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2585:, where Xun describes his ''ill tempered'' experience within the capital Peking (pinyin Beijing) during the winter of 1917; he begins by talking about how an old woman who is dressed in ''ragged clothing'' got caught in the shaft due to the strong winds ''fluttering'' her ''unbuttoned and tattered jacket''. Xun describes how he felt ''disgusted'' and in disbelief that the old woman who was laying on the ground was helped by the rickshaw man; he believed that the old woman was ''acting injured'' to gain sympathy and help from the rickshaw man. Towards the end of the incident, in an attempt to quench his feelings of shame and guilt, he gives the policeman a ''handful of coppers'' to be given to the rickshaw man as a form of ''reward'' for his Samaritan behavior. Xun's attitude towards the old woman and the rickshaw man is representative of the classist bourgeois view towards the proletariat who are the ''old woman and the rickshaw man'' in this case; an apathetic and selfish attitude towards people in distress.
2443:(1848), argues that 'the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles'. As class struggle is the engine room of history, to understand the course of history, one must analyse the class relations that typify different historical epochs, the antagonisms, and forms of class struggle embodied in such class relations. This involves the development of class consciousness and follows the revolutionary movements that challenge the dominant classes. It extends to rating the success of these revolutions in developing new
2520:, where works focused on the lives of the different classes. In the years since then, the beliefs of some Marxist schools regarding literary theory have been modified to acknowledge that literary creation is a result of both subjective inspiration and the objective influence of the writer's surroundings. This system of belief relies on the social classes as well as the economic and political development of society. Thus, Marx's theories intertwined with the emerging ideologies of the new Russian movement and spread throughout the world.
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2403:, the value produced by the worker that the capitalists appropriate; however, the working class must realize that they are being exploited not only as individuals but as a class. It is upon this realization that the working class reaches class consciousness). Marx believed that all history is a struggle between hostile and competing economic classes in a state of change. Marx and Engels collaborated to produce a range of publications based on capitalism, class struggles, and socialist movements.
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2581:"Karl Marx's sociological explanation of social conflict is one of the most powerful explanations, he has put forward that the notion of a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, is inevitable within a capitalist system. The brewing social conflict amongst classes is well represented within Lu Xun's
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The viewpoint of
Marxists toward literary works is that they are not "works created according to a perpetual artistic standard, but as "consequences" of economic and ideological factors that are specific to that time period". Critiquing literary work in the perspective of a Marxist involves asking
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defines
Marxist criticism this way: "Marxist criticism is not merely a 'sociology of literature', concerned with how novels get published and whether they mention the working class. Its aims to explain the literary work more fully; and this means a sensitive attention to its forms, styles and,
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states that "the mode of production of material life determines altogether the social, political, and intellectual life process. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary their social being, that determines their consciousness." Put simply, the social
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It is through the theories of class struggle, politics, and economics that
Marxist literary criticism emerged. The thought behind Marxist criticism is that works of literature are mere products of history that can be analyzed by looking at the social and material conditions in which they were
2363:. In such a society, the means of production (the base in the architectural metaphor Marx uses to analyze and describe the structure of any given society in written human history) are possessed in common by all people rather than being owned by an elite ruling class. Marx believed that
2399:. (In Marx's thought, it is only the proletariat, the working class, that must achieve class consciousness. The bourgeoisie is already quite well aware of its position and power in the capitalist paradigm. As individuals, workers know that they are being exploited in order to produce
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was less concerned with forecasting how capitalism would be overthrown, than considering how it had developed and how it functioned. The key to understanding this logic was the 'commodity form of social relations – a form that was most fully developed only in capitalism.
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of any given society. Therefore, literary texts reflect the economic base rather than "the social institutions from which they originate" for all social institutions, or more precisely human–social relationships, are in the final analysis determined by the economic base.
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argues that society's economic organization consists of a distinctive pattern of forces and relations of productions. From this foundation arises a complex political and ideological superstructure, where economic development impacts societal progress.
