and thereafter, the
222:
did not join the mutiny, and fought on the side of the British Army. From then on, this theory was used to the hilt to accelerate recruitment from among these 'races', whilst discouraging enlistment of 'disloyal' troops and high-caste
660:. Based on this belief in martial supremacy numerical superiority of the foe could be overcome. Defence writers in Pakistan have noted that the 1971 defeat was partially attributable to the flawed 'martial races' theory which led to
695:. In the past few decades there have been some efforts to rectify these imbalances and make the Armed Forces more representative, in part by relaxing recruitment standards in Sindh and Balochistan. In 2007 a report published by the
1900:, Andrea Dew: "The Martial Races Theory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor played a major role in the under-estimation of the Indian Army by Pakistani soldiers as well as civilian decision makers in 1965."
242:
Sikhs in numerous paintings. Richard Schultz, an American author, has claimed the martial race concept as a supposedly clever British effort to divide and rule the people of India for their own political ends.
3003:
107:
whose habits are simpler, very few are found in the army. Following the transfer of the British Indian Armed forces to the Indian Armed forces, these communities continued to have a high representation.
672:
notes that "Elevating the 'martial races' theory to the level of an absolute truth had domestic implications for Pakistani politics and contributed to the neglect of other aspects of security.".
179:
Critics of the theory state that the Indian rebellion of 1857 may have played a role in reinforcing the British belief in it. During this event the troops from the Bengal Native Infantry led by
2955:
2137:
656:, whose rank and file had largely drawn from the martial races, contributed to an otherwise unjustified confidence that they would easily defeat India in a war, especially prior to the
2971:
1819:
1650:
Punjabi Mussalmans and Khalsa Sikhs were declared 'martial races' for recruitment to the army or the police; only one small Hindu caste, the Mohyal Brahmins, qualified as martial.
1619:
From book: "In the early twentieth century, the Marathas were identified as a "martial race" fit for the imperial army, and recruitment of Marathas increased after World War I."
136:
agitators. The doctrine of 'martial races' postulated that the qualities that make a useful soldier are inherited and that the rest of most Indians did not have the requisite
1973:
Stanley Wolpert Published: University of California Press 1990. "India's army... quickly dispelled the popular Pakistani myth that one Muslim soldier was 'worth ten Hindus.'"
230:
Some authors, such as Heather Streets, argue that the military authorities puffed up the images of the martial soldiers by writing regimental histories, and by extolling the
293:
British-declared martial races in the Indian subcontinent included some groups that were officially designated instead as "agricultural tribes" under the provisions of the
517:
despite the fact that it made up just 5% of the new country's population. Recognizing the destabilising potential of an unrepresentative armed forces, Prime Minister
112:
no longer rigidly enforced, have continued to hold considerable sway and have had major consequences for the nation's political life—the most extreme case being the
2915:
1919:"Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by 'Hindu India'."
2130:
3101:
2907:
1081:
Greenhut, Jeffrey "Sahib and Sepoy: an Inquiry into the Relationship between the British Officers and Native Soldiers of the British Indian Army". (In:
2931:
1850:
2361:
722:
3111:
2388:
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In contemporary Pakistan, army recruitment still reflects the biases of "martial races" theory, with a considerable over-representation of ethnic
272:
1194:
1931:
2523:
2350:
1747:
1066:
980:
297:. These terms were considered to be synonymous when the administration compiled a list in 1925. Among the communities listed as martial were:
3121:
1696:
1424:
1309:
1115:
927:
900:
864:
833:
1912:
576:
Explicit ethnic- or caste-based requirements have nevertheless persisted amongst some military formations. The most notable instance is the
497:
India was quick to formally disclaim the martial races theory after gaining independence. The largest single source of recruitment for the
64:. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.
3075:
2366:
613:, there was not a single Muslim member from Sindh, Balochistan or Bengal, which together comprised 70% of Pakistan's total population.
