Martin Bucer - Knowledge (XXG)

2969:, a confessional statement calling on Strasbourg to repent and to defend reformed principles outlined in twenty-nine articles. Charles ordered all copies destroyed. Tension grew in Strasbourg, as Bucer's opponents feared he was leading the city to disaster. Many Strasbourg merchants left to avoid a potential clash with imperial forces. On 30 August, the guild officials voted overwhelmingly to begin negotiations to introduce the Interim. Bucer stood firm; even after the city of Konstanz surrendered and accepted the Interim, he called for Strasbourg to reject it unconditionally. In January 1549, with plans underway for the implementation of the Interim in Strasbourg, Bucer and his colleagues continued to attack it, producing a memorandum on how to preserve the Protestant faith under its directives. With no significant support left, Bucer and Fagius were finally relieved of their positions and dismissed on 1 March 1549. Bucer left Strasbourg on 5 April a refugee, as he had arrived twenty-five years earlier. 3128: 1052:, and Bucer's partial theological support of Luther, became too much for Zwingli, and on 21 February 1531, he wrote to Bucer ending their friendship. When representatives of the southern German cities convened in Ulm on 23–24 March 1532 to discuss their alliance with the Schmalkaldic League, Bucer advised them to sign the Augsburg Confession, if they were being pressured to do so. For Bucer to recommend the rival confession over his own version surprised the Swiss cities. Luther continued his polemical attacks on Bucer, but Bucer was unperturbed: "In any case, we must seek unity and love in our relationships with everyone," he wrote, "regardless of how they behave toward us." In April and May 1533, he again toured the southern German cities and Swiss cities. The latter remained unconvinced and did not join the Protestant alliance. 2903:. Melanchthon joined him in Bonn in May, and Caspar Hedio a month later, to help draft the document. At the beginning of July, Bucer discussed the draft with the archbishop, who, after studying it, submitted the document to the territorial diet on 23 July. Although the cathedral chapter flatly rejected it, the diet ruled in favour of the reform programme. The final document was over three hundred pages and covered a number of subjects on doctrine, church law, and liturgy. Some of the principles proposed include justification by faith, the acceptance of baptism and the Lord's Supper as the only valid sacraments, the offering of the cup to the laity, the holding of worship services in the vernacular, and the authorisation of priests to marry. 1369:—in other words, the pope and his bishops. Into the article on the mass and the Lord's Supper, Contarini had inserted the concept of transubstantiation, which was also unacceptable to the Protestants. As a result, the colloquy became deadlocked. To salvage some of the agreements reached, Charles and Granvelle had the Regensburg Book reprinted with additional articles in which the Protestants were allowed to present their views. However, Luther in Wittenberg and the papal court in Rome had by this time seen the book, and they both publicly rejected the article on justification by faith. The failure of the conference was a major setback for Bucer. 1118:. Bucer personally took responsibility for attacking these and other popular preachers to minimize their influence and secure their expulsion and that of their followers. On 30 November 1532, the pastors and wardens of the church petitioned the council to enforce ethical standards, officially sanction the reformed faith, and refute the "sectarian" doctrines. The ruling authorities, who had allowed sectarian congregations to thrive among the refugees and lower orders, would only expel the obvious troublemakers. Bucer insisted that the council urgently take control of all Christian worship in the city for the common good. 1194:. Strasbourg quickly endorsed the document, but much coaxing from Bucer was required before he managed to convince all the south German cities. The Swiss cities were resistant, Zürich in particular. They rejected even a mild statement suggesting a union of Christ with the elements of the eucharist. Bucer advised the Swiss to hold a national synod to decide on the matter, hoping he could at least persuade Bern and Basel. The synod met in Zürich from 28 May to 4 April 1538, but Bucer failed to win over a single city. The Swiss never accepted or rejected the Wittenberg Concord. 1271: 3023:, debated with Catholic colleagues over the issue of the Lord's Supper. Martyr asked Bucer for his support, but Bucer did not totally agree with Martyr's position and thought that exposure of differences would not assist the cause of reform. Unwilling to see the eucharist conflict repeat itself in England, he told Martyr he did not take sides, Catholic, Lutheran, or Zwinglian. He said, "We must aspire with the utmost zeal to edify as many people as we possibly can in faith and in the love of Christ—and to offend no one." 883:, defending his views. He proposed a formula that he hoped would satisfy both sides: different understandings of scripture were acceptable, and church unity was assured so long as both sides had a "child-like faith in God". Bucer stated that his and Zwingli's interpretation on the eucharist was the correct one, but while he considered the Wittenberg theologians to be in error, he accepted them as brethren as they agreed on the fundamentals of faith. He also published two translations of works by Luther and 2978: 580: 5595: 51: 1263:, a former Lutheran who had reconverted to Catholicism. In discussions from 2 to 7 January 1539, Bucer and Witzel agreed to defer controversial points of doctrine, but Melanchthon withdrew, feeling that doctrinal unity was a prerequisite of a reform plan. Bucer and Witzel agreed on fifteen articles covering various issues of church life. Bucer, however, made no doctrinal concessions: he remained silent on critical matters such as the mass and the papacy. His 1376:. First, Bucer's friend and colleague Wolfgang Capito succumbed to the disease; then Bucer's wife Elisabeth died on 16 November 1541. How many children Elisabeth had borne is unknown; several died during child-birth or at a young age. One son, Nathanael, although mentally and physically handicapped, survived to adulthood and remained with the Bucer family throughout his life. During Elisabeth's final hours, she urged Bucer to marry Capito's widow, 864: 1017:. A copy of Melanchthon's draft was used as the starting point and the only major change was the wording on the article on the eucharist. According to Eells, the article on the eucharist in the Tetrapolitan Confession stated, "In this sacrament his true body and true blood are truly given to eat and drink, as food for their souls, and to eternal life, that they may remain in him and he in them". The ambiguous word "truly" was not defined. 1091:, the council systematically removed images and side altars from the churches. Bucer had at first tolerated images in places of worship as long as they were not venerated. He later came to believe they should be removed because of their potential for abuse, and he advocated in a treatise for their orderly removal. First the authority of the magistrates should be obtained, and then the people instructed on abandoning devotion to images. 1413: 962: 1147: 1138:, did the council act, fearing a similar incident in Strasbourg. On 4 March 1534, the council announced that Bucer's Tetrapolitan Confession and his sixteen articles on church doctrine were now official church statements of faith. All Anabaptists should either subscribe to these documents or leave the city. The decision established a new church in Strasbourg, with Capito declaring, "Bucer is the bishop of our church." 359: 3229:, but rather he took a standpoint in order to discuss and to win over his opponents. At the same time his theological stand was grounded in the conditions of his time where he envisioned the ideal society to be one that was led by an enlightened, God-centred government with all the people united under Christian fellowship. Martin Bucer is chiefly remembered for his promotion of doctrinal unity, or 714: 1098:), chosen from among the laity, were assigned to each congregation to supervise both doctrine and practice. His concerns were motivated by the effects of a rapidly rising refugee population, attracted by Strasbourg's tolerant asylum policies. Influxes of refugees, particularly after 1528, had brought a series of revolutionary preachers into Strasbourg. These men were inspired by a variety of 1061: 1170:, were skeptical of his intentions. Instead they met in Basel on 1 February 1536 to draft their own confession of faith. Bucer and Capito attended and urged the Swiss to adopt a compromise wording on the eucharist that would not offend the Lutherans. The true presence of Christ was acknowledged while a natural or local union between Christ and the elements was denied. The result was the 1205:, to lead a French refugee congregation in Strasbourg. Bucer and Calvin had much in common theologically and maintained a long friendship. The extent to which Bucer influenced Calvin is an open question among modern scholars, but many of the reforms that Calvin later implemented in Geneva, including the liturgy and the church organisation, were originally developed in Strasbourg. 3119:, and ceremonies such as private masses. He focused on the congregation and how the people would worship and be taught. How far Bucer's critique influenced the 1552 second edition of the Prayer Book is unknown. Scholars agree that although Bucer's impact on the Church of England should not be overestimated, he exercised his greatest influence on the revision of the Prayer Book. 5717: 1320:. Aware of the risks of such apparent collusion, he was determined to forge unity among the German churches. The two agreed on twenty-three articles in which Bucer conceded some issues toward the Catholic position. These included justification, the sacraments, and the organisation of the church. Four disputed issues were left undecided: veneration of the saints, 2919:(Steadfast Defence), but he was unable to influence the course of events. Von Wied was excommunicated on 16 April 1546, and he formally surrendered his electoral titles on 25 February 1547. Bucer's congregation in Bonn wrote to him in dismay at this disaster. Bucer reassured them that Christians who humble themselves before God eventually receive his protection. 3055: 662:), he preached that the Mass should not be considered as the recrucifying of Christ, but rather the reception of God's gift of salvation through Christ. He accused the monks of creating additional rules above what is contained in the Bible. He summarised his convictions in six theses, and called for a public disputation. His opponents, the local 656:, whose leading reformer, Heinrich Motherer, asked him to become his chaplain. Bucer agreed to interrupt his journey and went to work immediately, preaching daily sermons in which he attacked traditional church practices and monastic orders. On the basis of his belief that the Bible was the sole source for knowledge to attain salvation ( 570:. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the 3225:, claimed him as one of their own. The adaptability of his theology to each confessional point-of-view also led polemicists to criticise it as too accommodating. His theology could be best summarised as being practical and pastoral rather than theoretical. Bucer was not so concerned about staking a doctrinal claim 847:. In this dispute, he attempted to mediate between Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli. The two theologians disagreed on whether the body and blood of Christ were physically present within the elements of bread and wine during the celebration of the Lord's Supper. Luther believed in a corporeal or physical 429:, nominally under the control of the Emperor but really ruled by councils that acted like sovereign governments, were scattered throughout the Empire. As the Reformation took root, clashes broke out in many cities between local reformers and conservative city magistrates. It was in a free imperial city, 3093:

to care for the poor and needy. He described marriage as a social contract rather than a sacrament, hence he permitted divorce, a modern idea that was considered too advanced for its time. He advocated the restructuring of economic and administrative systems with suggestions for improving industry,