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was accepted as the highest form of literature – a theory based on an art movement that depicted and glorified the proletariat's struggle towards societal progress. These ideas guided both literary creation and official literary criticism in the
2462:(1867) focus on the unfolding logic of a system, rather than class struggle. These provide an alternative account of historical development and emphasize the self-destructive contradictions and law of motion of specific modes of production.
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was more concerned with the genesis and dynamic of capitalism. As
Mclellan (1971) states, "it refers to class struggle mainly in the context of the struggle between capital and labor, within capitalism, rather than over its suppression."
2321:. Marxist critics argue that even art and literature themselves form social institutions and have specific ideological functions, based on the background and ideology of their authors. The English literary critic and cultural theorist
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Ultimately, the core foundation of
Marxist critique is established on these questions since Marx once said that "the writer may very well serve a movement of history as its mouthpiece, but he cannot of course create it".
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meanings. But it also means grasping those forms styles and meanings as the product of a particular history." In
Marxist criticism, class struggle and relations of production are the central instruments in analysis.
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and class struggle were the three principles that explained his theories. (Though Marx does attribute a teleological function to the economic, he is no determinist. As he and
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Most
Marxist critics who were writing in what could chronologically be specified as the early period of Marxist literary criticism, subscribed to what has come to be called "
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in the mid-nineteenth century, it was not until the 1920s that
Marxist literary theory was systematized. The greatest impetus for this standardization came after the
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situation of the author determines the types of characters that will develop, the political ideas displayed and the economical statements developed in the text.
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Quoted Marx – W Duiker & J Spielvogel, The
Essential World History, vol, II: since 1500, 3rd ed, Thomson Higher Education, Belmont, 2008, p. 428
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2355:'s studies have provided a basis for much in socialist theory and research. Marxism aims to revolutionize the concept of work through creating a
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of 1917 in Russia. The event instigated a change in belief around socialist ideals in government and society. While these ideals developed,
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Duiker, W & Spielvogel, J, The
Essential World History, vol, II: since 1500, 3rd ed, Thomson Higher Education, Belmont, 2008.
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T Eagleton, Marxism and Literary Criticism, Berkeley, U of California P, 1976
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K Siegel, 'Introduction to Modern Literary Theory', viewed 15 March 2011,
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D Mclellan, The Thought of Karl Marx, Macmillan Press, London, 1971, p. 42
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These theories and ideologies can be found within three published works:
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R Stones, Key Sociological Thinkers, Macmillan Press, London, 1998, p. 24
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2391:(dominant class who control and own the means of production) and the
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Preface to the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
2420:
Preface to the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
3057:
431:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
17:
2559:
How do the protagonists/characters fight against oppression?
401:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
221:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
3050:
Journal of Teaching and Research in English Literature
2800:
The collected works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
2556:
What is the role of class in the said literary work?
3228:
3091:
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2944:, Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain, 1997.
3047:Marxist Approach to Literature: An Introduction
2524:Critiquing literary works through Marxist lens
2503:Although Marx and Engels detailed theories of
3069:
2777:(7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 149.
2287:
181:The Condition of the Working Class in England
8:
2822:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
176:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
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3062:
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2930:, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1975.
2439:The core publication of the movement, the
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2280:
868:
321:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
196:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
137:
2634:Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels (2013).
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2527:
2988:Capital (Volumes I–III) (Marx, Engels).
2942:Classical Sociological Theory: A Reader
2617:
2317:developed by philosopher and economist
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931:
871:
149:
2956:Introduction to Modern Literary Theory
2815:
2798:Marx, Engels, Karl, Friedrich (1976).
2735:http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm
2641:
2359:built on control and ownership of the
2339:, which is determined by the economic
1102:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3031:Marx and Engels on Literature and Art
2975:Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (2004) .
2015:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
391:Change the World Without Taking Power
7:
3009:The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx
2911:, Berkeley, U of California P, 1976.
2837:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph (1975–1981).
2499:The development of Marxist criticism
46:adding citations to reliable sources
346:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
276:Theses on the Philosophy of History
3476:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
2933:Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels.