3096:
1643:
1414:
2979:
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1996:
1881:
1725:
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1601:
1570:
1560:
1477:
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1336:
1265:
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790:
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1691:. Permanent Black monographs. The "Opus 1" series. Delhi : Bangalore: Permanent Black ; Distributed by Orient Longman.
642:
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947:
696:
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3106:
2939:
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2738:
2376:
2176:
2009:
1326:
1493:
2963:
2181:
1192:
Book review of Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 By Heather Streets
1950:
2863:
2528:
276:
2578:
2543:
2493:
741:
Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914".
964:
95:
were described as 'the oldest martial community', in the past having two of the oldest British Indian regiments, the
3126:
2995:
2889:
2708:
2163:
657:
646:
76:
and enacted a new recruitment policy which favoured castes whose members had remained loyal to the British Empire.
704:
rather than Sindhis, critics have alleged that such figures, in measuring provincial origin rather than ethnicity
505:, with Sikhs and Punjabi Muslims particularly preferred, with the result that at independence over 90% of the new
2673:
2623:
2395:
1846:
1222:
526:
522:
173:
113:
3045:
2813:
2638:
2326:
2206:
2146:
1717:
1358:. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Criterion Publications : Distributed by Deep & Deep Publications.
161:
129:
52:
577:
2503:
1202:
1094:
MacMunn, G. F. (1911). The Armies of India; painted by Major A. C. Lovett. London: Adam & Charles Black.
797:
Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority
610:
557:, increased from six to 21 battalions over the same time period. The three states that comprised the former
534:
2079:
Chowdhry, Prem (May 2013). "Militarized Masculinities: Shaped and Reshaped in Colonial South-East Punjab".
2848:
2603:
2463:
1774:"Ethnic Group Recruitment in the Indian Army: The Contrasting Cases of Sikhs, Muslims, Gurkhas and Others"
1051:"Ethnic Group Recruitment in the Indian Army: The Contrasting Cases of Sikhs, Muslims, Gurkhas and Others"
606:
2987:
2843:
2823:
2768:
2400:
1820:"President's bodyguards: Govt defends recruitment process, says it's based on 'functional requirements'"
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593:
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1909:
1050:
1191:
3040:
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1928:
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Furthermore, it has been alleged that the continued influence of the theory among the command of the
1021:
2748:
2703:
2653:
2598:
2483:
2478:
2214:
1514:"Martial Races: the Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 (review)"
1145:
808:
Greenhut, Jeffrey (1983) The Imperial Reserve: the Indian Corps on the Western Front, 1914–15. In:
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Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots
717:
506:
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187:
61:
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2798:
2658:
2613:
2513:
2289:
2104:
2096:
2055:
1793:
1541:
1236:
758:
637:
2038:
Cohen, Stephen P. (May 1969). "The Untouchable Soldier: Caste, Politics, and the Indian Army".
3116:
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2568:
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1992:
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32:
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917:
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1988:
1958:
1785:
1525:
750:
701:
669:
661:
624:, who felt humiliated by the continued belief in the theory which continued to hold sway in
605:, with 25% of the new nation's population, accounted for 72% of the Army's headcount, while
602:
566:
546:
518:
80:
2873:
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2718:
2688:
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2425:
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1954:
1935:
1629:
1198:
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431:
219:
1134:
856:
Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914
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2778:
2728:
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2573:
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2224:
1824:
629:
617:
446:
336:
215:
203:
172:
was reportedly concerned that the theory was abandoned during the war and wrote to the
117:
73:
2013:
1353:
256:
3090:
3050:
2853:
2793:
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2683:
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2269:
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2239:
2108:
1916:
1545:
762:
625:
621:
598:
570:
514:
261:
183:
104:
48:
268:. The post card reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans"
3030:
2733:
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2254:
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665:
376:
316:
311:
157:
149:
100:
96:
37:
2442:
597:
of 1857, led to an even more ethnically lopsided army corps than in India. At the
2115:
1591:
1467:
1387:
1370:
1301:
The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy
1240:
1216:
1107:
Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire
1105:
919:
The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy
854:
780:
79:
The concept already had a precedent in Indian culture as one of the four orders (
3070:
3060:
2663:
2473:
2420:
2294:
2234:
2229:
581:
558:
510:
471:
466:
265:
153:
69:
3065:
3055:
2773:
2678:
2508:
2498:
2468:
2311:
2279:
2244:
2186:
2092:
2051:
1947:
1748:"Why the Indian army needs to abandon the colonial concept of 'martial races'"
1157:
Bose, Mihir. The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India; p. 25.