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Following the synod, the city council dragged its heels for several months. The synod commission, which included Bucer and Capito, decided to take the initiative and produced a draft ordinance for the regulation of the church. It proposed that the council assume almost complete control of the church,

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in a letter that Hoogstraaten was threatening to make an example of him as a follower of Luther. To escape Dominican jurisdiction, Bucer needed to be freed of his monastic vows. Capito and others were able to expedite the annulment of his vows, and on 29 April 1521 he was formally released from the

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When Philip of Hesse's law on the protection of the Jews in his territory expired in 1538, he commissioned Bucer to create a new policy. Philip gave him a draft that was tolerant in the regulation of their affairs. Bucer rejected the favourable conditions and recommended that Jews be prohibited from

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If you immediately condemn anyone who doesn't quite believe the same as you do as forsaken by Christ's Spirit, and consider anyone to be the enemy of truth who holds something false to be true, who, pray tell, can you still consider a brother? I for one have never met two people who believed exactly

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During this time, Bucer and Zwingli remained in close touch, discussing other aspects of theology and practice such as the use of religious images and the liturgy. Bucer did not hesitate to disagree with Zwingli on occasion, although unity between Strasbourg and the Swiss churches took priority over

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We are deprived of a leader than whom the whole world would scarcely obtain a greater, whether in knowledge of true religion or in integrity and innocence of life, or in thirst for study of the most holy things, or in exhausting labour in advancing piety, or in authority and fulness of teaching, or

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was the culmination of Bucer's many years of experience, a summary of his thought and theology that he described as his legacy. In it he urged Edward VI to take control of the English Reformation, and proposed that Parliament introduce fourteen laws of reform, covering both ecclesiastical and civil

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in London. As it was known that Bucer had reformed the church services in Strasbourg to emulate the simplicity of the early church, Hooper expected Bucer's support. However, Bucer tried to stay out of the fray, arguing that there were more important issues to deal with—lack of pastors and pastoral

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Bucer arrived in Augsburg on 30 March 1548 of his own volition. On 2 April, after he was shown the document, he announced his willingness to ratify it if certain changes were made; but the time for negotiations had passed, and Charles insisted on his signature. When he refused, he was placed under

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of his sister. When rumours of the marriage spread, Luther told Philip to deny it, while Bucer advised him to hide his second wife and conceal the truth. Some scholars have noted a possible motivation for this notorious advice: the theologians believed they had advised Philip as a pastor would his

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also included his first use of negative stereotypes of the Jews. Philip's ordinance of 1539 represented a compromise. He allowed the Jews to engage in trade and commerce but included strict rules on their association with Christians. The potential for an arbitrary enforcement of the new policy was

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While these events unfolded, the reformers in Strasbourg were slowly making progress. Their pressure on the council to ban all masses finally succeeded. On 20 February 1529, Strasbourg openly joined the Reformation when the practice of the mass was officially suspended. In its place, two preaching

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Bucer had ambitious goals in diffusing the Reformation throughout England. He was disappointed, therefore, when those in power failed to consult him in bringing about change. On learning about the custom of presenting a memorandum to the king every new year, he worked on a major treatise which he

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social concepts and the communal ethic played a greater role. Along with a group of free imperial cities in the south and west of the German lands, Strasbourg followed this pattern of Reformation. It was ruled by a complex local government largely under the control of a few powerful families and

2885:, the clerics assisting the archbishop. The hostility of the clergy soon caused a rift between Bucer and Gropper. On 19 December, the chapter lodged a formal protest against Bucer's appointment, but von Wied supported his new protégé and Bucer was allowed to stay. He led a small congregation at 1020:

Charles, however, decreed on 22 September that all reformers must reconcile with the Catholic faith, or he would use military force to suppress them. This prompted Melanchthon to call a meeting with Bucer and after lengthy discussions they agreed on nine theses, which they sent to Luther and to

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and attended by various leading reformers, including Bucer. Luther and Zwingli agreed on 13 of the 14 topics discussed, but Zwingli did not accept the doctrine of the real presence, on which Luther would not compromise. After the discussion broke down between the two, Bucer tried to salvage the

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Bucer's time in England was dogged by illnesses, including rheumatism, coughs, and intestinal ailments. Symptoms such as vomiting, shivering, and sweating suggest severe tuberculosis. In February 1551, his health finally broke down, and on the 22nd he dictated an addition to his will. He named

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After Bucer's death, his writings continued to be translated, reprinted, and disseminated throughout Europe. No "Buceran" denomination, however, emerged from his ministry, probably because he never developed a systematic theology as Melanchthon had for the Lutheran church and Calvin for the

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The meeting, moved to Wittenberg because Luther was ill, began on 21 May 1536. To the surprise of the south Germans, Luther began by attacking them, demanding that they recant their false understanding of the eucharist. Capito intervened to calm matters, and Bucer claimed that Luther had

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to debate Bucer's text, eventually accepting it in full. Sectarian leaders were brought before the synod and questioned by Bucer. Ziegler was dismissed and allowed to stay in Strasbourg; Hoffmann was imprisoned as a danger to the state; and Schwenckfeld left Strasbourg of his own accord.

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Eells and Greschat do not claim a direct connection between Bucer's recommendations and the 1552 Prayer Book. Hall, however, states that of fifty-eight points made by Bucer, nearly half were accepted for the new edition of the book. Eells and Hall note that the title of the treatise is

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of 1539, Charles and the leaders of the Schmalkaldic League agreed on a major colloquy to settle all religious issues within the Empire. Bucer placed great hopes on this meeting: he believed it would be possible to convince most German Catholics to accept the doctrine of

2873:, archbishop-elector of Cologne, to discuss the introduction of church reform in his archdiocese. As one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the archbishop of Cologne was a key political figure for both the emperor and the reformers. After consulting the 196: 1363:, and other Catholic theologians. The two sides made a promising start, reaching agreement over the issue of justification by faith. But they could not agree on the teaching authority of the Church, the Protestants insisting it was the Bible, the Catholics the 2951:, which imposed Catholic rites and ceremonies throughout the Empire, with a few concessions to the Reformation. To make the document acceptable to the Protestants, Charles needed a leading figure among the reformers to endorse it, and he selected Bucer. 1178:

misunderstood their views on the issue. The Lutherans insisted that unbelievers who partake of the eucharist truly receive the body and blood of Christ. Bucer and the south Germans believed that they receive only the elements of the bread and the wine.

433:, that Martin Bucer began his work. Located on the western frontier of the Empire, Strasbourg was closely allied with the Swiss cities that had thrown off the imperial yoke. Some had adopted a reformed religion distinct from Lutheranism, in which 1157:

By 1534, Bucer was a key figure in the German Reformation. He repeatedly led initiatives to secure doctrinal agreement between Wittenberg, the south German cities, and Switzerland. In December 1534, Bucer and Melanchthon held productive talks in

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with responsibility for supervising doctrine, appointing church wardens, and maintaining moral standards. Still the council delayed, driving the pastors to the brink of resignation. Only when Hoffman's followers seized power in Münster, in the

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parishioner, and that a lie was justified to guard the privacy of their confessional counsel. The scandal that followed the marriage caused Philip to lose political influence, and the Reformation within the Empire was severely compromised.

787:. He refused to recognise the authority of the pope and instead emphasised obedience to the government. Treger was released on 12 October and left Strasbourg. With his departure, overt opposition to the Reformation ended in the city. 3148:

as executors, commended his loved ones to Thomas Cranmer, and thanked his stepdaughter Agnes Capito for taking care of him. On 28 February, after encouraging those near him to do all they could to realise his vision as expressed in

919:. It took the form of a dialogue between two merchants, one from Nuremberg who supported Luther and the other from Strasbourg who supported Bucer, with the latter winning over his opponent. Bucer noted that as Luther had rejected 3107:. Cranmer had requested his opinion on how the book should be revised, and Bucer submitted his response on 5 January 1551. He called for the simplification of the liturgy, noting non-essential elements: certain holidays in the 759:. Many opponents of the Reformation were arrested, including Treger. After the council requested an official statement from the reformers, Bucer drafted twelve articles summarising the teachings of the Reformation, including 794:—at this time the Strasbourg reformers followed Zwingli's liturgy. They presented proposals for a common order of service for the entire Reformation movement to the theologians of Wittenberg and Zürich. In Bucer's book 838: 923:, the idea that Christ was "made into bread", there was no disagreement between Luther and Zwingli; both believed in a spiritual presence of Christ in the eucharist. Luther harshly rejected Bucer's interpretation. 859:

studies, accepted Zwingli's interpretation. However, he did not believe the Reformation depended on either position but on faith in Christ, other matters being secondary. In this respect he differed from Zwingli.

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Bucer left his wife Wibrandis a significant inheritance consisting mainly of the household and his large collection of books. She eventually returned to Basel, where she died on 1 November 1564 at the age of 60.