2447:and forms of social organization.
14:
3039:The Georg Lukacs Internet Archive
2669:. New Haven: Yale UP. p. 60.
366:Time, Labor and Social Domination
3219:
2978:Manifesto of the Communist Party
2965:, Macmillan Press, London, 1998.
2951:, Macmillan Press, London, 1971.
2261:
2249:
2237:
2073:21st-century communist theorists
416:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
331:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
251:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
157:
22:
2638:. New York: Norton. p. 61.
775:Theory of historical trajectory
653:Dictatorship of the proletariat
356:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
256:History and Class Consciousness
211:Critique of the Gotha Programme
33:needs additional citations for
2909:Marxism and Literary Criticism
2839:Understanding conflict and war
2715:As quoted in D Mclellan, p. 67
573:Socially necessary labour time
471:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
361:The Sublime Object of Ideology
286:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
3546:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
3516:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
3471:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
2985:. Retrieved on 14 March 2015.
494:Critique of political economy
2775:A Glossary Of Literary Terms
2533:Pyramid of Capitalist System
531:Falling profit-rate tendency
311:The Society of the Spectacle
57:"Marxist literary criticism"
2005:Capitalism Nature Socialism
521:Concrete and abstract labor
411:Capital in the Anthropocene
336:Social Justice and the City
231:The Accumulation of Capital
4060:
3511:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2307:Marxist literary criticism
281:Dialectic of Enlightenment
3983:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
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3217:
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386:Late Victorian Holocausts
316:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
301:The Wretched of the Earth
3426:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
3181:Psychoanalytic criticism
3007:Alex Callinicos (2012).
2958:', viewed 15 March 2011,
2949:The Thought of Karl Marx
2935:The Communist Manifesto.
2663:Eagleton, Terry (2011).
376:The Origin of Capitalism
246:The State and Revolution
3481:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
2802:. Progress Publishers.
2636:The Communist Manifesto
2577:Application of criteria
2412:The Communist Manifesto
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1077:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
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3106:Biographical criticism
2773:Abrams, M. H. (1998).
2543:
2315:historical materialism
2020:Historical Materialism
765:Proletarian revolution
760:Primitive accumulation
755:Historical determinism
135:
128:World Cultural Figures
3646:Ferdinand de Saussure
3229:Theorists and critics
2531:
2488:constructed. Marx's
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2050:Science & Society
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125:
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3486:Wilhelm von Humboldt
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2993:The German Ideology
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2000:Capital & Class
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2552:these questions:
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4051:
4003:Yokomitsu Riichi
3973:J. Hillis Miller
3938:Geoffrey Hartman
3895:Elaine Showalter
3855:Raymond Williams
3815:Martin Heidegger
3805:Gaston Bachelard
3770:Jean-Paul Sartre
3755:Monroe Beardsley
3711:Georges Bataille
3691:Boris Eikhenbaum
3666:Viktor Shklovsky
3536:John Stuart Mill
3521:Giacomo Leopardi
3366:Pierre Corneille
3223:
3206:Source criticism
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
2920:. Yale UP, 2011.
2901:Oxford UP, 1990.