754:
684:
406:
351:
199:
191:
165:
1537:
148:
did not lead to officers being recruited from them; recruitment was based on
17:
2316:
436:
417:
Communities that were at various times classified as martial races include:
88:
1896:
Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat
1617:
Creative Pasts: Historical Memory And Identity in Western India, 1700-1960
1529:
1167:
1144:– Based on the Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the
285:
3035:
2415:
1218:
Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat
688:
680:
676:
633:
481:
456:
224:
133:
92:
2100:
609:, with 55% of the total population, was virtually unrepresented. In the
2338:
2333:
2299:
2274:
2191:
2059:
1797:
1773:
966:
Valour Unlimited : Haryana and the Indian Armed Forces (1914-2000)
692:
562:
554:
401:
396:
361:
331:
321:
195:
137:
72:
abandoned or diminished its recruitment of soldiers who came from the
2405:
2219:
1714:
Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence
542:
461:
441:
421:
391:
386:
371:
366:
356:
346:
341:
326:
239:
211:
1789:
545:, had gone from five to 29 battalions since independence, while the
289:
The list of Military castes cited in the 1891 census general report.
538:
451:
381:
306:
284:
271:
255:
235:
207:
180:
84:
56:
31:
3005:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
580:, the most senior and arguably the most prestigious unit of the
550:
476:
411:
301:
231:
2119:
176:
that he must, "rely as much as possible on the martial races".
164:, and created serious deficiencies in troop levels during the
1442:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
194:
also caused trouble with British forces. However, the loyal
2891:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
1372:
History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State
628:, that they were not 'martially inclined' compared to the
616:
This imbalance created tensions, particularly amongst the
47:
was a designation which was created by army officials in
529:
to undertake "large scale reform to the armed forces”.
168:, compelling them to recruit from 'non-martial races'.
2973:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
1524:(1). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press: 146–150.
3023:
2882:
2451:
2349:
2205:
2162:
1662:Hartmann, Paul; Patil, B. R.; Dighe, Anita (1989).
1386:Snedden, Christopher (2015). "Jammu and Jammutis".
280:(Risaldar Major), c. 1909, by AC Lovett (1862–1919)
27:
British Indian colonial military recruitment theory
1375:. India: Kashmir History Publications. p. 51.
227:who had sided with the rebel army during the war.
1910:United States Library of Congress Country Studies
1741:
1739:
1737:
1586:
1584:
1582:
891:. In Boehmer, Elleke; Chaudhuri, Rosinka (eds.).
825:Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism
1664:The Mass Media and Village Life: An Indian Study
1355:India's freedom struggle and the role of Haryana
810:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1562:mountain echoes a reminiscense of kumaoni women
1022:"Pakistan Army: Martial Race or National Army?"
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1495:Historical Records of the XIII Madras Infantry
1416:Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict International Dispute
1044:
1042:
941:
939:
260:French postcard depicting the arrival of 15th
128:In their attempts to assert control after the
2917:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
2131:
774:
772:
247:Tribes and groups designated as martial races
186:mutinied against the British. Similarly, the
60:considered unfit for battle because of their
8:
1991:Published: Brookings Institution Press 2004
2074:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1215:SHULTZ, RICHARD H.; DEW, ANDREA J. (2006).