1230:); later, Bucer produced his own arguments for and against bigamy. Although the document specified that bigamy could be sanctioned only under rare conditions, Philip took it as approval for his marriage to a 1190:). The south Germans accepted that the unworthy receive Christ, and the question of what unbelievers receive was left unanswered. The two sides then worked fruitfully on other issues and on 28 May signed the 6302: 2914:

appealed to both emperor and pope for protection against their archbishop, Charles took their side. Bucer wrote several treatises defending von Wied's reformation plan, including a six-hundred-page book,

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situation, but Luther noted, "It is obvious that we do not have one and the same spirit." The meeting ended in failure. The following year, Bucer wrote of his disappointment at doctrinal inflexibility:

346:, at the age of 59. Although his ministry did not lead to the formation of a new denomination, many Protestant denominations have claimed him as one of their own. He is remembered as an early pioneer of 810:

surpassed it in terms of musical significance.) By May 1525, liturgical reforms had been implemented in Strasbourg's parish churches, but the city council decided to allow masses to continue in the

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had advanced with some success. On 25 April 1549 Bucer, Fagius, and others arrived in London, where Cranmer received them with full honours. A few days later, Bucer and Fagius were introduced to

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These first steps toward reform were halted on 17 August 1543 when Charles V and his troops entered Bonn. The emperor was engaged in a harsh campaign to assert his claim over lands contested by

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to decide whether the city should accept reformed doctrines and practices. Bucer provided strong support for Zwingli's leading role in the disputation, which finally brought the Reformation to

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Bucer, and although the town council continued to support him, events beyond Wissembourg left Bucer in danger. His leading benefactor, Franz von Sickingen, was defeated and killed during the

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in 1546, Protestants began a gradual retreat within the Empire. On 21 March 1547, Strasbourg surrendered to the imperial army, and the following month the decisive imperial victory at the

2195: 1037:, Konstanz, Memmingen, and Lindau, and to the Swiss cities of Basel and Zürich. In Zurich on 12 October, he presented the articles to Zwingli, who neither opposed him nor agreed with him. 887:, interpolating his own interpretation of the Lord's Supper into the text. This outraged the Wittenberg theologians and damaged their relations with Bucer. In 1528, when Luther published 3266:

When Bucer wrote in German, he used his original name, "Butzer". The Latin form of his name is "Bucerus" and modern scholars have opted to use the abbreviation of the Latin form, "Bucer".

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marriage. Bucer reluctantly agreed, on condition the marriage be kept secret. Bucer consulted Luther and Melanchthon, and the three reformers presented Philip with a statement of advice (

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negotiated the city's inclusion on the basis of the Tetrapolitan Confession. By this time, Bucer's relationship with Zwingli was deteriorating. Strasbourg's political ties with the

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resented their social immobility and the widening income gap. The citizens may not have planned revolution, but they were receptive to new ideas that might transform their lives.

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matters. In his view the Reformation was not only concerned with the church, but in all areas of life. Noting the difficult social conditions in England, he promoted the role of

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on 26–28 September. Luther still rejected Bucer's theses, but he encouraged him to continue the search for unity. Bucer then traveled to several southern German cities, including

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In Strasbourg, Bucer joined a team of notable reformers: Zell, who took the role of the preacher to the masses; Wolfgang Capito, the most influential theologian in the city; and

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Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an

806:, and certain forms of ritual. It was also this publication that acknowledged the introduction of congregational German hymn singing in the city. (Only his preface to the 1541 702:; during Bucer's first few months in the city he worked as Zell's unofficial chaplain and was able to give classes on books of the Bible. The largest guild in Strasbourg, the 6307: 5780: 590:

The events that caused Bucer to leave the Dominican Order arose from his embrace of new ideas and his growing contact with other humanists and reformers. A fellow Dominican,

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According to Eells, Bucer died on 1 March 1551, and he cites sources that support that date. However, he also notes that Beza and Edward VI mentioned the 28 February date.

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attempted to win back Protestant princes through a series of colloquies and imperial diets. When reconciliation failed, he sought to suppress Protestant resistance in the

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Despite this capitulation, Bucer continued to fight. On his return to Strasbourg, he stepped up his attacks on Catholic rites and ceremonies, and on 2 July published the

325:, which imposed certain forms of Catholic worship. However, he continued to promote reforms until the city of Strasbourg accepted the Interim, and forced him to leave. 5925: 5920: 637:, the most powerful city of the Empire, whose governing officials were strongly reformist. There he met many people who shared his viewpoint, including the humanist 1864: 997:. The Wittenberg theologians rejected attempts by Strasbourg to adopt it without the article on the Lord's Supper. In response, Bucer wrote a new confession, the 414:—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor 5537:

Pils, Holger; Ruderer, Stephan; Schaffrodt, Petra (2005), Martin Bucer (1491-1551). Bibliographie, Guetersloh: Guetersloher Verlagshaus, ISBN 978-3-579-04893-2.

740:. While the city council vacillated on religious issues, the number of people supporting the Reformation and hostile towards the traditional clergy had grown. 576:

degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.

3242: 317:, he tried to unite Protestants and Catholics to create a German national church separate from Rome. He did not achieve this, as political events led to the 1332:. The results were published in the "Worms Book", which they confidentially presented to a prince on each side of the religious divide: Philip of Hesse and 5858: 2337: 1102:

and mystical doctrines, and in some cases by hostility towards the social order and the notion of an official church. Significant numbers of refugees were

678:, and Ulrich von Hutten became a fugitive. The Wissembourg council urged Bucer and Motherer to leave, and on 13 May 1523 they fled to nearby Strasbourg. 1384:, and Wolfgang Capito. She brought with her four children from her previous marriages. The new couple produced a daughter, whom they named Elisabeth. 6297: 5740: 1304:. Melanchthon led the Protestants, with Bucer a major influence behind the scenes. When the colloquy again made no progress, the imperial chancellor, 1296:

as the basis for discussions on all other issues. Under various pseudonyms, he published tracts promoting a German national church. A conference in

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to conclude a full agreement among the Protestant factions. Bucer persuaded the south Germans to attend, but the Swiss, led by Zwingli's successor

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was a centralised state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the

5773: 5702: 822: 826: 649:, where Sickingen had a castle, and Bucer moved to the town in May 1522. In summer 1522, he met and married Elisabeth Silbereisen, a former nun. 3047:

care, the need for catechismal instruction, and the implementation of church discipline. Hooper refused to be swayed, and was imprisoned in the

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began on 12 June 1540, but during a month's discussion the two sides failed to agree on a common starting point. They decided to reconvene in

5840: 2856: 1849: 707: 479: 6277: 6156: 5697: 3004:) joined him in September. The following year, Wibrandis arranged for the rest of her children and her elderly mother to come to England. 3098:

was never to be the charter of the English Reformation that Bucer intended: it was finally printed not in England but in Basel, in 1557.

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came to the throne, she had Bucer and Fagius tried posthumously for heresy as part of her efforts to restore Catholicism in England.

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agriculture, and education. His ideal society was distinctively authoritarian, with a strong emphasis on Christian discipline. The

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Bucer received several offers of sanctuary, including Melanchthon's from Wittenberg and Calvin's from Geneva. He accepted Archbishop

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house arrest on 13 April, and shortly afterwards in close confinement. On 20 April, he signed the Interim and was immediately freed.

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formally rehabilitated both reformers. A brass plaque on the floor of Great St Mary's marks the original location of Bucer's grave.

3127: 2820: 2236: 617:, took Reuchlin's side. Hoogstraten was thwarted, but he now planned to target Bucer. On 11 November 1520, Bucer told the reformer 2943:, continued to press the council to bring more discipline and independence to the church. Charles V overruled their efforts at the 698:, pleading for a safe post in Switzerland. Fortunately for Bucer, the Strasbourg council was under the influence of the reformer, 6267: 6088: 5847: 5617: 2442: 2080: 1999: 399: 5653: 1355:

on the Protestant side. The basis for discussion was the "Regensburg Book"—essentially the Worms Book with modifications by the

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and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.

5679: 5393: 2666: 2540: 1396: 1077:) per Sunday were held in all the parish churches. On 5 January 1530, when Strasbourg joined the alliance of Swiss cities, the 1162:, and Bucer then drafted ten theses that the Wittenberg theologians accepted. In October 1535, Luther suggested a meeting in 6322: 2648: 2489: 1305: 630: 690:. He was not a citizen of the city, a status that afforded protection, and on 9 June 1523 he wrote an urgent letter to the 5750: 2910:. Bucer was forced to return to Strasbourg shortly afterwards. When the anti-reformist Cologne cathedral chapter and the 2815: 2433: 2346: 2075: 1981: 1274: 1270: 982: 418:

had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the

415: 314: 6327: 6317: 6262: 6024: 6009: 5962: 5910: 5885: 5878: 5863: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5667: 3008: 1986: 1790: 1655: 411: 5099:

Augustijn, Cornelis (1994), "Bucer's ecclesiology in the colloquies with the Catholics, 1540–41", in Wright, DF (ed.),

666:

and Dominicans, ignored him, but his sermons incited the townspeople to threaten the town's monasteries. The bishop of

5898: 5890: 3043: 2382: 1976: 462:(barrelmakers) by trade. Almost nothing is known about Bucer's mother. Bucer likely attended Sélestat's prestigious 5688: 366:. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the 1222:

In November 1539, Philip asked Bucer to produce a theological defence of bigamy, since he had decided to contract a

6272: 5490: 5366: 5324: 5282: 5229: 5106: 2400: 2369: 2116: 2061: 1839: 1815: 1352: 1286: 1380:, after her death. He married Rosenblatt on 16 April 1542, as her fourth husband—she had outlived Ludwig Keller, 6002: 5870: 2849: 2245: 2094: 1650: 1340: 1171: 626: 2992:'s invitation to come to England; from his correspondence with several notable Englishmen, he believed that the 6176: 5976: 2484: 1515: 1045: 625:

For the next two years, Bucer was protected by Sickingen and Hutten. He also worked for a time at the court of

483: 5563: 5482: 3101:

Bucer's last major contribution to the English Reformation was a treatise on the original 1549 edition of the

2895:

Einfältiges Bedenken, worauf eine christliche, im Worte Gottes gegründete Reformation ... anzurichten sei

2673: 1823: 755:

of Strasbourg as heretics. On 5 September 1524, angry mobs broke into the monasteries, looting and destroying

798:(Basis and Cause), published in December 1524, he attacked the idea of the Mass as a sacrifice, and rejected 5657: 3016: 3012: 2614: 2121: 2106: 2047: 1660: 1565: 1094:

Bucer's priority in Strasbourg was to instill moral discipline in the church. To this end, special wardens (

1002: 852: 474:. Bucer later claimed his grandfather had forced him into the order. After a year, he was consecrated as an 403: 321:

and the retreat of Protestantism within the Empire. In 1548, Bucer was persuaded, under duress, to sign the

291: 458:, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. His father and grandfather, both named Claus Butzer, were 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 5945: 3198: 2364: 2226: 1908: 1381: 1219:

frightening, and as a result many Jews chose to leave Hesse. For this Bucer must share part of the blame.