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2875:www.marxists.org
2867:
2861:
2860:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2373:Friedrich Engels
2296:
2289:
2282:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2219:Workers' council
2040:Race & Class
947:Frankfurt School
914:Neo-Gramscianism
887:Marxism–Leninism
869:
813:Cultural Studies
770:World revolution
715:Private property
261:Prison Notebooks
161:
138:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
3978:Clifford Geertz
3933:Jonathan Culler
3860:Lionel Trilling
3840:Michel Foucault
3830:Jacques Derrida
3706:Mikhail Bakhtin
3661:Walter Benjamin
3626:Antonio Gramsci
3621:Benedetto Croce
3566:Hippolyte Taine
3556:Edgar Allan Poe
3431:Joshua Reynolds
3224:
3215:
3166:New historicism
3093:Literary theory
3087:
3082:
3026:
2972:
2970:Further reading
2894:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2814:
2810:
2797:
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2792:
2785:
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2762:
2758:
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2740:
2732:
2728:
2723:
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2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2591:
2579:
2549:
2526:
2501:
2485:
2350:
2309:is a theory of
2300:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2197:Universal class
2088:Conflict theory
2068:
2060:
2059:
2035:New Left Review
1990:
1982:
1981:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1042:
1032:
1031:
942:Budapest School
866:
865:Common variants
858:
857:
788:
780:
779:
745:
735:
734:
638:Critical theory
598:
588:
587:
568:Surplus product
496:
486:
485:
446:
436:
435:
306:Reading Capital
171:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Félix Guattari
3914:Gilles Deleuze
3911:
3909:Murray Krieger
3906:
3900:Sandra Gilbert
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:Julia Kristeva
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Georges Poulet
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Roland Barthes
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Ernst Gombrich
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Roman Jakobson
3792:
3790:Theodor Adorno
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Jan Mukařovský
3762:
3760:Cleanth Brooks
3757:
3748:
3746:Ernst Cassirer
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:R. P. Blackmur
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:I. A. Richards
3698:
3696:Virginia Woolf
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3676:Irving Babbitt
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Anatole France
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Matthew Arnold
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Thomas Carlyle
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Samuel Johnson
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Joseph Addison
3393:
3391:Alexander Pope
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Henry Reynolds
3353:
3348:
3346:Torquato Tasso
3343:
3341:Jacopo Mazzoni
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Wang Changling
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Anandavardhana
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
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3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Deconstruction
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Chicago school
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3025:
3024:External links
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:978-1608461387
3005:
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2967:
2966:
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2945:
2938:
2931:
2921:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:Austen, Jane.
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2862:
2847:
2829:
2809:978-0717805068
2808:
2790:
2784:978-0155054523
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2500:
2497:
2484:
2481:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2416:
2349:
2346:
2336:superstructure
2331:vulgar Marxism
2323:Terry Eagleton
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
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2222:
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2211:
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2209:
2202:Vulgar Marxism
2199:
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2187:
2182:
2177:
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2167:
2162:
2157:
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2130:
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2110:
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2100:
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2090:
2085:
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2075:
2069:
2067:Related topics
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Monthly Review
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:Constellations
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
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1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
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1234:
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1199:
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1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
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1069:
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1049:
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1040:Other variants
1038:
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1005:
1000:
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969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
936:
935:
929:
928:
927:
926:
924:Third-worldist
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
884:
876:
875:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Historiography
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:Class struggle
746:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
705:Metabolic rift
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
481:Marxist ethics
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Ways of Seeing
323:
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283:
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258:
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153:
147:
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116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4056:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Tristan Tzara
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Wolfgang Iser
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:Hélène Cixous
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Chinua Achebe
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Northrop Frye
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:W. K. Wimsatt
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Kenneth Burke
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:György Lukács
3729:
3727:
3726:Jacques Lacan
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Sigmund Freud
3639:
3637:
3636:A. C. Bradley
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:William Blake
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Immanuel Kant
3439:
3437:
3436:Denis Diderot
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Thomas Hobbes
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Francis Bacon
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Philip Sidney
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:St. Augustine
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:New Criticism
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:Mclellan, D,
2946:
2943:
2940:McIntosh, I,
2939:
2937:Norton, 2013.