988:Press Information Bureau of India - Archive
889:"India, empire and First World War writing"
2909:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
2138:
2124:
2116:
981:"No More Class Composition in Indian Army"
893:The Indian Postcolonial: A Critical Reader
87:social system of Hinduism is known as the
2933:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
160:" construction, which was popularised by
1981:
1979:
1689:The Indian Army and the making of Punjab
1469:The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab
1257:The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab
723:Historical definitions of races in India
1874:Military, State and Society in Pakistan
1419:, Oxford University Press, p. 62,
1413:Malik, Iffat (2002), "Jammu Province",
733:
708:, mask continued biases in recruiting.
2524:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1872:Rizvi, Hasan-Askari (September 2000).
785:. Three Essays Collective. p. 5.
7:
1085:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), p. 15.
3076:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
1876:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 128.
1389:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
1298:Singh, Gajendra (16 January 2014).
664:that it was possible to defeat the
36:British and Indian officers of the
1746:Guruswamy, Menaka (16 July 2016).
1666:. Sage Publications. p. 224.
1325:Toland, Judith D. (28 July 2017).
916:Gajendra Singh (16 January 2014).
668:based on the theory alone. Author
295:Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900
156:. One source calls this a "pseudo-
25:
3102:Military history of British India
2981:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
2901:The Outline of History of Mankind
1498:. W. Thacker. 1898. p. 191.
1281:MacMunn, George Fletcher (1979).
1020:Lakshmi, V. Vidya (1 June 2016).
946:MacMunn, George Fletcher (1979).
120:exclusion from the armed forces.
116:, following decades of continued
2949:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
1948:"End-game?" By Ardeshir Cowasjee
1853:from the original on 5 July 2019
1593:Martial races of undivided India
828:. APH Publishing. pp. 26–.
55:, in which they classified each
1596:. Gyan Publishing House. 2009.
1260:. Orient Longman. p. 105.
963:YADAV, ATUL (22 January 2022).
922:. A&C Black. pp. 29–.
859:. Manchester University Press.
697:Inter-Services Public Relations
140:that would make them warriors.
103:. Now, except a clan known as
3112:Historical definitions of race
2941:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
2147:Historical definitions of race
1472:. Orient Longman. p. 99.
687:, and under-representation of
641:Pakistan. Thus, following the
549:, which is mainly composed of
1:
2965:The Passing of the Great Race
1847:"Library of Congress studies"
1712:Wilkinson, Steven I. (2015).
3122:Military history of Pakistan
2864:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
2040:The Journal of Asian Studies
2010:"Pakistan's Defence Journal"
1818:Ahsan, Sofi (18 July 2019).
1518:Journal of Victorian Culture
1168:"Pakistan - THE BRITISH RAJ"
509:' senior officers came from
2579:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
2544:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
2494:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1687:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
1466:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
1369:Kapur, Manohar Lal (1980).
1254:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
3143:
2070:Cohen, Stephen P. (1971).
1284:The Martial Races of India
949:The Martial Races of India
895:. Routledge. p. 301.
743:European Review of History
658:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
647:independence of Bangladesh
601:'s establishment in 1947,
3097:Military history of India
2674:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
2153:
2093:10.1017/S0026749X11000539
2052:10.1017/s0021911800092779
1929:Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
1223:Columbia University Press
853:Streets, Heather (2004).
822:Amiya K. Samanta (2000).
755:10.1080/13507480600586726
592:At independence, the new
523:Commander-in-Chief, India
277:14th Murray's Jat Lancers
252:In British colonial times
174:Commander-in-Chief, India
114:Bangladesh Liberation War
3046:History of anthropometry
2814:Charles Gabriel Seligman
2639:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
2327:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
1718:Harvard University Press
1559:gokhale, namita (1998).
1512:Surridge, Keith (2007).
1104:Philippa Levine (2003).