818: 760: 591: 557: 387: 248: 3278:, p. 1 gives his father's and grandfather's names as "Nicholas" and says his father was a shoemaker. 686:

Bucer, excommunicated and without means of subsistence, was in a precarious situation when he arrived in

652:

Sickingen also offered to pay for Bucer to study in Wittenberg. On his way, Bucer stopped in the town of

6211: 6206: 5796: 3103: 3035: 2911: 2684: 2630: 2470: 1951: 1926: 1903: 1874: 1869: 1730: 1313: 1244: 966: 638: 541: 514: 338: 208: 2932: 6257: 6252: 6186: 5956: 3303:, p. 394, rather than being freed immediately, he supposedly escaped and returned to Strasbourg. 3190: 3031: 3027: 3020: 2997: 2842: 2736: 2700: 2568: 2355: 2332: 2313: 2111: 2101: 1898: 1844: 1834: 1673: 1603: 1598: 1486: 1377: 1256: 1248: 1135: 1115: 811: 518: 466:, where artisans sent their children. He completed his studies in the summer of 1507 and joined the 434: 391: 2977: 2947:, which sat from September 1547 to May 1548. The Diet produced an imperial decree, the provisional 2935:

ended most Protestant resistance. In Strasbourg, Bucer and his colleagues, including Matthew Zell,

2899:

Simple Consideration Concerning the Establishment of a Christian Reformation Founded upon God's Word

1005:), so named because only four cities adopted it, Strasbourg and three other southern German cities, 6144: 3108: 2993: 2768: 2600: 2563: 2299: 2289: 2250: 2213: 2038: 1859: 1829: 1570: 1468: 1434: 1179: 1150: 1111: 1041: 994: 990: 884: 803: 744: 614: 583: 459: 367: 299: 252: 6216: 5951: 5405: 2636: 2475: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2284: 2231: 2167: 2153: 2056: 1956: 1946: 1888: 1879: 1760: 1725: 1685: 1618: 1608: 1550: 1418: 1329: 1191: 1167: 979: 732:, the cathedral preacher. One of Bucer's first actions in the cause of reform was to debate with 566: 526: 426: 383: 343: 333: 295: 5674: 3132: 1961: 1740: 50: 5663: 5805: 5640: 5634: 5575: 5550: 5524: 5494: 5467: 5429: 5417: 5370: 5347: 5328: 5305: 5286: 5256: 5233: 5212: 5189: 5170: 5162: 5148: 5129: 5110: 5100: 3247: 3206: 3182: 2882: 2294: 2279: 2260: 1883: 1819: 1755: 1710: 1520: 1501: 1496: 1477: 1360: 901: 815: 633:. Sickingen was a senior figure at Ludwig's court. This appointment enabled Bucer to live in 607: 579: 390:

in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the

379: 310: 270:, and he was forced to flee to Strasbourg. There he joined a team of reformers which included 71: 5319:

Kittelson, James (1994), "Martin Bucer and the ministry of the church", in Wright, DF (ed.),

2889:, where he preached three times a week, although his main responsibility was to plan reform. 6226: 6221: 6191: 6181: 5599: 5397: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2791: 2690: 2535: 2456: 2274: 2269: 2255: 2186: 2131: 2029: 1780: 1690: 1613: 1317: 1309: 1278: 1107: 986: 939: 928: 872: 863: 756: 695: 642: 595: 363: 322: 318: 283: 20: 5485:, Willem (1994), "Bucer's influence on Calvin: church and community", in Wright, DF (ed.), 3038:

pitted Cranmer, who supported the wearing of clerical garments, against Hooper, Martyr and

1412: 993:, the main delegate from Wittenberg, quickly prepared the draft that eventually became the 513:, where he was ordained a priest, returning to Heidelberg in January 1517 to enroll in the 6231: 6031: 5995: 5905: 5692: 3048: 3001: 2870: 2810: 2796: 2718: 2707: 2591: 2024: 1971: 1966: 1936: 1720: 1705: 1632: 1510: 1231: 1197:

Bucer's influence on the Swiss was eventually felt indirectly. In summer 1538, he invited

961: 943: 671: 618: 611: 603: 561: 522: 467: 306: 275: 267: 263: 236: 1040:

In February 1531, the evangelical princes and cities of the empire set up the Protestant

675: 313:

could be convinced to join the Reformation. Through a series of conferences organised by

1146: 855:. By late 1524, Bucer had abandoned the idea of corporeal real presence and, after some 843:

Beginning in 1524, Bucer concentrated on the main issue dividing leading reformers, the

374:. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red. 358: 6098: 6048: 5983: 5969: 5456:

Eucharistic Sacrifice and Patristic Tradition in the Theology of Martin Bucer 1534–1546

3145: 3059: 2989: 2981: 2554: 2549: 2498: 2126: 1941: 1785: 1775: 1770: 1750: 1622: 1593: 1588: 1525: 1373: 1301: 791: 768: 710:

on 24 August 1523. A month later the council accepted his application for citizenship.

658: 530: 419: 329: 3000:

and his court. Bucer's wife Wibrandis and his stepdaughter Agnes Capito (daughter of

2877:, the archbishop enlisted Bucer to lead the reform, and on 14 December Bucer moved to 1259:

sent Melanchthon, and Philip of Hesse sent Bucer. The Duchy itself was represented by

1182:

formulated a compromise, approved by Luther, that distinguished between the unworthy (

1153:

worked closely with Bucer on many theological documents to advance the reformed cause.

195: 6246: 6083: 6058: 5409: 3290:, pp. 7–10 gives the history and details of this prestigious school in Sélestat. 3141: 3116: 2832: 2461: 2395: 1735: 1715: 1680: 1555: 1543: 1450: 1423: 868: 848: 776: 733: 553: 534: 395: 244: 240: 6103: 6073: 6068: 6063: 5608: 3194: 2886: 2881:, the capital of the electorate. His selection caused consternation in the Cologne 2604: 2577: 2521: 2516: 2410: 2200: 2158: 1765: 1560: 1505: 1356: 1348: 1260: 978:

The extent of the theological division among the reformers became evident when the

748: 729: 717: 699: 645:. In September 1521, Bucer accepted Sickingen's offer of the position of pastor at 572: 545: 463: 279: 271: 31: 27: 1174:, the success of which raised Bucer's hopes for the upcoming meeting with Luther. 1121:

In response to the petition, the council set up a commission that proposed a city

713: 5571: 5546: 5463: 5361:

Matheson, Peter (1994), "Martin Bucer and the Old Church", in Wright, DF (ed.),

5208: 2936: 2778: 2587: 2181: 2172: 1931: 1695: 1445: 1441: 1404: 1365: 1321: 1198: 1103: 1060: 752: 653: 451: 259: 141: 75: 67: 5613: 1372:

After Bucer's return from Regensburg, the city of Strasbourg was struck by the

6078: 5733: 5623: 3222: 3165: 3074: 1481: 1344: 1264: 1099: 920: 780: 721: 687: 663: 549: 502: 491: 430: 282:. He acted as a mediator between the two leading reformers, Martin Luther and 220: 216: 560:. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time. In a long letter to his mentor, 438:

wealthy guildsmen. In Bucer's time, social unrest was growing as lower-level

386:. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the 5758: 5604: 3230: 3218: 3210: 3158: 3039: 3019:, another refugee who had taken the equivalent Regius Professor position at 2507: 2503: 2447: 1893: 1745: 1491: 1292: 1081: 1010: 844: 784: 646: 634: 506: 347: 287: 228: 178: 168: 94: 5554: 1068:' steeple behind timber-framed houses extant since the time of Martin Bucer 915:

Conciliation between Dr. Luther and His Opponents Regarding Christ's Supper

691: 564:, Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's 5685: 5629:. Links to the digitised versions of the early editions of Bucer's works. 5216: 3054: 5711: 5520: 5425: 5252: 3214: 2387: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1297: 1163: 1006: 905: 856: 799: 772: 232: 224: 5226:

War Against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin

290:. Later, Bucer sought agreement on common articles of faith such as the 3317:; Greschat notes that the title was not used until after Bucer's death. 3090: 2874: 2774: 2655: 2405: 1627: 1530: 1459: 1252: 737: 599: 475: 439: 586:

was the protector and defender of Martin Bucer during his early years.

5459: 5445: 3186: 3034:, refused to don the traditional vestments for his consecration. The 1223: 1202: 1159: 1026: 1014: 911:

Vergleichnung D. Luthers, und seins gegentheyls, vom Abendmal Christi

667: 495: 471: 455: 79: 5707: 5277:

Hall, Basil (1994), "Martin Bucer in England", in Wright, DF (ed.),

2984:

gave Martin Bucer refuge in England, where he lived his final years.

2892:

In January 1543, Bucer began work on a major document for von Wied,

19:"Butzer" redirects here. For other people with the name Butzer, see 5401: 501:

By 1515, Bucer was studying theology in the Dominican monastery in

328:

In 1549, Bucer was exiled to England, where, under the guidance of

3126: 3112: 3053: 2976: 2759: 1269: 1145: 1122: 1059: 1022: 960: 862: 851:

of Christ; and Zwingli believed Christ's body and blood were made

839:

The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics

712: 578: 510: 487: 357: 1339:

The Worms Book laid the groundwork for final negotiations at the

2878: 1308:, called for secret negotiations. Bucer then began working with 1034: 932: 529:. A 1518 inventory of Bucer's books includes the major works of 5762: 1030: 743:

The hostility reached a boiling point when Conrad Treger, the

235:

doctrines and practices. Bucer was originally a member of the

2961:

Ein Summarischer vergriff der Christlichen Lehre und Religion

3161:

before a large crowd of university professors and students.