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2876:
2872:
2871:"An Incident"
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:0-470-15123-4
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2630:
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1067:Eurocommunism
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1052:Austromarxism
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1021:
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998:Communization
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972:Praxis School
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730:Working class
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511:Crisis theory
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98:December 2022
90:
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69:
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62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
3993:André Breton
3968:M. H. Abrams
3963:Peter Szondi
3958:Paul Ricoeur
3948:Hayden White
3885:Stanley Fish
3875:Harold Bloom
3825:Noam Chomsky
3780:Ronald Crane
3686:Leon Trotsky
3591:Walter Pater
3421:Edward Young
3406:Edmund Burke
3296:Rajashekhara
3291:Bharata Muni
3211:Thing theory
3176:Postcritique
3155:
3151:Geocriticism
3136:Ecocriticism
3046:
3042:marxists.org
3038:
3034:marxists.org
3030:
3008:
2999:
2991:
2977:
2962:
2954:Siegal, K, '
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2924:Hobsbawm, EJ
2915:
2908:
2898:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:
2865:
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2832:
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2536:
2518:Soviet Union
2502:
2489:
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2410:
2405:
2382:
2376:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2306:
2305:
2140:Municipalism
1952:Bhattacharya
1097:Situationist
1072:Instrumental
837:
725:State theory
690:Immiseration
685:Human nature
675:Exploitation
505:accumulation
127:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
4018:Octavio Paz
3923:René Girard
3904:Susan Gubar
3890:Edward Said
3870:Paul de Man
3736:Paul Valéry
3671:T. S. Eliot
3656:T. E. Hulme
3631:Umberto Eco
3616:Leo Tolstoy
3606:Oscar Wilde
3386:John Dennis
3371:John Dryden
2961:Stones, R,
2583:An Incident
2458:(1859) and
2428:Das Kapital
2393:proletariat
2389:bourgeoisie
2103:Communalism
1502:Wallerstein
1092:Revisionist
823:Film theory
803:Criminology
798:Archaeology
710:Proletariat
695:Imperialism
608:Bourgeoisie
583:Wage labour
476:Reification
271:On Practice
4033:Categories
3596:Émile Zola
3491:John Keats
3411:David Hume
3381:John Locke
2892:References
2483:Ideologies
2160:Democratic
2025:Mediations
1637:Przeworski
1577:Poulantzas
1427:Sivanandan
1382:Bettelheim
1282:Horkheimer
1277:Mariátegui
1252:Pashukanis
1177:Liebknecht
1107:Wertkritik
1047:Analytical
907:Trotskyism
882:Autonomist
873:Structural
853:Philosophy
793:Aesthetics
578:Value-form
546:Capitalist
451:Alienation
444:Philosophy
201:Grundrisse
68:newspapers
3681:Carl Jung
3576:Karl Marx
3281:Boccaccio
3241:Aristotle
3146:Formalism
2857:781219038
2818:cite book
2644:cite book
2505:socialism
2452:Manifesto
2375:write in
2353:Karl Marx
2319:Karl Marx
2207:Economism
2170:Reformist
2150:Socialism
2098:Communism
2078:Anarchism
1932:Coulthard
1857:McDonnell
1817:Screpanti
1727:Rowbotham
1592:Harnecker
1402:Althusser
1342:Deutscher
1182:Kollontai
1172:Luxemburg
1152:Plekhanov
1082:Nkrumaism
993:Classical
967:Political
892:Guevarism
848:Sociology
828:Geography
648:Democracy
596:Sociology
551:Socialist
516:Commodity
130:stamp of
3998:Mina Loy
3266:Boethius
3256:Plotinus
3251:Longinus
2880:25 April
2841:. Sage.
2763:K Siegel
2754:K Siegel
2745:K Siegel
2589:See also
2547:Criteria
2133:Old Left
2128:New Left
1995:Antipode
1989:Journals
1892:Heinrich
1867:Roediger
1862:Douzinas
1852:Hennessy
1807:Holloway
1722:Hartsock
1712:Eagleton
1697:Federici
1672:Bannerji
1647:Therborn
1627:Rancière
1622:Easthope
1602:Anderson
1597:Altvater
1497:O'Connor
1492:Mészáros
1487:Guattari
1442:Thompson
1432:Miliband
1412:Williams
1397:Hobsbawm
1372:Emmanuel
1352:Beauvoir
1317:Lefebvre
1262:Benjamin
1227:Bukharin
1207:Zinoviev
1202:Grossman
1187:Bogdanov
1162:Connolly
1142:Lafargue
1087:Orthodox
1057:Centrist
1008:Leninism
1003:Feminist
952:Humanist
933:Hegelian
461:Ideology
143:a series
141:Part of
4044:Marxism
4013:Hu Shih
3321:Liu Xie
3301:Valmiki
3271:Aquinas
3004:(Marx).