683:, particularly from the
537:, which recruits mainly
162:Frederick Sleigh Roberts
130:Indian Rebellion of 1857
91:, literally "warriors".
53:Indian Rebellion of 1857
2504:Daniel Garrison Brinton
2065:(subscription required)
1953:23 October 2010 at the
1638:. Penguin. p. 98.
1392:. HarperCollins India.
1328:Ethnicity and the State
1069:20 October 2006 at the
2849:Thomas Griffith Taylor
2604:Reginald Ruggles Gates
1772:Khalidi, Omar (2001).
1352:Shukla, S. P. (1985).
1287:. Mittal Publications.
952:. Mittal Publications.
749:(1). Routledge: 1–20.
290:
282:
269:
238:-wielding Gurkhas and
41:
3107:Caste system in India
2989:Annihilation of Caste
2893:in Different Climates
2844:William Graham Sumner
2824:Samuel Stanhope Smith
2769:James Cowles Prichard
2401:Racial discrimination
1530:10.1353/jvc.2007.0017
1439:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
887:Das, Santanu (2010).
779:Omar Khalidi (2003).
654:Pakistan Armed Forces
594:Pakistan Armed Forces
578:President's Bodyguard
288:
275:
259:
35:
3041:Great chain of being
2759:Ludwig Hermann Plate
2724:Samuel George Morton
2539:Samuel A. Cartwright
2389:in the United States
2081:Modern Asian Studies
1986:The Idea of Pakistan
1445:. Orient Blackswan.
1197:4 March 2016 at the
1140:14 June 2017 at the
1110:. Psychology Press.
1055:www.defenceindia.com
969:. K.K. Publications.
666:Bengali Rebel Forces
488:Post-colonial period
62:sedentary lifestyles
2997:The Races of Europe
2925:The Races of Europe
2704:Dominick McCausland
2654:Thomas Henry Huxley
2599:Stanley Marion Garn
2479:Robert Bennett Bean
2207:Historical concepts
1146:Library of Congress
718:Criminal Tribes Act
643:coup d'Ă©tat of 1958
636:. Pakistani author
507:Indian Armed Forces
499:British Indian Army
188:Revolt of Rajab Ali
152:and loyalty to the
2869:Alexander Winchell
2799:Henric Sanielevici
2659:Calvin Ira Kephart
2629:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
2614:Arthur de Gobineau
2514:Alice Mossie Brues
2411:Racial stereotypes
1934:9 May 2017 at the
1049:Dr. Omar Khalidi.
702:Pathans (Pashtuns)
638:Hasan-Askari Rizvi
291:
283:
270:
42:
3127:Military of India
3084:
3083:
3013:The Race Question
2859:John H. Van Evrie
2784:William Z. Ripley
2754:Charles Pickering
2699:Felix von Luschan
2669:Robert E. Kuttner
2569:Charles Davenport
2438:Whiteness studies
2164:Color terminology
2156:Scientific racism
1898:Richard H. Shultz
1716:. Cambridge, MA:
1698:978-81-7824-059-6
1426:978-0-19-579622-3
1311:978-1-78093-820-2
1304:. A&C Black.
1241:10.7312/shul12982
1172:countrystudies.us
1117:978-0-415-94447-2
990:. 1 February 1949
929:978-1-78093-820-2
902:978-1-13681-957-5
866:978-0-7190-6962-8
835:978-81-7648-166-3
527:Defence Secretary
427:Bhumihar Brahmins
264:in France during
170:Winston Churchill
16:(Redirected from
3134:
2892:
2839:Lothrop Stoddard
2834:Morris Steggerda
2809:Ilse Schwidetzky
2804:Heinrich Schmidt
2789:Alfred Rosenberg
2749:Isaac La Peyrère
2554:Carleton S. Coon
2529:Charles Caldwell
2484:François Bernier
2367:in Latin America
2140:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2075:
2066:
2063:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1989:Stephen P. Cohen
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1957:– 18 July 1999,
1945:
1939:
1926:
1920:
1915:19 July 2012 at
1907:
1901:
1894:
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1887:
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1731:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1635:The End of India
1630:Singh, Khushwant
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1565:. Roli pvt ltd.