3153:, he died at the age of 59. He was buried in the church of 1214:

all trades except those providing minimum subsistence. His

606:, a humanist scholar. Other humanists, including the nobles 4938: 4936: 3233:, and his lifelong struggle to create an inclusive church. 3349: 3347: 1343:

in 1541. Charles created a small committee, consisting of

927:

such differences. In 1527, Bucer and Capito attended the

5568:

The Ecclesiastical Offices in the Thought of Martin Bucer

5517:

The Yoke of Christ: Martin Bucer and Christian Discipline

4970: 4968: 1021:

Strasbourg. The Strasbourg magistrates forwarded them to

215:; 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a German 5145:

Martin Luther: the Preservation of the Church, 1532–1546

4955: 4953: 4951: 1267:

approach provoked harsh criticism from other reformers.

985:

asked them to present their views to him in 1530 at the

6303:

Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Cambridge)

938:

The last meeting between Zwingli and Luther was at the

1243:

At the end of 1538, shortly before the Catholic Duke

3771:

The Singing of the Strasbourg Protestants, 1523-1541

3756:

The Singing of the Strasbourg Protestants, 1523–1541

952:

the same thing. This holds true in theology as well.

790:

The reformers' first goal was the creation of a new

6112: 6041: 5934: 5794: 5422:

Marriage and Divorce in the Thought of Martin Bucer

1255:to discuss potential reforms within the Duchy. The 188: 174: 164: 147: 137: 118: 110: 102: 87: 60: 41: 4399: 4351: 2965:Concise Summary of Christian Doctrine and Religion 1351:on the Catholic side and Melanchthon, Bucer, and 6293:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 3170: 2869:On 5 February 1542, Bucer and Gropper met with 2617:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 1388:Reform in the Electorate of Cologne (1542–1547) 1044:to defend the reformed religion. Strasbourg's 949: 724:and supported Bucer on his arrival in the city. 5344:Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700 3173:in anything that is praiseworthy and renowned. 247:to be annulled. He then began to work for the 5774: 2850: 706:or Gardeners, appointed him as the pastor of 8: 6288:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 5487:Martin Bucer: Reforming church and community 5384:Pauck, Wilhelm (1929), "Calvin and Butzer", 5363:Martin Bucer: Reforming church and community 5321:Martin Bucer: Reforming church and community 5279:Martin Bucer: Reforming church and community 5102:Martin Bucer: Reforming church and community 3243:Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce 1106:and spiritualists, such as the followers of 1056:Organising the Strasbourg church (1529–1534) 957:Competing Protestant confessions (1530–1533) 833:Dialogue with Luther and Zwingli (1524–1530) 751:, denounced the reformist preachers and the 517:. Around this time, he became influenced by 239:, but after meeting and being influenced by 55:Portrait by an unknown artist, German School 5269:Martin Bucer: Ein Reformator und seine Zeit 3330:, p. 115 also says he died on 1 March. 521:, and he started buying books published by 505:. The following year, he took a course in 486:, and he took his vows as a full Dominican 6308:16th-century German Protestant theologians 5781: 5767: 5759: 5722: 5639:, Westminster John Knox Press, last half, 5442:Huwelijk en Echtscheiding bij Martin Bucer 4639: 4459: 3979: 3645: 3609: 3353: 3327: 2923:Rejecting the Augsburg Interim (1547–1549) 2857: 2843: 1391: 629:, as chaplain to Ludwig's younger brother 49: 38: 6283:German Calvinist and Reformed theologians 5741:Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge 5070: 4519: 4003: 3015:. In June he entered a controversy when 5523:: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 5082: 5058: 5046: 5022: 4998: 4986: 4942: 4927: 4903: 4879: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4783: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4699: 4675: 4651: 4615: 4603: 4579: 4567: 4543: 4531: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4423: 4387: 4339: 4315: 4291: 4267: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4063: 4051: 4027: 4015: 3967: 3943: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3871: 3847: 3823: 3799: 3783: 3741: 3729: 3705: 3693: 3669: 3633: 3597: 3581: 3569: 3545: 3521: 3509: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3377: 3365: 3287: 1142:Champion of Protestant unity (1534–1538) 258:Bucer's efforts to reform the church in 4447: 3401: 3389: 3343: 3259: 1403: 6197:General Synod of the Church of England 5448:: Uitgeverij JJ Groen en Zoon BV, 1994 5249:Martin Bucer: A Reformer and His Times 4435: 3991: 2048:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 286:, who differed on the doctrine of the 16:German Protestant reformer (1491–1551) 5549:: Koninklijke Van Gorcum & Comp, 5428:: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 5126:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther 5034: 4959: 4867: 4807: 4771: 4711: 4687: 4663: 4627: 4591: 4555: 4471: 4411: 4375: 4363: 4327: 4303: 4279: 4255: 4243: 4195: 4135: 4087: 4039: 3955: 3931: 3883: 3859: 3835: 3811: 3795: 3758:. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 38, 113. 3717: 3681: 3657: 3621: 3593: 3557: 3533: 3497: 3449: 3300: 3275: 3131:Plaque commemorating Martin Bucer in 3026:In 1550, another conflict arose when 1209:Advice to Philip of Hesse (1538–1539) 895:Confession Concerning Christ's Supper 7: 5654:Literature by and about Martin Bucer 5010: 4974: 4915: 4891: 4855: 4795: 4075: 3051:until he accepted Cranmer's demand. 900:, detailing Luther's concept of the 736:, a monk who had attacked Luther in 425:In addition to the princely states, 5686:Bucer Research Office in Heidelberg 5186:The German Nation and Martin Luther 2908:Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 372:John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony 5633:Bucer (1969), "De Regno Christi", 5271:(in German), Munich: CH Beck, 1990 1334:Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg 1312:, a delegate of the archbishop of 682:Reformer in Strasbourg (1523–1525) 641:and the future Nuremberg reformer 14: 6167:Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974 5698:Bucer Research Office in Erlangen 2356:16th century Renaissance humanism 2095:Political and religious conflicts 890:Vom Abendmahl Christi, Bekenntnis 6298:16th-century German male writers 5848:Episcopal Church (United States) 5715: 5618:Post-Reformation Digital Library 2338:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 2214:Influence on church architecture 1411: 1127:Church of the Penitent Magdalens 1066:Church of the Penitent Magdalens 1025:and Zürich. Bucer met Luther in 720:was the first major reformer in 332:, he was able to influence both 194: 6313:German male non-fiction writers 5703:Short biography of Martin Bucer 5664:Works by and about Martin Bucer 5543:Martin Bucer's Liturgical Ideas 5394:The University of Chicago Press 5302:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806 5255:: Westminster John Knox Press, 5147:, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 879:In March 1526, Bucer published 867:Bucer tried to mediate between 336:and the second revision of the 5596:Works by or about Martin Bucer 3754:Trocmé-Latter, Daniel (2015). 3187:Their caskets were disinterred 3073:gave as a draft to his friend 2039:Counter-Reformation § Politics 1306:Nicholas Perrenot de Granvelle 942:of October 1529, organised by 1: 5342:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003), 3164:In a letter to Peter Martyr, 3064:Martin Bucer at the age of 53 2751:Conclusion and commemorations 2434:Hymnody of continental Europe 2347:Folklore of the Low Countries 1982:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1645:Theologies of seminal figures 875:(right) on doctrinal matters. 556:to argue his theology at the 525:, some by the great humanist 398:was supported by the elector 6025:The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two 6010:Book of Alternative Services 5963:Directory for Public Worship 5886:Episcopal Church of Scotland 5680:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints 5668:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek 5515:Burnett, Amy Nelson (1994), 3209:. Several groups, including 3009:Regius Professor of Divinity 2973:Exile in England (1549–1551) 1656:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 1239:Doctrinal issues (1539–1542) 412:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 243:in 1518 he arranged for his 6278:German Protestant Reformers 5714:(public domain audiobooks) 5454:Thompson, Nicholas (2004), 5124:Bainton, Roland H. (1995), 3007:Bucer took the position of 2383:English Renaissance theatre 1865:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 971:Icones quinquaginta vivorum 544:, the vicar-general of the 6344: 5491:Cambridge University Press 5367:Cambridge University Press 5325:Cambridge University Press 5283:Cambridge University Press 5230:Cambridge University Press 5107:Cambridge University Press 3195:with copies of their books 2578:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 2443:Music of the British Isles 2370:16th century in literature 853:present by the Holy Spirit 836: 627:Ludwig V, Elector Palatine 91:28 February 1551 (aged 59) 25: 18: 6003:The Anglican Service Book 5871:Anglican Church of Canada 5789:Anglican liturgical books 5747: 5738: 5730: 5725: 5247:Greschat, Martin (2004), 5211:: Yale University Press, 5188:, London: Edward Arnold, 2804:Calendrical commemoration 2117:War of the Three Kingdoms 1651:Theology of Martin Luther 1201:, the future reformer of 1172:First Helvetic Confession 904:, Bucer responded with a 450:Martin Bucer was born in 378:In the 16th century, the 193: 184: 130: 48: 6177:Hampton Court Conference 5977:Alternative Service Book 5926:1845 illuminated version 5921:1843 illustrated version 5836:Liturgy of Comprehension 5670:(German Digital Library) 5541:Poll, GJ van de (1954), 5300:Hughes, Michael (1992), 5224:Eire, Carlos MN (1989), 5203:Eells, Hastings (1931), 4390:, pp. 147–8, 266–7. 3168:wrote a fitting eulogy: 3084:On the Kingdom of Christ 3077:on 21 October 1550. The 2917:Beständige Verantwortung 1516:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 537:in the Dominican order. 305:Bucer believed that the 26:Not to be confused with 5658:German National Library 5386:The Journal of Religion 5143:Brecht, Martin (1993), 3013:University of Cambridge 2649:First Wittenberg hymnal 2107:French Wars of Religion 1921:Major political leaders 1661:Theology of John Calvin 1186:) and the unbelievers ( 1087:Christian Confederation 1003:Tetrapolitan Confession 999:Confessio Tetrapolitana 446:Early years (1491–1523) 298:, working closely with 292:Tetrapolitan Confession 5946:Exhortation and Litany 5935:Other liturgical books 5346:, London: Allen Lane, 5128:, New York: Meridian, 4666:, pp. 311, 321–6. 4630:, pp. 417–8, 517. 3404:, pp. 146, 190–3. 3175: 3136: 3135:, where he was buried. 3069: 2985: 2927:With the onset of the 2365:16th century in poetry 2168:German Renaissance Art 2148:Painting and sculpture 1382:Johannes Oecolampadius 1282: 1228:Wittenberger Ratschlag 1154: 1069: 975: 967:Boissard, Jean-Jacques 954: 876: 761:justification by faith 725: 592:Jacob van Hoogstraaten 587: 558:Heidelberg Disputation 375: 251:, with the support of 6323:Posthumous executions 6212:Vestarian controversy 6207:Prayer Book Rebellion 6017:Book of Common Prayer 5797:Book of Common Prayer 5708:Works by Martin Bucer 5636:Melanchthon and Bucer 5614:Works by Martin Bucer 5605:Works by Martin Bucer 5466:: Koninklijke Brill, 5304:, London: MacMillan, 3708:, pp. 55, 59–60. 3416:, pp. 47–50, 89. 3130: 3104:Book of Common Prayer 3057: 3036:vestments controversy 3017:Peter Martyr Vermigli 2980: 2912:University of Cologne 2773:Simultaneous rise of 2685:Book of Common Prayer 2485:Scottish church music 2471:Anglican church music 1952:Gaspard II de Coligny 1927:Henry VIII of England 1731:Peter Martyr Vermigli 1273: 1149: 1063: 973:(portrait) (in Latin) 964: 866: 716: 639:Willibald Pirckheimer 602:, tried to prosecute 582: 542:Johannes von Staupitz 533:, leader of medieval 361: 339:Book of Common Prayer 165:Tradition or movement 6268:People from Sélestat 6187:Westminster Assembly 6150:1663 Explanation Act 5184:Dickens, AG (1974), 5025:, pp. 202, 247. 4054:, pp. 64, 83–5. 3191:their remains burned 3042:, the pastor of the 3032:bishop of Gloucester 2764:Protestant orthodoxy 2737:Whole Book of Psalms 2701:Book of Common Order 2569:Ecclesiastical Latin 2122:German Peasants' War 1674:Protestant Reformers 1604:Northern Renaissance 1599:Bohemian Reformation 1583:Contributing factors 1487:Gottschalk of Orbais 1378:Wibrandis Rosenblatt 1326:auricular confession 1257:Electorate of Saxony 1075:Predigtgottesdienste 427:free imperial cities 392:Electorate of Saxony 6328:Anglican liturgists 6318:German evangelicals 6263:Christian humanists 6162:1874 Regulation Act 5169:, London: Phoenix, 5109:, pp. 107–21, 4774:, pp. 395–400. 4738:, pp. 197–201. 4618:, pp. 175–208. 4594:, pp. 288–301. 4400:van 't Spijker 1994 4352:van 't Spijker 1994 4306:, pp. 196–203. 4150:, pp. 117, 121 3773:. pp. 341–349. 3428:, pp. 1, 10–1. 3368:, pp. 10, 273. 3197:. On 22 July 1560, 3109:liturgical calendar 2994:English Reformation 2769:Peace of Westphalia 2760:Confessionalization 2564:Liturgical Struggle 2490:Normative principle 2069:Holy Roman Emperors 2018:Counter-Reformation 1469:Girolamo Savonarola 1180:Johannes Bugenhagen 1151:Philipp Melanchthon 1112:Caspar Schwenckfeld 1042:Schmalkaldic League 995:Augsburg Confession 991:Philipp Melanchthon 885:Johannes Bugenhagen 816:collegiate churches 800:liturgical garments 767:). He rejected the 708:St Aurelia's Church 615:Franz von Sickingen 584:Franz von Sickingen 402:and his successors 368:Schmalkaldic League 300:Philipp Melanchthon 253:Franz von Sickingen 6217:Millenary Petition 6120:Acts of Uniformity 5952:Edwardine Ordinals 5691:2015-02-15 at the 5439:. Translated from 5266:. Translated from 5163:Collinson, Patrick 5073:, pp. 83–106. 4930:, pp. 239–45. 4750:, pp. 211–20. 4702:, pp. 189–91. 4606:, pp. 179–82. 4558:, pp. 271–87. 4522:, pp. 107–19. 4510:, pp. 168–70. 4498:, pp. 167–72. 