2996:(Marx).
2491:Capital
2476:Capital
2471:Capital
2464:Preface
2460:Capital
2433:Capital
2348:History
2232:Outline
2185:Utopian
1962:Srnicek
1947:Toscano
1942:Seymour
1897:Prashad
1847:Sankara
1842:Berardi
1827:Hampton
1802:Burawoy
1772:Panitch
1767:Haraway
1757:Cleaver
1742:Brenner
1707:Balibar
1662:Postone
1652:Losurdo
1582:Vattimo
1552:Gonzalo
1547:Jameson
1537:Parenti
1477:Liebman
1472:Guevara
1362:Nkrumah
1357:Sombart
1332:Padmore
1302:Kalecki
1297:Marcuse
1257:Bordiga
1242:Gramsci
1197:Trotsky
1157:Du Bois
1147:Kautsky
1023:Western
902:Titoism
787:Aspects
743:History
663:Radical
501:Capital
206:Capital
151:Marxism
134:, 1964.
126:Soviet
82:scholar
3311:Cao Pi
3246:Horace
3015:
2855:
2845:
2806:
2781:
2435:(1867)
2423:(1859)
2415:(1848)
2180:Social
2165:Market
1967:Horvat
1922:Fisher
1917:Linera
1912:Lordon
1902:Kelley
1887:Marcos
1882:Ghandy
1872:Foster
1797:Fraser
1792:Wright
1782:Jessop
1777:Clarke
1762:Bishop
1752:Massey
1732:Mouffe
1682:Newton
1677:Spivak
1667:Rodney
1632:Berman
1587:Badiou
1567:Laclau
1562:Harvey
1557:Dussel
1517:Debord
1512:Tronti
1482:Heller
1467:Castro
1462:Berger
1447:Bauman
1437:Cabral
1422:Mandel
1417:Freire
1407:Hinton
1387:Draper
1367:Sweezy
1337:Sartre
1327:Adorno
1292:Brecht
1247:Galiev
1222:Korsch
1217:Lukács
1192:Stalin
1137:Morris
1132:Engels
1120:People
897:Maoism
818:Ethics
658:Soviet
381:Empire
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
3316:Lu Ji
3276:Dante
3236:Plato
2914:---.
2613:Notes
1977:Saito
1972:Hamza
1837:Žižek
1822:Tamás
1787:Davis
1747:Davis
1737:Geras
1702:Wolff
1687:Sakai
1642:Cohen
1617:Sison
1612:Vogel
1572:Bahro
1542:Negri
1532:Nairn
1457:Kosik
1452:Fanon
1392:Jones
1347:Hoxha
1322:James
1307:Fromm
1237:Serge
1212:Bloch
1167:Lenin
988:Black
613:Class
89:JSTOR
75:books
3916:and
3902:and
3753:and
3013:ISBN
2882:2022
2853:OCLC
2843:ISBN
2824:link
2804:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2650:link
2540:1901
2341:base
1937:Malm
1907:Dean
1877:West
1832:Cano
1812:Rose
1717:Kurz
1692:Wood
1657:Ture
1607:Löwy
1527:Hall
1522:Amin
1507:Mies
1377:Hill
1287:Dutt
1272:Basu
1127:Marx
1018:Post
980:Both
962:Open
61:news
2431:or
1312:Cox
1267:Mao
1013:Neo
44:by
4035::
2981:.
2926:,
2873:.
2851:.
2820:}}
2816:{{
2646:}}
2642:{{
2537:c.
2454:,
2367:,
1927:Li
1232:Ho
145:on
3077:e
3070:t
3063:v
3019:.
2884:.
2859:.
2826:)
2812:.
2787:.
2652:)
2542:.
2295:e
2288:t
2281:v
507:)
503:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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