1556:
1550:
1549:
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1503:
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1086:
1083:Military Affairs
1079:
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873:
850:
844:
843:
819:
813:
806:
800:
799:
776:
767:
766:
738:
670:Stephen P. Cohen
662:wishful thinking
567:Himachal Pradesh
547:Rajputana Rifles
519:Jawaharlal Nehru
21:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3019:
2957:Castes in India
2878:
2874:Ludwig Woltmann
2829:Herbert Spencer
2719:Lewis H. Morgan
2689:Cesare Lombroso
2564:Jan Czekanowski
2549:Sonia Mary Cole
2489:Renato Biasutti
2447:
2426:Nazism and race
2345:
2322:Proto-Mongoloid
2201:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2078:
2072:The Indian Army
2069:
2064:
2037:
2034:
2032:Further reading
2029:
2019:
2017:
2016:on 7 March 2009
2008:
2007:
2003:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1955:Wayback Machine
1946:
1942:
1936:Wayback Machine
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1812:
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1800:
1790:10.2307/3557805
1778:Pacific Affairs
1771:
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1766:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1711:
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1199:Wayback Machine
1190:
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1142:Wayback Machine
1133:
1129:
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1103:
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1080:
1076:
1071:Wayback Machine
1059:
1057:
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983:
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886:
885:
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871:
869:
867:
852:
851:
847:
836:
821:
820:
816:
812:, October 1983.
807:
803:
793:
778:
777:
770:
740:
739:
735:
731:
714:
590:
535:Punjab Regiment
521:soon urged the
495:
490:
254:
249:
126:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3140:
3138:
3130:
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3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
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3089:
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3027:
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3020:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2927:(Ripley, 1899)
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Giuseppe Sergi
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Gustaf Retzius
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Josiah C. Nott
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Ashley Montagu
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Bertil Lundman
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Earnest Hooton
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:George Gliddon
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Francis Galton
2591:
2586:
2584:Anténor Firmin
2581:
2576:
2574:Joseph Deniker
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Georges Cuvier
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:Racial hygiene
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
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2355:
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2222:
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2211:
2209:
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2199:
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2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2087:(3): 713–750.
2076:
2067:
2046:(3): 453–468.
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2001:
1975:
1963:
1940:
1921:
1902:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1838:
1825:Indian Express
1810:
1784:(4): 529–552.
1764:
1733:
1726:
1704:
1697:
1679:
1672:
1654:
1645:978-0143029946
1644:
1621:
1609:
1602:
1578:
1571:
1551:
1504:
1485:
1478:
1458:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1405:
1398:
1378:
1361:
1344:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1231:
1225:. p. 47.
1207:
1184:
1159:
1150:
1127:
1116:
1096:
1087:
1074:
1038:
1001:
972:
955:
935:
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879:
865:
845:
834:
814:
801:
791:
768:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
720:
713:
710:
611:Armoured Corps
589:
586:
501:had come from
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Mohyal Brahmin
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
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429:
424:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
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329:
324:
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314:
309:
304:
253:
250:
248:
245:
125:
122:
74:catchment area
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3139:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
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3092:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Miscegenation
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2974:
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2958:
2954:
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2922:
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2914:
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2910:
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2902:
2898:
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2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Paul Topinard
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Benjamin Rush
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Alfred Ploetz
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Oscar Peschel
2742:
2740:
2739:Roger Pearson
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:John Mitchell
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Carl Linnaeus
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
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2657:
2655:
2652:
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2649:Julian Huxley
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Ernst Haeckel
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Madison Grant
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
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2589:Eugen Fischer
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2537:
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2534:Petrus Camper
2532:
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2459:Louis Agassiz
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2624:John Grattan
2519:Halfdan Bryn
2384:in Singapore
2351:Sociological
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2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2004:
1999:pp. 103–104.