4486:, pp. 158–60. 4474:, pp. 258–69. 4462:, pp. 149–61. 4378:, pp. 229–37. 4366:, pp. 237–56. 4342:, pp. 139–42. 4330:, pp. 205–24. 4246:, pp. 146–57. 4198:, pp. 147–51. 4186:, pp. 121–122 4114:, pp. 117–21. 4030:, pp. 97–101. 3958:, pp. 104–11. 3934:, pp. 99–100. 3798:, pp. 72–73; 3612:, pp. 116–117 3596:, pp. 10–12; 3137: 3070: 2986: 2933:Battle of Mühlberg 2674:Thomissøn's hymnal 2476:Exclusive psalmody 2232:Metaphysical poets 2154:Northern Mannerism 2144:Art and literature 2057:Anti-Protestantism 1993:Electors of Saxony 1957:Henry IV of France 1947:William the Silent 1870:Sweden and Finland 1761:Balthasar Hubmaier 1726:Heinrich Bullinger 1686:Philip Melanchthon 1619:Johannes Gutenberg 1609:Christian humanism 1551:Ninety-five Theses 1419:Ninety-five Theses 1341:Diet of Regensburg 1330:transubstantiation 1287:Truce of Frankfurt 1283: 1247:died, a religious 1192:Wittenberg Concord 1168:Heinrich Bullinger 1155: 1070: 980:Holy Roman Emperor 976: 969:, "Martin Bucer", 877: 726: 588: 567:Ninety-five Theses 490:. In 1510, he was 384:Holy Roman Emperor 376: 354:Historical context 344:Cambridge, England 334:Edwardine Ordinals 296:Wittenberg Concord 219:reformer based in 6273:German Dominicans 6240: 6239: 5941:Church of England 5917:Special printings 5806:Church of England 5757: 5756: 5748:Succeeded by 5726:Academic offices 5566:, Willem (1996), 5061:, pp. 251–4. 5037:, pp. 413–4. 4977:, pp. 158–9. 4918:, pp. 154–8. 4906:, pp. 237–8. 4882:, pp. 234–5. 4822:, pp. 227–8. 4810:, pp. 401–2. 4798:, pp. 144–5. 4786:, pp. 221–5. 4762:, pp. 220–1. 4726:, pp. 192–3. 4714:, pp. 334–6. 4690:, pp. 332–4. 4678:, pp. 185–8. 4654:, pp. 201–2. 4642:, pp. 122–3. 4582:, pp. 172–5. 4570:, pp. 175–8. 4534:, pp. 170–5. 4426:, pp. 156–8. 4414:, pp. 240–1. 4402:, pp. 37–41. 4318:, pp. 136–9. 4294:, pp. 135–6. 4282:, pp. 194–5. 4270:, pp. 132–5. 4258:, pp. 175–9. 4234:, pp. 122–3. 4210:, pp. 121–2. 4126:, pp. 118–9. 3862:, pp. 87–90. 3838:, pp. 77–81. 3548:, pp. 29–34. 3248:Hochstratus Ovans 3207:Reformed churches 3021:Oxford University 2967:] (in German) 2901:] (in German) 2883:cathedral chapter 2867: 2866: 2691:Metrical psalters 2112:Eighty Years' War 2102:Thirty Years' War 1987:Philip I of Hesse 1711:Andreas Karlstadt 1521:Johannes von Goch 1502:Berengar of Tours 1497:Claudius of Turin 1478:Arnold of Brescia 1361:Gasparo Contarini 1136:Münster Rebellion 1089:] (in German) 1050:Elector of Saxony 917:] (in German) 902:sacramental union 898:] (in German) 775:concepts such as 622:Dominican order. 608:Ulrich von Hutten 480:Strasbourg church 380:Holy Roman Empire 311:Holy Roman Empire 202: 201: 72:Holy Roman Empire 6335: 6227:Nonjuring schism 6192:Savoy Conference 6182:Caroline Divines 5783: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5731:Preceded by 5723: 5719: 5718: 5649: 5628: 5600:Internet Archive 5584: 5557: 5533: 5503: 5476: 5449: 5438: 5412: 5379: 5356: 5337: 5314: 5295: 5272: 5265: 5242: 5219: 5198: 5179: 5157: 5138: 5119: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 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Disputation 918: 899: 873:Huldrych Zwingli 796:Grund und Ursach 792:order of service 757:religious images 745:prior provincial 696:Huldrych Zwingli 643:Andreas Osiander 596:Grand Inquisitor 454:(Schlettstadt), 323:Augsburg Interim 319:Schmalkaldic War 284:Huldrych Zwingli 262:resulted in his 198: 132:Theological work 125:De Regno Christi 121: 64:11 November 1491 53: 39: 21:Butzer (surname) 6343: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6232:Oxford Movement 6173:Revising groups 6108: 6037: 6032:Sunday Services 5996:Anglican Missal 5930: 5906:Church in Wales 5790: 5787: 5753: 5744: 5736: 5716: 5693:Wayback Machine 5647: 5632: 5622: 5592: 5582: 5561: 5540: 5531: 5514: 5511: 5509:Further reading 5501: 5480: 5474: 5453: 5440: 5436: 5416: 5383: 5377: 5360: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5318: 5312: 5299: 5293: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5246: 5240: 5223: 5202: 5196: 5183: 5177: 5167:The Reformation 5161: 5155: 5142: 5136: 5123: 5117: 5098: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4966: 4958: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4640:Selderhuis 1999 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4460:Selderhuis 1999 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 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1232:lady-in-waiting 1211: 1144: 1116:Clemens Ziegler 1078: 1058: 965: 959: 944:Philip of Hesse 909: 888: 841: 835: 783:of saints, and 684: 672:excommunicating 619:Wolfgang Capito 612:Imperial Knight 604:Johann Reuchlin 562:Beatus Rhenanus 540:In April 1518, 523:Johannes Froben 468:Dominican Order 448: 356: 302:on the latter. 276:Wolfgang Capito 268:Catholic Church 264:excommunication 237:Dominican Order 223:who influenced 160: 119: 98: 92: 83: 65: 56: 44: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6245: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6145:Clarendon Code 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6099:Samuel Seabury 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Thomas Cranmer 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6013: 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5027: 5015: 5013:, p. 144. 5003: 5001:, p. 248. 4991: 4989:, p. 270. 4979: 4964: 4962:, p. 412. 4947: 4945:, p. 238. 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4894:, p. 158. 4884: 4872: 4870:, p. 403. 4860: 4858:, p. 152. 4848: 4846:, p. 257. 4836: 4834:, p. 228. 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4520:Augustijn 1994 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4450:, p. 293. 4440: 4438:, p. 206. 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4222:, p. 123. 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4138:, p. 130. 4128: 4116: 4104: 4102:, p. 108. 4092: 4080: 4068: 4066:, p. 116. 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4018:, p. 100. 4008: 4006:, p. 131. 4004:Collinson 2003 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 174. 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3788: 3776: 3761: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3648:, p. 157. 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 134. 3382: 3370: 3358: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3319: 3305: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3146:Matthew Parker 3124: 3121: 2990:Thomas Cranmer 2982:Thomas Cranmer 2974: 2971: 2924: 2921: 2887:Bonn cathedral 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2807: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2766: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2667:Swenske songer 2662: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2626: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2555:Deutsche Messe 2552: 2550:Formula missae 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2501: 2499:Anglican chant 2495: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2127:Wars of Kappel 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1942:James VI and I 1939: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1786:Roger Williams 1783: 1778: 1776:Richard Hooker 1773: 1771:Thomas Cranmer 1768: 1763: 1758: 1756:Thomas Müntzer 1753: 1751:Hubert Languet 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1623:printing press 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594:Avignon Papacy 1591: 1589:Western Schism 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1526:Friends of God 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1389: 1386: 1322:private masses 1240: 1237: 1216:Judenratschlag 1210: 1207: 1143: 1140: 1096:Kirchenpfleger 1057: 1054: 958: 955: 834: 831: 823:Young St Peter 683: 680: 659:sola scriptura 548:, invited the 531:Thomas Aquinas 447: 444: 420:Ottoman Empire 408:John Frederick 355: 352: 342:. He died in 330:Thomas Cranmer 200: 199: 191: 190: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 159: 158: 155: 151: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 93: 89: 85: 84: 66: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6340: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Bishops' Wars 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:William White 6092: 6090: 6089:William Smith 6087: 6085: 6084:Samuel Clarke 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:John Merbecke 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5724: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5646:0-664-24164-6 5642: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5581:90-04-10253-1 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5530:0-940474-28-X 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5500:0-521-39144-X 5496: 5492: 5489:, Cambridge: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5473:90-04-14138-3 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5435:0-943549-68-X 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420:, HJ (1999), 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5376:0-521-39144-X 5372: 5368: 5365:, Cambridge: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5353:0-7139-9370-7 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5334:0-521-39144-X 5330: 5326: 5323:, Cambridge: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5311:0-333-53774-2 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5292:0-521-39144-X 5288: 5284: 5281:, Cambridge: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262:0-664-22690-6 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5239:0-521-37984-9 5235: 5231: 5228:, Cambridge: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5207:, New Haven, 5206: 5201: 5197: 5195:0-7131-5700-3 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5176:0-7538-1863-9 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5154:0-8006-2704-0 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5135:0-452-01146-9 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5116:0-521-39144-X 5112: 5108: 5105:, Cambridge: 5104: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5083:Matheson 1994 5079: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5059:Greschat 2004 5055: 5052: 5048: 5047:Greschat 2004 5043: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5023:Greschat 2004 5019: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4999:Greschat 2004 4995: 4992: 4988: 4987:Greschat 2004 4983: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4943:Greschat 2004 4939: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928:Greschat 2004 4924: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4904:Greschat 2004 4900: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4880:Greschat 2004 4876: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4844:Greschat 2004 4840: 4837: 4833: 4832:Greschat 2004 4828: 4825: 4821: 4820:Greschat 2004 4816: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784:Greschat 2004 4780: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4760:Greschat 2004 4756: 4753: 4749: 4748:Greschat 2004 4744: 4741: 4737: 4736:Greschat 2004 4732: 4729: 4725: 4724:Greschat 2004 4720: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4700:Greschat 2004 4696: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4676:Greschat 2004 4672: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4652:Greschat 2004 4648: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4616:Thompson 2004 4612: 4609: 4605: 4604:Greschat 2004 4600: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4580:Thompson 2004 4576: 4573: 4569: 4568:Greschat 2004 4564: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4546:, p. 14. 4545: 4544:Matheson 1994 4540: 4537: 4533: 4532:Greschat 2004 4528: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508:Greschat 2004 4504: 4501: 4497: 4496:Thompson 2004 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484:Greschat 2004 4480: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4424:Greschat 2004 4420: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388:Greschat 2004 4384: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4340:Greschat 2004 4336: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4316:Greschat 2004 4312: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4292:Greschat 2004 4288: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4268:Greschat 2004 4264: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232:Greschat 2004 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220:Greschat 2004 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208:Greschat 2004 4204: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4184:Greschat 2004 4180: 4177: 4174:, p. 118 4173: 4172:Greschat 2004 4168: 4165: 4161: 4160:Greschat 2004 4156: 4153: 4149: 4148:Greschat 2004 4144: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4124:Greschat 2004 4120: 4117: 4113: 4112:Greschat 2004 4108: 4105: 4101: 4100:Greschat 2004 4096: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4064:Greschat 2004 4060: 4057: 4053: 4052:Greschat 2004 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4028:Greschat 2004 4024: 4021: 4017: 4016:Greschat 2004 4012: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3968:Greschat 2004 3964: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3944:Greschat 2004 3940: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3920:Greschat 2004 3916: 3913: 3910:, p. 93. 