1985:
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1966:
1943:
1924:
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1867:
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1135:Country Data
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101:3rd Brahmans
97:1st Brahmans
78:
66:
45:Martial race
44:
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38:1st Brahmans
29:
3071:Pre-Adamite
3061:Multiracial
2664:Robert Knox
2474:John Beddoe
2421:Master race
2377:in Colombia
2265:East Baltic
2020:29 February
994:16 February
607:East Bengal
582:Indian Army
559:East Punjab
513:, and were
511:East Punjab
472:Mukkulathor
467:Naga people
266:World War I
154:British Raj
70:Bengal Army
3091:Categories
3066:Polygenism
3056:Monogenism
2774:Otto Reche
2679:Fritz Lenz
2509:Paul Broca
2499:Franz Boas
2469:Erwin Baur
2464:John Baker
2358:By region
2215:Australoid
1857:7 November
1752:The Scroll
872:20 October
729:References
685:Salt Range
192:Chittagong
166:World Wars
51:after the
2443:NĂ©gritude
2372:in Brazil
2317:Mongoloid
2225:Caucasoid
2109:145147406
1831:25 August
1803:25 August
1757:25 August
1546:162319158
1538:1355-5502
1031:25 August
763:144987021
220:Garhwalis
134:seditious
89:Kshatriya
83:) in the
3117:Warriors
3036:Eugenics
2416:Colorism
2362:in India
2270:Ethiopid
2250:Atlantid
2240:Armenoid
2101:24494165
1951:Archived
1932:Archived
1913:Archived
1851:Archived
1632:(2003).
1195:Archived
1177:22 April
1138:Archived
1067:Archived
1026:Mantraya
712:See also
689:Balochis
681:Punjabis
677:Pashtuns
634:Pashtuns
630:Punjabis
618:Bengalis
588:Pakistan
482:Vellalar
457:Marathas
432:Garhwali
397:Rowthers
322:Brahmins
240:turbaned
216:Kumaunis
204:Pashtuns
124:Criteria
93:Brahmins
3024:Related
2452:Writers
2396:Passing
2339:Negrito
2334:Negroid
2305:Turanid
2300:Semites
2275:Hamites
2260:Dinaric
2255:Caspian
2060:2943173
1798:3557805
1060:26 June
693:Sindhis
563:Haryana
555:Rajputs
447:Kumaoni
442:Gurkhas
402:Qureshi
392:Rajputs
362:Khokhar
342:Gurjars
234:Scots,
212:Gurkhas
196:Rajputs
118:Bengali
40:, 1912.
3015:(1950)
3007:(1943)
2991:(1936)
2983:(1930)
2975:(1920)
2967:(1916)
2959:(1916)
2951:(1911)
2943:(1907)
2935:(1899)
2919:(1855)
2911:(1849)
2903:(1785)
2895:(1744)
2406:Racism
2295:Nordic
2285:Iranid
2235:Arabid
2230:Alpine
2220:Capoid
2177:Bronze
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387:Pathan
377:Mughal
372:Mahton
367:Labana
357:Kamboh
347:Janjua
332:Gakhar
317:Baloch
232:kilted
225:Hindus
138:traits
81:varnas
2312:Malay
2280:Indid
2245:Aryan
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2187:Olive
2182:Brown
2172:Black
2105:S2CID
2097:JSTOR
2056:JSTOR
1971:India
1794:JSTOR
1542:S2CID
1237:JSTOR
984:(PDF)
759:S2CID
539:Sikhs
493:India
477:Nairs
452:Kurmi
382:Saini
327:Dogra
307:Arain
236:kukri
208:Sikhs
190:from
181:sepoy
85:Vedic
57:caste
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1993:ISBN
1959:Dawn
1878:ISBN
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