3909: 3908:Greschat 2004 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896:Greschat 2004 3892: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872:Greschat 2004 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3850:, p. 75. 3849: 3848:Greschat 2004 3844: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3824:Greschat 2004 3820: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3800:Greschat 2004 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784:Greschat 2004 3780: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742:Greschat 2004 3738: 3735: 3732:, p. 61. 3731: 3730:Greschat 2004 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706:Greschat 2004 3702: 3699: 3695: 3694:Greschat 2004 3690: 3687: 3684:, p. 25. 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670:Greschat 2004 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634:Greschat 2004 3630: 3627: 3624:, p. 14. 3623: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598:Greschat 2004 3595: 3590: 3587: 3584:, p. 35. 3583: 3582:Greschat 2004 3578: 3575: 3572:, p. 38. 3571: 3570:Greschat 2004 3566: 3563: 3560:, p. 10. 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546:Greschat 2004 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3522:Greschat 2004 3518: 3515: 3511: 3510:Greschat 2004 3506: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3488:, p. 25. 3487: 3486:Greschat 2004 3482: 3479: 3476:, p. 17. 3475: 3474:Greschat 2004 3470: 3467: 3463: 3462:Greschat 2004 3458: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438:Greschat 2004 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426:Greschat 2004 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414:Greschat 2004 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3378:Greschat 2004 3374: 3371: 3367: 3366:Greschat 2004 3362: 3359: 3356:, p. 51. 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299:According to 3296: 3293: 3289: 3288:Greschat 2004 3284: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3142:Walter Haddon 3134: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3117:genuflections 3114: 3111:, actions of 3110: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2833:Protestantism 2831: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462:Lutheran hymn 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2196:Art conflicts 2194: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000:Frederick III 1998: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736:William Farel 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716:Theodore Beza 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681:Martin Luther 1679: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1556:Diet of Worms 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1451:John Wycliffe 1449: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1424:Martin Luther 1422:, written by 1421: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080:Christliches 1076: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 981: 972: 968: 963: 956: 953: 948: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 924: 922: 916: 912: 907: 903: 897: 896: 891: 886: 882: 874: 870: 869:Martin Luther 865: 861: 858: 854: 850: 849:real presence 846: 840: 832: 830: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 777:monastic vows 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 734:Thomas Murner 731: 723: 719: 715: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 681: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 620: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 585: 581: 577: 575: 574: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 554:Martin Luther 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 535:scholasticism 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 445: 443: 441: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Frederick III 397: 396:Martin Luther 393: 389: 385: 381: 373: 369: 365: 360: 353: 351: 349: 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 245:monastic vows 242: 241:Martin Luther 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 213:Martin Butzer 210: 206: 197: 192: 187: 183: 180: 177: 175:Notable ideas 173: 170: 167: 163: 156: 153: 152: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 90: 86: 81: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 6104:Walter Frere 6074:Jenny Geddes 6069:Matthew Wren 6064:William Laud 6054:Martin Bucer 6053: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5944: 5835: 5795: 5739: 5678: 5675:Martin Bucer 5635: 5624: 5609:Open Library 5574:: EJ Brill, 5567: 5542: 5516: 5486: 5455: 5444:(in Dutch), 5441: 5421: 5389: 5385: 5362: 5343: 5320: 5301: 5278: 5268: 5248: 5225: 5205:Martin Bucer 5204: 5185: 5166: 5144: 5125: 5101: 5085:, p. 7. 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4448:Bainton 1995 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4162:, p. 70 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3791: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3500:, p. 4. 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3452:, p. 1. 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3402:Dickens 1974 3397: 3390:Dickens 1974 3385: 3373: 3361: 3322: 3314: 3308: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3262: 3226: 3203: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3163: 3150: 3138: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3060:Boyvin, René 3025: 3006: 2987: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2926: 2916: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2868: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2783: 2754: 2735: 2724: 2717: 2706: 2699: 2683: 2672: 2665: 2654: 2647: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2621: 2528: 2527: 2522:Verse anthem 2517:Falsobordone 2427: 2376: 2375: 2219: 2218: 2207: 2206: 2201:Beeldenstorm 2159:Lutheran art 2147: 2081:Ferdinand II 2068: 2067: 1992: 1991: 1791: 1766:Menno Simons 1701:Martin Bucer 1700: 1566:Magisterials 1561:Luther Bible 1506:Berengarians 1417: 1371: 1364: 1357:papal legate 1349:Julius Pflug 1345:Johannes Eck 1338: 1291: 1284: 1261:Georg Witzel 1242: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1156: 1132: 1120: 1095: 1093: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1039: 1019: 998: 977: 970: 950: 937: 925: 914: 910: 908:of his own, 893: 889: 880: 878: 842: 827:Old St Peter 807: 795: 789: 764: 749:Augustinians 742: 730:Caspar Hedio 727: 718:Matthew Zell 703: 700:Matthew Zell 685: 676:Knights' War 657: 651: 624: 589: 573:baccalaureus 571: 565: 546:Augustinians 539: 500: 464:Latin school 449: 424: 377: 337: 327: 304: 280:Caspar Hedio 272:Matthew Zell 257: 212: 209:early German 205:Martin Bucer 204: 203: 131: 124: 120:Notable work 68:Schlettstadt 43:Martin Bucer 36: 32:Martin Buber 28:Martin Buser 6258:1551 deaths 6253:1491 births 6019:(Unitarian) 5396:: 237–256, 4436:Brecht 1993 3992:Hughes 1992 3199:Elizabeth I 3066:(engraving) 3028:John Hooper 2937:Paul Fagius 2779:Rationalism 2588:Cyclic mass 2256:Anglo-Irish 2227:Elizabethan 2182:English art 2173:Swedish art 1932:Elizabeth I 1845:Czech Lands 1840:Netherlands 1816:Switzerland 1805:By location 1792:Many others 1696:John Calvin 1446:Waldensians 1442:Peter Waldo 1405:Reformation 1366:magisterium 1199:John Calvin 1104:Anabaptists 1100:apocalyptic 1046:Jakob Sturm 871:(left) and 814:and in the 670:reacted by 664:Franciscans 654:Wissembourg 484:Williamites 388:Reformation 260:Wissembourg 249:Reformation 142:Reformation 103:Nationality 6247:Categories 6079:John Cosin 5751:John Young 5745:1550–1551 5734:John Madew 5570:, Leiden, 5418:Selderhuis 5035:Eells 1931 4960:Eells 1931 4868:Eells 1931 4808:Eells 1931 4772:Eells 1931 4712:Eells 1931 4688:Eells 1931 4664:Eells 1931 4628:Eells 1931 4592:Eells 1931 4556:Eells 1931 4472:Eells 1931 4412:Eells 1931 4376:Eells 1931 4364:Pauck 1929 4328:Eells 1931 4304:Eells 1931 4280:Eells 1931 4256:Eells 1931 4244:Eells 1931 4196:Eells 1931 4136:Eells 1931 4088:Eells 1931 4040:Eells 1931 3956:Eells 1931 3932:Eells 1931 3884:Eells 1931 3860:Eells 1931 3836:Eells 1931 3812:Eells 1931 3796:Eells 1931 3718:Eells 1931 3682:Eells 1931 3658:Eells 1931 3622:Eells 1931 3594:Eells 1931 3558:Eells 1931 3534:Eells 1931 3498:Eells 1931 3450:Eells 1931 3338:References 3301:Eells 1931 3276:Eells 1931 3223:Calvinists 3166:John Cheke 3075:John Cheke 3030:, the new 2755:Conclusion 2237:Propaganda 2220:Literature 1482:Arnoldists 1435:Precursors 1265:ecumenical 1073:services ( 921:impanation 857:exegetical 837:See also: 819:St. Thomas 808:Gesangbuch 781:veneration 722:Strasbourg 694:reformer, 688:Strasbourg 550:Wittenberg 515:university 503:Heidelberg 431:Strasbourg 364:electorate 221:Strasbourg 217:Protestant 111:Occupation 5991:Elsewhere 5677:" in the 5660:catalogue 5545:, Assen, 5410:170560215 5011:Hall 1994 4975:Hall 1994 4916:Hall 1994 4892:Hall 1994 4856:Hall 1994 4796:Hall 1994 4076:Eire 1989 3231:ecumenism 3219:Lutherans 3211:Anglicans 3159:Cambridge 3040:Jan Laski 2998:Edward VI 2785:Monuments 2529:Liturgies 2508:Polyphony 2504:Homophony 2448:Hymn tune 2333:Icelandic 2314:Norwegian 2076:Charles V 2062:Criticism 1746:John Knox 1544:Beginning 1492:Ratramnus 1293:sola fide 1275:Charles V 1082:Burgrecht 1011:Memmingen 983:Charles V 845:eucharist 812:cathedral 785:purgatory 765:sola fide 647:Landstuhl 635:Nuremberg 631:Frederick 552:reformer 507:dogmatics 416:Charles V 348:ecumenism 315:Charles V 307:Catholics 288:Eucharist 266:from the 229:Calvinist 189:Signature 179:Ecumenism 169:Calvinist 97:, England 95:Cambridge 5712:LibriVox 5689:Archived 5165:(2003), 3237:See also 3215:Puritans 3193:, along 3115:such as 2821:Anglican 2816:Lutheran 2615:Sequence 2580:in music 2396:Morality 2388:Pastoral 2290:Romanian 2251:Scottish 2208:Building 2187:Woodcuts 1860:Slovenia 1835:Scotland 1621:and his 1571:Radicals 1473:Piagnoni 1464:Hussites 1455:Lollardy 1397:a series 1395:Part of 1298:Haguenau 1249:colloquy 1224:bigamous 1164:Eisenach 1007:Konstanz 906:treatise 881:Apologia 773:Catholic 753:burghers 519:humanism 492:ordained 452:Sélestat 440:artisans 435:humanist 294:and the 233:Anglican 225:Lutheran 148:Language 76:Sélestat 6113:History 5666:in the 5656:in the 5598:at the 5564:Spijker 5562:van 't 5555:1068276 5483:Spijker 5481:van 't 5093:Sources 3315:Censura 3091:deacons 3011:at the 2775:Pietism 2656:Ausbund 2623:Hymnals 2411:Revenge 2406:Tragedy 2401:History 2377:Theater 2324:Finnish 2319:Swedish 2309:Faroese 2285:Sorbian 1909:Ireland 1889:Austria 1880:Estonia 1875:Iceland 1855:Romania 1850:Hungary 1830:England 1811:Germany 1628:Erasmus 1531:Pataria 1460:Jan Hus 1426:in 1517 1314:Cologne 1285:In the 1253:Leipzig 1184:indigni 747:of the 738:satires 704:Gärtner 600:Cologne 527:Erasmus 482:of the 478:in the 476:acolyte 460:coopers 309:in the 6203:Events 6042:People 5957:Primer 5643: 5578: 5553: 5527: 5497: 5470: 5460:Leiden 5446:Leiden 5432: 5408: 5373: 5350: 5331: 5308: 5289: 5259: 5236: 5217:639395 5215: 5192: 5173: 5151: 5132: 5113: 3227:per se 3221:, and 3183:Mary I 2637:Second 2295:Danish 2280:Slovak 2261:German 1894:France 1884:Latvia 1824:Zürich 1820:Geneva 1399:on the 1374:plague 1328:, and 1203:Geneva 1160:Kassel 1114:, and 1027:Coburg 1015:Lindau 1013:, and 825:, and 802:, the 692:Zürich 668:Speyer 594:, the 496:deacon 472:novice 456:Alsace 278:, and 231:, and 154:German 114:Pastor 106:German 80:France 5406:S2CID 3254:Notes 3181:When 3113:piety 3086:] 3082:[ 2963:[ 2897:[ 2631:First 2607:Rites 2605:Sarum 2601:Roman 2428:Forms 2424:Music 2275:Swiss 2270:Czech 2246:Welsh 1899:Italy 1302:Worms 1188:impii 1123:synod 1085:[ 1023:Basel 913:[ 892:[ 804:altar 511:Mainz 494:as a 488:friar 470:as a 157:Latin 74:(now 6157:1872 6140:1662 6135:1558 6130:1552 6125:1548 5911:1984 5899:1929 5895:1912 5891:1637 5879:1962 5875:1918 5864:1979 5859:1928 5855:1892 5852:1790 5841:1928 5831:1662 5826:1604 5821:1559 5816:1552 5811:1549 5641:ISBN 5576:ISBN 5551:OCLC 5525:ISBN 5495:ISBN 5468:ISBN 5430:ISBN 5371:ISBN 5348:ISBN 5329:ISBN 5306:ISBN 5287:ISBN 5257:ISBN 5234:ISBN 5213:OCLC 5190:ISBN 5171:ISBN 5149:ISBN 5130:ISBN 5111:ISBN 3189:and 3144:and 2939:and 2879:Bonn 2777:and 2634:and 2603:vs. 2590:vs. 2506:vs. 1882:and 1504:and 1480:and 1471:and 1462:and 1453:and 1444:and 1064:The 1035:Isny 933:Bern 771:and 769:Mass 610:and 406:and 404:John 370:and 88:Died 61:Born 5710:at 5616:at 5607:at 5398:doi 3157:in 1031:Ulm 598:of 509:in 138:Era 30:or 6249:: 5572:NL 5547:NL 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